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Estado actual del pueblo alfarero de Pomaire:
Testimonios de sus artesanos
Consejo Nacional de la Cultura y las Artes, Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Cultural y las Artes,
ámbito regional de financiamiento.
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Proyecto realizado por la Fundación de Comunicaciones, Capacitación y Cultura del Agro (FUCOA).
Financiado por el Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Cultural y las Artes, ámbito regional, convocatoria 2016 y por recursos propios de FUCOA.
Presentado en 2015 por el Área de Cultura y Capacitación de FUCOA, Christine Gleisner y Sara Montt.
Autores
Sara Montt
Camila Leclerc
Fotografías
Sara Montt
Anton Strabucchi Imagen aérea de Pomaire (p. 12)
Juan Paulo Ricci “Juguetes” en los distintos capítulos (pp. 11,25,31,51,69,83,99,113,119,129)
Ilustraciones
Antonia Roselló
Revisión de contenidos
Osvaldo Zamorano
Diseño
Victoria Neriz
Traducción al inglés
Nicholas Charlesworth
Imprenta
Editora e Imprenta Maval SPA
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Agradecimientos
A gradecemos a todos los pomairinos que nos recibieron en sus casas, talleres y patios y compartieron con nosotras
valiosa información sobre su oficio y su historia:
Carlos Aguayo, Benjamín Arias, Andrés Calderón, Enrique Calderón, Luis Garrido, Marco Gatica, María
Guerrero, Eduardo Guerrero, Clodomira González, Juana González, Manuel González B., Manuel González,
Matilde González, Rosa González B., Ulises González, Claudio Hernández, Juan Jiménez, Teresita de Jesús
Jiménez, Juana Mendoza, Marisol Mendoza, Patricio Muñoz, Guillermo Navarro, Ana Negrete, Luis Olivares,
Enrique Osorio, Iris Oyarzún, Juana Quiroz, David Pardo, Pedro Juan Peñailillo, Felipe Riquelme (Esteke),
Samuel Rivera, Guadalupe Salinas, Lorena Salinas, Ana Luisa Sánchez, María Teresa Sánchez, Luis Alberto
Santander, Nibaldo Santander, Raúl Santander, Vicente Santis, César Silva, Víctor Silva, Miguel Urbina y Doris
Vallejos.
Extendemos nuestros agradecimientos a aquellos que no entrevistamos y que sin embargo habrían aceptado participar.
Estamos seguras que existen muchos otros testimonios dignos de ser oídos.
Agradecemos también a Carabineros de Pomaire por proporcionarnos datos importantes del pueblo, a Anton
Strabucchi por su foto aérea de Pomaire y a Hernán Farías y Bernarda Jorquera por soñar con el Museo de Pomaire
y permitirnos fotografiar su valiosa colección de piezas.
Por último, agradecemos al Consejo Nacional de la Cultura y las Artes por darnos la posibilidad de realizar este
proyecto.
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Índice
Presentación 9
Palabras introductorias 11
Pomaire a través del tiempo 13
Procesos para elaborar una pieza a mano 27
Herederos de los antiguos 33
Maestros alfareros 53
Las jugueteras 71
Piezas de gran tamaño 85
Piezas medianas 101
Torneros 115
Un trabajo que demanda tiempo 121
La mirada de otros 131
Mapa de Pomaire 141
Bibliografía 143
Presentation 151
Introductory words 153
Pomaire over time 155
Techniques for hand-building 163
Heirs of the past 165
Master potters 177
The toy makers 185
Large pieces 193
Medium-sized pieces 198
Throwers 202
A time-consuming job 204
Others viewpoints 208
Photo captions 212
Map of Pomaire 141
Bibliography 215
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Presentación
H oras intensas de trabajo, múltiples traslados a Pomaire, conversaciones extensas, una profunda investigación
bibliográfica y vasto estudio. Así fue la tarea que hoy culmina con esta publicación que, a nuestro juicio,
constituye un valioso aporte a la cultura de nuestro país. Este proyecto, que contó con el apoyo del FONDART,
significó también seis meses de contacto con mujeres y hombres de esta localidad de la comuna de Melipilla, quienes
en muchas entrevistas aportaron valiosa información sobre los procesos que implican la elaboración de las conocidas
piezas de artesanía que históricamente le han dado identidad a Pomaire.
