m.

oqrosaSvili

loTonmcodneobis
safuZvlebi damwyebTaTvis

`teqnikuri universiteti”@
saqarTvelos teqnikuri universiteti

m. oqrosaSvili

loTonmcodneobis
safuZvlebi damwyebTaTvis

registrirebulia stu-s
saredaqcio-sagamomcemlo sabWos
mier. 02.07.2009, oqmi #6

Tbilisi
2009
 popularul literaturaze dayrdnobiT gaSuqebulia
liTonmcodneobis ZiriTadi debulebebi, cnebebi da misi
amocanebi. mimoxilulia ZvelTaZveli droidan kosmosur
eramde gamoyenebuli masalebis mopovebis, damuSavebisa da
Sesabamisi teqnologiebis ganviTarebis ZiriTadi etapebi.
ganxilulia liTonisa da Senadnobebis mniSvneloba
Tanamedrove teqnikisaTvis da momavlis perspeqtivebi, rac
students mkafio warmodgenas Seuqmnis SerCeul specia-
lobaze.
ar aris orientirebuli viwro specializaciis stu-
dentebisaTvis. igi erTnairad moutans sargeblobas visac
ukve naswavli aqvs programiT gaTvaliswinebuli sagani
`liTonmcodneoba~ da maTac, vinc mis Seswavlas mxolod
axla apirebs.

redaqtori g. gogolaZe

recenzenti profesori i. kvirikaZe

© sagamomcemlo saxli ,,teqnikuri universiteti’’, 2009

ISBN 978-9941-14-703-6
http://www.gtu.ge/publishinghouse/

yvela ufleba daculia. am wignis arc erTi nawili (iqneba es teqsti, foto,
ilustracia Tu sxva) aranairi formiT da saSualebiT (iqneba es eleqtronuli Tu
meqanikuri), ar SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnas gamomcemlis werilobiTi nebarTvis
gareSe.
saavtoro uflebebis darRveva isjeba kanoniT.
 S e s a v a l i

manqanaTa nawilebis, xelsawyoebis, sxvadasxva konstruqciisa Tu

mowyobilobis elementebis dasamzadeblad teqnika sruliad gansxvave-
buli Tvisebebis mqone iseTi masalebis gamoyenebas moiTxovs, rogoricaa
magaliTad, sali da rbili, magnituri da aramagnituri, kargi eleqtro-
gamtari da maRali eleqtruli winaRobis masalebi. praqtikuli mizne-
bisaTvis liTonebisa da Senadnobebis sworad SerCevisaTvis ki aucilebe-
lia maTi sasurveli Tvisebebis miRwevis gzebisa da xerxebis codna. Ta-
vis mxriv, liTonis Tvisebebi damokidebulia maT bunebasa da Sinagan age-
bulebaze. liTonuri masalebis Sinagan agebulebas, Tvisebebsa da maT So-
ris urTierTkavSirs swored liTonmcodneoba Seiswavlis.
liTonmcodneoba aris gamoyenebiTi mecniereba, romlis Semdgom
ganviTarebaze bevrad aris damokidebuli iseTi umniSvnelovanesi teq-
nikuri problemebis warmatebiT gadaWra, rasTanac dakavSirebulia masa-
lebis ekonomia, manqana-xelsawyoebis masis Semcireba da maRali sizuste,
meqanizmebisa da mowyobilobebis saimedoobisa da muSaobis xangrZlivo-
bis amaRleba.
Tanamedrove teqnikis moTxovnaTa dasakmayofileblad axali masa-
lebis Ziebis uwyvetma procesma stimuli misca araerTi teqnikuri ideis
Camoyalibebasa da realizacias. magaliTad, revoluciuri roli iTamaSa
naxevrad gamtarma masalebma da Txevadma kristalebma eleqtronikis, kom-
poziciurma masalebma – aviaciisa da saraketo teqnikis, zegamtarebma da
amorfulma Senadnobebma – eleqtronikisa da radioteqnikis ganviTarebis
saqmeSi. amdenad, mecniereba masalebis Sesaxeb teqnikis nebismieri dargis
srulyofisa da Semdgomi ganviTarebis qvakuTxeds warmoadgens.
kursi gankuTvnilia metalurgiis fakultetis liTonmcodneobis
specialobis I kursis studentebisaTvis. misi ZiriTadi amocanaa mkiTx-
vels SesZinos elementaruli codna civilizaciis safuZvlis, liTonis
Sesaxeb, gaacnos TanamedroveobisaTvis metad aqtualuri mecnierebis –
liTonmcodneobis ganviTarebis mokle istoria da misi momavlis pers-
peqtivebi, moamzados studenti SedarebiT rTuli sakiTxebis asaTviseb-
lad momdevno kursze.

3
 1. liToni yvelgan

Cvens saukunes zogi atomurs uwodebs, zogi – kosmosurs, zogic

sinTetikuri masalebis saukunes. magram Tu davrCebiT tradiciis erT-
gulni da epoqas davarqmevT im mTavari masalis saxels, romlisganac
mzaddeba Sromis ZiriTadi iaraRebi, maSin yvelaze samarTliani iqneboda
misTvis liTonis, ufro sworad, rkinis saukune gvewodebina, romelic
kvlav #1 masalad rCeba sazogadoebaSi. swored igi warmoadgens kacob-
riobis materialuri kulturis ConCxeds, qvakuTxeds, industriis xerxe-
mals.
`rkina aris ara marto mTeli samyaros safuZveli, Cveni garemomc-
veli bunebis yvelaze mTavari liToni, aramed omisa da mSvidobiani Sro-
mis iaraRic. Znelia mendeleevis cxrilSi moiZebnos meore iseTi elemen-
ti, romelic ase iqneboda dakavSirebuli kacobriobis bedis warsulTan,
awmyosTan da momavalTan~ - aseT Sefasebas aZlevs akademikosi fersmani
pirvel nomrad wodebul liTons – rkinas.
marTlac, ra mniSvnelovania Tundac liTonis magnituri Tvisebebi:
kompasis isris gareSe gza daebneoda mezRvaurs, geologsa Tu turists.
mudmivi magnitis gareSe eleqtruli amnTebi ver aamuSavebs avtomobilis,
TviTmfrinavisa Tu traqtoris Zravas. rkinis gularis gareSe ar gveqne-
boda arc generatori, arc eleqtroZravi, arc transformatori. es ki
imas niSnavs, rom muSaobas SeaCerebda eleqtrosadgurebi, gaCerdeboda
eleqtromatareblebi da tramvai, manqanebi da Carxebi. binebSi Caqreboda
eleqtronaTurebi da televizoris ekranebi, dadumdeboda radiomimRebebi
da telefonebi.
kosmosuri raketis simZlavre mravaljer aRemateba yvelaze msxvili
hidroeleqtrosadguris∗ simZlavres. aseTi saSineli Zalis mcire mocu-
lobaSi Tavmoyra wvis kameraSi wnevisa da temperaturis mkveTr awevas
moiTxovs. am ideis realizacia ki SesaZlebeli gaxda mxolod Sesabamisi
Tvisebebis – mxurvalmtkice liTonis SemuSavebis Semdeg. zemaRali tem-
peraturisa da wnevis pirobebSi mdgradi masalebi saWiroa agreTve gazis
______________
∗
yvelaze mZlavri hidroeleqtrosadguri agebulia samxreT ameri-
kaSi, mdinare paranaze. misi 18 turbina gamoimuSavebs 12600 milion vat
eleqtroenergias.

4
turbinebis, almasis sinTezis aparatebisa da teqnikis sxva dargebisaTvis.
atomuri energetika saWiroebs iseT masalebs, romlebic gauZleben
ara marto maRal temperaturas, aramed mdgradi aRmoCndebian gamWoli
radiaciis zonaSi da agresiul garemoSi. medicina ki sruliad gansakuT-
rebuli Tvisebebis masalebs moiTxovs: garda simtkicisa, isini unda xasi-
aTdebodnen mdgradobiT cocxali organizmis qimiuri nivTierebebis zemoq-
medebis mimarT da kargi SeTavsebadobiT, anu qsovilTan Sezrdis unariT.
da kidev liTonuri masalis gamoyenebis erTi umniSvnelovanesi
sferos Sesaxeb: Tqven usmenT zaqaria faliaSvilis ukvdav operas `daisi~.
aRgafrTovanaT orkestris saswaulmoqmedma JReradobam. Tqven ki arc da-
fiqrebulxarT arc orkestris instrumentebis mravalferovnebaze, arc
maT istoriasa da mowyobilobaze.
Tanamedrove simfoniuri orkestri Tavisi mdidari xmovanebis Se-
saZleblobiT didad aris davalebuli metalurgiisagan. aq ar aris lapa-
raki sasule instrumentebze, aramed simze – foladis mavTulis JRera-
dobis, anu `simReris~ Taviseburebaze. simi sxvadasxvanairia, magram Tana-
medrove musikalur instrumentebSi mainc liTonis simia gamoyenebuli.
`sina – rvali ars uTeTresi da xma keTil mJRerale~ - vkiTxulobT sul-
xan-sabas leqsikonSi.
musikosebs albaT yvelaze naklebad ainteresebT simis meqanikuri
Tvisebebi. maTTvis mTavaria mavTulis raRac gansakuTrebuli, musikaluri
Tviseba, Tumca amis misaRwevad simisaTvis gankuTvnili foladi, upirve-
les yovlisa, gasaocrad maRal meqanikur Tvisebebs unda akmayofilebdes.
warmoidgineT, fortepianoSi simebi iseTi ZaliT aris daWimuli, rom Tu-
jis CarCo 20 tona datvirTvas ganicdis! roialis simebis xvedriTi daZa-
buloba 200 kg/mm2-s aRwevs, anu igi sakmaod axlos dgas saukeTeso fola-
dis winaaRmdegobis zRvarTan gaglejaze. gamodis, rom simebisaTvis gan-
kuTvnil folads ufro meti simtkice moeTxoveba, vidre sabagire mav-
Tuls. garda meqanikuri Tvisebebisa, simis mavTulis kidev erT-erTi Ziri-
Tadi moTxovnaa ovalurobis (diametrebs Soris sxvaoba ori urTierT
perpendikularuli mimarTulebiT) mcire daSveba da drekadobis gansa-
zRvruli zRvrebi. yvela am moTxovnis dasakmayofileblad mavTuls unda
hqondes mudmivi simkvrive mTel sigrZeze, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, ro-
gorc musikosebi amboben, igi iwyebs gayalbebas. arqeologiuri gaTxrebi

5
safuZvels iZleva vivaraudoT, rom liTonis simebi ukve cnobili iyo uZ-
veles egvipteSi.
adamianis moRvaweobis yvela sferos uzrunvelyofa saWiro liTo-
nuri masalebiT – aseTia dRes metalurgebisa da liTonmcodneebis umTav-
resi amocana.

2. cneba masalis Sesaxeb. ZvelTaZvel droSi gamoyenebuli

masalebi

qarTvelebis winaprebi msoflios uZvelesi tomebis im ricxvs mie-

kuTvnebian, romlebmac Tavisi ganviTarebis sakmaod grZel gzaze zogad-
sakacobrio kulturis pirveli kerebi Seqmnes. marTalia, dRemde SemorCe-
nili xelnawerebi am gzis mxolod mcire nawils aSuqeben, magram miuxe-
davad amisa, maT Semoinaxes qarTveli xalxis mravalsaukunovani warsu-
lis umniSvnelovanesi etapebi. damwerlobis SemoRebamde periodis Seswav-
lis saqmeSi gansakuTrebul rols TamaSobs materialuri kulturis is
Zeglebi, romlebic saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi miwaSi iyo damarxuli. qar-
Tuli miwac inaxavs uamrav aseT Zegls, romlebic Cveni winaprebis mier
iyo Seqmnili an maT ekuTvnodaT. Zeglebis arqeologiuri kvleva saSua-
lebas iZleva aRdges ara marto im epoqaSi gamoyenebuli warmoebis iara-
Rebisa Tu sayofacxovrebo moxmarebis sagnebis saxeobebi, romlebsac ada-
mianebi qmnidnen, aramed maTi warmoebis xerxebi da masTan dakavSirebuli
socialuri cxovrebis etapebic. arqeologiuri aRmoCenebis wyalobiT mec-
nierebma burusis farda axades materialuri kulturis ganviTarebis im
safexurebs, romlebic ganvles qarTvelurma tomebma qvis xanidan rkinis
epoqamde.
sazogadoebis ganviTarebis yovel etapze Sromis iaraRebis dasam-
zadeblad sxvadasxva masala da teqnologia gamoiyeneboda. arqeologiu-
ri epoqebic gamoyenebuli ZiriTadi masalis saxelwodebis mixedviTaa da-
yofili: qvis xana (Zveli qvis xana – paleoliTi da axali qvis xana – ne-
oliTi), spilenZ-brinjaos xana da rkinis xana.
bunebrivia, Tavisi arsebobis pirobebis uzrunvelsayofada damiani
uxsovari droidan misTvis xelmisawvdom masalas iyenebda. ra aris masa-
la? ra igulisxmeba am cnebis qveS? rasakvirvelia, specialisti, dile-
tantisagan gansxvavebiT, masalis gansazRvrisaTvis logikis kanonebidan

6
gamomdinare, mecnierul warmodgenebze dafuZnebul ganmartebas gamoiye-
nebs. Tumca, sustadmomzadebuli adamianisTvisac ki gasagebia, rom nebis-
mieri produqciis dasamzadeblad fuZed unda gamoviyenoT iseTi nivTie-
reba, romlis Tvisebebic srulad uzrunvelyofs sasurveli Sedegis miRe-
bas. zusti ganmartebis Camosayalibeblad, upirveles yovlisa, saWiroa
cneba `nivTierebis fuZe~ Seicvalos sityviT `masala~.
ganmartebiT leqsikonSi vkiTxulobT: `masala aris nivTiereba, ro-
melic miiReba nedleulidan da warmoadgens sawyiss naxevarfabrikatis,
samrewvelo da samSeneblo detalebis, agreTve mza nakeTobis dasamzadeb-
lad~. aqedan gamomdinare, masalebs praqtikulad SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT
yvelaferi, rasac adamiani gardaqmnis cxoveluri, mcenareuli Tu minera-
luri nedleulis bazaze SromiT procesSi maTi gamoyenebis mizniT (niv-
Tierebebis warmoebisaTvis). masalebis warmoebis istoria iyo, aris da
yovelTvis iqneba dakavSirebuli adamianis samrewvelo saqmianobasTan.
mokle istoriuli eqskursic ki sakmarisia imis naTelsayofad, Tu
rogor inergeboda da Semdgom srulyofas ganicdida sxvadasxva masala
adamianis gamocdilebisa da codnis gafarToebasTan erTad. SevecadoT
mokled mimovixiloT es sakiTxi.
milionze meti wlis win adamiani masalad qvasa da Zvals pirvela-
di saxiT iyenebda, radgan igi jer kidev ar flobda misi damuSavebis
teqnikas. qva da Zvali adamians exmareboda sakuTari Zalis SesaZleblo-
bebisa da bunebaze zemoqmedebis efeqtianobis gazrdaSi, raTa gamarjveba
moepovebina garesamyarosTan WidilSi. qvisa da Zvalis elementaruli ia-
raRis gamoyenebiT adamiani xelis, TiTebis, frCxilebisa da kbilebis moq-
medebas avsebda.
qvis damuSavebis Seswavlam namdvili teqnikuri revolucia moax-
dina. daaxloebiT 500000 wlis win adamianma cecxli swored qvis gamoye-
nebiT moipova. qvisgan da bunebrivi masalebisgan (Zvlisgan, xisgan, mcena-
reTa boWkoebisgan) daiwyes CaquCis, culis, danis, safxekis, saTevzao an-
kesis, badis da kidev sxva saWiro nivTebis damzadeba.
daaxloebiT 7000 wlis win Cvens eramde, rodesac daiwyo Sromis
sazogadoebrivi dayofa (gamoiyo mecxoveleoba da miwaTmoqmedeba), ada-
mianma mravali saxeobis masalis gamoyeneba daiwyo, romlebisganac sakma-
od mravalferovan produqcias amzadebda. magaliTad, Tixis nawarms, qso-

7
vilsa da narTs.
spilenZi, rogorc masala, pirvelad gamoyenebas poulobs VII aTas-
wleulSi Cvens eramde. liTonis dnoba da Camosxma, keramikis warmoeba da
meurneobis sxva dargebis ganviTareba axali warmoebis Camoyalibebis sa-
fuZvels qmnis. egeosis zRvaSi warmoebuli gaTxrebis dros napovnia spi-
lenZis, kalis, oqros, minisa da keramikis nakeTobebi da zodebi. analizma
uCvena, rom aRmoCenili nivTebis daTariReba SeiZleba Cvens eramde XIV
saukuniT. rogorc dadginda, nivTebi miekuTvneboda im xomaldis tvirTs,
romelic sami aTaswleulis win katastrofaSi daiRupa. ufro metic, ax-
landeli TurqeTis teritoriaze, Catal-xuukis dasaxlebis (6500_5700 we-
li Cvens eramde) kvlevam arqeologebsa da metalurgiis istorikosebs
didi siurprizi SesTavaza: isini waawydnen spilenZis nalRob widas, rac
madnidan spilenZis gamodnobis procesis damadasturebeli sabuTia.
gamowvis teqnologiis aTvisebam mniSvnelovnad gazarda Tixis,
rogorc sawyisi masalis mniSvneloba. ubralo sayofacxovrebo nivTebTan
erTad arqeologebis mier napovnia originalurad Sesrulebuli da
mxatvrulad gaformebuli WurWeli.
saqarTvelos da, saerTod, amierkavkasiis eneoliTis Seswavlis
saqmeSi gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba hqonda TrialeTis arqeologiuri
eqspediciis monapovar masalas. eneoliTuri fena ZiriTadad keramikiT
aris warmodgenili. aRmoCenilia Tixatkepnili `Torne~, kaJis dakbiluli
namglis pirebi, samkuTxa moyvanilobis yunwiani isris pirebi, xerxiani
dana, didi zomis ovaluri qvis xelsafqvavi. gansakuTrebiT sayuradReboa
liTonis nivTebi (bipiramidis formis spilenZis mokle sadgari, oTxwax-
naga sadgari da spilenZis natexi), romlebic am periodis sxva masalebSi
metad mwirad aris warmodgenili.
dasavleT saqarTveloSi amave periodSi masalad ZiriTadad kaJi
da riyis qva gamoiyeneboda. iaraRebis umetesoba – culi, Toxi, saWrisi,
safxeki, saxvreteli, isrisa da Subis pirebi – riyis qvisgan aris dam-
zadebuli. Zvlis iaraRebidan napovnia sadgisebi, satexi, rqisgan damza-
debuli gaxvretili Toxi.
samwuxarod, CvenSi gavrcelebuli eneoliTuri kulturis TariRis
Sesaxeb sadReisod garkveviT raimes Tqma Znelia. eneoliTis xanas mesame
aTaswleulis pirvel naxevars miakuTvneben, xolo mis sawyis etaps – me-

8
oTxe aTaswleuls. eneoliTuri kultura amierkavkasiaSi SedarebiT xan-
mokle unda yofiliyo. CvenSi metalurgiis ganviTarebis xelsayrelma pi-
robebma uzrunvelyo gardamavali safexuris SedarebiT swrafi tempiT
gavla da namdvili metalurgiis adreuli dawyeba.
IV aTaswleulSi Cvens eramde iaraRebis dasamzadeblad upirate-
sad liTonuri masala gamoiyeneboda, ris gamoc qvam Tavisi samrewvelo
mniSvneloba ramdenadme dakarga. liTonis Semosvlam adamianis yofa-
cxovrebaSi da misgan Sromis iaraRebis warmoebis xerxebis gaumjobesabam
sazogadoeba ganviTarebis ufro maRal safexurze aiyvana. iqmneba kultu-
ra, romelic bevrad ufro win aris waweuli ganviTarebis wina safexur-
Tan SedarebiT.
oqro iyo pirveli liToni, romelsac adamiani gaecno da daiwyo
misi damuSaveba. es gasagebicaa: TviTnabadi oqros bzinvarebas advilad
SeeZlo miepyro adamianis yuradReba. uZvelesi oqros nivTebi, romlebic
arqeologebma ipovnes egvipteSi, damzadebulia 8000 wlis win. cnobilia
agreTve TviTnabadi vercxlis, spilenZisa da meteorituli rkinis gamoye-
nebis faqtebi.
eneoliTur xanaSi adamiani liTons ZiriTadad civad WedviT amu-
Savebda qvis CaquCis gamoyenebiT. liTonis pirveli nakeToba – spilenZis
milis samkaulebi da tansacmlis Sesakravebi miekuTvneba meeqvse aTaswle-
uls Cvens eramde da napovnia dRevandeli TurqeTis teritoriaze. kultu-
ris es safexuri gagrZelda manam, sanam adamianma ar aiTvisa madnidan li-
Tonis gamodnoba, cxlad Wedva da Camosxma, e.i. ar ganviTarda namdvili
metalurgia. Cveulebriv, aqedan iTvlian ganviTarebis axal stadias –
brinjaos xanas.
saqarTveloSi uZvelesi spilenZis nivTi xramis did gorazea aRmo-
Cenili (marneulis raioni). savaraudod, saqarTveloSi aqedan iTvleba
liTonis warmoebis dasawyisi, romelic Zv. w. VI aTaswleuliT TariRde-
ba. am periodidan moyolebuli liTonebis mopoveba-damuSaveba sazogado-
ebrivi yofis ganuyofeli nawili xdeba. swored mtkvar-araqsuli kultu-
ris periodSi iRebs saTaves klasikuri metalurgia, rac sabadoebis arse-
bobam ganapiroba. adreuli etapis Zeglebi ZiriTadad am or mdinares So-
risaa moqceuli.
liTonTa teqnologiis srulyofis mTavar miRwevad kaliani brin-

9
jaos warmoebis aTviseba iTvleba. marTalia, spilenZis Senadnobebs sxva
liTonebTan, magaliTad, tyviasTan, TuTiasTan, vercxlTan da kalasTan
Tavdapirvelad SemTxveviT Rebulobdnen, magram adamianma male SeamCnia
misi upiratesoba sufTa spilenZTan SedarebiT.
brinjaos xanaSi sam periods arCeven: adreuls, Suasa da gvians.
brinjaos kulturis adreuli safexurebi uSualod mosdevs eneoliTur
xanas. eneoliTuri kulturis bolosaTvis CvenSi ukve iqmneboda imis yve-
la winapiroba, rom sazogadoeba Tavisi ganviTarebis kidev ufro maRal
safexurze asuliyo. amave periods ukavSirdeba metalurgiis aRmavlobis
periodic. es, albaT, im garemoebam ganapiroba, rom kavkasia mdidari iyo
feradi liTonebiT. amas mowmobs uZvelesi berZnuli cnobebi (VI-IV sauku-
neebi Cvens eramde), romlebic saqarTvelos liTonebiT mdidar qveynad
gvixatavs. Zvel berZnul TqmulebaSic `oqros sawmisis Sesaxeb~ xom sa-
qarTveloSi liTonis damuSavebis maRali kulturaa asaxuli.
uZveles istoriul wyaroebSi, sadac qarTvelTa Sesaxeb mwiri
cnobebia daculi, Cvens winaprebs moixsenieben, rogorc saukeTeso liTo-
nis mwarmoeblebsa da foladis mWedelebs. argonavtebis miTis Tanaxmad,
Citebs, romlebic kolxeTidan mofrinavdnen, liTonis frTebi hqondaT
asxmuli, xolo mefe aietis foladis saxnisian guTanSi spilenZis Cliqe-
biani da cecxlis mfrqveveli xarebi iyvnen Sebmulni. rogorc Cans, meli-
Toneoba uZveles saqarTveloSi meurneobis wamyvani dargi iyo.
1984 wels saqarTveloSi xomald `argos~ asliT Camosuli ingli-
seli mogzauri da mecnieri, tim severini acxadebda, rom msoflios arc
erTi qveynis muzeumebSi ar Sexvedria imdeni liTonis, ZiriTadad brinja-
os nawarmi, ramdenic saqarTveloSi. ramdeni unda hqonodaT liTonis niv-
Tebi saaqaos, rom micvalebulebisTvis amdeni CautanebiaTo, ambobda igi.
arsebuli cnobebis Tanaxmad, saqarTveloSi marTlac bevri iyo
oqro, vercxli da rkina. kolxeTis erT-erT uZveles mefes Tavis saxelm-
wifoSi, gansakuTrebiT svaneTSi, auarebeli oqro da vercxli moupovebia.
iuwyebian agreTve sxva mineralebis arsebobis Sesaxebac. magaliTad, ro-
gorc kolxeTSi, ise iberiaSi, Turme ZvelTaganve warmoebda singuris
(vercxliswylisa da gogirdis naerTi) mopoveba, romlisganac wiTel sa-
Rebavs amzadebdnen.
Zveli welTaRricxviT XIV saukuneSi mcire aziaSi, pontos raion-

10
Si, kerZod, mdinare halisis xeobaSi mcxovrebma meliToneobiT saxelgan-
Tqmulma, qarTveluri modgmis tomma – xalibebma (xaldebma) pirvelebma
SeimuSaves jer rkinis foladad gadakeTebis, xolo Semdeg – uSualod
foladis gamodnobis teqnologia, ramac dasabami misca rkinis farTo
warmoebas aRmosavleTsa da dasavleTSi. didma berZenma tragikosma, esqi-
lem, xalibebis qveyanas `rkinis deda~ uwoda. bibliaSic (`dabadeba~) qar-
Tvel tomTa winaparni, Tubalebi, moxseniebulia rogorc `kveriT xuroi
mWedeli rvalisa∗ da rkinisa~.
aRsaniSnavia, rom egvipteSi rkina cnobili iyo evropasTan Sedare-
biT 2500 wliT adre, magram egviptis rkinis nivTebi asakiT win ar usw-
rebs arc mcireaziul, arc kavkasiur nimuSebs.
berZnebs foladis warmoeba xalibebisgan uswavliaT da am li-
Tons `xalibokos~ (`xalibsi~, xaliburi, xaliburi liToni) uwodes. mec-
nieruli gamokvlevebi adasturebs, rom garda foladis damzadebis xe-
lovnebisa, berZnebs xalibebisgan spilenZis miRebisa da gamoyenebis wese-
bic SeuswavliaT. berZnul enaSi `xalkos~ niSnavs ara marto spilenZs,
aramed brinjaosa da TiTbersac. berZnebis cnobiT, xalibebis qveyanaSi
mdinareebs rkinis Semcveli qviSa CamohqondaT. xalibebi mas ramodenime-
jer recxavdnen da, yvelasgan gansxvavebiT, maRali xarisxis foladis
misaRebad rkinas adnobdnen `raRac miwasTan~ (manganumTan) erTad, rome-
lic uxvad moipoveboda maT qveyanaSi da folads gansakuTrebul simt-
kices aniWebda. berZnebis azriT, xaliburi rkina bevrad jobda sxva ana-
logiur masalebs da garegnulad Znelad gamosarCevi iyo vercxlisagan.
mxolod xalibur rkinas ar ekideboda Jangi.
xalibebis mezoblebi, mosinikebi, TiTberis warmoebis xelovnebis
aRmomCenebad arian aRiarebulni. mosinikebis TiTberi maRali xarisxiT,
TeTri SeferilobiTa da kaSkaSa elvarebiT gamoirCeoda. berZnuli cno-
bebis Tanaxmad, mosinikebi spilenZs erTgvar iqaur `specialur miwas~
umatebdnen. mravali mkvlevaris azriT, es nivTiereba miwiani TuTiis kar-
bonati unda yofiliyo, romelsac mosinikebi TiTberis misaRebad awar-
moebdnen. zogierT evropul enaSi, magaliTad, germanulSi, TiTberis
saxeli- `mesing~ mosinikebis saxelwodebidan unda iyos warmoebuli. xa-
____________
∗
rvali – spilenZis Zveli qarTuli saxelwodeba.

