GEOLOGIA DEL ECUADOR

PROFESOR: Jorge Bustillos A., M.Sc.

FRECUENCIA: Semestre 4 horas semanales
PREREQUISITOS: Petrología Ignea, Petrología Metamórfica, Tectónica, Geología Estructural
Tectónica de Placas, Volcanismo, Interpretación de Mapas
APROBACION: Pruebas teóricos, discusiones orales, proyecto integrador.

OBJETIVOS

El curso está dirigido a estudiantes de los últimos niveles de pre-grado y/o a estudiantes de post-grado.
Se estudia la distribución espacial de las diferentes formaciones geológicas del Ecuador, considerando su
naturaleza en el contexto geodinámico, los procesos geológicos que las han afectado y las incertidumbres
geológicas que todavía deben investigarse. En particular se estudia la evolución geodinámica del Ecuador
en el contexto de la tectónica de placas.

PROGRAMA DE ESTUDIO

I. GENERALIDADES

A. INTRODUCCIÓN: RESEÑA HISTORICA

B. CONTEXTO GEODINÁMICO ACTUAL CON TECTÓNICA DE PLACAS

Bibliografía seleccionada

BETHOUX N., SEGOVIA M., ALVAREZ V., COLLOT JY., CHARVIS Ph., GAILLER A. & MONFRET T.
(2011)- Seismological study of the central Ecuadorian margin: Evidence of upper plate deformation., Journal of
South American Earth Sciences, 31, pp. 139-152.

BOURDON E., EISSEN J.Ph., GUTCHER M., MONZIER M., HALL M. & COTTON J. (2002)- Magmatic response
to early aseismic ridge subduction: the Ecuadorian margin case (South America)., Earth and Planetary Science
Letters, 6457, pp. 1-16.

BOURGOIS J. (2013)- A Review on Tectonic Record of Strain Buildup and Stress Release across the Andean
Forearc along the Gulf of Guayaquil-Tumbes Basin (GGTB) near Ecuador-Peru Border., International Journal
of Geosciences, 4, pp. 618-635

BRISTOW C.R. & HOFFSTETTER R. (1977)- Léxique Stratigraphique, Amérique Latine, Fas. 5 a 2 Ecuador, 2e.
édition, CNRS, Paris, 410 p.

COLLOT J-Y., MICHAUD F., ALVARADO A., MARCAILLOU B., SOSSON M., RATZOV G., MIGEON S.,
CALAHORRANO A. & PAZMIÑO A. (2009)- Visión general de la morfología submarina del margen convergente
de Ecuador-Sur de Colombia: implicaciones sobre la transferencia de masa y la edad de la subducción de la Cordillera
de Carnegie., INOCAR-IRD, 28p.

GAILLER A., CHARVIS PH. & FLUEH E. (2007)- Segmentation of the Nazca and South American plates along the
Ecuador subduction zone from wide angle seismic profiles, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 260, pp. 444-464.

GUTSCHER M., MALAVIEILLE J., LALLEMAND S. & COLLOT J. (1999). Tectonic segmentation of the North
Andean margin: impact of the Carnegie Ridge collision., Earth and Planetary Science Letters 168, pp. 255-270.

LONSDALE P. (2005)- Creation of the Cocos and Nazca plates by fission of the Farallon plate., Tectonophysics,
404, pp. 237-264.
MICHAUD F., WITT C. & ROYER JY. (2009)- Influence of the subduction of the Carnegie volcanic ridge on
Ecuadorian geology: Reality and fiction., Geological Society of America, mem. 204, pp.

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NAVARRO M. (1990) - Investigación histórica de la Minería en el Ecuador., Instituto Ecuatoriano de Minería.,
Dirección de Industrias del Ejercito (DINE), 2da. Edición, Quito, Ecuador, 527p.

PARDO CASAS F. & MOLNAR P. (1987)- Relative motion of the Nazca (Farallon) and South American Plates since
late Cretaceous time., Tectonics, 6, 3, pp. 233-248.

PENNINGTON W. (1981)- Subduction of the Eastern Panama Basin and Seismotectonic of Northwestern South
America., J. Geophy. Research., 86, No. B11, pp. 10753-10770.