Hablar de Pomaire no solo nos remite a la artesanía, a la greda y a las diversas piezas que nacen de la creatividad de
los productores de este lugar, Pomaire es mucho más, es historia, cultura y arte, moldeada con el esfuerzo de la mujer
y el hombre alfareros, que durante siglos han mantenido vivas las tradiciones culturales.
En nuestros días es permanente la preocupación por evitar la pérdida de la identidad que diariamente corre riesgo
ante el paso de los adelantos tecnológicos que se extienden con rigor hacia la producción artesanal. No obstante,
la permanente dedicación y los sueños que cada alfarero le inserta a sus trabajos han permitido que la llama de la
creatividad se mantenga viva en favor de un arte que se niega a desaparecer.
En las distintas páginas de esta publicación y de las palabras de los y las representantes de la artesanía de Pomaire,
se hace evidente que no es posible desligar el oficio de la greda con la vida de las personas. ¿Qué mejor que la voz de
los artesanas y las artesanos para entender lo que hay detrás de la elaboración de una pieza de greda o de una idea de
arte? ...Precisamente, este es uno de los aportes sustanciales de este trabajo.
En la actualidad, de acuerdo con lo expresado por los pomairinos, en la artesanía pocas mujeres trabajan exclusivamente
a mano. La mayoría se ayuda con el torno o trabaja combinadamente levantando las piezas redondas y modelando
a mano otras formas. Sin embargo, sea cual fuere el trabajo que se aplica, en todas las artesanías que se van creando
está el oficio y el cariño de quienes son portadores de una tradición de años que caracteriza a esa localidad locera.
El trabajo que se pone a disposición del lector, apunta al conocimiento de una tradición ancestral, a la historia y al
traspaso de la sabiduría del campo y del arte. En este libro se logra asimismo, aprender de qué modo se crea, las fases
de producción de las figuras, cómo se ven a sí mismos los y las alfareras y su mundo, obteniendo de esos contactos
directos una narración precisa de acontecimientos pasados y de actividades presentes. Todo ello, como la greda,
moldea la tradición, la cultura y la historia de la artesanía de Pomaire, de Chile.
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Palabras introductorias
V iajamos durante seis meses en distintas ocasiones a Pomaire en búsqueda de las historias que subyacen tras las
miles de piezas de greda que se exhiben en sus calles y vitrinas.
Una fuerte presencia agrícola y artesana en las cercanías de la ciudad de Santiago dan a este lugar un aire especial. Pero
otra verdad observable a simple vista, y que se ha mantenido por décadas, es la invasión de productos importados.
Los bajos costos de mano de obra generan una competencia desleal, haciendo siempre más difícil la sobrevivencia de
la tradición alfarera.
Este escenario que ha ido gestándose lentamente contrasta con los tiempos antiguos de Pomaire cuando hasta la
misma materia prima —que hoy los artesanos compran— era extraída por cada alfarero en los cerros aledaños o
inclusive realizando una breve excavación en el jardín. Entonces se creía que la greda estaba “viva” porque la sacaban
y volvía a aparecer. Eran pocas las familias que habitaban Pomaire y, aunque había procesos que se confiaban a otros,
cada alfarero se enorgullecía de su trabajo bien terminado.
Pero la prisa propia de nuestros tiempos y la preferencia de precios bajos por parte del turista han incidido en que
en la actualidad algunas piezas no sean de la calidad que otrora caracterizaba a la aldea, cuando era reconocida por
sus piezas rojas y bien pulidas. Sin embargo, el conocimiento que se va heredando de generación en generación poco
tiene de frágil y así fuimos testigos que junto con los productos chinos y las pailas hechas en sólo minutos, sobreviven
también piezas de dedicada elaboración, donde brota el Pomaire auténtico.
Esperamos que las nuevas generaciones de alfareros y de visitantes puedan apreciarlas y descubrir en ellas el valor de
un trabajo bien hecho donde prima el amor por el arte.
Mañana cuando vaya al campo, cortaré hierbas buenas para traértelas y sumergirlas en tu agua. ¡Sentirás
el campo en el olor de mis manos! 1
Prosa de “El cántaro de greda” de Gabriela Mistral
1
Calderón (1989)
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Pomaire a través del tiempo
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Pomaire a través del tiempo
E l Valle del Maipo se ubica en la zona central de Chile, es decir, entre la Cordillera de la Costa por el Oeste y la
Cordillera de los Andes por el Este. Sus suelos son principalmente de origen aluvial, con buen drenaje, por lo
que resultan propicios para la agricultura. Su clima es templado tipo mediterráneo con días cálidos, noches frías
prácticamente libres de heladas y escasas precipitaciones.