11
libebis, mosinikebisa da tibarenebis teritoria, gansakuTrebiT ki misi
mTianeTi, romelic Woroxis auzze da trapizon-giresen-ordus sazRv-
rebSi mdebareobs, marTlac metad mdidaria liTonis madnebiT. swored es
simdidre izidavda Zvel berZnebs saqarTveloSi.
amdenad, sakacobrio mniSvnelobis movlenas – foladis aRmoCenas
– dasabami pontos raionSi mieca, sadac metalurgiasTan dakavSirebiT
msoflio mniSvnelobis udidesi problemebi wydeboda, xolo qarTveluri
modgmis tomebi – xalibebi, mosinikebi da Tubalebi, yovel SemTxvevaSi
jer-jerobiT, zogierTi feradi da Savi liTonebis pirvelmwarmoeblad
arian miCneuli mTels msoflioSi.
brinjaos xanis adreul safexurze CvenSi gavrcelebuli liTonis
nivTebi upiratesad Camosxmulia da zogjer sakmaod rTuli wesiTac, rac
metalurgiis ganviTarebis maRal safexurze miuTiTebs. brinjaos adreul
xanaSi aTvisebulia iseTi Sedgenilobis liTonebis Camosxma, romlis
Wedvac SeuZlebeli iyo masSi minarevebis didi raodenobiT Semcvelobis
gamo. es iyo wingadadgmuli kidev erTi nabiji: adamianma iswavla sxvada-
sxva Sedgenilobis axali masalebis miRebis xerxi da metalurgia Sevida
teqnikis istoriaSi.
samwuxarod, adreuli brinjaos xana CvenSi yvelaze naklebad
aris Seswavlili. sxva ZeglebTan SedarebiT ufro ukeTesadaa gamokvle-
uli TrialeTis adreuli jgufis yorRanebi. aRsaniSnavia, rom sxva sa-
WurvelTan erTad aRmoCenilia satevaris piri, spilenZis abjris nawile-
bi, oqros cilindruli gadasakravebi da vercxlis msxvili mavTulis
xvia. arsebuli cnobebis Tanaxmad, vercxlis warmoebis yvelaze raciona-
luri xerxi – vercxlovani tyviisagan vercxlis miRebis teqnologia –
pirvelad Caisaxa da ganxorcielda xeTebis imperiaSi, pontos mkvidri me-
liToneebis, xalibebis mier. amgvarad, CvenSi ukve adreuli brinjaos xa-
nidan SeiniSneba Zvirfasi liTonebis damuSavebis tradiciebi da, rogorc
cnobilia, Semdgom safexurebze am teqnologiam ganviTarebis sakmaod ma-
Ral dones miaRwia.
Tu TrialeTis adreuli jgufis yorRanebSi liTonis nawarmi jer
kidev SedarebiT SezRudulia da tipobrivadac zogi ram saerTo aqvs wi-
namorbed safexurebTan, afxazeTis dolmenebis∗ Zira fenebSi liTonis

12
nivTebi SedarebiT ufro meti raodenobiTa da sakmaod ganviTarebuli
formiT aris warmodgenili (culebi, kavebi, satevaris pirebi da a.S), rac
ganpirobebulia Camosxmis sakmaod rTuli wesis mignebiT. nivTebis Camosa-
sxmelad gamoiyeneboda spilenZi, romelic 5%-mde dariSxans Seicavda.
Znelia imis Tqma, dariSxani xelovnurad aris Seyvanili spilenZSi Tu
bunebriv minarevs warmoadgens, magram mTavaria is, rom am periodisaTvis
ukve aTvisebulia dariSxaniani spilenZis sxmulebis warmoebis Tavisebu-
reba.
mniSvnelovnad yofila ganviTarebuli liTonis damuSavebis xerxe-
bi yvirilas zemo welze, saCxeris raionSi, rasac adasturebs samarxebSi
napovni civad WedviT miRebuli brtyeli da Txeli satevaris pirebi, re-
liefuri ornamentiT Sekruli spilenZisave saxeluriani satevaris piri,
ori Т-sebri grZeli qinZisTavi da spilenZispiriani satevari, romlis ta-
ri Semkulia SesaniSnavad Sesrulebuli wnuli ornamentiT, xolo vada
– spiraluriT. aRsaniSnavia, rom CvenSi sadReisod cnobili adreuli
brinjaos xanis ZeglebSi sakmaod rTuli formis liTonis iaraR-samkau-
lebi ase Warbad da mravalferovnad arsad ar aris warmodgenili. es ki
imis maCvenebelia, rom yvirilis zemo welze arsebobda sakmaod ganviTa-
rebuli da mZlavri metalurgiuli warmoebis kera. brinjaos xanis Semd-
gom etapze kultura ganviTarebis ufro maRal safexurze adis.
adamianma rkina spilenZTan SedarebiT ramodenime aTasi wlis mog-
vianebiT aiTvisa. zogierTi mkvlevaris azriT, amis mizezi imaSi mdgoma-
reobda, rom spilenZi kargad eqvemdebareba civad Wedvas, rasac adamiani
advilad axerxebda, xolo rkinis damuSaveba SesaZlebeli iyo mxolod
gaxurebul mdgomareobaSi. Tumca, rogorc ar unda idges es sakiTxi,
rkinis mTavari upiratesoba, udavod, iyo misi maRali medegoba sxva li-
TonebTan SedarebiT warmoebis da, gansakuTrebiT, sabrZolo iaraRis da-
samzadeblad. zogierTi mkvlevari varaudobs, rom rkinis gamoyenebaze ga-
dasvla spilenZis maragis amowurviT unda iyos ganpirobebuli.
rkinis Tavdapirvel gamoyenebas meteorituli rkinis aRmoCenas
ukavSireben. arsebobs monacemebi imis Sesaxeb, rom aleqsandre I-is da bo-
___________
∗
dolmeni (franguli - uZvelesi) – qvis xanis samarxi, akldama, ro-
melic agebulia didi lodebisa da filebisagan

13
liveris (samxreT amerikis gmiri) daSnebi swored kosmosuri rkinisgan
iyo damzadebuli.
rkinis yvelaze uZveles nivTad, romelic cnobilia arqeologebi-
saTvis, iTvleba egviptis samarovnebSi napovni milis mZivi, romelic mie-
kuTvneboda Cvens welTaRricxvamde IV saukunes. mZivi damzadebulia gamo-
Wedili rkinisagan, romelic 7,5%-mde nikels Seicavs. aseTi Sedgeniloba
damaxasiaTebelia meteorituli rkinisaTvis.
egvipteSi, mefeTa xeobis gaTxris Sedegad aRmoCenil faraon tu-
tanxamonis samarxSi arqeologebis gakvirveba gamoiwvia ara uzarmazari
raodenobis oqros samkaulebma, aramed mcire zomis Savma liTonma. sensa-
ciursa da yvelaze moulodnels ufro mogvianebiT waawydnen: nivTis
qveS, romelic Tavisi formiT gvirgvins waagavda, ipovnes rkinis avgaro-
zi. am aRmoCenis Sesaxeb erT-erTi germanuli Jurnali werda: `avgarozi
miekuTvneba egviptis yvelaze adreul nakeTobaTa ricxvs . . . unda aRi-
niSnos, rom samarxSi, romelic TiTqmis bolomde iyo avsebuli oqroTi,
am mokrZalebul monapovars kulturis istoriis TvalsazrisiT udidesi
Rirebuleba hqonda~.
Cvens qveyanaSi rkinis farTod aTviseba da misi TandaTanobiT sa-
meurneo yofaSi damkvidreba Zveli welTaRricxviT XII-XI saukuneebidan
SeiniSneba. am dros rkinis nivTebi (saomari da sameurneo iaraRebi) mTli-
anad imeorebs brinjaos xanaSi SemuSavebul formebs, rac kidev erTxel
asabuTebs saqarTveloSi rkinis metalurgiis adgilobriv safuZvelze
ganviTarebas. arqeologiuri eqsponatebis metalografiuli da teqnolo-
giuri Seswavlis safuZvelze dadgenilia, rom adgilobrivi ostatebi
dauflebulni iyvnen rogorc rbili da saSualo simtkicis foladis
warmoebas uSualod civsaber quraSi, ise sameurneo da saomari iaraRis
cxlad Wedvas, zedapiruli fenebis gamdidrebas naxSirbadiT da sxva
rTul meTodebs.
rkinis nivTebis farTo masStabiT warmoebis mkafio magaliTia Zve-
li welTaRricxvis VIII-VII saukuneebis koleqtiur samarxebSi aRmoCenili
aTeulobiT, zogjer ki aseulobiT (!) Catanebuli sasoflo-sameurneo ia-
raRi, rac unikaluri movlenaa saerTod, msoflio arqeologiaSi.
rkinis gadamuSavebis teqnologiurma centrma SemdgomSi wina azi-
idan CineTSi gadainacvla. iqve warmoiSva adreuli meqanizaciis pirveli

14
Canasaxebi – manqanebi, romlebic wyliTa da cxovelTa gamwevi ZaliT mo-
dioda moqmedebaSi. amiT kidev erTi nabiji gadaidga im gzaze, romelmac
saboloo jamSi XVIII-XIX saukuneebSi kacobrioba samrewvelo gadatriale-
bamde miiyvana.
dReisaTvis msoflios yvela qveynis muzeumebSi dagrovda rkinis
nakeTobaTa mdidari koleqcia. safrangeTSi, q. nansSi, arsebobs msofli-
oSi erTaderTi, rkinis istoriis muzeumi. masSi eqsponirebuli warmoebis
iaraRebi da mza nakeTobebi axasiaTeben ama Tu im epoqas. muzeums gaaCnia
Tavdapirveli warmoebis, danaxSirbadianebuli rkinis, bulatis da a.S.
ganyofilebebi.

3. liTonuri masalebi

Cvens saubrebSi xSirad vaxsenebT sityvebs `liToni~, `liTonuri

masala~, `Senadnobi~, magram ra aris liToni zogadad? rogoria misi bu-
neba da niSan-Tvisebebi? yvelasaTvis cnobilia, rom oqro, vercxli, spi-
lenZi, alumini, rkina da kidev sxva nivTierebebi liTonebs miekuTvneba,
xolo foladi aris rkinis fuZeze damzadebuli liTonuri masala, anu
Senadnobi. Senadnobebs Rebuloben myari, Txevadi an airadi mdgomareobi-
dan fuZe (ZiriTad) liTonSi sxvadasxva elementis SeyvaniT. tradiciul
xerxs ki warmoadgens ori an meti elementis urTierTSednoba Txevad
mdgomareobaSi da miRebuli masis Semdgomi gamyareba.
`liToni aris Ria feris sxeuli, romlis Wedva SeiZleba~ - werda
lomonosovi daaxloebiT 200 wlis win. im droisaTviT savsebiT misaRebi
es ganmarteba dRes aRar gvakmayofilebs, radgan lomonosovis dros Ca-
monaTvalSi mxolod eqvsi liToni Sedioda (oqro, vercxli, spilenZi, ka-
la, rkina, tyvia) da maTi mravali Tviseba jer kidev ar iyo Seswavlili.
dReisaTvis ki liTonuri bunebis oTxmocamde elementia cnobili.
liTonis ZiriTadi garegnuli niSani misi bzinvarebaa, rac ganpi-
robebulia didi arekvlis unariT. liTonisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia ag-
reTve kargi plastikuroba∗, maRali simtkice∗∗, Tbo da eleqtrogamtaroba.
aseTi TvisebebiT xasiaTdebian ara marto sufTa liTonebi, aramed Senad-
_________________
∗
plastikuroba aris liTonis unari, gare Zalebis zemoqmedebiT Seic-
valos forma (miiRos plastikuri deformacia) mTlianobis daurRvevlad.

15
nobebic, romlebsac ufro rTuli agebuleba gaaCniaT. maT teqnikaSi
liTonur Senadnobebs uwodeben. aRniSnuli Tvisebebidan gamomdinare, uf-
ro farTo gagebiT liTonur Senadnobebsac SeiZleba liTonebi vuwodoT.
yvela liToni, garda vercxliswylisa, oTaxis temperaturaze myar mdgo-
mareobaSia.
marTalia, Zveli romaelebi icnobdnen oqros, vercxliswyals, ver-
cxlsa da tyvias, xolo Sua saukuneebSi aRmoCenili iqna kidev ramode-
nime axali elementi, magram namdvili mecnieruli midgoma liTonis Ses-
wavlisadmi saTaves mxolod XVIII saukunis meore naxevridan iRebs. amas
xeli Seuwyo metalurgiisa da liTonuri nakeTobis warmoebis gansakuT-
rebiT swrafi nabijebiT ganviTarebam, ramac industriuli afeTqeba gamo-
iwvia. wminda teqnikurma progresma mniSvnelovnad gauswro teqnologiuri
procesebis kvlevas, amitom WeSmaritad mecnieruli, empiriuli, maRalgan-
viTarebuli codnaTa sistema liTonebze – liTonmcodneoba, romelic
liTonTa fizikasac aerTianebs, mxolod axlo warsulSi Camoyalibda.
am periodSi iqna aRmoCenili liTonuri Tvisebebis mqone mravali
elementi – platina, manganumi, volframi. 1800-1850 wlebSi pirvelad iqna
miRebuli magniumi, kadmiumi, alumini, vanadiumi, urani da beriliumi, tu-
te da tutemiwaTa liTonebis umravlesoba. XIX saukunis bolomde aRmoa-
Cines titani, ceziumi, rubidiumi da radiumi. ise, rom elementTa perio-
dul sistemaSi sul ufro da ufro mcire adgilebi rCeboda Seuvsebeli.
amJamad CvenTvis cnobilia 106 elementi.
rogorc aRvniSneT, perioduli sistema 80-mde liTonuri bunebis
elements iTvlis, magram mrewvelobisaTvis gadamwyvet rols yvela maTga-
ni ar asrulebs. amitom liTonebis klasifikacias, upirveles yovlisa,
teqnikisaTvis mniSvnelovani Tvisebebidan gamomdinare awarmoeben.
msgavsebis mixedviT liTonebs or did jgufad yofen – Sav da fe-
rad liTonebad. Savi liTonebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia ruxi-nacrisferi
Seferiloba, maRali simkvrive (garda tutemiwaTa liTonebisa), dnobis ma-
Rali temperatura da SedarebiT maRali sisale∗∗∗. am jgufis yvelaze ti-
puri warmomadgenelia rkina.
_________________
∗∗
simtkice aris liTonis unari, winaaRmdegoba gauwios gare ZalebiT
ganpirobebul plastikur deformacias an damangrevel zemoqmedebas.

16
 feradi liTonebi, umetes SemTxvevaSi, damaxasiaTebeli Seferilo-
biT gamoirCevian (mowiTalo, yviTeli, TeTri) da xasiaTdebian maRali
plastikurobiT, SedarebiT dabali dnobis temperaturiTa da sisaliT. am
jgufis tipuri liTonia spilenZi.
teqnikaSi farTod gamoyenebul Sav liTonebs, Tavis mxriv, yofen:
_ rkinisebr liTonebad, sadac rkinasTan erTad gaerTianebulia
kobalti, nikeli da TvisebebiT maTTan axlos mdgomi manganumi;
_ Zneldnobad liTonebad, romelTa dnobis temperatura aRemateba
rkinis dnobis temperaturas (15390C). maT ricxvs miekuTvneba volframi,
reniumi, tantali, molibdeni, niobiumi, hafniumi, vanadiumi, qromi da cir-
koniumi.
ferad liTonebSi simkvrivis mixedviT ansxvaveben:
_ msubuq liTonebs (magniumi, γ=1,7 g/sm3; beriliumi, γ=1,8 g/sm3; alu-
mini, γ=2,7 g/sm3);
_ keTilSobil liTonebs, rogoricaa oqro, vercxli da platinis
jgufis elementebi. maT ricxvs miakuTvneben agreTve `naxevradkeTilSo-
bil~ liTons – spilenZs. keTilSobili liTonebi xasiaTdebian korozi-
isadmi maRali mdgradobiT;
_ advildnobad liTonebs – TuTias, kalas, tyvias, dariSxans, bis-
muts, Taliums, vercxliswyals da Semcirebuli liTonuri Tvisebebis
mqone elementebs _ galiumsa da germaniums.

4. kristaluri da amorfuli mdgomareobebi

simtkice aris liTonis mTavari Rirseba, ramac sabolood daamk-

vidra igi sazogadoebis yofa-cxovrebaSi. brinjaos xanam imitom Secvala
qvis xana, rom brinjao qvaze ufro mtkice aRmoCmda. rkinis xanidan moyo-
lebuli adamianma TandaTan iswavla liTonis simtkicis amaRlebis gzebi
da ukve dRes erTi tona liTonisagan SeiZleba damzaddes bevrad ufro
meti nakeToba, vidre es SesaZlebeli iyo Tundac 50 wlis win, radgan am
periodis ganmavlobaSi mniSvnelovnad amaRlda misi simtkicis maxasiaTeb-
______________
∗∗∗
sisale aris liTonis unari, winaaRmdegoba gauwios plastikur an dre-
kad deformacias masSi gareSe, ufro sali sxeulis SeWris SemTxvevaSi.

17
lebi.
avtomobiliT dRes veravis gaakvirveb, Tumca Tanamedrove avtoman-
qanebi marTlac gancvifrebas iwveven. im manqanis muxla lilvs, romelmac
kapitaluri SekeTebis gareSe 500000 km gaiara (rac dRes arc ise iSviaTi
SemTxvevaa), gakeTebuli aqvs 100 milionze meti bruni! amasTan, Zravis mu-
Saobisas igi ganicdida dguSis 7000-ze met dartymas yovel wuTSi. ufro
metic, arsebobs turbinebi, romlebic wuTSi 20 aTas da met brunsac ake-
Teben. warmoidgineT, rogori simtkice unda axasiaTebdes maTTvis gan-
kuTvnil sakonstruqcio masalebs. Tumca kosmosuri saukunis teqnikisaT-
vis aseTi simtkicis maxasiaTeblebic, romlebzec inJinrebi cota xnis win
ocnebobdnen, ukve arasakmarisia.
reaqtiuli Zrava miT ufro mZlavri da ekonomiuria, rac ufro ma-
Ralia wvis sakanSi temperatura. magram specialistebi iZulebulni arian
igi xelovnurad Seamciron, radgan jer kidev ar arsebobs iseTi masala,
romelic xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi gauZlebs did datvirTvebs
20000C-ze da mis zeviT. marTalia, liTonebi mTeli rigi unikaluri Tvi-
sebebiT xasiaTdebian, magram maTi umravlesoba gamoiyeneba iq, sadac au-
cilebelia upiratesad gamoxatuli ama Tu im Tvisebis realizacia, maga-
liTad, maRali simtkicis, uJangaobis, zedapiruli sisalis da a. S.
razea damokidebuli liTonis simtkice? ra emarTeba liTons dat-
virTvis zemoqmedebiT? am kiTxvebze pasuxis gasacemad sakmaod Soridan
mogviwevs saubris dawyeba. ai, ras gvamcnobs zogierTi istoriuli wyaro:
1951 welis 31 ianvars, yinvian dRes, Caingra saavtomobilo xidi
kvebekSi (kanada). am dros xidi ar iyo gadatvirTuli da masze mxolod
erTi manqana moZraobda. avariis dros mdinareSi Cacvivda xidis sami mali
sigrZiT 54 m TiToeuli. xidi ar iyo Zveli, igi eqspluataciaSi gadaeca
1947 wels.
belgiaSi SeduRebiT agebuli 52 xididan, romlebic 1934-1938 wleb-
Si iyo eqspluataciaSi gaSvebuli, TiTqmis mexuTedi 1940 wlisTvis mwyob-
ridan iyo gamosuli. zogierTi xidi mTlianad daingra. 1938 wlis 14
marts Caingra daaxloebiT erTi wlis win agebuli xidi, romlis malis
sigrZe 73,5 m Seadgenda (xidi gadebuli iyo albertas arxze, xasseltis
maxloblad). 1947 wlidan 1955 wlamde aseTi 14 SemTxvevaa dafiqsirebuli.
1951 wlis dekemberSi CexoslovakiaSi Caingra droebiTi sarkinig-

18
zo xidi, romlis malis sigrZe 12 m Seadgenda. xidi gaskda mas Semdeg,
rodesac masze orTqlmavalma gaiara. ramodenime wlis win ki Caingra xi-
di umniSvnelovanes satransporto magistralze avstriis dedaqalaq venaSi.
amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi registrirebulia mTlianSeduRebu-
li gemebis daSlis faqtebi. meore msoflio omis periodSi agebuli xuTi
aTasi savaWro gemidan 1946 wlis aprilisaTvis aTasze mets bzarebi aRmo-
aCnda. aTi tankeri da `libertis~ tipis sami satvirTo gemi Suaze gaipo.
sxva ocdaxuT gems mTlianad daeSala gembani an Ziri. zogierTi gemi ise
daiSala, rom verc moeswro misi eqspluataciaSi gaSveba. 1943 wlis ian-
varSi, mSvid wyalSi, gemTmSenebeli qarxnis kedelTan gadatyda svlaze
gamosacdelad gamzadebuli tankeri `skenektedi~, romlis wyalwyva Sead-
genda 7230 t. imave wlis martSi, mxolod ori bali simZlavris qaris pi-
robebSi, gadatyda tankeri `esso manxetteni~ wyalwyviT 10344 t. 1964 wlis
agvistoSi daingra msoflioSi erT-erTi yvelaze maRali nageboba – ante-
nis 400 metriani anZa grenlandiis samxreT-dasavleT sanapiroze.
ganxilul SemTxvevebSi arafer SuaSia mSeneblobis wuni. maS ra-
Sia saqme, ratom ver SesZles inJinrebma, romlebic SeiaraRebulni iyvnen
mecnierebis yvela miRweviT, zustad gamoeTvalaT nagebobaTa simtkice?
rogorc Cans, es arc ise iolia, radgan konstruqciis saeqspluatacio pi-
robebze uamravi gauTvaliswinebeli faqtori moqmedebs.
teqnikis istoriidan cnobilia, rom peterburgis obuxovis qarxa-
naSi erTi da igive foladisagan Camosxmuli zarbaznebidan zogierTi
brZolisunarianobas inarCunebda, zogi ki mwyobridan pirveli gasrolis-
Tanave gamodioda. ra iyo amis mizezi? es kiTxva didxans rCeboda pasux-
gaucemeli. araeTma avariam da katastrofam transportze, SaxtebSi, sro-
lis dros zarbaznebis daskdomam cxadi gaxada liTonis Tvisebebis mec-
nieruli Seswavlis aqtualoba.
inJinrebi guldasmiT ikvlevdnen zarbaznis lulebis dazianebul
adgilebs. saboloo Sedagmac ar daayovna. dadginda, rom liTonis Tvise-
bebze arsebiT gavlenas axdens misi Semadgeneli marcvlebis, anu krista-
lebis zoma. zarbaznis is lulebi, romlebic wvrilmarcvlovani agebu-
lebiT xasiaTdeboda, didxans inarCunebda mTlianobas, xolo msxvilmar-
cvlovani, uxeSi agebulebis lulebi mwyobridan adre gamodioda. amgva-
rad, rac ufro wvrilmarcvlovani agebulebisaa liToni, miT ufro maRa-

19
li yofila misi meqanikuri Tvisebebis kompleqsi, anu liTonebisa da Se-
nadnobebis simtkicis saidumloeba ZiriTadad liTonis kristaluri age-
bulebis TaviseburebiT yofila ganpirobebuli.
liTonis kristaluri agebuleba sakmaod detalurad aris Seswav-
lili XX saukuneSi rentgenis sxivebis gamoyenebiT, eleqtronuli mikros-
kopiiT, ultrabgeriT da kvlevis sxva Tanamedrove meTodebiT. rentgeno-
struqturuli analizis wyalobiT gansazRvrulia liTonis Sigakrista-
luri agebulebis Tavisebureba – atomebis urTierTganlagebis xasiaTi,
simetriuloba da Seqmnilia uamravi nivTierebis kristalebis TvalsaCino
modelebi.
aqve bunebrivad ibadeba kiTxva: mainc ra aris kristali? rogoria
misi mdgomareobisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSan-Tvisebebi? am kiTxvebze pa-
suxis gasacemad guldasmiT unda davakvirdeT Cvens garemomcvel samya-
ros.
kristalebi aSenebulia udidesi arqiteqtoris – bunebis mier. vin
ar damtkbara kristalis waxnagebis saucxoo elvarebiT, ferTa momajado-
ebeli TamaSiT. Zvirfasi feradi qvis Tu ubralo fifqis kristalebi ada-
mianSi yovelTvis badeben gansacvifrebel harmonias maTi mkveTri da mox-
denili moxazulobiT. kristalebs Cven aRmovaCenT qaTqaTa marilsa Tu
Savi naxSiris natexSi. yinuli da qviSac uamravi wvrili kristalebisgan
Sedgeba. sazRvrebi ufro gafarTovdeba, Tu dakvirvebis procesSi mikros-
kopiT SeviaraRdebiT – nebismieri liTonis texi Tqven moelvare krista-
lebis waxnagebiT dagiwyebT mzeras. aRmoCndeba, rom mTis qanebis ZiriTa-
di masa, romelic dedamiwis qerqs warmoqmnis, kristalebisgan aris Sedge-
nili. rbili, plastikuri Tixac ki uwvrilesi, qerclisebri kristalebis
erTobliobas warmoadgens. is uCinaria TvalisaTvis, ar mJRavndeba mik-
roskopSic, magram advilad SeiZleba misi aRmoCena rentgenis sxivebis
daxmarebiT. liToni, qva, Tixa, qviSa – yoveli maTgani xom samSeneblo ma-
salebis safuZvelia. gamodis, rom qalaqebi kristalebisgan yofila age-
buli!
kristaluri agebulebiT xasiaTdeba agreTve Tanamedrove teqnika-
Si gamoyenebuli mravali sinTetikuri masala, naxevrad gamtari, feromag-
nituri masalebi, zemtkice da mxurvalmedegi Senadnobebi. amgvarad, CvenT-
vis naTeli xdeba, rom kristaluri agebuleba bunebaSi yvelaze gavrce-

20
lebuli mdgomareoba yofila. rogorc amboben fizikosebi da minerolo-
gebi, TiTqmis mTeli samyaro kristaluria. amitom kristaluri agebule-
bis Seswavla kristalografiis, liTonebis fizikisa da liTonmcodneo-
bis erT-erTi pirvelxarisxovani, umniSvnelovanesi mimarTulebaa.
myari nivTiereba SeiZleba amorful mdgomareobaSic arsebobdes.
∗
sityvebi `kristaluri~ da `amorfuli~ berZnuli warmoSobisaa. pirveli
maTgani niSnavs yinuls, xolo meore – uformos.
myari sxeulis normaluri mdgomareoba kristaluria. kristali,
upirveles yovlisa, aris nawilakebis (atomebis, ionebis, molekulebis)
uzarmazari raodenobis Tavmoyris adgili. sakiTxis gamartivebis mizniT
yoveli atomi SeiZleba umcires sferod warmovidginoT. sivrceSi atome-
bis urTierTganlagebisa da maT Soris aRZruli bmis Zalebis specifiku-
ri xasiaTi kristals nivTierebisaTvis damaxasiaTebel sruliad axal
Tvisebebs aniWebs.
kristalisaTvis damaxasiaTebel yvelaze mTavarsa da zogad Tavi-
seburebas nawilakebis (atomebis, ionebis, molekulebis) regularuli, mo-
wesrigebuli, sivrceSi usasrulod ganmeorebadi ganlageba warmoadgens.
aseTi uzarmazari raodenobis nawilakebis kanonzomieri, mowesrigebuli
ganlageba sivrceSi gamoxatulebas poulobs kristalis garegnul for-
maSic – nawilakebze moqmedi Zalebi maT rac SeiZleba axlo manZilze
afiqsirebs raRac swor, samganzomilebian mdgomareobaSi, rac warmosax-
viT sivrciT kristalur gisoss warmoqmnis. sivrceSi sferoebis umWidro-
esi ganlageba ki SesaZlobelia ganxorcieldes ori saxis geometriul
figuraSi:
1. kubSi, sadac atomebs dakavebuli eqnebaT adgilebi wveroebSi da
waxnagebis diagonalebis gadakveTis wertilebSi. atomebis aseT wyobas
kubur waxnagdacentrebuls (wdk) uwodeben (nax. 1, a);
2. heqsagonur prizmaSi, sadac garda wveroebisa, TiTo atomi gan-
lagebuli iqneba zeda da qveda waxnagebis diagonalebis gadakveTis wer-
tilebSi, sami ki – zeda da qveda waxnagebs Soris. aseT kristalur gi-
soss mWidro heqsagonuri (mh) ewodeba (b). orive saxis kristalur gisos-
________________
∗
sityva `kristali~ espanur enaSi aRniSnavs minas, Tumca mina kris-
talur nivTierebas ar miekuTvneba

21
Si moculobis 74% atomebiT aris Sevsebuli, danarCeni ki forebia. kris-
talebis umravlesobisaTvis swored aseTi saxis gisosebia damaxasiaTebe-
li. magaliTad, alumini, spilenZi, tyvia, nikeli, oqro, vercxli, platina
da kidev sxva liTonebi kristaldeba waxnagdacentrebul kubur krista-
lur gisosSi, xolo manganumi, TuTia, kadmiumi, beriliumi da a. S. – mWid-
ro heqsagonurSi.
zogierT liTonSi, rogoricaa magaliTad, qromi, vanadiumi, molib-
deni, volframi da a. S, yalibdeba gansxvavebuli tipis kuburi kristalu-
ri gisosi, sadac atomebs adgili ukaviaT kubis wveroebSi, xolo damate-
biT erTi atomi zis kubis sivrceSi, diagonalebis gadakveTis wertilSi.
aseT gisoss kuburi sivrciT dacentrebuli (sdk) ewodeba (nax. 1, g). kubu-
ri sivrciT dacentrebuli gisosi naklebad kompaqturia. masSi atomebis
mier dakavebuli moculoba 68%-s Seadgens.

Tu uxeS Sedarebas moviyvanT, iseve, rogorc Spaleri warmoadgens

erTi da igive naxatis mravaljerad ganmeorebas sibrtyeze, aseve krista-
li warmoadgens erTi da igive geometriuli figuris (magaliTad, kubis)
mravaljerad ganmeorebas sivrceSi, anu kristali aris `sivrciTi Spale-
ri~, romlis ZiriTadi moculobiTi naxati, kristaluri gisosis elemen-
taruli ujredi, usasrulod meordeba sivrceSi samive mimarTulebiT.
rentgenis sxivebis daxmarebiT kristaluri gisosis arseboba dadgenilia
myari sxeulebis umravlesobaSi. zogadad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom atomebis
perioduli ganlageba sivrceSi yvela myari sxeulis arsebobis pirobas

22
warmoadgens. igi maT icavs garemos damangreveli zemoqmedebisagan.
kristaluri nivTierebebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia waxnagebis Ta-
visTavadi warmoqmnis unari. marTalia, kristali SeiZleba sxvadasxva pi-
robebSi Camoyalibdes, magaliTad, gamxsnelis aorTqlebiT, Txevadi li-
Tonis gacivebisas an orTqlis fazis kondensaciiT (magaliTad, yinulis
naySi minaze), magram yvela SemTxvevaSi mzardi kristalis zedapirze Ca-
moyalibdeba brtyeli waxnagebi.
sufTa liTonuri nivTierebis kidev erTi specifikuri Tavisebure-
baa dnobisa da gamyarebis fiqsirebuli temperatura (wertili). marTalia,
gaxurebisas misi temperatiura ganuxrelad matulobs, magram gaTxevadeba
iwyeba mxolod dnobis temperaturis miRwevisas. aq umTavresia erTi faq-
ti – rogorc dnobis, ise gamyarebis procesSi sistemis temperatura ucv-
lelad aris SenarCunebuli, anu sufTa liTonebi dneba da myardeba erT
mudmiv temperaturaze. kristalizaciis temperatura liTonis Tvisebis
gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani mudmivaa. sxvadasxva liTonisaTvis igi fri-
ad farTo diapazonSi icvleba – (-38,90C)-dan sindiyisaTvis 34100C-mde yve-
laze Zneldnobadi liTonis – volframisaTvis. amorfuli nivTierebebis
qceva ki gansxvavebulia. magaliTad, mina gaxurebisas TandaTanobiT
rbildeba, Semdeg ki iwyebs lRobas, magram sistemis temperatura ganux-
relad matulobs yovelgvari SeCerebis gareSe.
erTi da igive nivTiereba SeiZleba arsebobdes rogorc Kkrista-
lur, ise amorful mdgomareobaSi. Txevadi fazidan nivTierebis myar
mdgomareobaSi gadsvla kristalebis warmoqmnis, anu kristalizaciis
gziT, aris bunebrivi procesi, magram garkveul pirobebSi SesaZlebelia
moxdes am kanonzomierebidan gadaxra. am sakiTxSi ukeT garkvevisaTvis
ganvixiloT uxeSi, magram sakmaod TvalsaCino aseTi magaliTi: vTqvaT,
jariskacebis aseuls nabrZanebi aqvs rigSi mowyoba. Tu brZanebis Sesas-
ruleblad jariskacebs sakmarisi dro eqnebaT micemuli, yoveli maTgani
moaswrebs misTvis gankuTvnili adgilis dakavebas da rigSi gasworebas.
magram Tu pirveli brZanebis Semdeg swrafad gaica meore - `sdeq!~, jaris-
kacebis saerTo ganlageba mouwesrigebeli darCeba, Tumca gamokveTili
iqneba tendencia mowesrigebisaken.
raRac analogiuri mimdinareobs gamyarebis procesSic. Tu siTxis
gaciveba neli siCqariT mimdinareobs, atomebi aswreben sivrceSi maTTvis

23
gankuTvnili adgilebis dakavebas da kristaluri gisosis Camoyalibebas,
swrafi gaciveba ki amuxruWebs atomebis gadaadgilebis unars da maT ar
aZlevs bolomde mowesrigebis saSualebas. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, di-
di siCqariT gaciveba ganapirobebs siTxis siblantis metad swrafad
zrdas da nivTiereba gamyardeba manam, sanam atomebi sivrceSi maTTvis
gankuTvnil, mowesrigebul mdgomareobas daikaveben. aseT pirobebSi kris-
taluri gisosi ver aswrebs Camoyalibebas, ikveTeba mxolod amis tenden-
cia. kristaluri nivTierebebisgan gansxvavebiT, mocemul SemTxvevaSi ato-
mebis mowesrigebuli ganlageba vrceldeba ara Sor, aramed axlo manZil-
ze, anu vlindeba nawilakebis axlo wesrigi. amdenad, kristalurisagan
gansxvavebiT, amorful nivTierebebSi atomebis mowesrigebis xarisxi me-
tad dabalia. zogierT amorful nivTierebas, magaliTad, fiss, luqs, san-
Tels, ar axasiaTebT nawilakebis axlo wesrigic ki.
ufro marTebuli iqneba nivTierebis amorfuli mdgomareoba Sefa-
sebuliyo, rogorc metad blanti siTxe. amis mkafio magaliTs mina warmo-
adgens. sagulisxmoa, rom uZvelesi fanjris minebis qveda nawili ramde-
nadme gasqelebulia zedasTan SedarebiT, rac imis damadasturebelia,
rom amorful nivTierebebs myar mdgomareobaSi denadobis unari gaaCniaT.
myar amorful nivTierebebSi metad neli siCqariT, magram mainc
xdeba atomebis gadaadgileba da TandaTanobiTi maTi gadasvla mowesri-
gebul mdgomareobaSi, anu kristalizacia. zogierT maTganSi, magaliTad,
gogirdSi, atomebis gadajgufeba SedarebiT swrafad mimdinareobs, sxveb-
Si, magaliTad minaSi – saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi. amorfuli minis dakris-
taleba iwvevs mis dabzarvas, xolo araerTgvarovan agebulebaSi gada-
svla – gamWvirvalobis dakargvas, anu gamqrqalebas.
amgvarad, amorfuli nivTiereba TavisTavad gadadis kristalur
mdgomareobaSi, sawinaaRmdego procesi ki arasdros ar SeiniSneba. aqedan
SeiZleba gakeTdes umniSvnelovanesi daskvna: kristaluri mdgomareoba
myari sxeulis Termodinamikurad erTaderT mdgrad, `dasrulebul~ mdgo-
mareobas warmoadgens.
rogorc vxedavT, amorful da kristalur mdgomareobebs Soris
ZiriTadi gansxvaveba maT Sinagan agebulebaSi mdgomareobs. mina, magali-
Tad, raRac gamWvirvale, myife sxeulia, xolo liToni – mtkice da plas-
tikuri. mina izolatoria, liToni ki kargi eleqtrogamtari masala. li-

24
Tonuri nakeToba ver muSaobs yvela garemoSi, mina ki praqtikulad ar ga-
nicdis korozias. da ai, Cven mivdivarT im daskvnamde, rom amorfuli da
kristaluri nivTierebebi xasiaTdebian sruliad gansxvavebuli Tvisebe-
biT (da ara mxolod garegnuliT). iseTi masalebis miReba, romlebSic Se-
xamebuli iqneba minisa da liTonis saukeTeso Tvisebebi, metad mimzid-
veli da macdunebelia.
liTonuri mina gamoyenebas hpovebs eleqtruli denis uzarmazari
impulsebis gadacemaSi; kompiuterebSi, romelTa magnituri maxsovrobis
unari daujereblad gaizrdeba – moculobis erTeulSi moTavsdeba 25-
jer meti informacia; gaizrdeba xmis Cawerisa da aRdgenis xarisxi magni-
tofonSi. liTonuri amorfuli masalebis qimiuri medegoba SeiZleba ga-
moviyenoT ara marto teqnikaSi, aramed adamianis organoebis xelovnuri
Semcvlelebis Sesaqmneladac. aRniSnuli mimarTulebebiT ukve miRweulia
mniSvnelovani warmatebebi. kvlevebi kvlav intensiurad grZeldeba.