II. CORDILLERA REAL

A. INTRODUCCION
B. ESTRATIGRAFIA LITOTECTONICA Y EDADES
C. MAGMATISMO, VOLCANISMO Y METAMORFISMO
D. DEFORMACION
E. CRITERIOS DE EVOLUCION

Bibliografía seleccionada

ASPDEN J.A., FORTEY N., LITHERLAND M., VITERI F. & HARRISON S.M. (1992)- Regional S-type granites
in the Ecuadorian Andes: Possible remnants of the breakup of western Gondwana., Journal of South American
Earth Sciences, 6, 3, pp. 123-132.

CHEW D., SCHALTEGGER U., KOŠLER J., WHITEHOUSE M., GUTJAHR M., SPIKINGS R. & MIŠKOVIC
A. (2007)- U-Pb geochronologic evidence for the evolution of the Gondwanan margin of the north-central Andes.
GSA Bulletin; May/June 2007; v. 119; no. 5/6; p. 697–711

COCHRANE R., SPIKINGS R., GERDES A., ULIANOV A., MORA A., VILLAGÓMEZ D., PUTLITZ B. &
CHIARADIA M. (2014)- Permo-Triassic anatexis, continental rifting and the disassembly of western Pangaea.,
Lithos, 190-191, pp. 383-402

LITHERLAND M., ASPDEN J. & JEMIELITA R. (1994) - The metamorphic belts of Ecuador., Brithish Geological
Survey, Overseas Memoir 11, 147p.

LITHERLAND M., FORTEY N.J. & BEDDOE-STEPHENS B. (1992)- Newly discovered Jurassic skarnfields in the
Ecuadorian Andes., Journal of South American Earth Sciences, Vol. 6, No. 1/2, pp. 67-75.

PRATT W., DUQUE P. & PONCE M. (2005)- An autochthonous geological model for the eastern Andes of Ecuador.,
Tectonophysics, 399, pp. 251-278.

SPIKINGS R. & CROWHURST P. (2004)- (U–Th)/He thermochronometric constraints on the late Miocene–
Pliocene tectonic development of the northern Cordillera Real and the Interandean Depression, Ecuador., Journal
of South American Earth Sciences, 17, pp. 239–251

SPIKINGS R., REITSMA M., BOEKHOUT F., MISKOVIC A., ULIANOV A., CHIARADIA M. GERDES A.
& SCHALTEGGER U. (2016)- Characterisation of Triassic rifting in Peru and implications for the early
disassembly of western Pangaea., Gondwana Research 35, pp. 124–143.

SPIKINGS R., SEWARD D., WINKLER W. & RUIZ G. (2000)- Low-temperature thermochronology of the
Northern Cordillera Real, Ecuador: Tectonic insights from zircon and apatite fission track analysis., Tectonics, 19,
pp. 649-668.

SPIKINGS R., WINKLER W., SEWARD D. & HANDLER R. (2001)- Along-strike variations in the thermal and
tectonic response of the continental Ecuadorian Andes to the collision with heterogeneous oceanic crust., Earth and
Planet. Sci. Letters, 186 (1), pp. 1-17.

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III. BLOQUE AMOTAPE-TAHUIN

A. INTRODUCCION
B. ESTRATIGRAFIA LITOTECTONICA
C. GEOQUIMICA
D. ESTRUCTURA Y EVOLUCION

Bibliografía seleccionada

ARCULUS R., LAPIERRE H. & JAILLARD E. (1999). Geochemical window into subduction and accretion
processes: Raspas metamorphic complex, Ecuador., Geology, v. 27, no. 6, pp. 547-550 + 2 figuras.
ASPDEN J., BONILLA W. & DUQUE P. (1995) - The El Oro metamorphic complex, Ecuador: geology and
economic mineral deposits., Overseas Geology and Mineral Resources, British Geological Survey, No. 67, 63p.

BOSCH D., GABRIELLE P., LAPIERRE H., MALFERE JL. &JAILLARD E. (2002)- Geodynamic significance of
the Raspas Metamorphic Complex (SW Ecuador): geochemical and isotopic constraints., Tectonophysics, 345, pp.
83-102.