Su nombre es reconocido internacionalmnete por la calidad de sus viñedos, que producen uva de mesa y el preciado
Cabernet Sauvignon, así como también por concentrar una gran cantidad de bodegas que recuerdan que en esta zona
se plantaron las primeras vides del país.
En la parte Oeste del valle, rodeado de cerros arcillosos, se encuentra el pueblo alfarero de Pomaire, donde sus
habitantes elaboran piezas de greda o arcilla roja, trabajo que se realizaba en el sector desde antes de que pisaran
aquellas tierras los españoles.
Al llegar al pueblo, tras un viaje de 66 kilómetros desde Santiago, la capital de Chile, el visitante se encuentra de
frente con la fachada de una iglesia que parece antigua, ya que emula la que originalmente había. Aquella iglesia y la
mayoría de las casas que eran de adobe, construidas de barro y paja, no pudieron resistir los embates del terremoto
de 1985 y sus feligreses levantaron este frontis como recuerdo. Desde ahí dos calles se internan hacia el valle: San
Antonio y Roberto Bravo. Los días sábados, domingos y festivos son transitadas por cientos de turistas.
Ya dejando Pomaire, hacia el Este, se ven en sus alrededores plantaciones de cítricos, principalmente limones, mientras
que en las faldas de los cerros, un verde más intenso indica las plantaciones de paltos.
1
Borde y Góngora (1956), p. 78
2
Museo Chileno de Arte Precolombino (2015), pp. 56-57
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En el siglo XV el estado Incaico anexó en Chile un territorio que abarcaba desde Arica hasta las proximidades
de Rancagua. Con la finalidad de explotar las riquezas mineras, organizaba complejos agro mineros en diversas
regiones y con la producción agrícola se alimentaba a quienes extraían los minerales. La dominación incaica se
realizó principalmente a través de su lengua, el quechua, y la extensión de su red de caminos. La influencia que esta
cultura ejerció sobre los indígenas se ve reflejada en las piezas cerámicas encontradas, las que combinan diseños
incaicos con aquellos de la cultura Aconcagua3.
No se conocen textos o documentos que se refieran a la alfarería en Pomaire durante los periodos de la Conquista
(1541-1598) ni de la Colonia (1600-1810). Recién en 1822 la viajera inglesa María Graham se refirió en su diario de
viaje a la fabricación “de grandes tinajas de Melipilla para el vino”4, por lo que se podría inferir que el trabajo en greda
ya estaba presente a inicios del siglo XIX en Pomaire, aunque se hace mención únicamente a esta ciudad, ubicada
a unos 15 km de la aldea. Graham también escribió: “En la tarde fuimos a la chacra de Don José Fuenzalida, con el
objetivo de ver las minas donde se extrae la arcilla roja con que se fabrica la famosa loza de Melipilla”5. Señalaba,
a continuación: “Con ella se fabrican las hermosas jarras rojas para agua y vino, como también vasijas de diversas
formas para la cocina y otros usos”6.
Ya en aquél tiempo había un reconocimiento a las loceras: “Visité el taller de una de las más famosas alfareras, a quien
hallé ocupada con su nieta en pulir su obra del día con una bella ágata”, escribió. Graham también se refiere en su
diario de viaje al mercado de Valparaíso, ciudad donde vivió, y menciona que en él “la gente del pueblo expone en
venta ponchos, sombreros, zapatos, tejidos groseros, útiles de greda y algunas veces jarros de greda fina de Melipilla
ó de Penco”7. Lo anterior permite saber que ya a principios del siglo XIX se comercializaban estas piezas cerámicas
en la, entonces, principal ciudad-puerto de Chile.
Un testimonio de la reconocida artesana Olga Salinas nos permite constatar, además, que a mediados del siglo XIX
ya se trabajaba la greda en Pomaire mismo8. La artesana —oriunda del lugar— contó, en el año 2003, cuando tenía 98
años, que sus “abuelos y abuelas ‘que vivieron 110 años’ ya trabajaban en esto”9.