5. defeqtebi kristalebSi

iseve, rogorc bunebis nebismieri qmnileba, kristalic moklebu-

lia idealur aRnagobas. idealuri kristalis modelSi atomebis urTi-
erTganlagebasa da simetriulobaSi araviTari darRveva ar SeiniSneba –
kristalur gisosSi yvela geometriuli kvanZi saTanado liTonis atome-
biT aris dakavebuli, rogorc es me-2 naxazzea warmodgenili. sinamdvile-
Si realuri kristalis agebuleba sakmaod Sors dgas srulyofilebisa-
gan. amis mizezis asaxsnelad winamdebare
kursSi umartivesi ganmartebebiT Semovi-
farglebiT.
liToni misTvis damaxasiaTebel aRna-
gobas gamyarebis procesSi Rebulobs. swo-
red am dros yalibdeba kristaluri giso-
si da mimdinareobs kristalebis zrda. am
process, rogorc ukve viciT, kristaliza-
cias uwodeben. kristalizacia erTdrou-
lad uamrav zonaSi iwyeba da yoveli kris-

25
tali sakuTari Canasaxidan, anu centridan izrdeba nebismieri mimarTule-
biT. kristalizaciis procesis sawyis etapze mzard kristalSi atomebi
Tavdapirvelad mowesrigebulad lagdebian, kristalis garkveul zomamde
gazrdis Semdeg ki, vTqvaT, meTxuTmetemeaTasedi atomis daSenebis momen-
tidan, warmoiqmneba jer umniSvnelo, Seucnobadi, xolo Semdeg da Semdeg
sul ufro da ufro sagrZnobi gadaxra idealuri agebulebidan: xan ato-
mi Cajdeba ara misTvis gankuTvnil adgilas, xan ki is adgili, sadac un-
da imyofebodes atomi, carieli aRmoCndeba. ar aris gamoricxuli, rom
kristalis idealurad `aSenebuli~ erTi nawili meore, aseve idealur
nawils arasworad, odnav gadaxrili kuTxiT Seezardos. bunebrivia, es
gamoiwvevs SeuRlebis zonaSi sworxazovnebidan umniSvnelo gadaxras.
aseTi gadaxrebi, romlebic erTmaneTs emateba, saboloo jamSi iwvevs
kristaluri agebulebis sagrZnob damaxinjebas.
kristalis idealuri agebuleba SeiZleba daarRvios agreTve sxva
elementis atommac, romelic ama Tu im mizeziT SeiZleba moxvdes liTon-
Si da daikaos adgili an kristaluri gisosis sicarieleebSi, anu foreb-
Si, an ZiriTadi, fuZeliTonis atomisagan Tavisufal, anu vakantur adgi-
lebSi ganTavsdes. sxvadasxva zonaSi mzardi kristalebi saboloo jamSi
erTmaneTs xvdebian, maT Soris Cndeba sazRvari da formirdeba marcvle-
bi. atomebi, romlebic aRniSnul sasazRvro zonebSia ganlagebuli, ganic-
dian mezobeli marcvlebis kristaluri gisosebis garkveul zemoqmedebas
da maT Soris myardeba meqanikuri kavSiri.
meqanikuri SeWiduloba ver uzrunvelyofs marcvlebs Soris mtki-
ce kavSirs. marcvlis sazRvrebSi Tavs iyris yvelanairi defeqti, liTon-
Si arsebuli sxvadasxva minarevi da airovani niJarebi, romlebic kidev
ufro amcireben marcvlebs Soris SeWidulobis Zalebs. swored marcvli-
dan marcvlamde gardamavali zonebi ganapirobebs mniSvnelovan wilad
liTonis mTeli masis meqanikur Tvisebebs. amitom cudad gasufTavebuli
liToni datvirTvebis zemoqmedebiT swored marcvlis sazRvrebze imsxv-
reva.
rogorc vxedavT, Cveulebrivi liTonis naWeri uamravi kristale-
bisgan Sedgeba, anu igi polikristalur∗ agregats warmoadgens. mis Semad-
genel TiToeul marcvals monokristali ewodeba. ganxiluli damaxinje-

26
bebi sakmaod didi raodenobiT gvxvdeba liTonSi. idealuri agebulebis
kristali iseTive abstraqciaa, rogorc, magaliTad, idealuri sfero geo-
metriaSi.
nebismieri damaxinjeba da moxvedrili minarevi atomebi cvlian
liTonis fizikur da meqanikur Tvisebebs. magaliTad, sakmarisia nikelSi
0,005% gogirdis minarevis moxvedra, rom sufTa mdgomareobaSi es plas-
tikuri masala myifed gadaiqces, xolo 0,001% wyalbadis an naxSirbadis
moxvedra rkinas gazrdil simyifes aniWebs oTaxis temperaturis maxlob-
lobaSi. sufTa rkina ki plastikurobas inarCunebs Txevadi heliumis
(-268,80C) temperaturazec ki. germaniumis naxevrad gamtaris Tvisebas
cvlis mis gisosSi erT miliard atomze mosuli mxolod erTi ucxo li-
Tonis minarevi atomi!
amgvarad, kristaluri aRnagobis damaxinjebebi auareseben liTo-
nis Tvisebebs, magram, samwuxarod, defeqtebis srulad Tavidan acileba
SeuZlebelia. simtkicis gazrdis mizniT mecnierebi cdilobdnen SeeqmnaT
udefeqto kristalebi, Tumca am SesaZleblobis maqsimalurad realizaci-
is Semdeg mravali maTgani mivida im daskvnamde, rom liTonebis simtkicis
gazrdis rezervebi amowuruli iyo. marTlac, XX saukunis ormocian
wlebSi liTonis simtkicis maxasiaTeblebis zrdis tempi sagrZnoblad
daeca, TiTqos man Tavis zRvars miaRwia. Tumca gavida ramodenime weli
da myari tanisa da liTonTa fizikis dargSi miRweulma Sedegebma axali
grandiozuli perspeqtivebi dasaxes simtkicis mravaljeradi gazrdis
saqmeSi.
yvelaferi daiwyo idealuri agebulebis liTonis Teoriuli simt-
kicis gamoTvlebidan. imisaTvis, rom kristali daingres, aucilebelia mi-
si Semadgeneli atomebis erTdrouli mowyveta erTmaneTisagan. amisaTvis
saWiroa atomTSorisi SeWidulobis Zalebis gadalaxva. aqedan gamomdina-
re, liTonis simtkice unda iyos proporciuli atomTa Soris kavSiris Za-
lebis namravlisa kristalis ganivkveTSi ganlagebuli atomebis ricxvze.
am sididis gamoTvliT miRebulma Sedegma mecnierebi ganacvifra: igi aR-
_______________
∗
polikristali – mravali marcvlisgan Sedgenili agregati, ro-
melSic marcvlebi erTmaneTisgan gamoyofilia didi kuTxiT Semobrunebu-
li sazRvrebiT.

27
moCnda realur simtkicesTan SedarebiT ara ramodenimejer, rogorc amas
varaudobdnen, aramed asjer da ufro metad didi.
Tavdapirvelad fiqrobdnen, rom gamoTvlebSi an Secdoma iyo daS-
vebuli, an mniSvnelovnad iyo gazrdili atomTa Soris urTierTqmedebis
Zalebi. Semowmebam ki cxadyo, rom gamoTvlebi sworad iyo Catarebuli.
ar gamoiRo Sedegi agreTve mcdelobam, idealur da realur simtkiceebs
Soris gansxvaveba aexsnaT ukve CvenTvis cnobil Sigakristalur defeq-
tebze dayrdnobiT. marTalia, isini arRveven atomTa Soris kavSiris Za-
lebs, magram aseTi xarisxiT kristalis dasusteba maT SeeZloT mxolod
im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac defeqtebi liTonis TiTqmis mTel moculobas
daikavebdnen, anu Tu igi RrubelTan SedarebiT ufro foriani aRmoCn-
deboda – idealur mniSvnelobasTan SedarebiT kristalis simtkicis as-
jer Sesamcireblad defeqtebis raodenoba 99%-s unda Seadgendes. maS ra-
Sia saqme?
pasuxi am kiTxvaze ucbaT ver moiZebna. daZabuli Sromis Semdeg
sxvadasxva qveynis fizikosebis ZalisxmeviT dadginda, rom liTonis simt-
kicis maxasiaTeblebze arsebiT gavlenas axdens realuri kristalisaTvis
damaxasiaTebeli kidev erTi mniSvnelovani defeqti – dislokacia.
warmoidgineT, rom kristalur gi-
sosSi raRac mizeziT gaCnda zedmeti ato-
muri sibrtye (nax. 3), romelsac eqstra-
sibrtyes uwodeben. bunebrivia, igi Caso-
lili aRmoCndeba kristalur gisosSi, ris
Sedegadac damaxinjdeba gisosis swori
geometriuli agebuleba da defeqtis moq-
medebis zonaSi aRiZvreba daZabulobis ve-
li. eqstrasibrtyis 1-1 wibo qmnis xazovan
defeqts, romelsac kidura dislokacia
ewodeba.
dislokacia aRmocenebas ukve kristalis zrdis procesSi iwyebs,
deformaciis pirobebSi ki maTi ricxvi ramodenime xarisxiT matulobs.
liTonze gare Zalis zemoqmedebiT dislokacia advilad amoZravdeba da
iwyebs gadaadgilebas. Zalis mudmivi zemoqmedebis pirobebSi moZraoba
atomebis erTi jgufidan meores gadaecema da saboloo jamSi disloka-

28
cia gamodis kristalis zedapirze, rac gamoiwvevs misi erTi nawilis da-
Zvras meoris mimarT, anu plastikur deformacias. es procesi sqematurad
warmodgenilia me-4 naxazze. mniSvnelovani plastikuri deformaciisaTvis
aucilebelia liTonis erTi nawilis dacureba meoris mimarT didi rao-
denobis dislokaciebiT ganxorcieldes.

amgvarad, realuri agebulebis liTonis deformaciisaTvis da, sa-

boloo jamSi, misi mTlianobis darRvevisaTvis, aucilebelia ara mTeli
atomuri sibrtyis daZvra an mowyveta, aramed mxolod dislokaciis gada-
adgileba, romlis amoZravebasac umniSvnelo Zala esaWiroeba. aRniSnulma
Sedegma sul sxvagvarad daayena sakiTxi liTonis simtkicis Semdgomi ama-
Rlebis perspeqtivebis Sesaxeb. marTlac, radgan liTonis realuri simt-
kicis dabali maxasiaTeblebis ZiriTadi mizezi dislokaciis advilad
gadaadgilebis unaria, simtkicis asamaRleblad ori ZiriTadi mimarTule-
ba ikveTeba:
1. aradislokaciuri struqturis mqone kristalis Seqmna;
2. liTonSi dislokaciis gadaadgilebis unaris Semcireba, anu dis-
lokaciis damuxruWeba.

6. `ulvaSa~ kristalebi

jer kidev meore msoflio omis periodSi SeamCnies, rom eleqtro-

nuli aparatura, kondensatorebi da zRvis kabelebi mwyobridan gamodio-
da yovelgvari xiluli mizezebis gareSe. bevri Tavsatexi gadaitanes mec-
nierebma am gamocanis amocnobaSi. bolos dadginda, rom avarias iwvevda
kalis uwvrilesi, Zafisebri kristalebi, romlebic im adgilebSi izrde-
boda, sadac foladis konstruqciis ubnebi kaliT iyo dafaruli.
avariis mizezis asaxsnelad saWiro gaxda aRniSnuli uwvrilesi

29
kristalebis zrdis pirobebisa da maTi Tvisebebis Seswavla. radgan gareg-
nulad kalis kristalebis warmonaqmnebi ulvaSis bewvs waagavda, maT
`ulvaSa~ kristalebi uwodes. mkvlevarebi didad gaakvirva im faqtma, rom
swored `ulvaSa~ kristalebi aRmoCnda is aradislokaciuri struqturis
mqone monokristali, romlis Seqmniskenac ase miiswrafvodnen mecnierebi.
`ulvaSa~, anu Zafisebri kristalebi jer kidev 200 wlis win iyo
cnobili. mas, ubralod, yuradRebas aravin ar aqcevda. axla ki aRmoCnda,
rom es uTvalado, Seuxedavi kristalebi xasiaTdebian WeSmaritad gansa-
cvifrebeli TvisebebiT: maTi kuTri simtkice mniSvnelovnad aRemateba
igive masalisagan, magram Cveulebrivi xerxiT miRebuli nimuSis simtkices
da uaxlovdeba Teoriuls. es ganpirobebulia ara mxolod aradisloka-
ciuri, srulyofili, udefeqto struqturiT, aramed zedapiris idealu-
rad gluvi agebulebiTac, rac kristalis miniaturuli zomebiT unda
iyos ganpirobebuli. 40000-jer gadidebis SemTxvevaSic ki ver moxerxda
kristalis zedapirze raime simqisis (xorklianobis) aRmoCena. Cveulebri-
vi xerxiT miRebuli kristalebi ki daserilia uamravi defeqtiT, rac
ngrevis keras warmoadgens.
aradislokaciuri struqturis mqone araorganuli kristalebis
praqtikuli gamoyeneba ukve dawyebulia. safironis an grafitis `ulva-
Sa~KkristalebiT armirebuli liTonebis simtkice idealuris erT mesa-
meds aRwevs. es cota ar aris. aseTi masalebis gamoyenebiT amzadeben air-
turbinuli Zravebis TaTebs da raketis mxurvalmtkice detalebs.

7. liTonis medegoba

Cven araerTxel aRvniSneT xazgasmiT, rom defeqtebi asusteben li-

Tons, magram aqve ismis kiTxva: ratom ar sustdeba, aramed piriqiT, matu-
lobs kidec simtkice plastikuri deformaciis Semdeg? aseTi damuSave-
ba xom zrdis defeqtebs liTonSi?
saqme imaSia, rom simtkiceze moqmedebs ara mxolod dislokaciebis
ricxvi, aramed maTi Zvradobis, anu gadaadgilebis unaric. amitom is de-
feqtebi, romlebic amuxruWeben dislokaciis gadaadgilebas, ganapirobe-
ben liTonis ganmtkicebasac. rodesac moZravi dislokacia miexleba da-
brkolebas, magaliTad, ucxo minarevs, igi an damuxruWdeba, an moZraobas

30
ganagrZobs dabrkolebis garSemovliT. damuxruWebuli dislokaciis asa-
moZraveblad an dabrkolebisadmi gverdis asavlelad ki damatebiTi ener-
giaa saWiro, rac liTonis simtkicis gazrdaze miuTiTebs.
rodesac dislokacia monokristalSi moZraobs, saboloo jamSi igi
kristalis zedapirze gamodis. polikristalur agregatebSi ki marcvlis
zedapirze dislokaciis gamosvlas xels uSlis mezobeli marcvali. ami-
tom dislokaciis gadaadgilebisadmi winaaRmdegoba TandaTan gaizrdeba
marcvlis sazRvarTan mis miaxloebasTan erTad da bolos damuxruWdeba.
rac ufro metia sazRvrebis saerTo sigrZe liTonSi, miT ufro metad
izrdeba dislokaciis damuxruWebis albaToba. sazRvrebis didi raodeno-
biT Camoyalibebas ki xels uwyobs struqturis dawvrilmarcvlovneba.
swored amitom xasiaTdeba wvrilmarcvlovani agebulebis liToni gazr-
dili simtkiciT msxvilmarcvlovanTan SedarebiT.
Cvens saubrebSi SevexeT liTonis simtkicis maxasiaTeblebis gazr-
dis zogierT xerxs, magram mizanSewonilia aqve naTlad ganvmartoT, Tu
ra aris liTonis medegoba. am kiTxvas ar SeiZleba erTgvarovani pasuxi
gaeces. medegoba an simtkice, erTis mxriv, aris liTonis winaaRmdegobis
unari plastikuri deformaciisadmi, myife rRvevisadmi, cveTisadmi, unari
daurRvevlad gauZlos datvirTvebs maRal temperaturaze, meores mxriv
ki – mdgradoba koroziis mimarT sxvadasxva agresiul garemoSi, gamWoli
radiaciis mimarT da a.S.
ra Tqma unda, ar arsebobs iseTi liToni, romelsac yvela es Tvi-
seba kompleqsSi eqneba gamoxatuli. magaliTad, cveTisadmi winaaRmdego-
bis gasazrdelad sakmarisia liTonis zedapiruli sisalis amaRleba. gai-
zrdeba Tu ara aseTi damuSavebiT liTonis medegoba? ra Tqma unda ga-
izrdeba, Tu mxedvelobaSi gveqneba mxolod misi winaaRmdegoba cveTisad-
mi, radgan zedapiruli sisalis gazrdam nakeToba SeiZleba ufro myife
gaxados da advilad gadatydes dartymiTi datvirTvebis zemoqmedebiT,
rasac liToni damuSavebamde uproblemod gauZlebda.
rogorc vxedavT, dasmul kiTxvaze pasuxs mTlianad gansazRvravs
is konkretuli pirobebi, romelSic mocemulma detalma unda imuSaos.
amitom ama Tu im nakeTobis dasamzadeblad iseT liTons irCeven, romel-
sac upiratesad eqneba gamoxatuli eqspluataciis pirobebiT wayenebuli
moTxovnebi. aqedan gamomdinare, Cvens Semdgom saubrebSi liTonis simtki-

31
cisa da medegobis Sesaxeb yvela SemTxvevaSi mxedvelobaSi gveqneba ara
raRac abstraqtuli simtkicis maxasiaTeblebi, aramed sruliad konkretu-
li – masalis Tviseba winaaRmdegoba gauwios garemos raRac ama Tu im
xasiaTis zemoqmedebas.
nebismieri manqanis seriuli warmoebis dawyebamde mizanSewonilia
simtkiceze (medegobaze) misi gamocda. am mizniT manqanas da mis calkeul
detalebs gamocdebs utareben mTlianobis darRvevamde eqspluataciis re-
alur pirobebTan miaxloebuli parametrebiT. arc TviTmfrinavi, arc man-
qanebis axali konstruqciebi seriul warmoebaSi ar gaiSveba gamocdebis
Catarebis gareSe.
magram rogor unda gamoicados winaswar simtkiceze, magaliTad,
okeanis laineris korpusi, giganturi wnexi an turbina? dRevandel mZime
manqanaTmSeneblobaSi xom iseTi detalebi gamoiyeneba, romelTa sigrZe
30-35 m Seadgens (es TormetsarTuliani saxlis simaRlea!), diametri – ra-
modenime metrs, xolo wona – asobiT tonas.
saqme imaSia, rom liTonis kuTri simtkicis gansazRvra xorciel-
deba mcire zomisa da standartuli formis nimuSebis gamocdiT specia-
lur manqanebze, magram ar SeiZleba, magaliTad, aTi kvadratuli milimet-
ris ganivkveTis mqone Reros gadatexviT vimsjeloT imaze, Tu ra datvir-
Tvis pirobebSi dairRveva vTqvaT, aTasi da, miT umetes, asi aTasi kvadra-
tuli milimetris mqone igive liTonis Rero. aseTi zomebis `Reros~ dan-
greva ki gamocdis mizniT ubralod SeuZlebelia – warmoidgineT gamomc-
deli manqanis konstruqcia da gabaritebi! aqedan gamomdinare, giganturi
manqanebi gamocdebs ar eqvemdebarebian. maTi mwyobridan gamosvla ki ga-
moiwvevs kolosalur zarals da, SesaZloa, adamianebis msxverplsac. amis
Tavidan asacileblad inJinrebi cdiloben aseTi gigantebi saimedod
aagon da xSirad maT aniWeben aTjerad, zogjer ki – ocjerad simtkicis
marags.
simtkicis maragis koeficients xSirad Cveni arcodnis koefici-
ents uwodeben. rodesac ucnobia im realuri Zalebis sidide, romlebic
imoqmedeben axlad Seqmnil manqanaze, nagebobaze da mis calkeul detal-
ze, konstruqtors meti araferi darCenia simtkicis maragis gazrdis gar-
da. samwuxaroa, magram Tavdacvis aseT xerxs mivyavarT did danaxarjebam-
de, radgan simtkicis maragi sxva araferia, Tu ara manqanis Semadgeneli

32
detalebis masis gazrda. Tumca aravin ar aris dazRveuli imisganac, rom
aseTi giganturi nageboba sakuTari wonis zegavleniT gaiWeWyos.
adamianma manqanebis, meqanizmebisa da konstruqciebis didi mraval-
ferovneba Seqmna. isini asobiT detals Seicaven da yovel maTgans muSao-
bis sakuTari pirobebi gaaCnia. zogierT liTonur nakeTobas SeiZleba
`mSvidi cxovreba~ ergos wilad, - mcire datvirTvebi da Sesaferisi samu-
Sao klimati. sxva detalebi ki SeiZleba mudmivad ganicdidnen mZime, mo-
xaxune tvirTis zemoqmedebas. aseTi detalebi droTa ganmavlobaSi cvdeba
da male gamodis mwyobridan.
arc liTonTa saeqspluatacio maxasiaTeblebia mudmivad SenarCu-
nebuli da droTa ganmavlobaSi isini icvleba, anu liToni Zveldeba. gan-
martebiTi leqsikonis Tanaxmad, sityva `daZveleba~ gulisxmobs drois mi-
xedviT Tvisebebis Secvlas liTonze moqmedi mravalricxovani faqtore-
bis zemoqmedebiT. umetes SemTxvevaSi aRniSnuli procesi metad neli siC-
qariT mimdinareobs. bunebrivia, ama Tu im sferoSi gamoyenebis Tvalsaz-
risiT optimalurad miiReba is liToni, romelic miuxedavad masze gare
faqtorebis erToblivi zemoqmedebisa, Yyvela maxasiaTebels Tu ara, uki-
dures SemTxvevaSi umravles maTgans mainc xangrZlivi drois ganmavloba-
Si SeinarCunebs sawyisi mniSvnelobebis zRvrebSi.
yvela masala erTnairad ar aris mgrZnobiare daZvelebis pirobe-
bisadmi. amitom aucilebeli xdeba masalis saimedoobis garantiis winas-
wari dadgena mocemuli saeqspluatacio moTxovnebidan gamomdinare. aR-
niSnuli problemis warmatebiT gadaWra warmoadgens erT-erT winapiro-
bas konstruqciebis sworad gaangariSebisa da gamoyenebuli masalebis
ekonomiurad SerCevisaTvis. amitom liTonmcodneobaSi udidesi yuradReba
eqceva masalebis Sedgenilobis, miRebisa da damuSavebis iseTi efeqturi
meTodebis Ziebas, romlebic uzrunvelyofen konstruqciebis sicocxlis-
unarianobis gazrdas.
Tanamedrove teqnikis mravalferovanma da gazrdilma moTxovnebma
ganapiroba sakonstruqcio masalebis sakmaod farTo speqtris Seqmna. ami-
tom liTonebis klasifikacia mizanSewonilia daniSnulebis mixedviTac
ganvixiloT.
arCevan sakonstruqcio, saiaraRo da specialuri daniSnulebis
(mxurvalmtkice, mxurvalmedeg, koroziamedeg da a.S) foladebsa da Senad-

33
nobebs. TiToeuli jgufis folads gansakuTrebulad gamokveTili Tvise-
bebi unda axasiaTebdes, rasac saeqspluatacio pirobebi gansazRvravs. ase
magaliTad, liTonsaWrel iaraRs moeTxoveba maRali sisale da misi Se-
narCuneba WriT damuSavebis procesSi, mxurvalmtkice foladebs ki – sim-
tkicis maRali maxasiaTeblebi gazrdil temperaturaze da a.S.
teqnikis moTxovnebis yovelmxriv dasakmayofileblad saWiroa vis-
wavloT masalebis miRebis saidumloeba winaswar cnobili TvisebebiT,
anu momavlis masalebis proeqtireba iseTive damajereblobiT, rogori-
Tac dRes konstruqtorebi iTvlian TviTmfrinavebs, xidebsa da gvirabebs,
sacxovrebel saxlebs. am problemis gadasaWrelad mimaval gzebs isaxavs
miznad Tanamedrove mecniereba liTonebze.

8. zesufTa liTonebi

warmoidgineT, rom qarxana agebulia dedamiwis siRrmeSi. mis saamq-

roebSi xelovnurad aris Seqmnili inertuli airis atmosfero. adamianebi
muSaoben kosmonavtis kostiumebSi. es ar gegoniT mTvareze agebuli qala-
qis fantastikuri suraTi. analogiuri qarxnebi ukve moqmedeben CvenTan,
dedamiwaze. mxolod aseT pirobebSia SesaZlebeli zesufTa liTonebisa
da naxevrad gamtarebis miReba, romlebic aucilebelia atomuri energeti-
kis, mravali naxevrad gamtaruli xelsawyoebis, zegamtaruli Senadnobe-
bisa da sxva daniSnulebis masalebis Sesaqmnelad.
zesufTa liTonebze pirveli moTxovna atomuri mrewvelobis gan-
viTarebam warmoSva. zogierTi minarevis meaTiaTasedi, zogjer memilione-
di procentic ki gamousadegars xdis urans, Toriums, beriliums da gra-
fits. jaWvuri reaqcia viTardeba mxolod zesufTa uranSi. amasTan, urani
ar unda Seicavdes ara marto sxva elementis minarevs, aramed sakuTar
izotopebsac∗ ki.
izotopebi ewodebaT erTi da igive qimiuri elementis atomebs,
romlebsac gaaCniaT sxvadasxva atomuri wona, magram erTnairi qimiuri
buneba. izotopebi fizikuri TvisebebiT umniSvnelod gansxvavdebian erT-
_________________
∗
sityva `izotopi~ berZnuli warmoSobisaa. `izo~ niSnavs erTnairs,
tols, `topos~ - adgils.