FEININGER T. (1987)- Allochthonous terranes in the Andes of Ecuador and northwestern Peru., Can. J. Earth Sci.,
24, pp. 266-278.

JOHN T., SCHERER E., SCHENK V., HERMS P., HALAMA R. & GARBE-SCHONBERG D. (2009)- Subducted
seamounts in an eclogite-facies ophiolite sequence: the Andean Raspas Complex, SW Ecuador., Contrib. Mineral
Petrol., DOI 10.1007/s00410-009-0427-0, 20p.

NOBLE S., ASPDEN J. & JEMIELITA R. (1997). Northern Andean crustal evolution: new U-Pb geochronological
constraints from Ecuador., GSA Bulletin, v. 109, no. 7, pp. 789-798 + 6 figuras + 2 tablas.

RIEL N., GUILLOT S., JAILLARD E., MARTELAT J., PAQUETTE JL., SCHWARTZ S., GONCALVES P.,
DUCLAUX G., THEBAUD N., LANARI P., JANOTS E. & YUQUILEMA J. (2013)- Metamorphic and
geochronogical study of the Triassic El Oro metamorphic complex, Ecuador: Implications for high-temperature
metamorphism in a forearc zone., Lithos 156-159, pp. 41-58.

IV. EL ORIENTE

A. INTRODUCCION
B. ESTRATIGRAFIA
C. DEFORMACION
D. PALEOGEOGRAFIA Y EVOLUCION

Bibliografía seleccionada

BABY P., RIVADENEIRA M. & BARRAGAN R. Editores (2014)- La cuenca Oriente: Geología y Petróleo. Tomo
144 Travaux de IFEA, IRD, PETROAMAZONAS, 414 P.

BALKWILL H., RODRIGUEZ G., PAREDES F. & ALMEIDA J. (1995)- Northern part of Oriente basin, Ecuador:
Reflexion seismic expression of structures., AAPG Memoir 62, pp. 559-571.

BARRAGÁN R., BABY P. & DUNCAN R. (2005)- Cretaceous alkaline intra-plate magmatism in the Ecuadorian
Oriente basin: Geochemical, geochronological and tectonic evidence., Earth and Planetari Sci Let., 236, pp. 670-690.

COWARD R.I., DAVILA M. & ALEMAN A. (1990)- Foreland deformation and the bending of the Andes. Mem.
III Congreso Andino de la Industria del Petróleo, Tomo I, Quito, pp. 305-355.

CHRISTOPHOUL F., BABY P., SOULA J.C., ROSERO M. & BURGOS J. (2002)- Les ensembles fluviatiles

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neogenes du basin subandin d´Equateur et implications dynamiques., C.R. Geoscience, 334, pp. 1029-1037.

DASHWOOD M.F. & ABBOTTS I.L. (1990)- Aspects of the petroleum geology of the Oriente basin, Ecuador., In
J. Brooks ed., Classic petroleum provinces: Geol. Soc. of London, Special pub. 50, pp. 89-117.

JAILLARD E. (1997)- Síntesis Estratigráfica y Sedimentológica del Cretáceo y Paleógeno de la Cuenca Oriental del
Ecuador., Unpub. Report, ORSTOM-Petroproducción, 163p.

RIVADENEIRA M. & BABY P. (1999)- Los principales campos de Petroproducción: estilo tectónico, etapas de
deformación y características geológicas., Petroproducción-IRD (ORSTOM), Petroproducción Quito, 88p.

RUIZ G., SEWARD D. & WINKLER W. (2004)- Detrital thermochronology - a new perspective on hinterland
tectonics, an example from the Andean Amazon Basin, Ecuador., Basin Research, 16, pp. 413–430.

SHANMUGAM G., POFFENBERGER M. & TORO J. (2000)- Tide dominated estuarine facies in the Hollín and
Napo (T and U) formations (Cretaceous), Sacha Field, Oriente basin, Ecuador., The American Association of
Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, 73, 6, pp. 652-682.

TSCHOPP H.J. (1953)- Oil Explorations in the Oriente of Ecuador., Bull. Am. Assoc. Pet. Geol., 37, 10, pp. 2307-
2347.