Instauración de la encomienda
Con la llegada de los españoles al territorio, en el siglo XVI, la configuración social que existía sufrió importantes
modificaciones que afectaron profundamente el estilo de vida de la población nativa, la que además se vio diezmada
por enfermedades foráneas. Se buscó instaurar la fe Católica dentro del territorio latinoamericano y chileno,
suprimiendo las creencias e idolatrías indígenas a través de la aculturación. Se imponían ritos y ceremonias católicas;
con el apoyo de imágenes religiosas traídas desde Europa, se enseñaba la fe. Esto provocó un profundo sincretismo;
ritos e idolatrías indígenas se mezclaban con las ideas traídas del Viejo Mundo.
3
Museo Chileno de Arte Precolombino (2015), pp. 61-71
4
Graham (1822), p. 184
5
Ibid p. 326
6
Ibid p. 327
7
Ibid p. 175
8
Nuestro.cl (2003), “Una vida de greda”
9
Ibid
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Pomaire a través del tiempo
La población indígena fue organizada bajo el sistema de encomiendas. A cambio de protección y educación cristiana,
el gobernador autorizaba a cada encomendero recibir tributos o servicios de un determinado grupo de indígenas.
Trabajos en agricultura y ganadería, así como en faenas mineras, eran las principales necesidades de mano de obra
de los hombres que buscaban ser recompensados tras instalarse en las últimas tierras del Nuevo Mundo.
Para el correcto funcionamiento del sistema de encomiendas se reagrupaba a los indígenas en los llamados “pueblos
de indios”. Se entregaban a los españoles los territorios más fértiles, mientras que los primeros eran trasladados a los
lugares donde se requería mano de obra. De esta forma terminaron habitando en las estancias o haciendas asignadas
a los españoles.
10
Borde y Góngora (1956), p. 177
11
Ibid (1956), p. 180
12
Ibid (1956), p. 180
13
Ibid (1956), p. 178
14
Vicuña Mackenna (1874), p. 177
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Ubicación estratégica
Pomaire, hasta fines del siglo XVIII, se encontraba a un costado del camino entre Santiago y Valparaíso —el más
transitado en tiempos de la Conquista Española—. Su situación de pueblo de paso le dio fama de “cueva de salteadores”,
uno de los posibles significados que se le han atribuido a su nombre.
Sin duda el camino más transitado en esa época era el de Santiago a Valparaíso que estuvo en servicio desde año
1560 hasta 1797. Partía desde Santiago hasta Melipilla - Cuesta Ibacache - Casablanca y llegaba a Valparaíso
después de un recorrido de 185 Kms. Las carretas tiradas por bueyes demoraban entre 7 y 8 días en realizar el
viaje, mientras que los coches arrastrados por caballos hacían el viaje en dos o tres días15.
Ya entrado el siglo XX existía una red vial de caminos nacionales que unían las principales ciudades con los puertos
de embarque y las áreas de mayor producción. En 1920, cuando los primeros automóviles comenzaron a desplazarse
por los caminos nacionales, se estableció una política de mejoramiento vial16. Hacia 1939 destacaban, entre otros
caminos de la zona central, el de Santiago a Valparaíso y el de Santiago a San Antonio. Pomaire se encontraba
ubicado entremedio de estas rutas. Su emplazamiento, que en tiempos pasados le había traído mala fama, se iría
transformado, por su cercanía con las capitales regionales, en una considerable ventaja.
15
Ministerio de Obras Públicas, Dirección de Vialidad (2017), Historia de la Vialidad
16
Ibid
17
Valenzuela (1955), p. 41
18
Ibid, p. 41
19
Ibid, p. 42
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Pomaire a través del tiempo
Además los hogares —tanto del pueblo como de las haciendas vecinas— debían abastecerse de ollas, pailas, fuentes,
cántaros, sartenes, tinajas, mates. Las familias pomairinas salían a chavelear: Recorrían las cercanías de la aldea con
sus “conchavos de loza” durante el día e incluso algunos andaban largas distancias, debiendo dormir en las mismas
carretas o carretelas en las que se trasladaban. Las piezas se trocaban por productos agrícolas o animales. El recorrido
dependía de los recursos con que se contara y de la organización de cada familia.
1. Fragmento de una pieza realizada por Julita Vera (10 cm de altura). Colección de Hernán Farías. 2. Rey mago realizado por Julita Vera. Colección de Juana González.
20
Este auge finalizó al no poder Chile competir con los precios de otros países.