34
maneTisgan. mocemuli elementis yvela izotopis atomguli Seicavs pro-
tonebis erTsa da imave raodenobas, xolo neitronebis ricxvi sxvada-
sxvaa, rac iwvevs gansxvavebas izotopebis atomur wonasa da fizikur Tvi-
sebebSi. izotopebs erTi da igive adgili ukaviaT periodul sistemaSi.
amgvarad, atomuri energetikis ganviTarebisaTvis aucilebeli gax-
da uranis sufTa izotopis miReba woniT 235. bunebriv uranSi aseTi izo-
topis Semcveloba mxolod 0,714%-s Seadgens.
sul male zesufTa masalebi moiTxova naxevrad gamtarebis warmo-
ebamac. ase magaliTad, mTel rig naxevrad gamtar masalebSi minarevebis
raodenoba ar unda aRematebodes erT memiliarded procents, xolo maTi
kristaluri agebuleba idealurs unda uaxlovdebodes. Tu germaniumis
kristalSi yovel miliard atomze mova Tavisi regularuli mdgomareobi-
dan daZruli mxolod erTi atomi, maSin umartivesi tranzistorebis 80%
wundebuli aRmoCndeba. saimedod muSaobs mxolod is naxevrad gamtaruli
xelsawyo, romlis kristalur gisosSi ukidures SemTxvevaSi erTi daZru-
li atomi modis 1012 atomze!
sisufTavis mixedviT masalebs pirobiTad yofen teqnikurad sufTa,
qimiurad sufTa da gansakuTrebuli sisufTavis masalebad. Tu masala Zi-
riTad liTons Seicavs 99,9%-ze naklebi raodenobiT (danarCeni minarevia),
igi teqnikurad sufTaa, 99,9-dan 99,99%-mde – qimiurad sufTa, xolo
99,999% an mis zeviT – gansakuTrebuli sisufTavis. aluminiT, romlis si-
sufTave mZimis Semdeg xuT cxrians Seadgens, dafarulia msoflioSi yve-
laze didi eqvsmetriani oprikuri teleskopis sarke ruseTSi.
yvela liTonisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia misTvis gansakuTrebiT mav-
ne minarevi, rogorc amboben, #1 mteri. mTavaria masala gaiwmindos ara
yvela SesaZlo minarevisgan, aramed mxolod gansakuTrebiT mavne minare-
vebisgan. es aris Jangbadi niobiumSi, tantalsa da reniumSi; azoti qrom-
Si; wyalbadi vanadiumsa da titanSi; naxSirbadi volframsa da molibden-
Si; gadolini da evropiumi uranSi da a.S.
nivTierebis WeSmariti Tvisebebi gansakuTrebiT sufTa mdgomareo-
baSi mJRavndeba. magaliTad, didi xnis ganmavlobaSi Tvlidnen, rom ura-
nis dnobis temperatura 18500C-ze dabla mdebareobda, magram ramdenad
dabla, veravin akonkretebda. rac ufro meti sisufTavis urans Rebulob-
dnen, miT ufro qvemoT gadaadgildeboda es zRvari: 1932 wels igi gani-

35
sazRvra 16500C-iT, 1935 wels – 14000C-iT, xolo 1956 wels Catarebulma ga-
zomvebma uCvena 11330C.
ai meore magaliTi. titanis pirveli gramebi miRebulia 1910 wels.
gamocdebma uCvena, rom titani aramtkice, myife liTons miekuTvneboda da
Znelad eqvemdebareboda damuSavebas. amitom didi xnis ganmavlobaSi mas
mxolod foladis legirebisa da TeTras warmoebaSi iyenebdnen. bolos
aRmoCnda, rom titanis simyifes masSi arsebuli minarevebi ganapirobebda.
sakmaod sufTa titani maRalplastikuri da mtkice aRmoCnda. titanisa da
kidev sxva liTonebis (qromi, volframi, molibdeni, tantali, bismuti,
cirkoniumi) sufTa mdgomareobaSi miRebis xerxebis migneba maTi meored
aRmoCenis tolfasi iyo, radgan mxolod amis Semdeg daiwyo am elemente-
bis farTo gamoyeneba mrewvelobaSi.
uZvelesi droidan cnobili iyo, rom yvela liToni, romlebsac
sivrciT dacentrebuli kuburi gisosi gaaCnia (maT Soris rkina), dabal
temperaturaze myifdeboda. am movlenas civtexadoba ewodeba. es faqti
ewinaaRmdegeba Teorias, romlis Tanaxmadac aRniSnuli tipis gisosis
mqone liTonebi unda xasiaTdebodnen kargi plastikurobiT da ar unda
kargavdnen am Tvisebas gacivebisas. aRmoCnda, rom yvelaferSi minarevebia
`damnaSave~: rac ufro metad aris daWuWyianebuli liToni, miT ufro ad-
re iCens Tavs simyife temperaturis Semcirebisas. kuburi sivrciT dacen-
trebuli gisosis mqone zesufTa liTonebis fenomenaluri plastikuro-
bis eqsperimentuli dasabuTeba liTonebis fizikur-qimiuri Teoriis tri-
umfad gadaiqca.
albaT yuradReba miaqcieT, rom araerTxel gavimeoreT sityvebi
`zesufTa liToni~, `maRali sisufTavis liToni~, magram arc erTxel ar
gvixmaria gamoTqma `absoluturad sufTa liToni~. es ar aris SemTxvevi-
Toba. absolutur sisufTavemde, rogorc Cans, jer kidev Zalian Sors
varT. absoluturi sisufTave is miuwvdomeli idealia, riskenac unda mi-
viswrafvodeT, SeiZleba mas sul ufro da ufro mivuaxlovdeT, magram
verasdros ver mivaRwevT. rac ufro mcire raodenobiT rCeba liTonSi
minarevi atomebi, miT ufro Zneli xdeba yoveli maTganis mocileba. gasa-
Tvaliswinebelia isic, rom rac ufro sufTaa nivTiereba, miT ufro Zne-
lia misi sisufTavis SenarCuneba – sruli izolacia garemos zemoqmede-
bisgan dedamiwaze SeuZlebelia.

36
 zemoT aRvniSneT, rom garemosgan izolaciis mizniT qarxnebs mi-
wis qveS aSeneben da qmnian inertuli airis atmosferos. magram arc iner-
tuli airi iZleva sisufTavis maRal garantias, radgan misma molekuleb-
mac SeiZleba SeaRwion liTonis siRrmeSi. yvelaze saukeTesoa liTonis
dnoba da damuSaveba vakuumSi warmoebdes, Tumca misi miReba Zneli da
ZviradRirebulia. metad maRal vakuumad iTvleba 10-7pa gaiSviaTeba, mag-
ram moculobis yoveli santimetr kubi mainc Seicavs 32x106 molekulas.
ai, seriozulad ratom fiqroben mecnierebi kosmosuri sivrcis vakuumis
(10-12-10-14 pa) gamoyenebas.
maRali sisufTavis liTonebze moTxovnis aucileblobam ganapiro-
ba maTi gasufTavebis mravali axali meTodis SemuSaveba. amJamad miRebu-
lia praqtikulad yvela Zneldnobadi liTonis monokristali. daWuWyiane-
bis Tavidan asacileblad gasufTavebul liTons kvarcis an foladis
garsacmSi aTavseben, romelSic Seqmnilia gaiSviaTeba an inertuli airis
atmosfero. amJamad nebismieri liTonisa Tu Senadnobis monokristalis
miReba ar aris laboratoriuli iSviaToba. dawyebulia maTi samrewvelo
warmoebac.
monokristalebs araerTi Rirseba gaaCnia: maRali plastikuroba,
ar gamoyofen airebs vakuumSi, ar icvlian formasa da zomebs maRal tem-
peraturaze xangrZlivi muSaobis pirobebSi da kidev sxva mravali.
minarevi SeiZleba iyos ara marto mavne, aramed sasargebloc. maga-
liTad, foladSi damatebuli volframi liTons aniWebs sisales, qromi –
uJangaobas, manganumi – cveTamedegobas. mTavaria SegveZlos liTonis
Sedgenilobisa da struqturis sasurveli mimarTulebiT marTva. airebisa
da araliTonuri minarevebis (gogirdi, fosfori, seleni da a.S) gamoyene-
bac SeiZleba Senadnobebis dasamzadeblad.
naxevrad gamtarebma mniSvnelovnad Seamcires radioeleqtronuli
aparaturis zomebi, wona da, rac mTavaria, gazarda maTi saimedooba. mag-
ram es mxolod dasawyisia. ultrasufTa da swori agebulebis kristalSi
eleqtroaqtiuri minarevebis (dariSxani, bori, alumini, fosfori da a.S)
atomebis ganlagebis marTviT SeiZleba Seiqmnas mikroskopuli zonebi,
romlebic iTamaSeben diodebisa da triodebis, kondensatorebisa da wina-
Robebis rols, anu SesaZlebelia mTeli urTulesi radioeleqtronuli
sqema erT miniaturul kristalSi `gaizardos~. maSin kompiuterebi, tele-

37
vizorebi da mravali sxva mowyobiloba da xelsawyo ise ki ar aikrifeba
calkeuli detalebisgan, rogorc axla, aramed `gaizrdeba~ mTlianobaSi.
mikroeleqtronikaSi aseTi sqemebi ukve mzaddeba.
legireba SeiZleba ara marto qimiuri elementebis atomebis dama-
tebiT, aramed dislokaciebis, vakansiebisa da mikroforebis dozirebu-
lad SeyvaniTac. aseT SemTxvevaSi vakansia ganixileba, rogorc `atomi~
nulovani masiT.

9. aTaswleulebis miRma

saukuneebisa da aTaswleulebis mijnas gadmoscda adamianis pati-

viscema im ostatebisadmi, romlebic moipovebdnen da amuSavebdnen li-
Tons.
erT-erTi uZvelesi legenda gvamcnobs: ierusalimis taZris mSeneb-
lobis damTavrebis aRsaniSnavad mefe solomonma moawyo miReba, romel-
zec miwveuli iyo im grandiozul mSeneblobaSi monawile yvela ostati.
stumrebi ukve mipatiJebisTvis emzadebodnen, rodesac mefem moulodne-
lad ikiTxa:
- aba, vin aris mSeneblebidan yvelaze mTavari? vin gaakeTa yvelaze
meti am saocari taZris SeqmnisaTvis?
- cxadia, taZari Cveni Sromis Sedegia da ar SeiZleba aq ori azri
arsebobdes. . . SexedeT, rogori mtkicea kedlebi, TaRi, kamara. saukuneebs
gauZlebs igi mefe solomonis sadideblad.
- sakamaTo ar aris, rom taZris safuZveli qvisaa, - CaerTo xuro, -
magram TviTon gansajeT, Zvirfaso stumrebo, rogori iqneboda es taZari,
Tu me da Cemi amxanagebi ofls ar davRvridiT. gesiamovnebodaT SiSveli
kedlebis mzera, rom ar gamogveyvana isini wiTeli xiTa da livanis keda-
riT? rogor gvaxarebs saukeTeso jiSis bzis parketi! Cven, xuroebma, sa-
marTlianad SeiZleba CavTvaloT Cveni Tavi am namdvilad zRapruli sasa-
xlis Semqmnelebad.
- ZirSi Caixede, - Seawyvetina mas miwis mTxrelma – msurda mcod-
noda, rogor aagebdnen es mkvexarebi taZars, Cven rom ar amogveTxara qva-
buli misi safuZvlisaTvis. maSin kedlebi Tavisi gamoyvanilobiT mimoib-
neoda qaris pirveli dabervisTanave iseve, rogorc muyaos patara saxli.

38
 mefe solomoni tyuilad ar iwodeboda brZenad. man TavisTn mo-
ixmo kalatozi da hkiTxa:
- vin gaakeTa Seni iaraRebi?
- ra Tqma unda, mWedelma, - upasuxa gakvirvebulma kalatozma.
- Seni? – mimarTa mefem xuros.
- vin, Tu ara mWedelma, - daufiqreblad upasuxa man.
- Seni niCabi da weraqvi? – dainteresda solomoni miwis mTxrelis
azriT.
- Sen TviTon ici, mefev, rom maTi gakeTeba mxolod mWedels SeeZ-
lo, - iyo pasuxi.
maSin mefe solomoni adga, mivida kuTxeSi moridebulad mdgar ma-
makacTan da Sua darbazSi gamoiyvana. igi mWedeli iyo.
- ai, vin aris taZris mTavari mSenebeli, - wamoiZaxa brZenTa brZen-
ma mefem. am sityvebiT man mWedeli gverdiT daisva farCis baliSze da
RviniT save Tasi miarTva.
aseTia legenda, romelic ramodenime aTaswleuls iTvlis. Znelia
gadmocemuli ambis sisworeze msjeloba, magram WeSmariteba erTia: le-
gendaSi arekvlilia ZvelTaZveli droidanve udidesi pativiscema im os-
tatebis mimarT, romlebic flobdnen liTonis damuSavebis xelovnebas da
aiZulebdnen mas xalxis samsaxurSi Camdgariyo.
warCinebuli sazogadoebis mxridan aseTi pativiscema arc aris ga-
sakviri, radgan liTonis miRebisa da damuSavebis xelovneba zogjer ise-
Ti ZaliT gamobrwyindeboda xolme, rom Tanamedrove mecnierebic ki gan-
cvifrebaSi mohyavs, xolo xelovnebis saidumloeba dRemde burusiT mo-
culi rCeba. samwuxarod, teqnologiis aseTi gonebamaxviluri migneba zo-
gierTi ostatisaTvis tragediiT mTavrdeboda.
erTxel karis ostatma romis imperator tiberiuss liTonisagan
damzadebuli gvirgvini miarTva. garegnulad igi vercxls waagavda, mag-
ram sakmaod msubuqi iyo. mefes SemTxveviT gvirgvini iatakze dauvarda da
sagrZnoblad gaiRuna.
- saidan moipove es liToni? – SeekiTxa imperatori.
- Tixidan, - upasuxa ostatma.
imperatorma ostats Tavi mohkveTa, xolo misi saxelosno daangre-

39
vina, radgan SeeSinda, axal liTons ar gaeufasurebina misi vercxlis sa-
ganZuri. imperatoris gvirgvini aluminisgan iyo damzadebuli.
ZvelberZneli moazrovne platoni, 2300 wlis win atlantidis aR-
werisas aRniSnavs, rom am legendaruli qveynis mcxovrebni oqrosa da
vercxlis garda, icnobdnen raRac Zvirfas liTons. igi iyo msubuqi, TeT-
ri da rbili. xom waagavs alumins? ra Tqma unda, magram Tu es marTla
alumini iyo, rogor SeZles misi miReba aseTi didi xnis win? aluminis
samrewvelo masStabiT warmoeba eleqtrolizis gareSe dRes SeuZlebe-
lia, im dros ki adamiani eleqtrul movlenebs mxolod elvis saxiT Tu
aRiqvamda. iqneb aseT Soreul warsulSi ostatebi flobdnen aluminis
miRebis sxva xerxs, magram, samwuxarod, ukve saukuneebSi dakarguls.
sufTa aluminis granulebi germanelma qimikosma, fridrix vio-
lerma pirvelma miiRo 1845 wels. granulebis zoma qinZisTavis burTulis
rigisa iyo. aseuli wlebis win alumini metad Zvirfas liTonad iTvlebo-
da da oqroze umniSvnelod naklebad fasobda, ise Zneli iyo misi miReba.
daaxloebiT naxevari saukunis win gaxda SesaZlebeli misi warmoeba xel-
misawvdomi raodenobiT da isic sakmaod rTuli xerxiT.
CineTSi erT-erTi uZvelesi yorRanis gaTxrisas arqeologebma aR-
moaCines cnobili mxedarTmTavris, CJau-CJus samarxi, romelic 1700 wlis
win cxovrobda. samarxis ornamenti Sesrulebulia ucnobi Senadnobisagan.
analizma uCvena, rom igi Seicavda 85% alumins, 10% spilenZs, 5% magni-
ums. arqeologebisaTvis es yvelaze daujerebeli aRmoCnda. aseTi monapo-
vari xom teqnikis istoriisaTvis mniSvnelovani movlena iyo.
legendebma uZvelesi ostatebis araerTi aseTi saidumlo Semogvi-
naxa. ai, magaliTad, aviRoT platina. misi praqtikuli gamoyenebiT mxo-
lod XIX saukuneSi dainteresdnen. platinis gadadnobisaTvis saWiroa
sakmaod maRali temperatura – 17740C, xolo rogor mieRwiaT aseTi tempe-
raturisaTvis, ar icodnen. Tumca amerikis uZvelesi binadarni, actekebi,
jer kidev kolumbamde flobdnen am liTonisagan nakeTobis damzadebis
saidumloebas: saxelmwifos ukanasknelma mbrZanebelma, montesumam espane-
Tis mefes saCuqrad gaugzavna platinisagan damzadebuli ulamazesi sar-
keebi. rogor SeZles uZvelesma metalurgebma am Zneldnobadi liTonis
damuSaveba, dRemde saidumlod rCeba.
SemorCenilia agreTve uZvelesi ostatebis kidev erTi gamocana –

40
cnobili rkinis sveti delSi, romelic ganTqmulia liTonis sisufTaviT.
igi ar iJangeba indoeTis tenian da tropikul klimatSi da dgas mravali
aswleulebis ganmavlobaSi. sveti iwonis 6,5 tonas. misi simaRlea 7,3 m,
diametri fuZesTan – 41,6 sm, wverosTan – 29,5 sm. damzadebulia TiTqmis
sufTa rkinisagan (99,720%) da Seicavs naxSirbadis, gogirdisa da fosfo-
ris umniSvnelo minarevebs. swored aseTi sisufTaviT aixsneba svetis xan-
medegoba da antikoroziuloba. igi aRmarTulia 415 wels mefe Candragupt
II-is pativsacemad. svetis Tavdapirveli adgilsamyofeli iyo qveynis aR-
mosavleTiT. 1050 wels mefe anang polis brZanebiT gadmotanilia delSi.
mecnierebi dRemde sagonebelSi arian Cavardnilni. rogor Seqmnes
sveti-saocreba aseTi sufTa liTonisagan TxuTmeti saukunis win, romlis
winaSec dro uZluria? Cveni Soreuli winaprebi im dros xom jer kidev
ar icnobdnen koroziisagan liTonis dacvis xerxebs. marTalia, dRes rki-
nas ufro maRali sisufTaviT Rebuloben, magram rogori Zalisxmevisa da
danaxarjebis fasad, rogori rTuli teqnologiebis gamoyenebiT! sainte-
resoa, ra gziT aRwevdnen uZvelesi ostatebi aseTi gansakuTrebuli Sede-
gebis miRebas im droisaTvis cnobili aseTi mwiri teqnikiT? am kiTxvebze
pasuxis gacemas cdiloben arqeologebi da liTonmcodneebi, istoriko-
sebi, teqnologebi da metalurgebi. albaT marTlebi arian is mecnierebi,
romlebic am faqts xsnian Zveli indoeli metalurgebis maRali xelovne-
biT.
da kidev erTi metalurgiuli saidumloebis Sesaxeb.
valter skoti romanSi `Talismani~ gviambobs egviptis sulTanis,
saladinisa da inglisis mefis, riCard I lomgulis paeqrobis Sesaxeb. me-
fem xmlis erTi moqneviT gaapo erT-erTi raindis Subi, riTac yvelas da-
anaxa foladis didi simtkice da dartymis Semzaravi Zala. pasuxad sala-
dinma haerSi aagdo Txeli gadasafarebeli da Tavisi xmliT orad gakve-
Ta igi. es iyo xmlis basri pirisa da mebrZolis sisxartis brwyinvale
dasabuTeba. sulTanis xmali damzadebuli iyo bulatisagan. es aris erT-
erTi im legendebidan, romelic gviambobs bulatis gasaocar Tvisebebze.
bulatis dabadeba wlebis burusiT aris SeniRbuli. arsebobs cno-
bebi, rom jer kidev 1300 wlis win Cvens eramde mas ukve amuSavebdnen in-
doeTSi, sparseTSi, siriasa da egvipteSi. foladis Wedvis saidumloebas
flobda iaponiac – es aris cnobili samurais xmlebi.

41
 bulati aris saxelganTqmuli foladi, romlis Sesaxebac bevr
Cvengans aqvs gagonili, maT Soris arametalurgebsac. pirvelma cnobebma
bulatis Sesaxeb Cvenamde moaRwia aleqsandre makedonelis indoeTSi la-
Sqrobis monawileTagan – 2300 wlis winaT. maTi gadmocemiT, indusebis
xmliT SeiZleboda rogorc qvis gapoba, ise msubuqi abreSumis naWris gak-
veTac.
diax, indoeTi iyo bulatis samSoblo. aqedan aRmosavleTis sa-
xelmwifoebSi SehqondaT bulatis foladi, romelsac brtyeli kveris
forma hqonda diametriT daaxloebiT 12,5 sm da sisqiT 0,25 sm, woniT da-
axloebiT 900 grami. yoveli aseTi kveri Suaze iyofoda, raTa myidvels
SesaZlebloba hqonoda daeTvalierebina liTonis agebuleba.
indoeli ostatebi mravali saukunis manZilze flobdnen foladis
damuSavebis xelovnebas. xmlebs amzadebdnen sxvadasxva SeferilobiT:
mwvanes, lurjs, TeTrs, wiTels zedapirze naySisebri moxatulobiT. li-
Tonze naySi da moxatuloba iyo bulatis foladisagan damzadebuli na-
keTobis yvelaze mTavari garegnuli ganmasxvavebeli niSani. naySi SeiZle-
ba yofiliyo msxvili an wvrili.
aRmosavleli ostatebi guldasmiT inaxavdnen bulatis warmoebis
saidumloebas da Taobidan Taobas gadascemdnen. damzadebis recepti um-
kacresad iyo gasaidumloebuli. saidumlos gaTqmisaTvis mkacri sasjeli
iyo dadgenili.
bulatis damzadebis ramodenime cnobili centri arsebobda. gansa-
kuTrebiT ganTqmuli iyo siriis qalaqi damasko. iq jer kidev 1800 wlis
win arsebobda foladis warmoebis pirveli msxvili saxelosno. `damasku-
ri foladi~ mogvianebiT bulatis foladis krebiT cnebad gadaiqca, ro-
melic sxvadasxva qveyanaSi mzaddeboda.
bulatisagan damzadebuli nakeToba yvela droSi sakmaod Zvirad
fasobda. magaliTad, xmali, romelzec gamoxatuli iyo cxovelebi an xe,
spilos fasad iyideboda, xolo Tu masze gamosaxuli iqneboda adamianis
figura, fasi mniSvnelovnad izrdeboda. XIX saukunis dasawyisSi erT-
erTma emirma bulatis xmali ar daTmo 900 funti sterlingis (9000 maneTi
oqroTi) fasadac ki.
evropelebma bulati gaicnes romis imperiis epoqaSi – daaxloebiT
2000 wlis win. III saukunidan damaskuri xmlebis Wedvis xerxi gavrcelda

42
dasavleT evropaSi, Tumca 700 wlis Semdeg damuSavebis saidumloeba dai-
karga.
sainteresoa, rogor SeZles Sua saukuneebSi mcxovrebma adamianeb-
ma Tanamedrove teqnologiisa da malegirebeli elementebis∗ damatebis
gareSe aseTi gasaocari uJangavi da araCveulebrivad mtkice foladis mi-
Reba? Tu damaskuri foladis warmoeba odesRac iyo aTvisebuli, ratom
daiviwyes igi adamianebma? akademikosma vereSCaginma am kiTxvas ase upasu-
xa: `is, rac SemTxveviT aris mignebuli eqsperimentis gziT da jer kidev
ar aris gaazrebuli da gagebuli adamianebis mier, igi maT sanaxevrod
ekuTvnis.~
zogierTi mkvlevaris azriT, madani, romelisganac damaskos fo-
lads adnobdnen, volframs Seicavda. uZvelesma ostatebma swored imis
wyalobiT SeZles bulatisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli saucxoo Tvisebebis
mqone foladis miReba, rom masalad bunebrivad legirebul rkinas iye-
nebdnen. unda vivaraudoT, rom amave mizeziT ver Rebulobdnen sxva meta-
lurgiul centrebSi msgavsi Tvisebebis mqone liTons – saidumloeba xom
adgilobrivi rkinis madnis SedgenilobaSi iyo damaluli. bulatis fo-
ladis warmoebis Sewyveta dakavSirebuli unda iyos bunebrivad legire-
buli madnis maragis amowurvasTan. sxvaTa azriT ki bulatma Tavisi mni-
Svneloba dakarga cecxlsasroli iaraRis gamoCenis Semdeg da misi dam-
zadebis saidumloebac gaqra.
Tu daveyrdnobiT gamoCenili rusi metalurgis, p. anosovis kvle-
vis Sedegebs, bulatis foladi Sedgeba rkinisa da rkinis karbidisagan.
igi metad sufTa naxSirbadiani foladia, romelic unikalur Tvisebebs
gansakuTrebuli reJimiT damuSavebis pirobebSi WedviT Rebulobs.
bulatis burusiT mocul saidumloebas kidev ufro meti sicxade
Semata saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis metalurgiis (amJamad f. Tava-
Zis metalurgiisa da masalaTmcodneobis) institutis TanamSromelTa ga-
mokvlevebma. aRmoCnda, rom bulatis specifikuri Tvisebebi Camosxmisa da
Wedvis gansakuTrebuli meTodebis gamoyenebiT miiReba. pirveli safexuri
_______________
∗
malegirebeli elementi – qimiuri elementi, romelic sagangebod
SehyavT ZiriTad liTonSi ama Tu im gansakuTrebuli (magaliTad, uJanga-
vi) Tvisebis misaniWeblad. aseT folads legirebuls uwodeben.

43
iTvaliswinebs namzadis miRebas tigelSi gamdnari liTonis CamosxmiT ga-
civebis gansakuTrebuli reJimis dacviT, xolo meore etapze mimdinare-
obs naxevarfabrikatis maqsimaluri deformaciuli datvirTvis pirobebSi
sxvadasxva daxriT Wedvis procesi. SemoTavazebuli teqnologiiT damza-
debulma nimuSebma Tavisi fizikur-meqanikuri maxasiaTeblebiT istoriul
bulatTan sruli Tanxvedra gamoamJRavna, rac imis mauwyebelia, rom bu-
latis damzadebis saidumloeba warmatebiT amoixsna.
zogierTi wyaros Tanaxmad, cnobil damaskos foladSi, romlisga-
nac damzadebuli xmlebi karaqiviT Wridnen mtris xmlebsa da muzarads,
dRevandelma mecnierebma cementitiT (Fe3C) gavsebuli naxSirbadis nano-
ganzomilebis milakebi aRmoaCines.

10. rkina

radgan rkina civilizaciis erT_erT safuZvels warmoadgens, Cvens

saubars teqnikuri liTonebis Sesaxeb swored am elementiT daviwyebT.
uZvelesi egviptelebi rkinas `vaaepre~-s (zogierTi wyaros Tanax-
mad, `binipet~-s) uwodebdnen, rac TargmanSi ciur warmoSobils, ciur li-
Tons niSnavs; mesopotamielebi - `an-bars~ (cis rkina), antikuri saberZne-
Tisa da Crdilo kavkasiis macxovreblebi – varskvlovan liTons. es adas-
turebs im mosazrebas, rom adamiani pirvelad meteoritul rkinas gaecno.
rkinis miRebis teqnologia bevrad ufro gvian SemuSavda, radgan
Wirda saWiro temperaturis miRweva. iyo dro, rodesac rkina oqroze Zvi-
rad fasobda. magaliTad, Zvelegvipteli geografisa da istorikosis,
strabonis cnobiT, afrikis zogierTi xalxi rkinaSi woniT aTjer met
oqros iZleoda. homerosos nawarmoebSi `odisea~ moTxrobilia, rom Tama-
SebSi gamarjvebulebs oqrosa da rkinis natexebiT asaCuqrebdnen. rkinis
metismetad maRal Rirebulebas adasturebs agreTve skandinaviis samar-
xebSi napovni xmali. igi mTlianad brinjaosgan iyo damzadebuli, xolo
mWreli piri – rkinisgan.
kacobriobis istoriaSi rkinis mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb kargad esmo-
daT ZvelTa-Zveladac. romaeli swavluli, plinius ufrosi (I saukune)
Tavis naSromSi aRniSnavda, rom rkina adamians aZlevs rogorc Cinebul,
ise uborotes iaraRs. misgan damzadebuli xelsawyoebiT vWriT miwas,

44
vrgavT buCqebs, vamuSavebT xilis baRebs, vazs vaWriT gareul ylortebs
yurZnianad, riTac vaiZulebT, rom igi yovelwliurad gaaxalgazrdavdes;
vagebT saxlebs, vamtvrevT qvas. magram imave rkiniT vamzadebT javSans,
vawarmoebT brZolebs da Zarcvebs.
rkinis fuZeze dResac mzaddeba teqnikaSi gamoyenebuli sakonst-
ruqcio masalebis 90%. rkina aris hidroeleqtrosadgurebi da eleqtro-
gadamcemis sayrdenebi, Senobebis ConCxedi da xidebis maqmani, arSia. es
aris wylis, navTobisa da gazis milgayvaniloba, avtomobili, traqtori,
rkinigza. rkina industriis gulia – liTondamamuSavebeli Carxebi, rom-
lis gareSec ver daamzadeb verc avtomobils, verc televizorsa da kos-
mosur xomalds. es aris binisa da konservis qilis saxuravi, sabavSvo et-
li, dana, lursmani Tu nemsi. rkina dRes aris tankis javSani, avtomatisa
da Tofis lula, atomuri wyalqveSa navi, TviTmfrinavi da raketa; Wurvi,
naRmi, yumbara da ngrevisa da sikvdilis iaraRi. ara marto ekonomikuri,
aramed qveynis samxedro Zlierebac upirveles yovlisa rkinis, am mTavari
masalis gamodnobiT ganisazRvreba, anu rkina TandaTan gadaiqca saxelm-
wifoebriobis siZlieris sazomad. swored rkinis saxeli daerqva mTel
epoqas. aseTi pativi yvela liTons ar rgebia wilad.
1958 wels briuselSi, msoflio samrewvelo gamofenis teritoriis
maxloblad, didebulad maRldeboda uCveulo Senoba – atomiumi. cxra
uzarmazari (diametriT 18 metri TiToeuli) liTonis sfero TiTqos haer-
Si iyo Camokidebuli. rva maTgani kubis wveroebs qmnida, xolo erTi dia-
gonalebis gadakveTis wertilSi iyo moTavsebuli. albaT mixvdiT, es
aris rkinis kristaluri gisosis modeli, magram misi zomebi 165 mili-
ardjer aris gazrdili. atomiumi mrewvelobis mTavari, maSvrali liTo-
nis – rkinis sidiadis simbolod, mis Zeglad aris aRmarTuli. paradoqsu-
lad JRers, magram Cveni civilizaciis msgavsad am Zvel, magram dRemde
axalgazrda liTons jer kidev ar amouwuria sakuTari Tavi da igi sav-
sea moulodneli SesaZleblobebiT.
XIX saukuneSi frangma mecnierma merim sensaciuri gancxadeba ga-
akeTa – man adamianis sisxlis SemadgenlobaSi rkina aRmoaCina. medicina-
Si gauTviTcnobierebeli adamianebi SeZrulni aRmoCndnen meris am aRmoCe-
niT. viRacam azric ki gamoTqva, rom medlebi moeWraT cnobili adamiane-
bis sisxlidan miRebuli rkinisagan maTi xsovnis ukvdavsayofad.