V. GEOLOGIA DE LA COSTA

A. INTRODUCCION
B. ESTRATIGRAFIA Y CORRELACIONES
C. ESTRUCTURA
D. EVOLUCION GEODINAMICA

Bibliografía seleccionada

BENITEZ S. (1995)- Evolution géodynamique de la Province Cotiere Sud-équatorienne au Crétacé supérieure –

Tertiaire., Géologie Alpine, tomo 71, Univérsité Joseph Fourier, Grenoble, Francia, 173p.

DALY M.C. (1989)- Correlations between Nazca/Farallon plate kinematics and forearc basin evolution in Ecuador.,
Tectonics, 8, 4, pp. 769-790.

EVANS C.D. & WHITTAKER J.E. (1982)- The geology of the western part of the Borbón Basin, North-west
Ecuador., In: Trench-Forearc Geology: Sedimentation and Tectonics on Modern and Ancient Active Plate Margins.
Ed. J.K. Legget., Blackwell, Oxford, pp. 191-198.

JAILLARD E., BENÍTEZ S. & MASCLE G. (1997). Les déformations paléogènes de la zone d’avant-arc sud-
équatorienne en relation avec l’évolution géodynamique., Bull. Soc. géol. France, t. 168, No. 4., pp. 403-412.
JAILLARD E., ORDOÑEZ M., BENITEZ S., BERRONES G., JIMENEZ N., MONTENEGRO G. & ZAMBRANO
I. (1995)- Basin development in an accretionary, oceanic-floored fore-arc setting: southern coastal Ecuador during
Late Cretaceous-late Eocene time., In: A.J. Tankard, R. Suáres S., and H.J. Welsink., petroleum basins of South
America., AAPG, Memoir 62, pp. 615-631.
N. JIMÉNEZ, M. ORDÓÑEZ Y G. MONTENEGRO (2007)- Bioestratigrafía de las Formaciones Viche y Angostura
del Neógeno de la Cuenca Esmeraldas, Ecuador: sitios fosilíferos y edades obtenidas., E. Díaz-Martínez e I. Rábano
(Eds.), 4th European Meeting on the Palaeontology and Stratigraphy of Latin America. Cuadernos del Museo
Geominero, nº 8. Instituto Geológico y Minero de España, Madrid, 2007. ISBN 978-84-7840-707-1

LUZIEUX L., HELLER F., SPIKINGS R., VALLEJO C. & WINKLER W. (2006)- Origin and Cretaceous tectonic
history of the coastal Ecuadorian forearc between 1N and 3S: Paleomagnetic, radiometric and fossil evidence., Earth
and Planetary Sci. Let., 249, pp. 400-414.
REYNAUD C., JAILLARD E., LAPIERRE H., MAMBERTI M. & MASCLE G. (1999). Oceanic plateau and
island arcs of southwestern Ecuador: their place in the geodynamic evolution of northwestern South America.,
Tectonophysics 307, pp. 235-254.

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WITT C., REYNAUD J.Y., BARBA D., POUJOL M., AIZPRUA C., RIVADENEIRA M. & AMBERG C.
(2018)- From accretion to forearc basin initiation: The case of SW Ecuador, Northern Andes. Sedimentary
Geology. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sedgeo.2018.11.009.

VI. GEOLOGIA DE LA CORDILLERA OCCIDENTAL

A. INTRODUCCION
B. ESTRATIGRAFIA
C. MAGMATISMO Y VOLCANISMO
D. TECTONICA
E. EVOLUCION

Bibliografía seleccionada

BOURGOIS J., EGUEZ A., BUTTERLIN J. & DE WEVER P. (1990)- Evolution géodynamique de la Cordillere
Occidentale des Andes d'Equateur: la découverte de la Formation eocene d'Apagua., C.R. Acad. Sci. Paris, t.311, pp.
173-180.

CHIARADIA M. (2009)- Adakite-like magmas from fractional crystallization and melting-assimilation of mafic
lower crust (Eocene Macuchi arc, Western Cordillera, Ecuador), Chemical Geology, 265, pp. 468-487.

COSMA L., LAPIERRE H., JAILLARD E., LAUBACHER G., BOSCH D., DESMET A., MAMBERTI M. &
GABRIELE P. (1998)., Pétrographie et géochimie des unités magmatiques de la Cordillère occidentale d’Équateur
(0º30’ S): implications tectoniques., Bull. Soc. géol., France, t. 169, No. 6, pp. 739-751.