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Un trabajo familiar
El proceso de modelado se realizaba totalmente a mano con la ayuda de pequeñas herramientas. Para las terminaciones,
por ejemplo, se usaban patitas de jaivas, un pedazo de badana (cuero de zapatos) piedras de río y ágatas, hoy presentes
en algunas casas. Las alfareras creaban las piezas apoyándose en una pequeña tabla que ponían sobre sus rodillas21.
Usaban la técnica “del canco”, dejando orear un trozo de greda en forma de cono invertido que luego iban cavando
para continuar dándole la forma que se desea, o “la de ir apilando lulos” —aún en uso— o varios rollos que de a poco
van aumentando el volumen de la pieza. Estas técnicas ancestrales eran manejadas por las loceras a la perfección.
El oficio se aprendía observando, involucrando a los niños desde pequeños en las distintas etapas de la greda, ya fuese
pisando a pies descalzos la greda para ablandarla, lustrando o puliendo una figura modelada para sellar los poros
y darle brillo. Participaban principalmente después de clases y en el verano, cuando los días eran más largos. Esto
resultaba natural, puesto que las loceras trabajaban en su misma casa22. En la actualidad una gran cantidad de mujeres
usa el espacio de la cocina y el patio para la elaboración de las piezas.
Pomaire era escasamente visitado. Existían pocos puestos de venta de greda, siendo el primero de ellos el de las
hermanas Astorga, que sólo compraban piezas “tradicionales” a los artesanos, y es recordado en la actualidad por
muchos pomairinos. Se ubicaba al final de la calle San Antonio; luego se fueron instalando puestos en la calle
Roberto Bravo.
Aunque hoy parezca extraño, para la década de los 5026 la aldea se había hecho conocida por el “chancho pomairino”
y algunas personas la frecuentaban para comerlo en las mismas casas de quienes lo producían27. En esos tiempos y
hasta mediados del siglo XX, la venta de loza se realizaba más bien fuera del poblado, como en el mercado de La Vega,
en Santiago28.
3. Matilde González, Eduardo Guerrero, Guillermo Navarro, Manuel González. 4. Raúl Santander.
26
Se hace importante mencionar que desde 1885 hasta 1952 se produjo una importante migración campo-ciudad, relacionada con factores
macroeconómicos. Véase en: Memoria Chilena (2017), Migración Campo-Ciudad (1885-1952)
27
La fama se debía a que pequeños negocios familiares faenaban cerdos en Pomaire, los que iban a vender en la Vega de Santiago, Estación
Central y Lo Valledor. A principios de los 80 se fue terminando la producción por la aparición de mataderos industriales y luego por la
caída de las instalaciones en el terremoto de 1985. Hoy dos negocios venden cerdo en Pomaire.
28
Leal, et al (2013), pp. 38-40
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Pomaire a través del tiempo
Con estos procesos se modificaron las grandes extensiones territoriales que conformaban las haciendas: algunos
terrenos fueron expropiados y otros parcelados, lo que repercutió directamente en la demanda de mano de obra del
campesinado a lo largo de todo el país. Según el antropólogo José Bengoa, en Chile se produjo el desplazamiento
de casi 50 mil familias que vivían en los sectores que fueron reformados. Sin poder emigrar a la ciudad debido a la
gran desocupación laboral que existía alrededor de los años 70 permanecieron en el campo, “formando pequeños
villorrios de campesinos sin tierra”35.
35
Bengoa (1983), p. 10
36
El interés por el folklore en Chile se puede observar a finales del siglo XIX, cuando el intendente Benjamín Vicuña Mackenna, creó, en
1874, el Museo Histórico Indígena en el cerro Huelén. Hacia 1911, con motivos de celebración del Centenario de Chile, a través de un
decreto presidencial, este pasó a ser oficialmente llamado Museo Histórico Nacional. En 1912 se abrió lugar a una colección especial de
Artes Populares y Artesanías en el museo, que buscaba resguardar el folklore popular del país. Veáse en: Museo Histórico Nacional (2017),
Colecciones, Colección de Artes Populares y Artesanías.
37
Fue convocada por la Universidad de Chile y contó con el apoyo de la Unesco. Participaron en ella varios estudiosos del tema, como Tomás
Lagos y Oreste Plath.