45
 medicinis istoriaSi cnobilia erTi samwuxaro SemTxveva. axalga-
zrda studentma-qimikosma gadawyvita Tavisi SeyvarebulisaTvis eCuqebina
sakuTari sisxlidan miRebuli rkinisagan damzadebuli beWedi. igi dro-
dadro iRebda sisxls da qimiuri meTodiT misgan rkinas gamoyofda.
axalgazrda ymawvili sisxlnaklebobiT gardaicvala ise, rom ver moag-
rova beWdis gasakeTeblad saWiro rkinis raodenoba. sabralom arc ki
icoda, rom zrdasruli adamianis sisxlSi rkinis raodenoba umniSvneloa
da saSualod 3-4 grams Seadgens.
rkinis ZiriTadi roli cocxal organizmSi sicocxlis aucilebe-
li procesis ganxorcielebaSi – sunTqvaSi mdgomareobs. rkinis sami me-
oTxedi Sedis hemoglobinis SemadgenlobaSi, xolo erTi meoTxedi gana-
wilebulia mTel organizmSi. hemoglobini itacebis haeris Jangbads da
igi gadaaqvs qsovilSi, anu Cven rkinis wyalobiT vsunTqavT.
rkina aRmoCenilia TiTqmis yvela cxovelis sisxlSi. aranakleb
rols asrulebs rkina mcenareul samyaroSi. niadagSi rkinis nakleboba
iwvevs mcenareTa rkiniT SimSilsa da sikvdils.
amgvarad, arc erT cocxal organizms ar SeuZlia rkinis gareSe
arseboba.
zRvis wyals zogjer Txevad madans uwodeben. igi daaxloebiT 80
elements Seicavs. zRvaSi gaxsnili rkina srulad rom amoviRoT, plane-
tis TiToeul mosaxleze mova 35 tona. ra raodenobaa es? TviTon gansa-
jeT: kacobriobis arsebobis manZilze daaxloebiT warmoebulia 6 tona
rkina amJamad mcxovreb TiToeul adamianze gaTvliT! miuxedavad amisa,
zRvis wyalSi gaxsnili rkinis raodenoba mainc umniSvneloa.
zRvis organizmebis umravlesoba qimiuri elementebis Zlier kon-
centratebs warmoadgens. Tu zRvis wyali Seicavs 5x10-6%-mde rkinas,
zRvis organizmebSi misi raodenoba 10000-jer ufro metia. raSi mdgomare-
obs zRvis organizmebis sakvirveli saidumloeba - `amoiRon~ wylidan
sxvadasxva nivTiereba, mecnierebisaTvis jer-jerobiT ucnobia.
rac ar unda mdidari iyos mineraluri resursebiT zRvis wyali,
inJinrebisa da mecnierTa yuradReba okeanis fskerzea mipyrobili, rom-
lis farTobi milionobiT kvadratul kilometers iTvlis. igi mTlianad
dafarulia rkina-manganumiani mineraluri warmonaqmnebiT mcire zomis
burTulebisa da kverebis saxiT. isini rkinas Seicaven 15%-mde, xolo man-

46
ganums – 20%-mde. mineralebis koncentraciis centrs niJarebi, Zvlebi da
sxva narCenebi warmoadgens. ase magaliTad, indoeTis okeaneSi koncentra-
ciis centrSi napovnia didi xnis win gadaSenebuli giganturi zvigenis
kbili.
madnis warmoqmnaze wylis gavlenis Sesaxeb metyvelebs saintereso
eqsponati, romelic amoRebulia qerCis rkinis madnis sabadodan. es aris
selapis Zvali. masze mkveTrad Cans is borcvebic ki, romlebzec kunTebi
iyo mimagrebuli. Zvali idealurad aris Semonaxuli, magram adgili aqvs
erT saocrebas: igi mTlianad rkinis madnisgan Sedgeba. `ras niSnavs es? –
kiTxulobs profesori, - zRvis wyalSi rkinis madnis dagrovebis dros
(es ki milioni wlebis win iyo) selapebi rkinis ZvlebiT dacuravdnen?
ara, ubralod wyalma gaxsna da gamoitana Zvlebidan marilebi da isini
rkinis JangiT Secvala~.
dedamiwis qerqi Teqvsmeti kilometris siRrmeze rkinas 4,5% Sei-
cavs, rac daaxloebiT 755 miliard tonas Seadgens. Semdgom fenaSi, rome-
lic dedamiwis qerqis qveS mdebareobs, rkinis Semcveloba samjer metia
(13,5%), xolo centri, geofizikosebis varaudiT, Sedgeba rkinis msgavsi
(nikeli, kobalti) liTonebis narevisagan. dedamiwa saSualod Seicavs
39,76% rkinas. amgvarad, rkina warmoadgens Cveni planetis umTavres Semad-
genel nawils.
meteoriti, kosmosuri nivTierebis es erTaderTi nimuSi dedamiwa-
ze, Sedgeba 91% rkinis, 8,5%-mde nikelisa da mcire raodenobis sxva ele-
mentebisagan. gansxvavebuli klasis (rkina-qvisa da qvis) meteoritebSi
rkinis Semcveloba 1-50%-is zRvrebSi icvleba. meteoriti aris `ciuri sa-
Cuqari~, mecnieruli kvlevis uZvirfasesi obieqti. informacia, romelsac
iZleva meteoritis kvleva, aucilebeli aRmoCnda astronomebis, geologe-
bis, fizikosebis, liTonmcodneebisa da konstruqtorebisaTvis kosmosuri
teqnikis Seqmnis saqmeSi.
amgvarad, rkinas bunebaSi gansakuTrebuli adgili ukavia. ara mar-
to miwis qerqi, aramed mzisa da varskvlavebis atmosfero rkinasa da mci-
re raodenobiT msubuq elementebs Seicavs. meteoritis Sedgeniloba adas-
turebs materialuri samyaros erTianobas.
sufTa rkinis teqnikuri Tvisebebi ucnobia, radgan dRemde ar aris
igi miRebuli laboratoriul pirobebSic ki. sakvirveli faqtia! yovel-

47
wliurad msoflioSi awarmoeben milionobiT tona Sav liTonebs, magram
Turme sufTa rkina adamians jer ar unaxavs.
oqrosa da platinis garda, marTalia, metad iSviaTad, magram ma-
inc gvxvdeba TviTnabadi rkinac, razec araerT wyaroSia miTiTebuli. me-
teorituli rkinisagan gansxvavebiT, romelic yovelTvis Seicavs nikelis
gazrdil raodenobas, TviTnabadi rkinis SedgenilobaSi nikeli mxolod
2%-mde Sedis, kobalti – 0,3%, spilenZi – 0,4%-is farglebSi da 0,1%-mde
platina. igi Cveulebriv, metad Raribia naxSirbadiT.
ukanasknel wlebSi SemuSavebulia rkinis gasufTavebis araerTi
efeqturi meTodi. es sakmaod rTuli teqnologiuri procesebia, romle-
bic uzrunvelyofen rkinis miRebas minarevebis SemcvelobiT 0,009%, mag-
ram es mainc ar aris sufTa rkina. yvelaze sufTa rkina, romelsac karbo-
nilurs uwodeben, Sicavs 0,00016% sxvadasxva minarevs.

11. rkinis Senadnobebi

CvenTvis ukve cnobilia, rom sufTa rkina imdenad rbilia, rom

misgan SeuZlebelia ara marto manqanaTa nawilebis, meqanizmebis, xidebisa
da nagebobis ConCxedebis, aramed mtkice culis an Tundac danis damzade-
bac ki. sxvaTa Soris, adamians sufTa liTonebi mxolod ukanasknel peri-
odSi dasWirda, liTonuri nakeTobis umravlesobas ki igi Senadnobebis-
gan amzadebda. brinjaoc, foladica da Tujic xom Senadnobebia.
rkina sakonstruqcio masalad gadaaqcia . . . Wvartlma. diax, rbil
Wvartls an xis naxSirs ZaluZs aseve rbili rkina mtkice Tujad an fo-
ladad gardaqmnas. Tumca Tanamedrove metalurgiaSi mravali mizezis ga-
mo am mizniT koqsis∗ naxSirbadi gamoiyeneba.
yvela saxis Tuji da foladi rkinisa da naxSirbadis Senadnobebs
miekuTvneba. rkina-naxSibadis Senadnobebi, ukidures SemTxvevaSi, kidev
oTx elements Seicaven – siliciums, manganums, fosforsa da gogirds.
CvenTvis es dRes aris cnobili, adamianebma ki foladis miReba da gamoye-
neba bevrad ufro adre iswavles, vidre mis Semadgenlobas gaecnobodnen.
_________________
∗
koqsi – myari naxSirbadovani narCeni, romelic miiReba bunebrivi
sawvavis (umTavresad qvanaxSiris) gadamuSavebis Sedegad. gamoiyeneba saw-
vavad da madnidan liTonis aRsadgenad.

48
egviptelebisaTvis jer kidev Cvens eramde iyo cnobili, rom rkinis zogi-
erTi `saxeoba~ iwrToboda gaxurebuli mdgomareobidan wyalSi gacive-
biT, zogierTi ki – ara. foladis es Tviseba – iwrTos wyalSi gacivebi-
sas, mravali saukunis ganmavlobaSi warmoadgenda erTaderT ganmasxvave-
bel niSans rkinasa da folads Soris.
XVIII saukunis dasawyisSi mecnierTa mier gamoTqmuli iyo azri,
rom rkina da foladi qimiuri TvalsazrisiT erTmaneTisgan gansxvavde-
bodnen raRac minarevebis SemcvelobiT. mxolod 1814 wels miuTiTa germa-
nelma mkvlevarma karstenma, rom aseT minarevs naxSirbadi warmoadgenda.
ZiriTadi komponentis, naxSirbadis raodenoba foladSi 2%-mdea.
swored igi gansazRvravs foladis umTavres Tvisebebs. kerZod, naxSirba-
dis raodenobis gazrdiT sisalisa da simtkicis maxasiaTeblebi matu-
lobs, xolo plastikuroba mcirdeba. aseT Senadnobebs naxSirbadian fo-
ladebs uwodeben gansxvavebiT legirebuli foladebisagan, romlebic
garda rkinisa da naxSirbadisa, damatebiT Seicaven erT an ramodenime
elements, romlebic folads ama Tu im gansakuTrebul Tvisebas aniWebs,
magaliTad, uJangaobas, cveTamedegobas da a.S. rogorc ukve viciT, fo-
ladSi specialurad Setanil elements malegirebeli elementi ewodeba.
foladisagan mzaddeba manqanaTa nawilebis umravlesoba – RerZe-
bi, kbilanebi, zambarebi, mWreli da mzomi iaraRebi da kidev sxva mravali.
Tuji minarevebis ufro met raodenobas Seicavs, vidre foladi.
naxSirbadis Semcveloba masSi 2%-s aRemateba. Cveulebrivi Tujis texi
ruxi Seferilobisaa, amitom mas rux Tujs uwodeben. Tuji Zalian kargad
avsebs yalibs, amitom misgan asxamen sadgarebs, Zravis korpusebs da sxva
mraval nakeTobas, romelic Semdgom damuSavebas praqtikulad ar moiT-
xovs. Tujis kargi samsxmelo Tvisebebi saSualebas iZleva misgan damzad-
des sxvadasxva mxatvruli sxmuli (magaliTad, parkis CuqurTmiani Robe-
ebi) da yvelanairi qandakeba. Tujis umTavresi uaryofiTi mxarea misi ga-
zrdili simyife. Tuji warmoadgens nedleuls foladis misaRebad.
Tujisa da foladis `naTesauri kavSirisa~ da foladis gamoyene-
bis sferoebis Sesaxeb kargad aris mxatvrulad gadmocemuli erT-erT
mokle zRaparSi, romlis saTauria `Tuji da foladi~.
`gadmoiRvara cecxlis Wavlad mxurvale Rumelidan cxeli fola-
di, akaSkaSda oqrosfer varskvlavebad, gacivda Zvirfas zodebad da ga-

49
yoyoCda. ruxi Tujis winaSe ise daiwyo Tavis qeba, rom is (Tuji) kinaRam
daiJanga sircxvilisagan.
- me, - ambobs foladi, - uJangavi var, eSmakurad SeduRebuli! al-
masiviT magari, gveliviT moqnili. viwrTobi – ar avixliCebi. xexva, burR-
va, Wra – yvelaferi SemiZlia; yvelafrisTvis gamovdgebi! ginda bulatad
viqcevi, ginda – nemsad. xidad gavidebi. liandagad davigebi. manqanad avmu-
Savdebi. zambarad davixvevi. Sen ki ra, Tujo? tafisTvis da uTosTvis xar
mxolod vargisi. kidev meore xarisxovani sadgarisaTvis da safqvavis kbi-
lanebad Tu gamodgebi! arc Wedadi xar, arc sxarti, myife xar, rogorc
yinuli. ara xar moduri liToni.
ase laparakobda foladi da mTel saamqroSi sakuTar Tavs adi-
debda. igi kidec gafrindeba, kidec gacurdeba da kidev rad ar gadaiq-
ceva . . . saweri kalamic ar daviwyebia. saaTis isaric ar gamoutovebia.
yvelaferi gaixsena. imdeni ilaparaka Tavis Tavze, rom Svid yuTSi ver Ca-
eteoda. Tumca zedmeti araferi ar miumatebia. misi foladis wkrialSi
yvelaferi simarTle iyo.
marTalia, Tuji Sors dgas foladisagan, magram mas erTi ram ar
unda daviwyeboda: Tujs foladi RviZl qaliSvilad ekuTvnis, rom fola-
di Tavis sicocxles Tujs unda umadlodes. xolo danarCeni, ra Tqma un-
da, marTalia, mxedvelobaSi Tu ar miviRebT sindiss~.
diax, Tuji foladis `dedaa~, misgan aris gamodnobili. `Tuji
Sors dgas foladisagan~, ambobs avtori, magram Cvens epoqaSi aseTi mtki-
cebulebebi zogjer ar Seesabameba sinamdviles.
Cveulebrivi Tujis dabali simtkice da gazrdili simyife aixsne-
ba masSi Tavisufali naxSirbadis, anu grafitis msxvili, firfitovani Ca-
narTebis arsebobiT. yvela cdam, SeecvalaT grafitis CanarTebis zomebi
da Tanabrad gaenawilebinaT liTonis mTel moculobaSi, Sedegi ar gamo-
iRo manam, sanam Tujs ar daumates rkinisa da siliciumis Senadnobi, ro-
melsac ferosiliciums uwodeben. aman ganapiroba grafitis energiuli
dawvrilmaneba, ramac Tujis simtice dabali xarisxis naxSirbadiani fo-
ladis simtkices miuaxlova. Tumca simyifis maxasiaTeblebi igive doneze
rCeboda.
Zieba grZeldeboda. ferosiliciumis nacvlad Txevad liTons mag-
niumi daumates. magniumis aalebis gamo liToni Cqefda, TuxTuxebda,

50
cicxvSi mkveTrad matulobda temperatura. rodesac gacivebul liTons
analizi Cautares aRmoCnda, rom magniumis zegavleniT grafitis CanarTeb-
ma sferoiduli forma miiRo. axali Tuji ufro mtkice aRmoCnda, Semcir-
da simyife da TvisebebiT arafriT Camouvardeboda maRali xarisxis nax-
Sirbadian folads. aseT Tujs maRali simtkicis Tuji uwodes. aRniSnu-
li Tujisgan dRes aTi aTasobiT tona sxvadasxva nakeTobas asxamen, ro-
melTa mdgradoba gazrdilia 1,5-3-jer. amJamad SemuSavebulia Tujis ise-
Ti markebi, romlebic warmatebiT gamoiyeneba maRal temperaturaze, spe-
cialuri qimiuri aparaturis warmoebaSi, sapasuxismgeblo manqanaTa nawi-
lebis dasamzadeblad. amasTan, SenarCunebulia Tujis erT-erTi yvelaze
Zvirfasi upiratesoba foladTan SedarebiT – kargi samsxmelo Tvisebebi,
amitom sxmulis warmoeba foladTan SedarebiT ufro martivia da iafi
jdeba. amgvarad, axali markis Tujebs WeSmaritad SeuZliaT foladTan
kamaTi. ufro metic, zogierTi kvanZis dasamzadeblad Tuji SeiZleba er-
TaderTi, Seucvleli masalac ki aRmoCndes. ai magaliTi:
gasuli saukunis samociani wlebis dasawyisi sabWoTa kosmonavti-
kis didi warmatebebiT aRiniSna. leningradis (amJamad sankt-peterburgis)
samxedro meqanikuri institutis erT-erT laboratorias, romelsac gamo-
Cenili rusi mecnieri, stalinuri premiis laureati, profesori simon ba-
ranivi xelmZRvanelobda, miRebuli hqonda saxelmwifo SekveTa – unda da-
emzadebina kbilanebi kosmosuri aparatis borts gareT damontaJebuli
specialuri gadacemisaTvis, romelic kosmosur pirobebSi lokaciuri da
energomomaragebis sistemebis orientaciis Secvlas moemsaxureboda.
kosmosSi kbilanebs mokle drois ganmavlobaSi unda emuSava – 15-
20 wami, magram maRali brunvebisa da didi datvirTvis pirobebSi. prob-
lema sakmaod rTuli iyo, radgan zemaRal vakuumSi detalebi Sepoxvas ar
eqvemdebareba da mbrunavi moxaxune zedapirebi swrafad gamodis mwyob-
ridan.
laboratoriaSi ukve gamocdili hqondaT mravali masala, maT So-
ris sxvadasxva klasis foladi, Zneldnobadi liTonebi da maTi Senadno-
bebi, magram Sedegi savalalo iyo – kvanZi wamebSi gamodioda mwyobridan.
vada ki iwureboda.
kosmosuri aparaturis Semqmnelebi am mZime situaciidan gamoiyvana
saqarTveloSi liTonmcodneobis skolis fuZemdeblis, akademikos ferdi-

51
nand TavaZis xelmZRvanelobiT jer kidev aTi wlis win teqnikur mecnie-
rebaTa doqtoris, profesor j. xanTaZis mier SemuSavebulma magniumiT
modificirebulma Tujma grafitis momrgvalebuli CanarTebiT. s. barano-
vis laboratoriaSi am Tujisgan damzadebulma kbilanebma teqnikur moT-
xovnaTa yvela parameters didi gadaWarbebiT gauZlo.
- ra CamogvitaneT? – erTxmad SeekiTxnen dabneuli konstruqtore-
bi saqarTvelos warmomadgenels, axalgazrda mkvlevars, j. xanTaZes.
- Tuji, mxolod ara Cveulebrivi, aramed qarTuli, specialuri,
TavaZiseuli, - iyo amomwuravi pasuxi.
XIX saukuneSi, rodesac gamoikveTa liTonis gamoyenebis axali
sferoebi – rkinigza da manqanaTmSenebloba, aucilebeli gaxda liTonis
xarisxze ufro zusti warmodgenebis Camoyalibeba. XIX saukunis dasas-
ruls cnobili iyo foladis mxolod ramodenime marka. magaliTad, 1900
wels orTqlmavlis asagebad, romelic im droisaTvis met-naklebad
rTul manqanas warmoadgenda, inJinrebis xelT iyo foladisa da feradi
liTonebis mxolod aTi marka, Tanamedrove avtomobilis dasamzadeblad
ki gamoiyeneba asamde, xolo TviTmfrinavmSeneblobaSi – samasamde fola-
disa da sxva Senadnobebis markebi. amJamad Seqmnilia 8000-mde Senadnobi,
romelTa sxvadasxva xerxiT damuSaveba Tvisebebis Secvlis mizniT iZleva
sruliad gansxvavebuli daniSnulebis aTasobiT foladisa da Senadnobis
saxeobas. maTi Tvisebebis diapazoni araCveulebrivad didia: tyviasaviT
rbili sufTa rkinidan sal saiaraRo Senadnobebamde, gansakuTrebuli ma-
gnituri Tvisebebis mqone furclidan aramagnitur masalebamde, cveTame-
degi specialuri foladebidan koroziamedeg da uJangav foladebamde da
a.S.

12. foladis TvisebaTa Secvlis xerxebi

12.1. legireba∗. foladis TvisebaTa Secvlis erT-erT efeqtur

xerxs misi legireba warmoadgens. foladis legirebisaTvis perioduli
sistemis mravali elementi gamoiyeneba. magaliTis saxiT Cvens saubarSi
SevexebiT zogierTi maTganis gavlenas foladis saeqspluatacio Tvise-
bebze.
xis, feradi liTonebisa da rbili foladis damuSavebisas Cveu-

52
lebrivi naxSirbadiani foladisagan damzadebuli saWrisebi swrafad
xurdeba, rac zRudavs detalis damuSavebis siCqares 5 m/wT-mde. aRniSnu-
li barieri gadailaxa mas Semdeg, rac SemuSavda foladi volframis da-
namatebiT. volframiani foladis qimiuri Sedgenilobis daxvewis Semdeg
mrewvelobis mier gamoSvebuli saWrisebi ar kargavda Tvisebebs 3000C-mde
gaxurebisas, ramac erTnaxevarjer gazarda Wris siCqare (7,5 m/wT).
male bazarze gamoCnda amerikuli saWrisebi, romlebic ar blagv-
deboda 18 m/wT siCqariT liTonis damuSavebisas. volframis wyalobiT 50
wlis ganmavlobaSi liTonis Wris siCqare da liTinsaWreli Carxebis mwar-
moebloba Svidjer gaizarda.
1911 wels didi zarbaznebis Sida zedapirebis mosapirkeTeblad Se-
sabamisi liTonis Ziebis procesSi SemTxveviT iqna aRmoCenili, rom rki-
nis Senadnobi qromTan wyalSi ar iJangeboda. axali Senadnobisgan damza-
debuli furceli gems miabes, CauSves wyalSi da dauloces gza inglisi-
dan axal zelandiamde da ukan. gamocdis damTavrebis Semdeg aRmoCnda,
rom liTonma SeinarCuna Tavisi pirvandeli saxe yovelgvari cvlilebis
gareSe. qromis fuZeze damzadebul Senadnobebs, garda Jangvisadmi kargi
winaaRmdegobisa, aRmoaCndaT maRali mxurvalsimtkicis maxasiaTeblebic.
rkinisa da nikelis urTierTSednobis mcdeloba daiwyo XIX sauku-
neSi. sufTa nikelis miRebidan Teqvsmeti wlis Semdeg, 1820 wels, cnobil-
ma fizikosma, faradeim, Caatara mTeli rigi cdebi nikelis Semcveli fo-
ladebis misaRebad, xolo 12 wlis Semdeg mrewveloba ukve aewyo aseTi
foladebis warmoebisaTvis.
pirvel msoflio omSi inglisisa da safrangeTis tankebis 75 mili-
metrian javSans, romelic damzadebuli iyo mtkice, magram myife manganu-
miani foladisagan, advilad arRvevda germanuli artileriis 75 milimet-
riani Wurvebi. magram igive Wurvebi uZluri aRmoCnda 1,5-2% molibdenis
Semcvelobis foladis javSnis winaaRmdeg, romlis sisqe 25 mm-de iyo Sem-
cirebuli. bunebrivia, aman ganapiroba Wurvebis javSangamtanianobis gazr-
dis gzebis Ziebis aucilebloba. praqtikulad mudmivad mimdinareobda Wi-
______________
∗
legreba – masalis Sedgenilobis mizandasaxuli Secvla masSi ma-
legirebeli elementebis Seyvanis gziT struqturisa da Tvisebebis Sesa-
cvlelad.

53
dili javSnis simtkicesa da Wurvis javSangamtanianobas Soris. swored
aseT paeqrobaSi SemuSavda molibdeniani foladis mravali saxeoba, romel-
mac warmatebiT Secvala volframiani foladebi.
mravalwliani Sromis Sedegad frangma metalurgma muassanam 1893
wels miiRo sufTa vanadiumis naWeri, magram am elementis gamoyenebis
sfero ver gansazRvra. vanadiums yuradReba miaqcia amerikis avtomrewve-
lobis mefem, henri fordma. 1905 wels igi eswreboda saavtomobilo rbo-
lebs inglisSi. rbolis dros moxda katastrofa: erT-erTi franguli av-
tomanqana meores Seejaxa da daimtvra. katastrofis adgilidan fordma
Seagrova Zravis sarqvelis RerZis namsxvrevebi. igi gaaoca liTonis sim-
subuqem da sisalem. nadavli fordma okeanis gaRma Tavis laboratoriaSi
gaagzavna, saidanac male aseTi pasuxi miiRo: `foladi Seicavs vanadiums~.
fordma miznad daisaxa vanadiumi gamoeyenebina saavtomobilo fo-
ladis Sesaqmnelad, magram didi xnis ganmavlobaSi man ver monaxa qarxa-
na, romelic itvirTebda vanadiumiani foladis gamodnobas – procesi sa-
Wiroebda maRal temperaturas. mravalwliani Ziebis Semdeg fordma mona-
xa patara foladsadnobi saamqro, romlis mepatronec didi gasamrjelos
fasad daTanxmda cdebis warmoebaze.
im periodSi evropis saavtomobilo mrewveloba iyenebda foladebis
araumetes 4-5 saxeobas. sakuTar laboratoriaSi da qarxanaSi Catarebuli
kvlevebis safuZvelze fordma SeimuSava foladebis 22 marka, romelTagan
10 vanadiumiani iyo. misgan damzadebuli detalebi samjer-oTxjer ufro
gvian cvdeboda winamorbedTan SedarebiT.
1910 wels safrangeTis vaWrobisa da mrewvelobis departamentma ga-
moikvlia fordis avtomobilebis zogierTi detali. aRmoCnda, rom for-
dis foladebi TvisebaTa yvela maCvenebliT aRemateboda franguls.
fordma siamayiT aRniSna: `rom ar yofiliyo vanadiumi, ar iqneboda arc
Cemi avtomobili~.
vanadiumianma foladebma SemdgomSi mravalmxrivi gamoyeneba hpoves.
pirveli msoflio omis wlebSi frangebma pirvelebma aRWurves sakuTari
TviTmfrinavebi zarbazniT, romlis wonis Semcireba da misi moTavseba
mcire tvirTamweobis TviTmfrinavze vanadiumianma foladma ganapiroba.
vanadiumiani foladisagan damzadebulma msubuqma javSanma aSS-Si saarti-
lerio gamocdebis dros 100 SemTxvevidan 99-s gauZlo.

54
 rusma metalurgma obuxovma foladis miRebis procesSi pirvelad
gamoiyena ara sufTa magnituri rkinis madani, aramed uralSi farTod
gavrcelebuli titanomagnetiki. swored madnidan foladSi gadasulma ti-
tanma gauTqva saxeli obuxovis folads maRali meqanikuri TvisebebiTa
da xarisxiT. miuxedavad amisa, mxolod meore msoflio omis Semdeg daim-
kvidra titanma Rirseuli adgili metalurgiaSi. iaponelma mkvlevarebma
daadgines, rom zogierTi foladis simtkicis maxasiaTeblebi ufro efeq-
turad izrdeba titanis damatebiT, vidre amas molibdeni an vanadiumi ga-
napirobebda. titani folads aniWebs erTgvarovan agebulebas, sisalesa
da plastikuromas.
specialuri Tvisebebis misaniWeblad sakmarisi ar aris foladis
legireba erTi romelime elementiT. rogorc wesi, axal Tvisebebs ramo-
denime elementis kompleqsuri gamoyenebiT Rebuloben. malegirebeli ele-
mentebis ricxvi gamudmebiT izrdeba.

12.2. Termuli damuSaveba da misi arsi. saurvel TvisebaTa miReba Se-

saZlebelia liTonis iseTi xerxiT damuSavebiTac, romelic cvlis mis
Sinagan agebulebas, anu struqturas. erT-erT aseT umniSvnelovanes me-
Tods Termuli damuSaveba miekuTvneba.
Termuli damuSavebis sxvadasxva saxe arsebobs. maT aerTianebs zo-
gadi teqnologiuri procesi, romlis drosac fizikur-meqanikuri Tvisebe-
bis Secvla xorcieldeba qimiuri Sedgenilobis Seucvlelad temperatu-
risa da gacivebis siCqaris zegavleniT.
simtkicis maxasiaTeblebis, kerZod ki sisalis amaRlebis Tvalsaz-
risiT, upirates mniSvnelobas foladis wrTobis procesi Rebulobs.
wrTobis Casatareblad nakeTobas axureben garkveul temperaturamde (nax-
Sirbadiani foladebisaTvis igi moicavs intervals daaxloebiT 7600C-dan
8700C-mde naxSirbadis Semcvelobamde damokidebulebiT) da aciveben gadi-
debuli siCqariT, magaliTad, wyalSi.
rogorc vxedavT, wrTobis efeqts praqtikulad ori maxasiaTebeli
gansazRvravs – temperatura da gacivebis siCqare, anu sawrTobi are. es
Zvel metalurgebsac kargad hqondaT SeniSnuli, amitom ZvelTaZvel re-
ceptebSic yuradReba swored am or faqtorzea ZiriTadad gamaxvilebuli.
metalurgebi, romlebic flobdnen xeliT damuSavebis maRal xelovnebas,

55
Tavdapirvelad Zvirfas gamocdilebas brmad, misxal-misxal, yovelgvari
Teoriis gareSe aRwevdnen, Semdeg ki damuSavebis procesSi liTonis Tvi-
sebebis cvlilebis xasiaTze dakvirvebis Sedegebs azavebdnen gamogone-
bul siaxleebTan, rac araerTi teqnologiuri receptis SemuSavebis safu-
Zveli gaxda. mecnierebi varaudoben, rom wrTobis procesi cnobilia
Cvens eramde XV saukunidan.
balagalis taZris mateaneSi, romelic mdebareobs mcire aziaSi, na-
povnia Cvens eramde IX saukuneSi satevaris wrTobis aseTi recepti: `ga-
axureT udabnoSi amomavali mzis sikaSkaSemde, Semdeg gaacieT mewamulis
feramde kunTiani monis tanSi CaSvebiT. monis Zala satevarSi gadadis da
mas aniWebs sisales~.
Sua saukuneebis recepti ufro humanuria, magram aranakleb ucnauri.
wrToba rekomendirebulia wiTuri biWis SardSi. am receptSi aris racio-
naluri marcvali, radgan marilwyalxsnarSi wrToba ukeTesad mimdinare-
obs, vidre sufTa wyalSi.
foladis wrToba iyo liTonmcodneobis is erT-erTi sfero, sadac
gamefebuli iyo met-naklebad uazro Sexedulebebi. wrTobis dros fola-
dis maRali simtkicis miRebas ukavSirebdnen sxvadasxva saswaulmoqmed
Zalebs. yvebodnen, rom damaskos iaraRis mwarmoeblebi Tavis ganTqmul
xanjlebs awrTobdnen mTian xeobaSi, sadac gamudmebiT uberavda Zlieri
CrdiloeTis qari. maTi azriT, swored qaris Zala gadaecemoda iaraRs.
espaneTis ganTqmuli daSnebis maRal xarisxs xsnidnen im gansakuT-
rebuli wylis idumali TvisebebiT, romelSic wrTobas awarmoebdnen.
XVII saukunis naxevarSi inglisidan amerikaSi specialuri gemebiT
ezidebodnen wyals, rom mieRwiaT foladis wrTobis iseTive SedegebisaT-
vis, rogorsac inglisSi Rebulobdnen. inglisis uZveles patentebSi miTi-
Tebulia, rom sawrTob siTxeSi aucilebelia mindvris yvavilebis damate-
ba. nawrTobi foladis maRal sisales ki xsnidnen im mosazrebiT, rom
wrTobis dros liTonis SedgenilobaSi Semavali naxSirbadi TiTqos al-
masad gardaiqmneboda.
erT-erT komerciul leqsikonSi vkiTxulobT: `wrToba aris saSua-
leba, romliTac foladsa da rkinas mieniWeba simkvrive, sisale da simt-
kice. igi mdgomareobs gaxurebuli foladis an rkinis nivTebis CatvirT-
vaSi zogjer Cveulebriv sufTa wyalSi, zogjer ki sxvadasxva wvenebisa

56
da siTxeebis narevSi ostatis Cveulebisa da gamocdilebis Sesabamisad~.
gamacivebel areebad dasaxelebulia Zmari, pirSuSxas wveni, wyali, ro-
melSic Sereulia miwis gasresili Wiayelebi, wyliTa da mariliT Sezave-
buli talaxi da a.S.
bunebrivia, aseTi ucnauri Sexedulebebis safuZvelia is, rom ada-
mianisaTvis jer kidev ucnobi iyo im Sigakristaluri gardaqmnebis xasia-
Ti, romelic liTonSi gaxurebisa da swrafi gacivebis dros mimdinareob-
da, TvisebaTa Secvlis mizezis axsnas ki isini cdilobdnen.
arqeologiuri monapovrebis metalografiuli analizi gviCvenebs,
rom foladis nakeTobaTa wrTobis procesi sayovelTao gamoyenebas pou-
lobs Cvens eramde V-IV saukuneebidan. aristotele (IV saukune Cvens eram-
de) werda, rom dabzarvisa da dabrecvis Tavidan asacileblad foladis
furclebisagan damzadebul nakeTobas zeTSi awrTobdnen, rac im droi-
saTvis saukeTeso mignebad unda CaiTvalos. foladis zeTSi wrToba
dResac samrewvelo teqnologiur process warmoadgens.
adamianma spilenZis Senadnobebis wrTobis saidumloebas aseve
Cvens eramde miagno. didi raodenobiT kalis Semcveli brinjaosagan dam-
zadebuli sarkeebis (italia, Cvens eramde V-IV saukuneebi) analizma uCve-
na, rom nakeTobaTa wyalSi wrToba, upirveles yovlisa, miznad isaxavda
gaprialebis dros sarkisebri zedapiris miRebis gaiolebas.
amJamad dadgenilia, rom liTonis struqturasa da Tvisebebs So-
ris sakmaod myari xarisxobrivi da raodenobrivi kavSiri arsebobs. Tu
SevZlebT struqturis sasurveli mimarTulebiT marTvas, Sesabamisad Sei-
cvleba liTonis Tvisebebic. magaliTad, saukeTeso rbilmagnitur Tvise-
bebs amJRavnebs msxvilmarcvlovani agebulebis rkina, rasac specialuri
Termuli damuSavebis gziT aRweven. wrTobis dros mimdinare gardaqmne-
biT fiqsirebuli Txelfirfitovani struqtura ki sakmaod maRali sisa-
liT xasiaTdeba, magram amave dros foladi metad myifdeba.
TvisebaTa kompleqsis misaRwevad (magaliTad, maRali sisalisa da
sakmao plastikurobis Sexameba) uSualod wrTobis Semdeg mimarTaven ki-
dev erTi saxis Termul damuSavebas – moSvebas. moSvebis dros nawrTob
nakeTobas axureben saTanado temperaturamde (magaliTad, 550-6500C) da
nela aciveben. am dros wrTobiT fiqsirebuli struqtura iseTnairad
icvleba, rom igi uzrunvelyofs sisalisa da simtkicis ramdenadme Semci-

57
rebas, magram siblantisa da plastikurobis maCveneblebis gazrdas.