HUGHES R. & PILATASIG L (2002)- Cretaceous and Tertiary terrane accretion in the Cordillera Occidental of the
Andes of Ecuador., Tectonophysics, 345, pp. 29-48.

KEHRER W. & VAN DER KAADEN G. (1979)- Notes on the Geology of Ecuador with Special Reference to
Western Cordillera., Geol. Jahrb., Ser. B, 35, pp. 5-57.

KERR A., ASPDEN J., TARNEY J. & PILATASIG L (2002)- The nature and provenance of accreted oceanic terranes
in western Ecuador: geochemical and tectonic constraints., J. Soc. Geol. London, 159, pp. 577-594.

MAMBERTI M., LAPIERRE H., BOSCH D., JAILLARD E., RAYNALD E., HERNANDEZ J. & POLVÉ M.
(2003)- Accreted fragments of the Late Cretaceous Caribbean-Colombian Plateau in Ecuador., Lithos, 66, pp. 173-
199.

SPIKINGS R.A., WINKLER W., HUGHES R. & HANDLER R. (2005)- Thermochronology of allochthonous
terranes in Ecuador: Unravelling the accretionary and post-accretionary history of the Northern Andes.,
Tectonophysics, 399, pp. 195– 220.

VALLEJO C., WINKLER W., SPIKINGS R., LUZIEUX L., HELLER F., & BUSSY F. (2009)- Mode and timing
of terrane accretion in the forearcof the Andes in Ecuador., The Geological Society of America Memoir 204.

VII. GEOLOGIA DE LA CUENCA ALAMOR-LANCONES

A. INTRODUCCION
B. EL BASAMENTO OCEANICO Y CONTINENTAL
C. VOLCANISMO PALEÓGENO - NEOGENO
D. EDADES Y CORRELACIONES
E. EVOLUCION

Bibliografía seleccionada

EGUEZ A. & POMA O. (2001)- La cuenca Alamor-Lancones en el contexto geodinámico de los Andes de
Huancabamba, SW Ecuador., IV Jorn. Ciencias de la Tierra, EPN, Quito, pp. 19-22.

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ESPURT N., BRUSSET S., BABY P., HENRY P., VEGA M., CALDERON Y., RAMIREZ L. & SAILLARD
M. (2017)- Deciphering the Late Cretaceous-Cenozoic structural evolution of the North Peruvian forearc system.,
American Geophysical Union., doi: 10.1002/2017TC004536

JAILLARD E., LAUBACHER G., BENGTSON P., DHONDT A. & BULOT L. (1999)- Stratigraphy and evolution
of the Cretaceous forearc Celica-Lancones basin of southwestern Ecuador., Journal South American Earth
Sciences, Vol. 12, pp. 51-68.

JAILLARD E., ORDOÑEZ, M, BERRONES, G, BENGTSON, P, BONHOMME, M, JIMENEZ, N &

ZAMBRANO, I. 1996. Sedimentary and tectonic evolution of the arc zone of southwestern Ecuador during late
Cretaceous and early Tertiary times. Journal South American Earth Sciences, Vol. 9, 131-140.

KENNERLEY J.B. (1973)- Geology of Loja Province, Southern Ecuador., Inst. geol. Sci. London, Report 23, 34p.

MOURIER T., LAJ C., MEGARD F., ROPERCH P., MITOUARD P. & FARFAN A. (1988)- An accreted
continental terrane in northwestern Peru., Earth and Planet. Sci. Lettres, 88, pp. 182-192.

MOURIER T., MEGARD F., REYES L. & PARDO A. (1988)- L'évolution mésozoique des Andes de Huancabamba
(nord Pérou-sud Equateur) et l'hypothese de l'accrétion du bloc Amotape-Tahuin., Bull. Soc. géol. France, 8, 1, pp.
69-79.

VIII. CUENCAS INTERMONTANAS

A. INTRODUCCION
B. ESTRATIGRAFIA
C. DEFORMACION
D. CORRELACIONES Y EVOLUCION

Bibliografía seleccionada

BRISTOW C.R. (1973)- Guide to Geology of the Cuenca Bassin., Ecuad. Geol. Geophy. Soc., Quito, 54p.