38
Arte Popular Chileno (1960), p. 36
39
Ibid, pp. 47-48
40
Biblioteca del Congreso Nacional de Chile, Historia de la Ley (1969), Historia de la Ley 17.064
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Por estas razones, en diciembre de 1968, se promulgó la Ley Nº17.064, que eximía a los artesanos que trabajaban la
greda de Pomaire del pago de impuestos por la venta de sus piezas.
41
En 1907 existían 770 habitantes, mientras que en 1972 había 331 viviendas con un total de 1.732 pobladores. Según cifras proporcionadas
por Carabineros de Pomaire, en la actualidad habitarían unas 10 mil personas en la aldea.
42
Pérez (1976), pp. 26-28
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Pomaire a través del tiempo
43
T13 (2016), A 35 años de la primera gran teleserie chilena: 10 datos insospechados de “La Madrastra”.
44
Bustos (2012), p. 161
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Procesos para elaborar
una pieza a mano
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Procesos para elaborar una pieza a mano
1. Crear la base
Se toma una pelota de greda, se golpea y amasa para que quede ligosa.
Posteriormente se comienza a aplastar para crear la base, cuadrada o redonda.
Una vez lista la base se continúa realizando el resto de la pieza. Las paredes
por lo general se construyen con la técnica del lulo.
3. Matear
Para darle la forma, borrar las uniones y conseguir un grosor uniforme de
la pieza, se utiliza una herramienta llamada mate. Antiguamente era de
calabaza; hoy en día es de hawaiana. Dicen los alfareros que la curvatura de
la calabaza les permitía darle a la pieza la forma perfecta.
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4. Pasar el cordobán
Una vez finalizado el modelado general algunos artesanos le pasan, solamente
por el borde, la badana o cordobán (pequeño trozo de cuero), que se usa para
alisar. Luego la pieza se deja orear, para poder continuar con los siguientes
procesos.
5. Orejar
Una vez oreada la pieza en su punto se puede proceder al “orejado”. Para esto
se van formando con greda las partes sobresalientes que se quieran añadir
(una oreja de taza, un asa, una nariz de chancho, etc.), se raspan las partes de
la pieza donde se orejará con la uña o con un cuchillo y se van pegando las
“orejas”. Algunos añaden un poco de agua como pegamento. Nuevamente la
pieza se deja orear a la sombra.
6. Desgredar
Con una herramienta que puede ser un cuchillo o una lata, se quita el exceso
de greda que se estime conveniente para que la pieza sea liviana y resistente.
Por lo general esto solo se hace en la base de la pieza invertida. Cuando
la pieza se desgreda pueden aparecer piedritas que no fueron eliminadas
anteriormente, por lo que algunos alfareros le pasan un trozo de callana
áspera (pieza de greda cocida quebrada) para quitar todas las impurezas.
Posteriormente utilizan un trozo de callana lisa (generalmente el borde una
pieza cocida quebrada) para alisar. A este proceso le llaman “callanear”.
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Procesos para elaborar una pieza a mano
7. Lustrar de agua
Una vez que la pieza está callaneada, se procede a lustrarla con un poco de
agua y una piedra de río por dentro y por fuera. Esto permite terminar con
todas las imperfecciones que hayan podido quedar. Luego la pieza se deja
orear nuevamente para proceder con el pulido final.
9. Oreado final
Una vez finalizado el pulido, la pieza se deja orear nuevamente para que bote
el agua que contiene, evitando que se quiebre o se trice en el horno.
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Greda viva
10. Cochura
Una vez que la pieza está seca se introduce en el horno u hornilla. Los tiempos
de cocción dependen del tipo de horno y de cada alfarero, pero generalmente
son entre seis y ocho horas y el horno alcanza una temperatura máxima de
600 °C u 800 °C.
1. Se calienta el horno sin las piezas para botar la humedad (hay que fijarse
que la leña no esté húmeda.
2. Se van cargando las piezas, de más grandes a más pequeñas.
3. Se recubren con tejas o callanas, dejando pequeños orificios para que salga
la humedad y se tapa el horno, por arriba, con planchas de lata.
4. Se va prendiendo el fuego de a poco. A las tres horas se pasa con las manos
un vidrio (puede ser una botella). Si no se humedece o ni se pone opaco, se
pueden sellar los huecos y se hace un fuego intenso en la puerta.