12.3. qimiur-Termuli damuSaveba da misi arsi. liTons gaaCnia una-

ri maRal temperaturaze gaixsnas im komponentis atomebi, romlis gare-
moSic igi iqneba moTavsebuli. bunebrivia, gaxsnis procesi daiwyeba li-
Tonis zedapiridan. adsorbirebuli atomebi difuziis gziT TandaTan ga-
daadgildebian nakeTobis siRrmeSi, ris Sedegadac zedapiruli fenebi aR-
niSnuli komponentiT ufro gajerebuli aRmoCndeba gulTan SedarebiT.
rogorc Cans, damuSavebis es saxe cvlis rogorc zedapiruli fenebis
struqturas, ise mis qimiur Sedgenilobas. aqedan gamomdinare, mas qimiur-
Termul damuSavebas uwodeben.
qimiur-Termuli damuSavebiT SesaZlebelia nakeTobis zedapiruli
fenebis gamdidreba naxSirbadiT (process cementacia ewodeba), azotiT
(daazoteba), an orive elementiT erTdroulad (dacianeba). foladis zeda-
piruli fenebis magaliTad, naxSirbadiT gamdidrebis Semdeg, wrTobis Ca-
tareba uzrunvelyofs nakeTobis zedapiris sisalisa da cveTamedegobis
gazrdas, xolo gulSi SenarCunebuli iqneba pirvandeli struqtura misT-
vis damaxasiaTebeli TvisebebiT.
galStadtis (Sua evropa) samWedlo teqnikis metalografiulma Se-
swavlam cxadyo, rom rkinis nakeTobaTa cementacia (danis, Subis dabo-
loebis) da wyalSi wrToba ukve cnobili iyo pirvel aTaswleulSi Cvens
eramde.
msgavsi teqnologiuri procesiT, romelsac difuzur metalizaci-
as uwodeben, SesaZlebelia nakeTobaTa zedapiris gamdidreba sxvadasxva
liToniT, magaliTad, aluminiT, qromiT, siliciumiT, nikeliT da a.S.

13. liTonuri naerTebi da kompozitebi

Tanamedrove teqnikaSi gamoiyeneba sruliad gansxvavebuli Tvisebe-

bis mqone mravali aTasi Senadnobi. rogorc alfa-betas mxolod 33 asos
sxvadasxvagvari urTierTSeTanxmebiT iqmneba enis yvela simdidre, aseve
daaxloebiT rva aTeuli liToni iZleva sruliad gansxvavebuli Tvise-
bebis mqone uTvalavi raodenobis Senadnobis miRebis SesaZleblobas.
principSi SeiZleba Seiqmnas nebismieri masala, romelic ki adamians das-

58
Wirdeba, magram amas saTanado codna esaWiroeba.
Senadnobebs miekuTvneba agreTve liTonisa da araliTonis, an
sxvadasxva liTonebis qimiuri naerTebi. umetes SemTxvevaSi maTSi ar aris
daculi Semadgeneli komponentebis valentoba. amasTan, liTonis erTi da
igive wyvilma SeiZleba warmoqmnas ramodenime naerTi. magaliTad, natriu-
mi kalasTan cxra naerTs iZleva.
sufTa liTonebisagan gansxvavebiT, romlebsac gaaCniaT SedarebiT
ubralo kristaluri struqtura ramodenome atomiT elementur ujredSi,
liTonuri naerTebi xSirad metad rTuli kristaluri agebulebiT xasi-
aTdebian. magaliTad, Al-Mg sistemis Senadnobebis erT-erTi naerTis ele-
mentaruli ujredi 104 atoms Seicavs, xolo Y-B sistemis naerTisa – 1700!
liTonur qimiur naerTSi gansxvavebulia agreTve atomebs Soris kavSiris
tipebic.
kristaluri struqturebisa da atomebs Soris kavSiris tipebis na-
irsaxeoba xels uwyobs liTonur naerTebSi farTo speqtris gansakuTre-
buli fizikur-qimiuri, eleqtruli, magnituri, optikuri, meqanikuri da
sxva Tvisebebis Camoyalibebas. magaliTad, mTeli rigi aseTi naerTebis
eleqtruli maxasiaTeblebi SeiZleba icvlebodes zegamtarobidan (Txevad
heliumSi) naxevrad gamtareblobamde oTaxis temperaturaze.
Cveulebriv pirobebSi liTonuri naerTebi gamoirCeva metad maRa-
li sisaliTa da simyifiT. amitom mravali liTonmcodne jer kidev axlo
warsulSi Tvlida, rom ar SeiZleboda maTi gamoyeneba raime formis nake-
Tobis dasamzadeblad da ver xedavda mrewvelobaSi maTi gamoyenebis per-
speqtivebs. Tumca aRmoCnda, rom liTonuri naerTebi maRal temperatura-
ze, romelic dnobis temperaturis 70-90% Seadgens, iseve iqcevian, ro-
gorc gansakuTrebulad plastikuri masalebi. aman SesaZlebeli gaxada
damuSavebuliyo liTonuri naerTebisagan nakeTobis miRebis teqnologiebi.
cota mogvianebiT aRmoCnda meore mniSvnelovani da saintereso
efeqti: gaxurebisas Cveulebriv plastikur masalebSi simtkicis maxasia-
Teblebi yovelTvis klebulobs, liTonur naerTebsa da naxevrad gamta-
rebSi (germaniumi, siliciumi, almasi) ki piriqiT, SeiniSneba simtkicis
amaRleba, romelic xSirad aseul procents aRwevs (gaxurebis temperatu-
ra Seadgens dnobis temperaturis 50-80%). aRniSnul efeqts, garda udide-
si mecnieruli Rirebulebisa, praqtikuli mniSvnelobac gaaCnia, gansakuT-

59
rebiT axali mxurvalmtkice masalebis SemuSavebis saqmeSi. samwuxaroa,
rom siaxles jer-jerobiT sruli axsna ver moeZebna.
frangi mebaRe monie palmebs amravlebda. erTxel mas palmebi ing-
lisSi unda gaegzavna, magram kasrebis SesaZenad fuli ar eyo. gadawyvita,
kasrebis dasamzadeblad xelT arsebuli masala, cementi gamoeyenebina.
samwuxarod, cementis kasrebi sakmaod mZime da aramtkice gamodga. ar uS-
vela arc liTonis salteebma. mdgomareobidan gamosasvlelad mebaRem ga-
dawyvita salteebze grZivad daemagrebina liTonis mavTulebi, magram li-
Tonis ConCxedSi moqceuli kasri, marTalia, gamZle, magram Seuxedavi ga-
modga. moniem liTonis ConCxedi garedanac cementiT amolesa, xolo kas-
ris wonis Sesamcireblad da cementis ekonomiis mizniT gverdebis daTxe-
leba gadawyvita. ai, aseTnairad daibada 1867 wels rkina-betoni – mTeli
rigi kompoziciuri masalebis erT-erTi warmomadgeneli, romelSic Serwy-
mulia Semadgeneli komponentebis dadebiTi Tvisebebi. aqve unda aRiniS-
nos, rom mcenareebis, cxovelebisa da adamianis sxeuli bunebrivi kompo-
ziciuri masalebis konstruqcias warmoadgenen. istoriuli cnobebis Ta-
naxmad, kompoziciuri masalebi, anu kompozitebi, jer kidev uZveles egvi-
pteSi gamoiyeneboda.
kompoziciuri masalebis Tvisebebi zogjer unikaluria. magali-
Tad, nikelis fuZeze damzadebuli, volframisa da molibdenis boWkoebiT
armirebuli masalis xangrZlivi simtkice 1100-12000C temperaturaze or-
jer metia yvelaze mxurvalmtkice nikelis SenadnobebTan SedarebiT.
naxSirbadis ZafebiT armirebuli plastikuri masa iZleva kompo-
zits, romelic orjer Seamcirebs TviTmfrinavis detalebis wonas. nax-
Sirbadiani plastikisagan ukve amzadeben vertmfrenis xraxnis niCbian
frTas, lonJerons (grZivZels), kudis frTasxmulobas, xolo farTo mox-
marebis sagnebidan – CogburTis Cognebs da TevzsaWeri ankesis joxebs.
mecnierebi imedovneben, rom zemtkice monokristalebiT armirebu-
li liTonuri `betoni~ axlo momavalSi saSualebas mogvcems Seiqmnas
Teoriul SesaZleblobebTan miaxloebuli simtkicis mqone sakonstruq-
cio masalebi.
kompoziciurs miekuTvneba agreTve e.w. qafmasalebi. qafalumini∗,
magaliTad, sakmao simtkicis pirobebSi wyalze xuTjer msubuqia. moWimu-

60
li qafaluminis simtkice iseTivea, rogoric sxmuli liTonisa, xolo ku-
Tri wona – orjer naklebi (1,4 g/sm3). aseTi masala ukve gamoiyeneba ara
marto aviaciasa da saraketo teqnikaSi, aramed samoqalaqo mSenebloba-
Sic. misgan amzadeben karebis panelebs, fanjris CarCoebs, mTlian ked-
lebsa da Wers. qafalumini advilad iburReba, ixexeba, iRebeba, webdeba,
irCileba da duRdeba. masSi iolad esoba lursmani.
amgvarad, liTonis unarma Sevides kavSirSi sxva liTonebTan Tu
araliTonebTan, inJinrebs praqtikulad SeuzRudavi raodenobis masale-
bis Seqmnis SesaZlebloba misca.

14. liToni safreni aparatebisaTvis

safreni aparatebis dasamzadeblad gankuTvnili masalisaTvis mTa-

vari moTxovnaa ara ubralod simtkice, aramed xvedriTi simtkice (simtki-
ce, romelic modis masalis wonis erTeulze). aqedan gamomdinare, `mfri-
navi~ masalebi unda xasiaTdebodnen rogorc simsubuqiT, ise maRali sim-
tkicis maxasiaTeblebiT. zebgeriTi siCqariT frenisas xom wvimac ki iw-
vevs TviTmfrinavis garsacmis mniSvnelovan dazianebas. kidev ufro gazr-
dili moTxovnebi waeyena safreni aparatebis ZravisaTvis gankuTvnil masa-
lebs.
pirvel `mfrinav~ liTonad aluminia miCneuli. aluminma moxmarebi-
dan gamoaZeva jer TviTmfrinavis xis ConCxedi, xolo Semdeg – qsovilis
Semonakeri. amJamad aluminis Senadnobebze modis TviTmfrinavis mSrali
wonis (sawvavis gareSe) 2/3-dan 3/4-mde.
sufTa alumini metad rbili masalaa, magram misi zogierTi Senad-
nobis xvedriTi simtkice erTnaxevarjer mainc aRemateba foladis igive
maxasiaTebels. rogorc Cans, elements, romelsac mendeleevis periodul
sistemaSi `uiRblo~, #13 ujra ukavia, TvisebaTa WeSmaritad `bednier~
nakrebs flobs.
aluminisagan sakmaod mtkice sakonstruqcio masalis miRebis sa-
kiTxs msoflios mravali mecnieri SeeWida, magram yvelaze adre germanel
___________________
∗
qafalumini – ujredovani struqturis mqone msubuqi masala, ro-
melic miiReba magniumTan da siliciumTan aluminis Senadnobis aqafebiT
airadi asaqafebeli saSualebebis gamoyenebiT.

61
mkvlevars, Aalfred vilms gaumarTla. mravalricxovanma cdebma cxadyo,
rom aluminSi garkveuli raodenobiT spilenZisa da magniumis damatebiT
miRebuli Senadnobis simtkicis maxasiaTeblebi samjer mainc izrdeboda.
simtkicis Semdgomi amaRlebis mizniT vilmma miRebuli Senadnobis
Termul damuSavebas – wyalSi wrTobas mimarTa. cdam Sedegi gamoiRo,
magram misi raodenobrivi Sefaseba gansxvavebul monacemebs iZleoda.
mecniers eWvi xelsawyos sizusteSi Seepara da igi Sesamowmeblad
laboratorias gadasca. ramodenome dRis Semdeg ganmeorebiTi gazomvebiT
dadginda, rom Senadnobis simtkice TiTqmis orjer iyo gazrdili axlad
nawrTob mdgomareobasTan SedarebiT. rasakvirvelia, aseTi Secdomis daS-
veba ukve gamoricxuli iyo. man cda ramodenimejer gaimeora. sabolood
dadginda, rom wrTobisa da oTaxis temperaturaze ramodenime saaTis gan-
mavlobaSi dayovnebis Semdeg axlad Seqmnili Senadnobis simtkicis maxa-
siaTeblebi ramodenimejer izrdeboda. aseTi saxis Termul damuSavebas
uwodes wrToba Semdgomi daZvelebiT. daZvelebis es procesi aRmoCnda is
gamonaklisi SemTxveva, rodesac mas TvalnaTliv moaqvs mniSvnelovani
sargebloba. vilmma daazusta Senadnobis qimiuri Sedgeniloba, Termuli
damuSavebis reJimi, aiRo patenti da igi miyida erT-erT germanul firmas.
sawarmoSi gamodnobis teqnologiis aTvisebis Semdeg vilmis Senadnobs
duralumini uwodes.
Tanamedrove teqnologiebiT gamodnobili aluminis mravali Sena-
dnobi simtkicis mixedviT ar Camouvardeba legirebuli foladebis zogi-
erT saxeobas. gansakuTrebiT dasafasebelia is, rom aluminis Senadnobebi
msubuqia da simtkicis maxasiaTeblebs inarCuneben ara marto arqtikuli
yinvebis pirobebSi, aramed Txevadi heliumis temperaturazec ki.
alumini erT-erTi pirvelTagania `kosmosuri~ liTonebidanac. misi
Senadnobebisagan iyo damzadebuli pirveli xelovnuri Tanamgzavris gar-
sacmi. aluminis Senadnobebi gamoiyeneba `dedamiwa-haeri~ da `haeri-dedami-
wa~ tipis raketebis korpusebisaTvis. samxedro avtomobili amfibia mTli-
anad SeduRebuli aluminis konstruqciisgan aris damzadebuli. alumi-
nis, titanis, magniumisa da beriliumis gamoyeneba tankebsa da javSanman-
qanebSi mniSvnelovnad amcirebs maT wonas da zrdis manevrisunarianobas.
alumini da misi Senadnobebi dRemde rCeba saaviacio mSeneblobaSi mTavar
masalad, romlisganac mzaddeba mzidi konstruqciebis umravlesoba.

62
 foladis Secvla aluminis SenadnobebiT satransporto saSuale-
bebis wonas TiTqmis samjer amcirebs, rac gadasazidi sasargeblo tvir-
Tis raodenobas 2-2,5-jer zrdis, xolo 100 kg alumini, romliTac Secv-
lilia mZime liTonebisgan damzadebuli igive raodenobis saavtomobilo
detalebi, iZleva sawvavis ekonomias 15%-iT.
aluminis Senadnobebis koroziamedegoba aTjer aRemateba fola-
dis koroziamedegobas zRvis wyalSi. amitom igi warmatebiT gamoiyeneba
gemTmSeneblobaSi da did siRrmeebSi momuSave aparaturis dasamzadeb-
lad. 1960 wels germaniis federaciul respublikaSi eqspluataciaSi ga-
uSves tankeri `aluminia~, romlis korpusi aluminis Senadnobebisgan Se-
duRebiT aris akrefili, xolo amerikuli wyalqveSa navi `aluminauti~
TiTqmis mTlianad aluminis Senadnobebisganaa damzadebuli. alumini ga-
moiyeneba saokeano lainerebis warmoebaSic.
1956 wels mdinare segenize (kanada) agebulia aluminis Senadnobe-
bis TaRovani xidi, romlis sigane 150 metrs aRemateba. xidi ara marto
orjer msubuqia analogiur foladis xidTan SedarebiT, aramed igi ar
saWiroebs regularul Rebvas koroziisagan dasacavad. amJamad sul ufro
da ufro meti alumini gamoiyeneba samSeneblo industriaSi da atomur
reaqtorebSi.
boris boWkoTi armirebuli aluminis Senadnobebi brwyinvale masa-
laa saaviacio mrewvelobisaTvis. magaliTad, amerikuli TviTmfrinavis,
`fantom~-is mravali detali aRniSnuli masalisganaa damzadebuli, rom-
lis wona 60%-iT ufro naklebia manmade gamoyenebuli masalis wonasTan
SedarebiT.
Seqmnilia aluminis Senadnobi aqtivirebuli danamatebiT, romelic
wyalSi ixsneba. reaqciis Sedegad gamoiyofa didi raodenobiT wyalbadi.
erTi grami alumini uzrunvelyofs erT litramde wyalbadis miRebas. re-
aqciis meore produqts aluminis oqsidi warmoadgens, romelic mravali
daniSnulebiT gamoiyeneba. amasTan, wyalSi ixsneba mxolod alumini, aqti-
virebuli danamatebi ki naleqSi gadadis da SesaZlebelia misi xelaxali
gamoyeneba.
wyalsa da Senadnobs Soris reaqciis mimdinareobis siCqaris regu-
lireba sakmaod farTo diapazonSia SesaZlebeli, rac wyalbadis gamoyo-
fis intensivobis sruli kontrolis winapirobas warmoadgens. radgan

63
wyalbadi friad perspeqtiul saavtomobilo sawvavs miekuTvneba, SemuSa-
vebuli Senadnobis realizacia am daniSnulebiT araerT problemas gada-
wyvets, maT Soris erT-erT umTavress – ekologiurs – wyalbadis wvis
Sedegad xom mxolod wylis orTqli gamoiyofa!
dRiTidRe izrdeba interesi magniumisadmi da es sruliad gasage-
bia. igi xom 1,5-jer msubuqia aluminze, 2,6-jer – titanze, 4,5-jer rkinaze.
magniumis Senadnobebis kuTri simkvrive kidev ufro maRalia.
magniumi movercxlisfro-TeTri, qimiurad metad aqtiuri liTonia.
miuxedavad amisa, haerze ar iJangeba, radgan mas icavs oqsidis mkvrivi fe-
na, gaxurebisas ki feTqavs damabrmavebeli TeTri alis warmoqmniT. magni-
umi ZiriTadad gamoiyeneba msubuqi Senadnobebis Semadgenel komponentad.
zogierTi maTgani, magaliTad, liTiumisa da magniumis Senadnobi, wyalze
msubuqia. magniumis Senadnobebi ukve gamoiyeneba Tanamedrove TviTmfri-
navmSeneblobaSi, raketebisa da Tanamgzavrebis sxvadasxva detalis da-
samzadeblad.
magniumis TboSemcveloba daaxloebiT 2,5-jer metia foladTan Se-
darebiT. es imas niSnavs, rom erTi da igive raodenobis siTbos STanTq-
mis SemTxvevaSi magniumis Senadnobi 2,5-jer ufro naklebad gaxurdeba.
amitom xanmokle frenis procesSi misgan damzadebuli detalebi, miuxe-
davad dnobis dabali temperaturisa, ver aswreben gadaxurebas. drois
mcire monakveTSi momuSave raketebSi (magaliTad, tipi `haeri-haeri~) mag-
niumis Senadnobebis wona konstruqciis mTliani wonis 90% Seadgens.
sakonstruqcio masalad magniumis Senadnobebis gamoyenebam ameri-
kuli raketebis wona 20-30%-iT Seamcira. aman ara marto mniSvnelovnad
gazarda maTi frenis siSore da tvirTamweoba, aramed yovel raketaze da-
zoga 500 aTasi dolari. kosmosuri xomaldis `jemini~ SemaerTebeli sa-
marjvebis daaxloebiT 85% magniumis Senadnobebisgan aris damzadebuli.
magniumis Senadnobebi gamoiyeneba saavtomobilo mrewvelobaSic.
magaliTad, firma `folksvageni~ yoveli Zravis dasamzadeblad iyenebs 18
kg magniums.
kidev ufro gansacvifrebeli TvisebebiT xasiaTdeba beriliumi.
igi warmoadgens sal da msubuq liTons, romelic dneba 12840C temperatu-
raze (unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom aluminis dnobis temperatura Seadgens
6600C, xolo magniumisa - 6510C). gansakuTrebiT Zvirfasia is Tviseba, rom

64
aluminize 1,5-jer msubuqi beriliumi ufro mtkicea mraval specialur
foladTan SedarebiT. 500-6000C-mde misi xvedriTi simtkice aRemateba
dRemde cnobili nebismieri sakonstruqcio masalis igive maCvenebels. be-
riliumSi SeTavsebulia simsubuqec da sakmaod maRali mxurvalmedego-
bac. igi ar kargavs dadebiT Tvisebebs 700-8000C-mdec ki.
beriliumi SenadnobebSi zrdis sisales, simtkices, mxurvalmede-
gobasa da koroziamedegobas. beriliumiT gajerebuli foladis nakeTo-
bis zedapiri gansakuTrebul sisalesa da mdgradobas inarCunebs 8000C-
mde. radgan maRal mxurvalmedegobasTan erTad beriliumis siTbogamta-
roba Svidjer aRemateba foladis siTbogamtarobas, xolo TboSemcvelo-
ba meti aqvs yvela sxva liTonTan SedarebiT, igi warmatebiT gamoiyeneba
kosmosuri xomaldebisa da raketebis Tbodamcav konstruqciebSi. inglis-
Si Catarebuli gamokvlevebis Tanaxmad, beriliumi saSualebas iZleva Sem-
cirdes dedamiwis xelovnuri Tanamgzavris mzidi konstruqciebis wona
35%-iT.
beriliumisgan amzadeben kosmosuri xomaldebisa da Tanamgzavre-
bis antenis sistemas, kosmosuri aparatebis saWes, im kosmosuri aparatu-
ris Tbodamcav Semonakers, romlebic ukan brundebian dedamiwaze gansa-
kuTrebiT ekipaJiT bortze. kosmosuri xomaldis `apoloni~ mTvaris kabi-
nis sakomando nakveTuri da samecniero aparaturis gadasatani konstruq-
ciebi beriliumis Semcveli Senadnobebisganaa damzadebuli. sainteresoa
is faqti, rom beriliumiani masalisgan damzadebuli saplanetTaSoriso
`mariner-71~ avtomaturi sadguris Zravi mxolod 7,7 kg-s iwonida.
zeCqarosnul aviaciaSi gamoyenebuli masalebis umTavresi moTxov-
naa konstruqciis sixiste (ar ganicados grZivi gaRunva konstruqciis mi-
nimaluri sisqis SemTxvevaSi). am moTxovnis unikaluri kompleqsi swored.
beriliums gaaCnia. igi inarCunebs sixistes rogorc maRal temperaturaze,
ise vibraciis pirobebSi.
beriliumis gamoyeneba saSualebas iZleva mkveTrad Semcirdes saf-
reni aparatebis wona. magaliTad, satransporto TviTmfrinavis fiuzela-
Jis wona orjer Semcirdeba, Tu aluminis Senadnobebi beriliumiT Seicv-
leba. beriliumisagan ki SesaZlebelia damzaddes TviTmfrinavis konst-
ruqciebis 80%. amJamad beriliumis Senadnobebi gamoiyeneba boingis da

65
sxva tipis TviTmfrinavebis warmoebaSi.
aluminis analogiurad, beriliumic perspeqtiul masalas warmo-
adgens wylis siRrmeSi momuSave aparatebis konstruqciebis dasamzadeb-
lad, magaliTad, sabrZolo wyalqveSa gemebisaTvis, romlebic 350-400 m
siRrmeze Cadian.
beriliumi unikaluri saresore masalaa. Tu Cveulebrivi foladi-
sagan damzadebuli resori 800-850 aTas biZgs uZlebs, beriliumi – 20 mi-
liards! anu praqtikulad mudmivia.
Seudarebelia beriliumi atomur mrewvelobaSi. gansakuTrebiT aR-
saniSnavia is faqti, rom beriliumi 17-jer ufro gamWvirvalea rentgenisa
da kaToduri sxivebis mimarT aluminTan SedarebiT. amitom igi aris sau-
keTeso `fanjara~ rentgenis aparatebSi.
beriliumis dadebiTi Tvisebebis Sesaxeb kidev bevri saubari SeiZ-
leba, Tumca am masalas seriozuli naklovanebanic gaaCnia. maRali sisa-
lisa da simyifis gamo igi metad Znelad muSavdeba. SeuZlebelia misi
glinva, Wedva an WriT damuSaveba. beriliumi metad momwamlavi nivTiere-
baa. igi iwvevs wylulisa da simsivnis gaCenas, saSiSi qronikuli daava-
debis – beriliozis ganviTarebas. amis gamo beriliumis damuSaveba xor-
cieldeba ara marto specialur sadgomSi, aramed damcav kostiumebSi,
rac aZnelebs isedac misi rTuli warmoebis teqnologias.
beriliumi ki aucilebeli masalaa mrewvelobisaTvis. amitom, miu-
xedavad didi siZneleebisa, misi warmoeba swrafi tempebiT viTardeba.
moskovSi, saxalxo meurneobis miRwevaTa gamofenis SesasvlelSi,
aRmarTulia kosmosis dampyrobTa monumenti. gaivlis saukuneebi, magram
misi liTonuri bzinvareba ar gamqrqaldeba, radgan monumenti damzadebu-
lia iseTi liTonisagan, romelic gamorCeuli qimiuri medegobiT xasiaT-
deba. es aris `mudmivi liToni~ - titani. titanis gansacvifrebeli qimiu-
ri medegoba aixsneba mis zedapirze metad mkvrivi oqsiduri firis arse-
bobiT.
titani aluminize 40%-iT mZime, magram masze eqvsjer ufro mtkice
liTonia. amitom titanis xvedriTi simtkicis maxasiaTeblebi mniSvnelov-
nad maRalia. garda amisa, igi aseve xasiaTdeba sakmaod maRali dnobis
temperaturiT (16800C).
titanis warmoebis teqnologia dResac sakmaod rTulia, amitom es

66
liToni jer kidev Zvirad fasobs. miuxedavad amisa, mrewvelobis moTxov-
nis Sesabamisad misi warmoeba samjer ufro swrafi tempiT izrdeba, vid-
re aluminisa Tavis droze.
zebgeriTi siCqariT frenis dros TviTmfrinavisa da raketis zeda-
pirebi Zlier xurdeba. aluminis mxurvalmtkice Senadnobebi simtkices
ukve 3000C-ze kargavs. mxolod titanis gamoyenebam uzrunvelyo iseTi siC-
qareebis realizacia, romelic samjerac ki aRemateba bgeris gavrcelebis
siCqares. mTlianad titanis Senadnobebisagan aris damzadebuli zebgeri-
Ti laineri `boing-733~. samgzavro TviTmfrinavebis ZravebSi titanis gamo-
yenebam misi wona 20%-iT Seamcira.
titanis maRalma koroziamedegobam ganapiroba misi warmatebuli
gamoyeneba qimiur, navTobgadasamuSavebel da kvebis mrewvelobaSi, farma-
cevtuli, mikrobiologiuri da samedicino aparaturis warmoebaSi. tita-
nisagan damzadebuli Tbomimocvlis elementebi qloris atmosferoSi 20
wlis ganmavlobaSi muSaobs, anu aTjer ufro didxans, vidre uJangavi
foladi.
Cveni azriT, aq warmodgenili sakmaod mwiri magaliTebic ki cxad-
yofs mrewvelobaSi titanis gamoyenebis did upiratesobas. mravali mecni-
eri titans rkinis metoqedac ki miiCnevs. marTlac, Tu danaxarjebi maT
warmoebaze gaTanabrdeba, ar aris gamoricxuli, rom titanma rkina mrew-
velobidan gamodevnos kidec. ase, rom titans realuri pretenzia gaaCnia
mniSvnelovani roli Seasrulos momavali civilizaciis safuZvlis Cay-
raSi.