HUNGERBUHLER D., STEINMANN M., WINKLER W., SEWARD D., EGUEZ A. & HELLER F. (1995) - An
integrated study of fill and deformation in the Andean Intermountain Basin of Nabon (Late Miocene, Southern
Ecuador)., Sedimentary Geology, 96, pp. 257-279.

HUNGERBUHLER D., STEINMANN M., WINKLER W., SEWARD D., EGUEZ A. PETERSON D., HELG U. &
HAMMER C. (2002) – Neogene stratigraphy and Andean geodynamics of southern Ecuador., Earth Sci. Rew., 57,
pp. 75-124.

STEINMANN M., HUNGERBÜHLER D., SEWARD D. & WINKLER W. (1999). Neogene tectonic evolution and
exhumation of the southern Ecuadorian Andes: a combined stratigraphy and fission-track approach., Tectonophysics,
307, pp. 255-276.

IX. GEOLOGIA DEL CALLEJON INTERANDINO Y ARCO CUATERNARIO

A. INTRODUCCION
B. EL BASAMENTO
C. VOLCANISMO NEOGENO - CUATERNARIO
D. RELLENO VOLCANO-SEDIMENTARIO
E. EVOLUCION NEOGENA Y CUATERNARIA

Bibliografía seleccionada

ANCELLIN MA. , SAMANIEGO P, VLASTELIC I., NAURET F., GANNOUN A. & HIDALGO S. (2017)-
Across-arc versus along-arc Sr-Nd-Pb isotope variations in the Ecuadorian volcanic arc., AGU publications,
Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 18, doi:10.1002/2016GC006679.

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BARRAGAN R., BAUDINO R. & MAROCCO R. (1996)- Geodynamic evolution of the Neogene intermontane
Chota basin, Northern Andes of Ecuador., Journal of South American Earth Sciences, Vol. 9, No. 5/6, pp. 309-319.

BRYANT J., YOGODZINSKI G., HALL M. LEWICKI J. & BAILEY D. (2006)- Geochemical Constrain on the
Origin of Volcanic Rocks from the Andean Northern Volcanic Zone, Ecuador., Journal of Petrolgy, 47, 6, pp. 1147-
1175.
BARRAGÁN R., GEIST D., HALL M., LARSON P. & KURZ M. (1998). Subduction controls on the compositions
of lavas from the ecuadorian Andes., Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 154, pp. 153-166.
CLAPPERTON Ch. & VERA R. (1986)- The Quaternary glacial sequence in Ecuador: a reinterpretation of the work
of Walter Sauer., Journal of Quaternary Science, 1, pp. 45-56.

EGUEZ A. & BEATE B. (1992)- Estratigrafía y tectónica de la cuanca intramontañosa del Chota., II Jornadas
Ciencias de la Tierra, Resúmenes, Escuela Politécnica Nacional, Quito, pp. 131-144.

LAVENU A., NOBLET CH., BONHOMME M., EGUEZ A., DUGAS F., & VIVIER G. (1992)- New K/Ar age dates
of Neogene and Quaternary volcanic rocks from the Ecuadorian Andes: Implications for the relationship between
sedimentation, volcanism and tectonics., Journal of South American Earth Sciences, Vol. 5, No. 3/4, pp. 309-320.

MONZIER M., ROBIN C., HALL M., COTTEN J., MOTHES P., EISSEN J. & SAMANIEGO P. ( 1997). Les
adakites d’Équateur: modèle préliminaire., Petrology., C.R. Acad. Sci. Paris, t. 324, série II a, pp. 545-552.

WINKLER W., VILLAGOMEZ D., SPIKINGS R., ABEGGLEN P., TOBLER S. & EGUEZ A. (2005)- The Chota
basin and its significance for the inception and tectonic setting of the inter-Andean depression in Ecuador., J. South
Am. Earth Sci., 19, pp. 5-19.

