Clase 9 Efecto Confusor y Modificación Del Efecto
Clase 9 Efecto Confusor y Modificación Del Efecto
Clase 9 Efecto Confusor y Modificación Del Efecto
• Sesgo de selección
• Sesgo de información
• Efecto confusor (algunos textos lo presentan como
sesgo, otros de manera independiente)
Sesgo de selección
Tipos:
- Sesgo de memoria
- Sesgo de diagnóstico
- Deseabilidad social
- Sesgo de medición (referido a instrumentos no
calibrados)
- Sesgo del entrevistador
Efecto confusor
E D
C
There was a significant dose-response relation (P ~ 0.001); after adjustment for
cigarette smoking, the relative risk associated with drinking up to two cups of
coffee per day was 1.8 (95 per cent confidence limits, 1.0 to 3.0), and that with three
or more cups per day was 2.7 (1.6 to 4.7).
Efecto confusor
Consumo Cáncer de
de Café páncreas
Tabaquismo
AIM: To quantitatively assess the relationship between coffee consumption and incidence of pancreatic
cancer in a meta-analysis of cohort studies. METHODS: We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, Science Citation
Index Expanded and bibliographies of retrieved articles. Studies were included if they reported relative risks
(RRs) and corresponding 95% CIs of pancreatic cancer with respect to frequency of coffee intake. We
performed random-effects meta-analyses and meta-regressions of study-specific incremental estimates to
determine the risk of pancreatic cancer associated with a 1 cup/d increment in coffee consumption.
RESULTS: Fourteen studies met the inclusion criteria, which included 671 080 individuals (1496 cancer
events) with an average follow-up of 14.9 years. Compared with individuals who did not drink or
seldom drank coffee per day, the pooled RR of pancreatic cancer was 0.82 (95% CI: 0.69-
0.95) for regular coffee drinkers, 0.86 (0.76-0.96) for low to moderate coffee drinkers, and
0.68 (0.51-0.84) for high drinkers. In subgroup analyses, we noted that, coffee drinking was
associated with a reduced risk of pancreatic cancer in men, while this association was not seen in women.
These associations were also similar in studies from North America, Europe, and the Asia-Pacific region.
CONCLUSION: Findings from this meta-analysis suggest that there is an inverse
relationship between coffee drinking and risk of pancreatic cancer.
Keywords: Coffee, Cohort study, Meta-analysis, Pancreatic neoplasm
Efecto confusor
Tabaquismo
Muerte
Evacuación
Sí No Mortalidad RR
Helicóptero 640 1 360 32 % 1.35 (1.26 – 1.46)
Ambulancia 2 600 8 400 23.6 %
Severidad de
las lesiones
En el diseño:
• Criterios de selección
• Pareamiento
En el análisis:
• Análisis estratificado (p.e. Mantel-Haenszel)
• Ajuste mediante modelos multivariados (p.e. regresión
logística)
Modificación de efecto (Interacción)
Woodward M. Epidemiology Study Design and Data Analysis. 3rd ed; 2014.
Modificación de efecto (Interacción)
Woodward M. Epidemiology Study Design and Data Analysis. 3rd ed; 2014.
Modificación de efecto (Interacción)
Woodward M. Epidemiology Study Design and Data Analysis. 3rd ed; 2014.
Modificación de efecto (Interacción)
Woodward M. Epidemiology Study Design and Data Analysis. 3rd ed; 2014.
Modificación de efecto (Interacción)