15. kosmosuri xomaldis sawvavi

meore msoflio omSi farTod gamoiyeneboda amnTebi yumbarebi.

isini damuxtuli iyo TermitiT, anu magniumisa da aluminis fxvnilTa na-
reviT, romlis wvis drosac viTardeboda 30000C-mde temperatura.
omis qarcecxlma gadaiara da yumbaris dasamzadeblad gamoyene-
bulma masalebma mSvidobian cxovrebaSic monaxa jerovani adgili. aRmo-
Cnda, rom isini warmoadgenen saukeTeso sawvavs kosmosuri xomaldisaT-
vis. marTlac, Tu 1 kg navTisa da Jangbadis narevis wvis dros gamoiyofa
2200, xolo wyalbadisa da Jangbadis narevis wvisas – 3000 kilokaloria,

67
Jangbadis narevi aluminTan iZleva 7041, liTiumTan – 10270, beriliumTan
– 15050 kilokalorias. 1 kg wyalbadis dasawvavad saWiroa 8 kg Jangbadi,
xolo 1 kg aluminis dasawvavad – mxolod 0,9 kg. radgan kosmosur xo-
maldSi itvirTeba rogorc sawvavi, ise Jangbadi, aluminis gamoyenebac ki
ufro xelsayrelia wyalbadTan SedarebiT, Tu aRarafers vityviT beri-
liumze.

16. liTonebi atomuri eleqtrosadgurebisTvis.

radioaqtiuri narCenebi

atomur eleqtrosadgurebSi gamoyenebuli ZiriTadi liTonis –

birTvuli sawvavis garda, aranaklebi mniSvneloba ekisrebaT rogorc sa-
ekrano masalebs, romelTa daniSnulebaa momsaxure personalis dacva
gamWoli radiaciisgan, ise neitronebis Semneleblebs da amrekli da ma-
regulirebeli Reroebis masalebs. maTi daxmarebiT imarTeba jaWvuri re-
aqcia.
momwamlavi nawilakebisa da gama-gamosxivebisagan adamians yvelaze
saimedod tyviis furclisgan damzadebuli ekrani icavs, magram neitrone-
bisaTvis igi dabrkolebas ar warmoadgens. neitronebis Zlier STanmTq-
mels kadmiumis, hafniumisa da gadolinis atomebi miekuTvneba. am liTone-
bis Txeli firfita gzas uRobavs TiTqmis yvela neitrons. maTganve SeiZ-
leba damzaddes maregulirebeli Reroebica∗ da atomur reaqtorSi avari-
uli dacvis mowyobilobac.
beriliumi ar STanTqavs neitronebs. igi anelebs maT moZraobas,
ireklavs da ukan abrunebs reaqtoris aqtiur zonaSi. es mniSvnelovnad
amcirebs reaqtoris aqtiuri zonis zomebs, zrdis muSa temperaturas da
atomuri sawvavis gamoyenebis efeqturobas.
radgan beriliumi anelebs neitronebs, swrafi neitronebis reaq-

_________________
∗
jaWvuri reaqcia kontrolidan rom ar gamovides da reaqtori ar
afeTqdes, iseTi liTonebis Reroebi gamoiyeneba, romlebic Zlier STanT-
qaven neitronebs. rodesac es Reroebi srulad aris Seyvanili reaqtorSi,
jaWvuri reaqcia ver ganviTardeba, radgan neitronebis udidesi nawili
STainTqmeba am Reroebis masalis atomebis mier. reaqciis dasawyebad Re-
roebs saWiro donemde gamosweven. Reroebis mdebareobas reaqtorSi spe-
cialuri avtomaturi mowyobiloba aregulirebs.

68
torebSi misi gamoyeneba ar SeiZleba. am SemTxvevaSi amreklis rols cir-
koniumi asrulebs. cirkoniumis gasaocari `gulgriloba~ neitronebis mi-
marT Teoretikosebis mier jer kidev 1947 wels iyo navaraudevi, Tumca
atomuri sadgurebisaTvis mniSvnelovan masalad igi ucbad ar qceula.
amis mizezi imaSi mdgomareobs, rom cirkoniums gaaCnia oreuli – hafni-
umi, romelic qimiuri TvisebebiT cirkoniumisagan TiTqmis arafriT ar
gansxvavdeba, magram neitronebis Zlieri STanmTqmelia. hafniumi bunebaSi
Tan sdevs cirkoniums da misi calke elementad gamoyofa metad Znelia.
am amocanis gadaWris Semdeg cirkoniumis warmoeba msoflioSi 1949 wli-
dan 1969 wlamde aTasjer gaizarda. es arc aris gasakviri, radgan maRali
dnobis temperaturasTan erTad (18500C) cirkoniumi koroziis mimarT kar-
gi mdgradobiT gamoirCeva. TvisebaTa aseTi Sexameba cirkoniums Seudare-
bel masalad xdis atomuri Zravebis sxvadasxva konstruqciuli elemen-
tis dasamzadeblad. cirkoniumisgan amzadeben `samoss~ uranis firfite-
bis an cilindrebis koroziisagan dasacavad atomur reaqtorebSi, macive-
bel milebs reaqrorebsa da atommavalebSi da a.S.
reaqtoris sawvavis atomgulis dayofis Sedegad warmoiqmneba ra-
modenime elementi. es Zvirfasi `nacari~ xasiaTdeba metad maRali radio-
aqtiurobiT. sakmarisia aRiniSnos, rom misi yoveli kilogrami Tavisi
gamosxivebis intensiurobiT ori tona radiumis tolfasia. radioaqtiuri
narCenebi gamoyenebas poulobs Tanamedrove mecnierebaSi, mrewvelobasa
da medicinaSi, rogorc gamWoli gamosxivebis wayaro. maTi saSualebiT
mkurnaloben simsivnes, asterileben wamlebsa da samedicino preparatebs.
qimikosebi da biologebi gamosxivebis wyaros iyeneben, rogorc `niSande-
bul atomebs~, romelTa wyalobiTac SesaZlebeli xdeba organizmebSi qi-
miuri nivTierebebis gzis Tvalyuris devneba. radioaqtiuri nivTierebebi
gamoiyeneba liTonis, betonisa da sxva aragamWvirvale masalebis masiuri
detalebis gasaSuqeblad. qimiur mrewvelobaSi gamosxivebiT aCqareben
mravali organuli nivTierebis polimerizacias. stroncium-90 warmatebiT
gamoiyeneba atomuri eleqtruli batareis warmoebaSi, romelic kvebavs
kosmosuri raketebis, dedamiwis xelovnuri Tanamgzavrebis, avtomaturi
meteorologiuri sadgurebisa da sxva mowyobilobebis aparaturas. qimi-
uri batarea Seuferxeblad muSaobs araumetes naxevari wlisa, xolo
atomuri – aranakleb xuTi wlisa.

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 17. Zneldnobadi liTonebi da Senadnobebi

ratom ingreva mravalsarTuliani Senobebi xanZris dros? maTi

foladis ConCxedi xom arc iwvis da arc dneba xanZris cecxlSi!
saqme imaSi mdgomareobs, rom gaxurebisas foladi kargavs sixis-
tes da advilad icvlis formas mcire datvirTvis pirobebSic ki, ris Se-
degadac Senobis ConCxedi sakuTari simZimis gamo Camoingreva.
dnobis temperaturamde daaxloebiT 3000C-is farglebSi rkina ise-
Tive rbili da plastikuri xdeba, togorc tyvia oTaxis temperaturaze.
swored es Tviseba iZleva foladis Wedvis, tvifrvisa da formis Secv-
lis sxva operaciebis Catarebis SesaZleblobas. plastikurobis aseTi
gazrda ki iwvevs simtkicis maxasiaTeblebis Semcirebas 20-jer mainc. ma-
Sasadame, rac ufro maRalia temperatura, miT ufro metad uZneldeba li-
Tons datvirTvis zemoqmedebisadmi winaaRmdegobis gaweva.
kosmosuri saukunis teqnika iseTi masalebis did deficits ganic-
dis, romlebic xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi imuSaveben maRal tempera-
turaze datvirTvis pirobebSi. amJamad saaviacio Zravis turbinebi muSao-
ben 11000C-ze. maSasadame, wvis kamerisaTvis gankuTvnilma masalam simtkice
unda SeinarCunos 11000C-ze ufro maRal temperaturaze. uaxlesi ameriku-
li samxedro TviTmfrinavebis airis temperatura airturbinuli Zravis
gamosasvlelSi 13700C aRwevs. amJamad proeqtirdeba da dasaxulia iseTi
airturbinuli Zravebis Seqmna, romelTa muSa temperatura 17000C-mde ga-
izrdeba. Zravebis simZlavris Semdgomi amaRleba Seyovnebulia ara sawva-
vis SesaZleblobebis gamo, aramed mxolod im masalebis ararsebobiT,
romlebic saimedod da efeqturad imuSaveben ufro da ufro maRal tem-
peraturebze.
rogor iqmneba mxurvalmtkice masalebi? am sakiTxSi ukeT garkve-
visaTvis saWiroa avxsnaT, Tu ra gansazRvravs liTonebis da Senadnobe-
bis simtkices maRal temperaturaze.
cxadia, verc erTi sakonstruqcio masala ver imuSavebs gamdnar
mdgomareobaSi. dnobis temperatura ki miT ufro maRalia, rac ufro
mtkiced aris dakavSirebuli erTmaneTTan ion-atomebi liTonis krista-
lur gisosSi. rac ufro maRalia temperatura, miT ufro Zlierad irxeva
liTonis kristaluri gisosi. ra gasakviria, rom ukve rxeviT moZraobaSi

70
mosuli gisosi damatebiTi gare datvirTvebis zemoqmedebiT bolos da
bolos daingres da nakeToba mwyobridan gamovides. gare datvirTva ne-
bismier gaxurebul liTonSi ganapirobebs marcvlis sazRvrebze Siga da-
Zabulobebis TandaTan dagrovebas da liTonuri konstruqciis ucabed
ngrevas. es gansakuTrebiT Zlierad mJRavndeba heqsagonuri kristaluri
gisosis mqone liTonebSi, rac, albaT, imiT aris ganpirobebuli, rom ga-
xurebis procesSi liTonis marcvlebi erTi mimarTulebiT ufro Zlier
farTovdeba, sxva mimarTulebiT ki – sustad. amasTan, marcvlis Tavisu-
fal gafarToebas xels uSlis mezobeli marcvlebi, rac kidev ufro did
daZabulobebs warmoqmnis am ubnebSi.
kuburi gisosis gafarToebis koeficienti praqtikulad erTnairia
yvela mimarTulebiT, amitom aseTi struqturis mqone liTonebis gaxure-
bisas marcvlis sazRvrebSi didi daZabulobebi ar warmoiqmneba, liTonic
mniSvnelovnad nela kargavs simtkices. aqedan gamomdinare, mxurvalmtki-
ce masalebis fuZed swored aseTi kristaluri agebulebis mqone liTone-
bis gamoyenebaa mizanSewonili.
rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, temperaturis gazrdiT kristaluri gi-
sosi aramdgrad mdgomareobaSi gadadis. aseTi mdgomareoba xSirad gana-
pirobebs atomebis gadajgufebas sivrceSi da sruliad gansxvavebuli
formis gisosis Camoyalibebas. magaliTad, 9110C-mde rkinisaTvis damaxasi-
aTebelia sivrciT dacentrebuli kuburi kristaluri gisosi, xolo am
temperaturis zemoT gisosis geometriuli forma icvleba da igi waxnag-
dacentrebul kubSi gadadis. gaxurebisas aseTi gardaqmna zrdis liTo-
nis plastikurobasa da siblantes, magram Zlier amcirebs misi simtkicis
maxasiaTeblebs.
imisaTvis, rom rkinis ion-atomebs Soris gaizardos SeWidulobis
Zalebi da garTuldes gadakristalebis procesi, rkinas umateben Znel-
dnobad liTonebs – volframs, molibdens, niobiums. volframi rkinas
erTdroulad aniWebs sisales, romelic SenarCunebulia Senadnobis wi-
Tel varvarebamde gaxurebisas. dislokaciebis gadaadgilebis unars mniSv-
nelovnad zRudavs aluminisa da titanis danamatebi. ukeTesia, Tu malegi-
rebeli elementebi rkinaSi Zneldnobad karbidebs warmoqmnian.
mxurvalmtkice SenadnobebSi mavne minarevebs miekuTvneba advil-
dnobadi nivTierebebi – gogirdi, tyvia da bismuti, romlebic Tavs iyrian

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marcvlis sazRvrebSi da auareseben foladis Tvisebebs. amitom mxurval-
mtkice Senadnobebis misaRebad aucilebelia sufTa sawyisi masalebis ga-
moyeneba.
Tanamedrove mxurvalmtkice Senadnobebi zogjer Seicaven aTze
met malegirebel danamats. Termuli damuSavebis dros Senadnobis fuZi-
dan malegirebeli elementebis atomebi metad wvrili nawilakebis saxiT
gamoiyofa, romlebic upiratesad Tavs iyrian fuZeliTonis marcvlis
sazRvrebSi da xels uSlian bzarwarmoqmnis procesis ganviTarebas.
pirveli mxurvalmtkice Senadnobi rkinis fuZeze Seqmnilia XX sa-
ukunis 40-ian wlebSi. misgan damzadebuli airturbinis TaTebis saeqsplu-
atacio temperaturuli Weri 600-7000C Seadgenda.
SedarebiT gviani mxurvalmtkice Senadnobebis fuZed gamoyenebu-
lia rkinis mezoblebi periodul sistemaSi – nikeli da kobalti. aseT
SenadnobebSi atomebs Soris SeWidulobis Zalebi SedarebiT gazrdilia
da, aqedan gamomdinare, ufro maRali dnobis temperaturiT xasiaTdebian.
miuxedavad amisa, saeqspluatacio temperaturuli Weri mxolod 10000C-is
zRvrebSi mdebareobs. bunebrivia, ufro mxurvalmtkice Senadnobebis misa-
Rebad fuZed Zneldnobadi liTonebis gamoyenebaa saWiro.
sufTa volframi (tdn=34100C) ar xasiaTdeba mxurvalmedegobiT,
radgan ukve 7000C-ze misi Jangeulebi advilad qrolavs. arakeTilSobili
liTonebis mTavar damcav fenas xom swored maT zedapirze warmoqmnili
mdgradi oqsiduri firebi warmoadgens. vakuumSi an inertuli airis atmos-
feroSi volframs Jangva ar emuqreba, xolo haerze muSaobisaTvis ki sa-
Wiro xdeba rTuli Sedgenilobis Senadnobebis gamoyeneba an mis zedapir-
ze koroziamedegi danafaris xelovnurad Seqmna. volframisa da sxva Znel-
dnobadi liTonebis fuZeze SenadnobTa miReba ar aris ioli, radgan mra-
vali malegirebeli elementi volframis gadnobamde iwyebs aorTqlebas.
molibdenis (tdn=26100C) Senadnobebi ukve poulobs gamoyenebas
mrewvelobaSi. misgan amzadeben TviTmfrinavis, raketisa da kosmosuri
aparaturis iseT sapasuxismgeblo detalebs, romlebic muSaoben maRal
temperaturebze erTdrouli Zlieri datvirTvis pirobebSi.
tantalis (tdn=30000C) Senadnobebi volframTan da hafniumTan (tdn=
=19750C) simtkices inarCuneben 20000C-mde da ar myifdebian absolutur nu-

72
lamde gacivebis SemTxvevaSic ki. amasTan, igi kargad muSavdeba da duR-
deba. es sarekordo maxasiaTeblebia. sazRvargareT am da analogiuri ma-
salebisgan amzadeben raketebis wvis kamerasa da Semonakers. tantalisa
da hafniumis Tanapolimeri simtkices inarCunebs 42150C temperaturamde!
erTma solidurma inglisurma firmam 1929 wels cimbiris erT-erTi
feradi liTonebis qarxnis direqtors SesTavaza garkveul safasurad
maTTvis daeTmo fuWi qanebis uzarmazari nayarebi. raSi dasWirda firmas
warmoebis es narCenebi, romlidanac yvelaferi iyo amoRebuli, risi mo-
povebac ki SeiZleboda? Tumca iyo ki yvelaferi amoRebuli? guldasmiT
Catarebulma qimiurma analizma uCvena, rom dagrovili `fuWi~ qanebi Sei-
cavda uiSviaTes liTons _ reniums. bunebrivia, SeTanxmeba ar Sedga.
reniumis arseboba mendeleevma jer kidev 1871 wels iwinaswarmety-
vela, xolo igi naxevari saukunis Semdeg – 1925 wels aRmoaCines germa-
nelma qimikosebma. maTve daarqves liTons saxeli mdinare reinisa da ger-
maniis reinis provinciis pativsacemad.
reniumis pirveli miligramebi miRebulia 1926 wels. 1930 wels re-
niumis msoflio warmoeba Seadgenda . . . sam grams. es arc aris gasakviri,
radgan reniumi dedamiwaze arsebul elementebs Soris yvelaze iSviaTia.
garda amisa, mas ar gaaCnia sakuTari madani da bunebaSia gabneuli. reniu-
mis marcvlis gamosayofad saWiroa qanebis mTeli mTebis gadamuSaveba am
sityvebis pirdapiri gagebiT.
riTia saintereso es uiSviaTesi Zneldnobadi elementi? reniumi
metad sali, TeTri-movercxlisfro liTonia, romelic garegnulad pla-
tinas waagavs. igi TiTqmis samjer mZimea rkinaze, xolo Zneldnobadobis
mixedviT mxolod volframs Camouvardeba. gansacvifrebelia misi qimiuri
mdgradoba: ar iJangeba haerze da metad umniSvnelod reagirebs mJavebTan
da tuteebTan. maRali dnobis temperatura (31800C), mniSvnelovani meqani-
kuri simtkice da sisale, gansakuTrebuli koroziamedegoba, mdgradoba
airebis zemoqmedebis mimarT da Zvirfasi eleqtruli Tvisebebi reniums
metad perspeqtiul masalad xdis atomuri energetikis, kosmosuri mowyo-
bilobebis, eleqtroteqnikis, radioeleqtronikisa da xelsawyoTmSeneb-
lobis sferoebisaTvis. reniumis eleqtrokontaqtebi Seucvlelia avtoma-
tur eleqtroreleebsa da sxva mraval mowyobilobaSi. vibraciis, atmos-
ferul, tropikul da zRvis koroziis pirobebSi, sadac volframis kon-

73
taqtebi srulad gamodis mwyobridan ramodenime dRe-Ramis ganmavlobaSi,
reniumisagan damzadebuli muSaobs TveobiT da wlobiTac ki.
reniumisa da misi Senadnobebis gamoyenebam SesaZlebeli gaxada
arsebiTad gazrdiliyo xelsawyoebis muSaobis xangrZlivoba da Seqmni-
liyo maTi xarisxobrivad axali da saimedo tipebi. reniumis maxurebeli
xuTjer-aTjer zrdis satelevizio milakis muSaobis xangrZlivobas. uf-
ro metic, televizoris kaTodis kvanZi SeiZleba praqtikulad mudmivi
damzaddes, magram es araviTar saWiroebas ar warmoadgens, radgan TviT
televizori daZveldeba moralurad.
2000-25000C diapazonSi temperaturis zusti kontrolisaTvis yvela-
ze gamosadegia reniumisa da volframis Senadnobebisagan damzadebuli
gadamwodebi.
kalmis wveri, romelic reniumis Senadnobisgan aris damzadebuli,
praqtikulad ucveTia. igive mizeziT aRniSnul Senadnobebs iyeneben sapa-
suxismgeblo RerZebis, kompasis isrebisa da sxva zusti xelsawyoebis de-
talebis dasamzadeblad. reniumis Senadnobebi Seucvlelia iq, sadac sa-
Wiroa uwvrilesi, magram zemtkice mavTulis gamoyeneba. reniumisgan dam-
zadebuli Zafi, romelic adamianis Tmaze orjer-samjer ufro wvrilia,
uZlebs 7 kilogramze met datvirTvas. samwuxarod, reniumi iseve Zviria,
rogorc platina.
karbidebi sakmaod maRali dnobis temperaturiT xasiaTdebian. cir-
koniumis karbidisaTvis igi Seadgens 3420, niobiumis karbidisaTvis – 3480,
hafniumis karbidisaTvis – 3950 da bolos, tantalis karbidisaTvis -
40000C! zogierTi karbidis sisale almasis sisales uaxlovdeba, magram
gazrdili simyife zRudavs maTi gamoyenebis sferos.
adamianma mainc SeZlo karbidebis gamoyeneba sxvadasxva konstruq-
ciis dasamzadeblad. fxvnilTa metalurgiis∗ meTodiT an foriani karbi-
duli keramikis gamdnari liToniT gaJRenTvis gziT Rebuloben iseT masa-
lebs, romlebSic wvrili karbidis marcvlebi Tanabrad aris ganawilebu-
li liTonis plastikur matricaSi. aseT masalebs kermetebs uwodeben.
__________________
∗
fxvnilTa metalurgia – metalurgiis sfero, romelic moicavs
fxvnilTa warmoebas, maT gadamuSavebas da konsolidacias (SemWidroebas,
gaerTianebas) mocemuli Tvisebebis mqone nakeTobad.

74
 kermetebisgan amzadeben, magaliTad, raketis maRaltemperaturuli
Zravis saqSinebs.

18. keTilSobili liTonebi

oqros, vercxls, platinas, iridiums, osmiums, paladiums da kidev

zogierT sxva liTons keTilSobils uwodeben maTi araCveulebrivad ma-
Rali qimiuri mdgradobis gamo.
oqro (tdn=10640C) ar iJangeba gamdnar mdgomareobaSic ki. oqroze
ar moqmedebs yvelaze mwvave tuteebi da mJavebi. igi mxolod `jojoxe-
Tur~ narevSi ixsneba, romelsac `samefo xsnars~ uwodeben. narevi Sedgeba
sami wili marilmJavisa da erTi wili azotmJavisagan. arsebobs ufro me-
tad keTilSobili liTonebic, magaliTad, iridiumi da osmiumi, romleb-
sac verc `samefo xsnari~ vnebs rames.
oqro metad Wedadi liTonia. misi erTi gramidan SeiZleba gamoiWi-
mos 3,5 km sigrZis Zafi! vercxli ramdenadme salia oqrosTan SedarebiT,
magram isic sakmaod rbili da plastikuria. mniSvnelovnad salia plati-
na, iridiumi da osmiumi. es ukanaskneli `Cempionia~ simkvrivis mixedviT –
misi kuTri wonaa 22,5 g/sm3, platinisa – 21,5 g/sm3, oqrosi – 19,3 g/sm3, xo-
lo vercxlisa – 10,5 g/sm3. samagierod eleqtro da Tbogamtarobis mixed-
viT pirvel adgilzea vercxli. am maCveneblebiT mas umniSvnelod Camor-
Ceba oqro.
ZvelTaZveli droidan dRemde keTilSobili liTonebis umravle-
soba gamoiyeneboda yvelanairi samkaulisa da kbilis proTezis dasamza-
deblad. amJamad ki keTilSobili liTonebis 80%-mde ixarJeba xelsawyoT-
mSeneblobasa da qimiur mrewvelobaSi. Tu adre oqroTi mxolod taZrebis
gumbaTebsa da sasadilo WurWels faravdnen, amJamad maT gamoiyeneben ra-
ketebis, dedamiwis xelovnuri Tanamgzavrebis, kosmosuri xomaldebis, da-
muxtuli nawilakebis amaCqareblebisa da TviTmfrinavis gansakuTrebiT
sapasuxismgeblo detalebis dasafarad. uTxelesi (milimetris memilione-
di) oqros feniT faraven hermomuzaradis saCexs, romelic Tavisuflad
atarebs xilul sinaTles, xolo infrawiTeli gamosxivebis 60%-s ireklavs.
oqro warmoadgens zogierTi qimiuri reaqciis katalizators, maga-

75
liTad, atomuri Jangbadis molekulad SeerTebis reaqciisaTvis. mecniere-
bi da konstruqtorebi ocneboben am reaqciis energia gamoiyenon strato-
sferuli TviTmfrinavebis SeqmnisaTvis, romlebsac ar dasWirdebaT saf-
renad sawvavis maragis aReba – Rrubelzeda simaRleebSi xom atomuri
Jangbadi saWiroze metia. igi mudmivad ibadeba Jangbadis molekulebis
daSlis Sedegad mzis gamosxivebis zemoqmedebiT. ase, rom SesaZlebelia
zeCqarosnulma sakontinentTaSoriso lainerma axlo momavalSi SeZlos
ufaso sawvavis aReba uSualod garemodan. am ocnebis ganxorcielebaSi
xelSemwyobi swored oqroa. oqros Semcveli Senadnobebi gamoiyeneba mik-
roeleqtronikaSi da aRdgeniT qirurgiaSi.
teqnikaSi oqrosTan SedarebiT ufro farTo gamoyenebas sxva ke-
TilSobili liTonebi – vercxli, platina da paladiumi poulobs.
didi xnis win iyo SemCneuli, rom vercxlis WurWelSi wyali ar
fuWdeba. Zveli egviptelebi ki daCirqebis gamosaricxad da Sexorcebis
procesis mniSvnelovnad dasaCqareblad Ria Wrilobaze vercxlis firfi-
tas adebdnen. saqme imaSia, rom vercxli umniSvnelod, magram mainc ixsne-
ba wyalSi, xolo vercxlis metad susti wyalxsnaric ki xocavs mikro-
organizmebs. dResac, Zliermoqmedi antibiotikebis saukuneSi, vercxlis
gausnebovnebis Tviseba farTod gamoiyeneba medicinasa da sanitarul teq-
nikaSi. magaliTad, wyals, romelsac svamdnen kosmonavtebi, damatebuli
hqonda vercxli.
sarkis amrekli zedapiri sxva araferia, Tu ara vercxlis an alu-
minis fena, romelic datanilia minaze. radgan vercxli sxva liTonebTan
SedarebiT yvelaze kargi siTbogamtari maslaa, mas iyeneben agreTve sxva-
dasxva siTbos gamzom xelsawyoebSi, magaliTad, saaviacio winaRobis
TermometrebSi.
da kidev vercxlis gamoyenebis erT-erTi sferos Sesaxeb. warmoid-
gineT, rom eleqtroSemduRebeli gamWvirvale saTvaleebiT amzadebs samu-
Saos, damabrmavebeli eleqtruli rkalis anTebisTanave ki saTvalis mine-
bi myisierad muqdeba. rkalis Caqrobis Semdeg saTvalis mina iseTive gamW-
virvale xdeba, rogorc SeduRebis dawyebamde iyo. sainteresoa, ra saswa-
ulmoqmed saTvales unda xmarobdes SemduRebeli? ubralod, aq gamoyene-
bulia minis fotoqromuli efeqti.
fotoqromuli minis SedgenilobaSi SehyavT qloriani vercxli. si-

76
naTlis sxivis zemoqmedebiT igi iSleba sufTa vercxlisa da qloris
atomebad, ris Sedegadac mina muqdeba. procesi Seqcevadia, amitom sinaT-
lis wyaros CaqrobisTanave atomebi kvlav erTiandebian qloriani vercx-
lis molekulebad da mina gamWvirvale xdeba.
jer-jerobiT mrewveloba fotoqromul minas uSvebs mxolod saT-
valeebisaTvis, magram momavalSi aseTi minebiT SeiZleba aRiWurvos arqi-
vebisa da muzeumebis fanjrebic.
samxreT amerikis espanelma dampyroblebma platino-del-pinos na-
pirze ipoves ucnobi keTilSobili liToni, romelic vercxls waagavda.
mas platina uwodes (sityva platina espanur enaze vercxls niSnavs). pla-
tina iseTi didi raodenobiT Seitanes espaneTSi, rom misi fasi oqroze
dabla daeca. espanelma iuvelirebma swrafad SeniSnes, rom kuTri wone-
bis umniSvnelod gansxvavebis gamo platinisa da oqros Senadnobi praqti-
kulad ar gansxvavdeboda sufTa oqrosagan. amitom maT daiwyes platinis
Sereva oqros saiuveliro nakeTobebsa da monetebSi. am faqtma mTavroba
SeaSfoTa, magram gayalbebis sawinaaRmdegod veraferi moifiqra garda
imisa, rom aekrZala platinis Semotana saxelmwifoSi da sakuTari mara-
gic gaenadgurebina – igi CaZires zRvasa da mdinareebSi.
platina (tdn=17700C) xasiaTdeba TvisebaTa WeSmaritad araCveuleb-
rivi SexamebiT. qimiuri mdgradobiT igi vercxlis Sesabamisia, xolo Tbo
da eleqtrogamtarobiT umniSvnelod Camouvardeba vercxlsa da spilenZs.
amasTan, platina sakmaod sali, mtkice da mxurvalmtkice masalaa. Tvise-
baTa kargi Sexamebis wyalobiT platina dRes farTo gamoyenebas pou-
lobs. misgan amzadeben yvelanair qimiur WurWels da aparaturas labo-
ratoriebisa da qimiuri mrewvelobisaTvis, agreTve gansakuTrebiT zusti
gamzomi xelsawyoebis eleqtrodebs. igi Seucvleli masalaa optikuri
minis saxarSi WurWlis dasamzadeblad.
platinis sarke xasiaTdeba calmxrivi gamWvirvalobiT. Crdilis
mxridan iseve, rogorc minidan, yvelafers dainaxavT, xolo sinaTlis
wyaros mxridan igi Cveulebrivi sarkea.
platina oqroze Zviri Rirs, amitom misi gamoyenebis sfero SezRu-
dulia.
keTilSobili liTonebis ojaxidan yvelaze perspeqtiulia pala-
diumi. qimiurad igi naklebad mdgradia, magram SedarebiT iafi. paladiu-

77
mis mcire danamatebi mniSvnelovnad zrdis uJangavi foladis medegobas
gogirdmJavas xsnarSi, xolo titanis Senadnobebs mdgradobas aniWebs
cxel marilmJavasa da gogirdmJavaSi. paladiumi perspeqtiulia, rogorc
sakonstruqcio masala qimiuri manqanaTmSeneblobisaTvis. paladiumis Se-
nadnobi volframTan misTvis damaxasiaTebel Zvirfas eleqtrul da sxva
Tvisebebs inarCunebs zRvis wyalSi, amiakis orTqlSi, gogirdovan airSi
da sxva qimiurad agresiul garemoSi. aRniSnuli Senadnobebis gamoyenebam
SesaZlebeli gaxada ocjer da metad gazrdiliyo mravali eleqtruli
xelsawyos saimedooba da Seuferxebeli muSaobis xangrZlivoba. amasTan,
mniSvnelovnad Semcirda danaxarjebi maT momsaxurebaze. eleqtronuli
potenciometrebis muSaobis xangrZlivoba ki TiTqmis asjer gaizarda.
danarCeni keTilSobili liTonebi naklebad gamoiyeneba maTi iSvi-
aTobisa da siZviris gamo.
fordis qarxnis saamqroebSi gamokrulia plakati: `RmerTma cudad
ar Seqmna adamiani, magram daaviwyda misTvis daemzadebina saTadarigo na-
wilebi~. da ai, adamianma TviTon daiwyo zrunva misTvis saWiro `saTada-
rigo nawilebis~ Seqmnaze. mas, upirveles yovlisa, SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT
xelovnuri kbilebi.
uZvelesi kbilis proTezi napovnia etruskebis samarxSi, romlebic
cxovrobdnen italiis teritoriaze IX-VI saukuneebSi Cvens eramde. proTe-
zi damzadebulia msxvilfexa rqiani saqonlis an spilos Zvlisagan, xo-
lo samagrad gamoyenebulia oqros Txeli mavTuli da rgoli. evropaSi
kbilis liTonis gvirgvini mxolod XVI saukuneSi gamoCnda.
arqeologiuri gaTxrebis dros napovni erT-erTi mumiis Tavis qa-
lis Zvali oqros firfitiT Secvlili aRmoCnda. guldasmiT Catarebulma
kvlevebma cxadyo, rom aseTi Secvla Sesrulebuli iyo adamianis sicocx-
leSi. amgvarad, jer kidev ZvelTaZvel periodSi oqro gamoiyeneboda aRd-
geniT qirurgiaSi.
specialistTa mravalwliani Sromis Sedegad Seqmnili liTonuri
masalebiT SeiZleba Seicvalos adamianis esa Tu is qsovili an organo.
adamianis organizmi sakmaod agresiuli eleqtroqimiuri garemoa, amitom
masSi Setanilma ucxo sxeulma ara marto unda gauZlos mis zemoqmede-
bas, aramed unda gamoiricxos kidec raime arasasurveli Sedegis ganviTa-
reba. magaliTad, sisxlZarRvis Secvla plastmasiT ratomRac qmnis Trom-

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bis warmoqmnis saSiSroebas.
mTeli rigi liTonebi da Senadnobebi (tantali, cirkoniumi, oqro
da misi Senadnobebi spilenZTan, platina, iridiumi, uJangavi foladi)
uTavsdeba adamianis organizms. isini ara Tu ar ganicdian korozias, ara-
med cocxal qsovilsac ki ar aRizianeben.
sxva liTonebTan SedarebiT cocxali organizmis qsovils ukeT
egueba tantali. tantalis firfitiT xuraven, magaliTad, Tavis qalis
motexilobas. tantalis Zafis narTi cvlis kunTis qsovils, xolo misgan
damzadebuli bade gamoiyeneba Tvalis proTezebSi. tantalis Zafma SeiZ-
leba Seasrulos nervebisa da myesis dakarguli nawilebis funqcia.