X. TECTONICA DE LOS ANDES ECUATORIANOS

A. PRINCIPALES ESTRUCTURAS Y ESTILOS DE DEFORMACION

B. FASES TECTONICAS Y EFECTOS
C. NEOTECTONICA

Bibliografía seleccionada

ALVARADO A., AUDIN L., NOCQUET J., JAILLARD E., MOTHES P., JARRIN P., SEGOVIA M.,
ROLANDONE F. & CISNEROS D. (2016)- Partitioning of oblique convergence in the Northern Andes subduction
zone: Migration history and the present-day boundary of the North Andean Sliver in Ecuador., American
Geophysical Union., doi: 10.1002/2016TC004117

BAIZE S., AUDIN L., WINTER Th., ALVARADO A., PILATASIG L., TAIPE M., REYES P., KAUFFMANN
P. & YEPES H.( 2014)- Paleoseismology and tectonic geomorphology of the Pallatanga fault (Central Ecuador),
a major structure of the South-American crust. Geomorphology., in press.

EGBUE O. & KELLOGG J. (2010)- Pleistocene to Present North Andean “escape”., Tectonophysics, 489, 1-4, pp.
248-257.

EGO F., SEBRIER M., LAVENU A., YEPES H. & EGUEZ A. (1996)- Quaternary state of stress in the Northern
Andes and the restraining bend model for the Ecuadorian Andes., Tectonophysics, 259, pp. 101-136.

LAVENU A. (1994)- La Neotectónica. Ejemplos en el Ecuador., Estudios de Geografía, Vol. 6, Corporación Editora
Nacional-Colegio de Géografos del Ecuador, pp. 5-30.

RIEL N., MARTELAT J.E., GUILLOT S., JAILLARD E., MONIÉ P., YUQUILEMA J., DUCLAUX G. &
MERCIER J. (2014)- Fore arc tectonothermal evolution of the El Oro metamorphic province (Ecuador) during
the Mesozoic., Tectonics, 33.

SOULAS J.P., EGUEZ A., YEPES H. & PEREZ V.H. (1991)- Tectónica activa y riesgo sísmico en los Andes
ecuatorianos y el extremo sur de Colombia., Bol. Geol. Ecuat., 2, 1, pp. 3-11.

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TIBALDI A., ROVIDA A. & CORAZZATO C. (2007)- Late Quaternary kinematics, slip-rate and segmentation of
a major Cordillera-parallel transcurrent fault: The Cayambe-Afiladores-Sibundoy system, NW South America,
Journal of Structural Geology., 17p.

TRENKAMP R., KELLOGG J., FREYMUELLER J. & MORA H. (2002)- Wide plate margin deformation, southern
Central America and northwestern South America, CASA GPS observations., Journal of South America Earth Sci.,
15, pp 157-171.

WITT C., BOURGOIS J., MICHAUD F., ORDOÑEZ M., JIMENEZ N. & SOSSON M. (2006)- Development of the
Gulf of Guayaquil (Ecuador) during the Quaternary as an effect of the North Andean block tectonic escape., Tectonics,
25, TC 3017, 22p.

WITT C. & BOURGOIS J. (2010)- Forearc basin formation in the tectonic wake of a collision-driven, coastwise
migrating crustal block: The example of the North Andean block and the extensional Gulf of Guayaquil-Tumbes
Basin (Ecuador-Peru border area)., Geological Society of America Bulletin;122; pp. 89-108.

XI. METALOGENIA DE LOS ANDES ECUATORIANOS

A. INTRODUCCION
B. DISCUSION DE FUNDAMENTOS
C. PRINCIPALES TIPOS DE DEPOSITOS
D. DISTRIBUCION ESPACIO-TEMPORAL
E. POTENCIAL METALOGENICO

Bibliografía seleccionada

CHIARADIA M., FONBOTE L. & BEATE B. (2004)- Cenozoic continental arc magmatism and asóciate
mineralization in Ecuador., Mineral Deposita, 39, pp 204-222.

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8
SPENCER R., MONTENEGRO J., GAIBOR A., MANTILLA G., VIERA F. & SPENCER C. (2002)- The Portovelo
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XII. EVOLUCION GEODINAMICA DEL ECUADOR

A. HIPOTESIS Y TEORIAS
B. PROBLEMAS PLANTEADOS
C. CONCLUSIONES GENERALES

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P-GEOECU 2019