19. liTonebi da garemo

liTonebi dedamiwis qerqSi umetes SemTxvevaSi sxva elementebTan

naerTebis saxiT gvxvdeba. adamiani iRebs liTons, asufTavebs, amzadebs
produqts, Semdeg ki misi eqspluataciis procesSi liToni garemoSi ib-
neva. amitom, gvinda es Tu ara, liTonuri elementebis `Canergva~ adamia-
nis organizmSic mimdinareobs. Tu pirvelyofili adamianis Zvlebi tyvias
2 miligramamde Seicavda, Tanamedrove qalaqSi macxovrebeli am elements
100-jer ufro meti raodenobiT Seicavs. amis erT-erTi ZiriTadi mizezia
saavtomobilo benzinis wvis produqtebi. Zravis simZlavrisa da margi qme-
debis koeficientis gazrdis mizniT saavtomobilo benzins tyviis tetra-
eTils umateben antidetonatoris saxiT. amitom benzinis yoveli litri
atmosferoSi gamoafrqvevs 200-dan 400 mg-mde tyvias. amJamad msoflioSi
250 milionamde avtomanqana moZraobs, amdenad, gamonabolqvSi tyviis rao-
denoba weliwadSi 250000 tonas aRwevs!
amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis 19 StatSi, sadac mcxovrebTa ricx-
vi 100 milions Seadgens, adamianis janmrTelobisaTvis saSiSi vercxlis-
wylis koncentracia dafiqsirda. mezobel kanadaSi ki aikrZala qariyla-
piasa da qorWilas rewva, romlebic Turme vercxliswylis koncentrato-
rebs warmoadgenen. maTi xorciT kvebam adamianebi tragikul Sedegamde
miiyvana. analogiuri tragedia moxda iaponiis qalaq minamataSi 1953 wels,
rasac daaxloebiT 50 adamianis sicocxle Seewira.
amJamad msoflioSi yovelwliurad awarmoeben 8-9 aTas tona ver-

79
cxliswyals. am raodenobis TiTqmis naxevari garemoSi ibneva. daaxloe-
biT amdenive gadadis atmosferoSi naxSiris wvisas, liTonebis gamodno-
bisas Tu cementis warmoebisas. rogori paradoqsulic ar unda iyos, ara
liTonis warmoeba, aramed sawvavis wva aris ZiriTadi arxi, romliTac
liToni garemoSi ifrqveva.
naxSiris, torfis, navTobisa da fiqalis nacari sakmaod didi ra-
odenobiT Seicavs sxvadasxva liTons (stronciums, vanadiums, TuTias,
germaniums da sxva). msoflioSi dReisaTvis ukve damwvaria aranaklebi 135
miliardi tona naxSiri da 40 miliardi tona navTobi. amdenad, kacobrio-
bis mier nacarTan erTad garemoSi mimobneulia mravali milioni tona
sxvadasxva liToni.
kadmiums Seicavs zogierTi mineraluri sasuqi. magaliTad, fungi-
cidebi (sokos sawinaaRmdego preperati), saRebavi da plastmasi. sisxlSi
kadmiumis didi raodenoba iwvevs sisxlis wnevis awevas, kibos mravali
formis ganviTarebas da Zvlis ise Zlier gamyifebas, rom Rrmad CasunTq-
vam neknis gadatexvac ki SeiZleba gamoiwvios.
bunebrivia, metalurgiuli procesebic iwvevs garemos dabinZure-
bas. magaliTad, brZmedis airi da sakerZis mtveri Seicavs rkinas, tyvias,
kalciumsa da magniums, manganumsa da vercxliswyals, spilenZsa da dariS-
xans. Savi spilenZis yovel tonaze modis or tonamde mtveri, romlis
SemadgenlobaSi spilenZisa da rkinis Jangis garda Sedis 45%-mde dariS-
xani, vercxliswyali, TuTia da tyvia. mravali teqnologiuri procesis
dros uxvad gamoiyofa gogirdovani da bunebis momwamlavi sxva airebi.
sakmaod gonebamaxvilurad aris naTqvami: an adamianebma unda Seamciron
boli dedamiwaze, an boli Seamcirebs adamianebis ricxvs.
mdgomareoba seriozulia. amJamad elementebis balansi dedamiwis
biosferoSi, romelic mravali milioni wlebis ganmavlobaSi yalibdebo-
da, darRveulia da es gasul aswleulebSi moxda. mravali mecnieri lapa-
rakobs sul ufro da ufro mzard liTonur wnexze, romelic biosfero-
ze moqmedebs. wylis dabinZurebis xarisxi dRiTidRe matulobs. dedamiwis
atmosfero ki sulac ar aris usazRvro, xolo msoflio okeane – uZiro.
aris ki gamosavali ukve dawyebuli ekologiuri krizisidan?
rasakvirvelia. futurologebi∗ varaudoben, rom 2100 wlisTvis

80
mrewelobaSi qvanaxSirze mova kacobriobis mier gamomuSavebuli energiis
1%-ze naklebi, xolo mrewvelobis yvela dargSi, maT Soris metalurgia-
Si, dainergeba unarCeno teqnologiebi. warmoebis narCenebi iTamaSebs ned-
leulis rols axal-axali dargebis ganviTarebisaTvis.
marTlac, narCenebi saucxoo nedleuls warmoadgens: ar aris saWi-
ro maTi mopoveba, daqucmaceba da Sori manZilidan zidva. navaraudevia,
rom naxSiris nacrisagan SesaZlebelia 3-3,5 milioni tona aluminis war-
moeba;Mnacari gamoyenebas povebs cementis, Siferisa da sxva samSeneblo
masalebis warmoebaSi. misgan damzaddeba mTeli rigi Zvirfasi qimiuri
produqtebi. amgvarad, garemos dacvaze zrunva adamians moutans did
ekonomiur mogebasac. amerikeli mecnierebi Tvlian, rom sayofacxovrebo
nagvis gadamuSavebiT SeiZleba foladis, aluminis, spilenZis, qaRaldis,
minisa da kidev mravali sxva nawarmis miReba.DE
bunebrivia, gansakuTrebuli yuradRebis centrSia iseTi mrewvelo-
bis ganviTareba, romelsac saerTod ar gaaCnia narCenebi. aseTs miekuTv-
neba, magaliTad, mikrobiologiuri metalurgia – liTonebis mopoveba mik-
roorganizmebis saSualebiT.
cocxal organizmebs gaaCniaT unari, sakuTar TavSi daagrovon
liTonebi. magaliTad, rbilwiwviana agrovebs niobiums, simindi da Svita
– oqros, Warxali da Tambaqo – liTiums, moluskebi – spilenZs, meduzebi
– tyvias, TuTias da kalas. aris cocxali organizmebi, romlebSic kon-
centrirdeba vanadiumi, stronciumi, nikeli, urani, molibdeni da sxva
liTonebi.
iaponiaSi specialurad amravleben cocxal organizmebs, romle-
bic vanadiumis koncentratorebs warmoadgenen. `cocxal madans~ agrove-
ben, wvaven da vanadiums misi nacridan Rebuloben.
`mikroskopul~ metalurgebs, anu mikroorganizmebs, SeuZliaT li-
Tonis amoReba didi xnis win mitovebuli, im droisaTvis ukve gaRaribe-
buli, gamousadegari sabadoebidan. maT aseve SeuZliaT daxmarebis gaweva
im narCenebis gadamuSavebaSi, romlebic mTebad aris wamozrdili mraval
______________
∗
futurologia aris socialuri prognostika, anu sociologiis dar-
gi, romelic kacobriobis momavals Seiswavlis.

81
adgilas. es mxolod dasawyisia. mikrobiologebi da genetikosebi
intensiurad muSaoben iseTi mikroorganizmebis axali jiSebis (Stamebis)
gamoyvanaze, romlebic maRalproduqtiulobiT iqnebian gamorCeuli.
mizandasaxuli seleqciiT ukve miRebulia mikroorganizmebi, romlebSic
oqros koncentracia 1 litr xsnarSi 35 miligrams aRwevs. es ukve kargi
Sedegia.
20 liTonis alternatiuli maragi

aravisTvis ar aris saidumli, rom ileva vercxlis, spilenZis, ni-

kelisa da sxva mravali liTonis maragi. momavali qimikosebi, metalur-
gebi, liTonmcodneebi, teqnologebi da konstruqtorebi mzad unda iyvnen
axali tipis madan-liTonuri nedleulis gadasamuSaveblad, romelsac
adamiani okeanis fskeridan, dedamiwis mantiidan, asteroidebidan, mTvari-
dan Tu sxva planetebidan moipoveben.
rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, zRvis wyali saukeTeso nedleulia mrew-
velobisaTvis. dedamiwis okeanis wylebSi gaxsnilia 8 milioni tona oq-
ro, 80 milioni tona nikeli, 164 milioni tona vercxli, 800 milioni to-
na molibdeni.
zRvis wylidan ukve Rebuloben magniumsa da urans. zRvisa da oke-
anis wylebidan amoRebuli magniumi msoflio warmoebis 20%-s aRwevs. did
britaneTSi `zRvis~ magniumi akmayofilebs sakuTari moTxovnebis 80%.
msoflio okeanis resursebi amouwuravia. maT miekuTvneba fskerze
gabneuli mZime liTonebi, rkina-manganumisa da mravalliToniani naerTe-
bis uzarmazari sabadoebi, wyalqveSa mTebis qromis madnebi, iSviaTi ele-
mentebi zRvis marilSi da sxva simdidreebi.
afrikis samxreT-dasavleTiT, zRvis sanapiroSi, tumboebis saSua-
lebiT gruntTan erTad amoaqvT almasi. aRsaniSnavia, rom xreSidan alma-
sis saSualo gamosavali xuTjer aRemateba xmeleTis madnidan amoRebul
raodenobas.
okeaneSi aris liTonis kidev erTi wyaro. xuTi aTasi metris siRr-
meze zRvis geologebma aRmoaCines wiTeli Tixa. igi Seicavs aluminis ma-
rags giganturi raodenobiT – 4x105 tonamde. garda amisa, madanSi Sedis
kobalti, nikeli da spilenZi. wiTeli Tixidan kobaltis amoReba saSua-
lebas mogvcems gavaxangrZlivoT misi gamoyeneba 300 aTasi, nikelisa – 20

82
aTasi, spilenZisa – 75 aTasi wliT dRevandeli masStabiT maTi mopovebis
donis SenarCunebiT.
navTobis WaburRilis burRvisas samxreT kaliforniaSi 3000 met-
ris siRrmidan amoxeTqa cxeli wylis Wavlma, romelic liTonebis namdvi-
li wyaro aRmoCnda. masSi didi raodenobiT Sedis kaliumi, natriumi da
liTiumi. erTi litri wyali Seicavs ramodenime gram rkinas, spilenZs,
mcire raodenobiT magniumsa da vercxls. wyalSi liTonebis koncentra-
cia imdenad didia, rom WaburRilis piri ifareboda Savi liTonuri la-
miTa da wiTeli da TeTri spilenZis kristalebiT.
ara, liTonuri krizisi adamians ar emuqreba. liToni sakmarisia
ara marto CvenTvis, aramed Cveni SvilisSvilebisTvisac, Tumca unda gavi-
TvaliswinoT erTi WeSmariteba: `Cveni planeta SiZleba mivusadagoT uki-
degano okeaneSi Securebul iaxtas. mis bortze mtknari wylis, sursaT-
sanovagisa da sxva aucilebeli sagnebis SezRuduli maragia. curvis
dros am maragis Sevseba versaidan ver moxerxdeba. dedamiwa ki arc ise
didia!~
Tumca kosmosur eraSi gamokveTilia liTonebis mopovebis kidev
erTi perspeqtiva. arsebobs araerTi proeqti ciuri sxeulebidan dedami-
wis maragis Sesavsebad. planetebs Soris sivrceSi aTobiT aTasi mcire
planeta, anu asteroidi `daseirnobs~, romlebic ZiriTadad rkinisa da ni-
kelisagan Sedgebian. zogierTi maTganis orbita metad axlos gadis deda-
miwis orbitasTan, ris gamoc xSirad Zalian axlos aRmoCndebian xolme
Cvens planetasTan. mecnierTa nawilis azriT, kosmosuri teqnikis gamoye-
nebiT Teoriulad SesaZlebelia maTi gadmoyvana dedamiwis maxlobel or-
bitaze, xolo Semdeg – rkinisa da nikelis mopovebis dawyeba.
miRebuli liTonebis dedamiwaze gadmosazidad navaraudevia li-
Tonuri penoblokebis damzadeba da maTi CamotvirTva okeaneSi, sadac isi-
ni icureben manam, sanam satransporto gemi ar miawvdis sanapiroze gan-
Tavsebul metalurgiul qarxanas.
specialistebis gaTvliT, erTi kuburi metri asteroidi Tanamed-
rove moTxovnis normebis pirobebSi dedamiwas rkiniT uzrunvelyofs 15,
xolo nikeliT – 1250 wlis ganmavlobaSi. asteroidebi SeiZleba Seicavd-
nen agreTve stabilur izotopebs rigiTi nomriT 112-dan 126-mde.
mTvaridan Camotanili mTis qanebis analizma cxadyo, rom masSi

83
bevrad ufro metia Toriumis, titanis, cirkoniumisa da itriumis Semcve-
loba, vidre dedamiwaze.
aqedan gamomdinare, momavali qimikosebi, metalurgebi, liTonmcod-
neebi da liTonTa fizikosebi unda momzaddnen imisaTvis, rom SeZlon
mTvaris, asteroidebisa da sxva planetebidan mopovebuli nedleulis ga-
damuSaveba.

21. liTonmcodneobis momavali

gasuli saukunis 80-ian wlebamde mecniereba liTonebis Sesaxeb,

Tu SeiZleba es ase iTqvas, CamorCenil poziciaSi imyofeboda. rogorc we-
si, axal liTonur masalebs jer laboratoriaSi Rebulobdnen, xolo mi-
si Tvisebebis Seswavlas Semdeg iwyebdnen. aqedan gamomdinare, Senadnobe-
bis umravlesoba SemuSavebulia empiriuli gziT iseve, rogorc Rebulobd-
nen axal masalebs aswleulebis winaT.
teqnikaSi gamoyenebuli elementebis mravalferovneba da maTi ur-
TierTSexamebis amouwuravi pirobebi unikaluri Tvisebebis Senadnobebis
Seqmnis perspeqtivebs saxavs, magram kacobrioba ver iyenebs yvela am SesaZ-
leblobas ubralod imis gamo, rom laboratoriaSi maTi gamocdis rigi
jer ar damdgara. Tumca varaudoben, rom cnobili elementebis yvela Se-
saZlo urTierTSexamebis Sedegis eqsperimentuli kvlevisaTvis saWiro
liTonis raodenoba dedamiwis wonas gadaaWarbebs! amasTan, saWiro iqne-
boda usasrulod didi dro da saxsrebi. maS raSia gamosavali? am kiTx-
vas pasuxi calsaxad SeiZleba gaeces: axali Senadnobebis `gaangariSebaSi~.
aba daukvirdiT: `kalmis wveris gamoyenebiT~ astronomebs aRmoCe-
nili aqvT planetebi; wamis meaTedis sizustiT iTvlian mTvarisa da mzis
dabnelebis periods ara marto axlo momavalSi, aramed romelic ukve mox-
da aTaswleulebis win an moxdeba aseuli da aTaswleulebis Semdeg. gvi-
rabis mSeneblebi absoluturi sizustiT sazRvraven miwis qveS erTmane-
Tis Sesaxvedrad moZravi gvirabgamyvanebis Sexvedris adgilsa da dros.
maS ratom ar SeiZleba imave `kalmis wveris~ da, ufro metic, kompiute-
ris gamoyenebiT liTonTa fizikosma da liTonmcodneebma jer gamoTva-
lon sasurveli Tvisebebis mqone Senadnobebis Sedgeniloba, gansazRvron
Sesabamisi damuSavebis xerxi da mxolod amis Semdeg, winaswari monaceme-

84
bis safuZvelze, miiRon da Seiswavlon maTi Tvisebebi? ra aris amisTvis sa-
Wiro?
sasurveli Tvisebebis mqone, jer kidev ar arsebuli Senadnobis
Sedgenilobis winaswari gansazRvrisaTvis aucilebelia viswavloT kris-
talSi eleqtronebis ganawilebis, maTi urTierTqmedebis xasiaTisa da
atomTSorisi kavSiris Zalebis gamoTvla. swored am gziT aris SesaZle-
beli liTonmcodneobis gadayvana ganviTarebis aRweriTi etapidan axal
safexurze, rodesac SesaZlebeli gaxdeba Teoriulad ganisazRvros sa-
surveli Tvisebebis mqone Senadnobis Sedgeniloba da struqtura. swored
aq ikveTeba liTonTa fizikosisa da liTonmcodnisaTvis #1 amocana: Seiqm-
nas SenadnobTa uaxlesi Teoria, romelic winaswar cnobili Tvisebebis
mqone masalis Seqmnis SesaZleblobas uzrunvelyofs.
liTonis Tanamedrove kvanturi Teoria saSualebas iZleva princi-
pulad gamoiTvalos praqtikulad nebismieri Senadnobis yvela ZiriTadi
maxasiaTebeli. arsebuli cnobebis Tanaxmad, dReisaTvis SesaZlebeli gax-
da kompiuteruli teqnikis gamoyenebiT daaxloebiT gansazRvruliyo Tvi-
sebaTa maxasiaTeblebi umartivesi Sedgenilobis SenadnobebisaTvis. maga-
liTad, 00C temperaturaze gamoTvlilia eleqtrowinaRoba niobiumisa da
molibdenis, molibdenisa da tantalis, tantalisa da volframis, volf-
ramisa da molibdenis, volframisa da niobiumis wyvilebis nebismieri kon-
centraciis SenadnobebisaTvis. winaswar gansazRvruli Tvisebebis mqone
Senadnobebis laboratoriuli kvleviT dadginda, rom umetes SemTxvevaSi
prognozi marTldeba, Tumca meTodi Semdgom srulyofasa da daxvewas mo-
iTxovs. es arc aris gasakviri, radgan gamoTvliTi liTonmcodneobis gan-
viTarebis rTul gzaze Cven jer kidev sawyis poziciaSi vdgavarT.
liTonmcodneobis meore generaluri amocana liTonur masalebSi
dRemde ucnobi Tvisebebis gamomJRavnebaSi mdgomareobs, ramac SeiZleba
safuZveli Cauyaros teqnikis sruliad axal mimarTulebebs. amis mkafio
magaliTia U235-is atomgulis daSlis SesaZleblobis aRmoCena, ramac ato-
muri mrewvelobis ganviTarebas daudo saTave.
kidev erTi mniSvnelovani efeqti aRmoaCina nikelisa da titanis
Senadnobebis TvisebaTa guldsmiT Seswavlam – nakeTobis formisa da zus-
ti zomebis damaxsovrebis unari. aRniSnuli efeqti ukve realizebulia
dedamiwis xelovnuri Tanamgzavris antenis konstruqciaSi. raketis gaSve-

85
bis momentSi antena kompaqturad aris dakecili, xolo kosmosSi, rode-
sac igi gaxurdeba mzis energiiT, `gaaxsendeba sakuTari warsuli~, daiw-
yebs gaSlas da miiRebs iseTive urTules formas, rogoric mas miniWebu-
li hqonda dedamiwaze kompaqtirebamde. navaraudevia aseTi Sedgenilobis
nikel-titanis Senadnobisgan orbitaluri radioteleskopis antenis Seqm-
na, romlis diametric kosmosSi gaSlis Semdeg daaxloebiT ori kilomet-
ris rigisa iqneba.
meqanikuri maxsovrobis efeqti axasiaTebT agreTve nikelis Senad-
nobebs kobaltTan da titanTan, oqros – kadmiumTan, spilenZs – manganum-
Tan da aluminTan, nikelTan da aluminTan.
gamomJRavnebulia energiis wyarod wyalbadis gamoyenebis perspeq-
tivebi, magram problemas misi Senaxvisa da transportirebis sakiTxi war-
moadgens. zogierT liTonur naerTs (magaliTad, lanTanis naerTs nikel-
Tan) aRmoaCnda unikaluri Tviseba - STanTqos, anu Seiwovos wyalbadis
didi raodenoba iseve, rogorc Rrubelma wyali da ukan daiwyos misi ga-
moyofa temperaturis Secvlisas. aRniSnuuli efeqti ganpirobebulia
liTonebis hidridebis warmoqmnis wyalobiT.
mniSvnelovania is faqti, rom wyalbadis Senaxvis aseTi xerxi ab-
soluturad ar aris feTqebadsaSiSi. amasTan, liTonuri naerTis wona aT-
jer mainc aris naklebi Txevadi an SekumSuli wyalbadis balonis wonas-
Tan SedarebiT. wyalbadis sawvavze gadasvla SesaZlebels gaxdis sruli-
ad uvnebelvyoT Tundac avtomobilis gamonabolqvi – wvis produqti xom
mxolod wylis orTqli iqneba.
msalebis axali Tvisebebis gamomJRavnebisaTvis aucilebelia:
- maRali sisufTvis sawyisi nivTierebebisa da zusti (maTematiku-
ri) kvlevis meTodebis gamoyeneba;
- masalis Sesaswavli Tvisebebis arealis mniSvnelovani gafarTo-
eba. amJamad maTi ricxvi aTamde CamonaTvaliT Semoifargleba (meqanikuri,
eleqtruli, magnituri, Tburi da a.S), saWiroa ki asobiT Tvisebis Seswavla;
- liTonebisa da Senadnobebis misaRebad eqstremaluri pirobebis
gamoyeneba. aq igulisxmeba maRali da ukiduresad dabali temperaturebi,
maRali wnevis pirobebi da kosmosuri vakuumi, sxvadasxva bunebis gamo-
sxiveba da maRali energiis nawilakebi, mZlavri eleqtruli, magnituri
da ultrabgeris velebi, uwonadoba da a.S. amis mkafio magaliTia zegam-

86
tarobis efeqtis aRmoCena absolutur nulTan miaxloebul temperatureb-
ze an grafitis almasad gardaqmna zemaRali wnevisa da gazrdili tempe-
raturis pirobebSi.
sxvagvarad arc SeiZleba xdebodes. nivTiereba metad mgrZnobiarea
gare faqtorebis zemoqmedebis mimarT. isini cvlian nivTierebis Sinagan
struqturas, eleqtronul-ionur agebulebas da, aqedan gamomdinare, fizi-
kur-qimiur Tvisebebsac. aRniSnuli faqtorebis kompleqsuri gavlena li-
Tonuri masalebis agebulebasa da Tvisebebze jer kidev srulad ar aris
Seswavlili.
Tvisebebze maRali wnevis gavlenis magaliTad Cveulebrivi yinu-
lic ki gamodgeba: atmosferul pirobebSi igi dneba 00C temperaturaze,
xolo e.w. yinuli VII, romelic maRali wnevis pirobebSi miiReba, 4420C-ze.
gamoTvlebiT naCvenebia, rom or milion atmosferul wnevas wyal-
badi liTonur mdgomareobaSi gadahyavs. liTonuri wyalbadi ki unda xa-
siaTdebodes zegamtaruli TvisebebiT da es mdgomareoba SenarCunebuli
iqneba ara marto oTaxis, aramed 102-103 K temperaturul pirobebSic. sakiT-
xavia, SenarCunebuli aRmoCndeba Tu ara miRweuli liTonuri mdgomare-
oba zemaRali wnevis moxsnis Semdeg? amis faqti arsebobs. xelovnuri al-
masi ar ganicdis TavisTavad ukugardaqmnas wnevis moxsnisTanave.
liTonuri wyalbadi miRebulia ruseTis mecnierebaTa akademiis ma-
Rali wnevebis fizikis institutSi. intensiurad mimdinareobs axlo war-
sulSi am fantastikuri nivTierebis Tvisebebis Seswavla.
liTonmcodneobis TvalsazrisiT kosmosi bunebis mier Seqmnil gi-
gantur laboratorias warmoadgens eqstremaluri pirobebiT. kosmosi –
es aris bunebrivi Rrma vakuumi, ufaso mzis energia (mzis Rumeli), kosmo-
suri sicive – temperatura, romelic axlos dgas absolutur nulTan,
uwonadoba, rac kristalizaciisa da kristalebis zrdis procesis marT-
vis saSualebas iZleva. uwonadobis pirobebSi SesaZlebelia iseTi nivTi-
erebebis Sereva erTmaneTSi, romlebic dedamiwis pirobebSi SeuTavsebelia.
kosmosSi kolosaluri sididis daZabulobis magnituri velia –
aseuli da aTaseuli miliardi erstedi. aseT velSi Setanili nivTiere-
bis atomebi iweleba magnituri velis gaswvriv, Rebulobs wvrili nemsis
formas da mkveTrad ikumSeba. Sedegad kristalSi warmoiqmneba metad ma-

87
Rali energiis kavSiris Zalebi. nivTierebis dnobis temperatura milio-
namde graduss aRwevs.
ar aris gamoricxuli, rom axlo momavalSi metad Zvirad Rirebu-
li, qimiurad aqtiuri iSviaTi liTonebisa da naxevrad gamtarebis gamod-
noba da damuSaveba kosmosur sivrceSi ganxorcieldes. metalurgia kos-
mosSi dRes aRar aris fantastika, aramed sakmaod axlo momavlis realu-
ri samecniero da teqnikur-ekonomikuri amocanaa.

88
 l i t e r a t u r a

1. Н.А. Мезенин. Занимательно о железе. М., «Металлургия», 1972, с.199;

2. Е.М. Савицкий, В.С. Клячко. Металлы космической эры. М., «Металлургия»,
1978, с.120;

3. К. Бауман, Р. Бернст, Фриц Г. Браунс и др. Металлы будущего. Л., «Химия»,

1985, с.240;

4. М.П. Зорин. Архитектура кристаллов. М., «Наука», 1968, с.175;

5. Р.В. Богданов. От молелулы к кристаллу. Л., «Химия», 1972, с. 128;
6. М. Беккерт. Железо. Факты и легенды. М., «Металлургия», 1988, с. 238;
7. Н.И. Шалимова. Черная металлургия – что это? М., «Металлургия», 1986,
с.290;

8. o. jafariZe. liTonis warmoebis adreuli safexurebi saqarTve-

loSi. Tbilisi, `teqnika da Sroma~, 1955, gv.10;

9. g. kvirkvelia. ucxoeli mecnierebi uZvelesi qarTveli tomebis

meliToneobis Sesaxeb. Tbilisi, `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, 1976, gv.90;

10. j. xanTaZe. liTonTa samyaroSi ferdinand TavaZesTan erTad.

Tbilisi, Sps `forma~, 2003, gv. 335;

11. sad aris saydrisis oqro? interviu qalbaton i. RambaSiZesTan.

Jurnali `mudmivi kavSiris samyaro~, 4(28), 2005, gv. 16-23.

12. d. jiSiaSvili. nanoteqnologiis Sesavali. Tbilisi, stu, 2007,

gv. 83.

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 s a r C e v i

Sesavali . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..3
1. liToni yvelgan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2. cneba masalis Sesaxeb. ZvelTaZvel droSi gamoyenebuli
masalebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . …6
3. liTonuri masalebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..15
4. kristaluri da amorfuli mdgomareobebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . …17
5. defeqtebi kristalebSi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25
6. `ulvaSa~ kristalebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . …29
7. liTonis medegoba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
8. zesufTa liTonebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..34
9. aTaswleulebis miRma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..38
10. rkina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44
11. rkinis Senadnobebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
12. foladis TvisebaTa Secvlis xerxebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .52
12.1. legireba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .52
12.2. Termuli damuSaveba da misi arsi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . …55
12.3. qimiur-Termuli damuSaveba da misi arsi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..58
13. liTonuri naerTebi da kompozitebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
14. liToni safreni aparatebisaTvis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .61
15. kosmosuri xomaldis sawvavi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..67
16. liTonebi atomuri eleqtrosadgurebisTvis. radioaqtiuri
narCenebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..68
17. Zneldnobadi liTonebi da Senadnobebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
18. keTilSobili liTonebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
19. liTonebi da garemo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . …79
20 liTonis alternatiuli maragi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..82
21. liTonmcodneobis momavali . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .84
literatura . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89

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gadaeca warmoebas 03.07.2009. xelmowerilia dasabeWdad

10.07.2009. qaRaldis zoma 60X84 1/16. pirobiTi nabeWdi Tabaxi 5,5.
tiraJi 100 egz.

sagamomcemlo saxli `teqnikuri universiteti~, Tbilisi,

kostavas 77