5. A la cuarta hora del proceso, se introduce el fuego un poco al interior de
la hornilla. A la quinta hora se repite este proceso y a la sexta también. Ahí
el fuego ya debe topar el fondo. Se introduce más leña, para que las llamas
suban, alcanzando los 800 °C.
6. A las seis horas, cuando ya están las piezas rojo intenso, cuando se translucen
unas a otras y se ve, en palabras de Víctor Silva “como un volcán”, se sacan
las brasas y se ponen sobre las latas que cubren el horno, de forma pareja.
Dice Juana Mendoza que por el olor de las piezas ya se sabe cuándo están
cocidas.
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Herederos de los antiguos
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Greda viva
34 |
Herederos de los antiguos
G uadalupe Salinas, David Pardo, Juana González y Patricio Muñoz alcanzaron a elaborar la cerámica roja
característica de Pomaire. Uno de los últimos procesos que se realizaba a la pieza antes de cocerla era “encolarla”:
Con un cuerito de cordero se le pasaba una pasta roja que se obtenía tras la molienda de unas piedras. La pieza, ya
encolada, finalmente era bruñida con una ágata, que le daba un brillo especial. En la actualidad ya no se les aplica
colo a las piezas principalmente debido a que no se permite extraer las piedras para prepararlo de lugares como el
cerro San Cristóbal y también porque son pocos los turistas que están dispuestos a pagar el precio de un objeto más
elaborado.
Las piezas encoladas eran principalmente utilitarias y se vendían, en un comienzo, fuera de la aldea. Una vez que
se juntaba una cantidad importante de ollas, pailas, mates, entre otros, se subían a carretas o carretones. Luego se
recorrían los campos intercambiando la loza por porotos, lentejas, trigo, corderos, lo que se conoce en Pomaire como
“salir a chavelear”, como se ha visto en el capítulo anterior.
Guadalupe, David, Juana y Patricio también fueron testigos de la llegada de la luz eléctrica en 1952 y un año después
presenciaron la primera “semana pomairina”, donde se revivían las tradiciones del poblado. La destacada folclorista
Margot Loyola, quien iba a Pomaire a investigar sobre sus cantoras, fue invitada de honor1 en aquella ocasión. En esos
tiempos, recuerda Juana, Pomaire se reconocía por tres cosas: su carne de chancho, su mimbre y su greda.
Las figuras humanas son la especialidad de Juana González: una señora tomando mate, una cantora o un huaso a caballo,
aunque también figuras utilitarias porque se compran más que las decorativas: “Hay que hacer una pailita, una ollita,
cositas diferentes para poder estar vendiendo”, dice, y cuenta que le encanta su trabajo: “Yo tengo 81 años ahora, empecé
a los 12 y estoy con todas las ganas de trabajar”.
En la plaza de Pomaire hay un busto de Pablo Neruda en arcilla blanca realizado por ella. Va acompañado de una
frase del poeta: “A mí también me hicieron de greda, pero no con tanta gracia”. Pablo Neruda y Gabriela Mistral eran
visitas asiduas del lugar.
Como muchos pomairinos, Juana aprendió observando el trabajo de sus padres, quienes dejaban que sus hijos
jugaran con la greda. A los 12 años empezó a crear sus primeras figuras:
Desde que uno tiene conocimiento puede tomar la greda y formar las cosas que quiere. Yo tuve una gran
suerte. Dios me dio un don; puedo hacer figuras. Tenía como 12 años cuando empecé a crear las primeras
figuras. Mis padres no sabían hacer rostros; sabían hacer tinajas, ollas, todas esas cosas, pero yo nací con un
don, puedo hacer cualquier cara de Virgen.
1
Melipilla (2012) Folclorista Margot Loyola, premio nacional de las artes y el Alcalde Mario Gebauer lanzan primer libro de la historia de Pomaire.
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Greda viva
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Herederos de los antiguos
Patricio Muñoz trabaja la greda con y sin torno de pie, aunque aclara que realiza todas las terminaciones a mano.
Explica que ahora, con 76 años2, son pocas las piezas que hace: “Están chuecos los dedos, fueron más de sesenta
y tantos años trabajando”. A veces llama a un “cortador” o maestro tornero, para que “corte” del torno las piezas
que luego Patricio termina. Vende algunas en su casa y otras a “cabros amigos” que se las compran para aplicarles
esmaltes. Hace lo que le pidan, todo lo que es utilitario, cuenta.
Aprendió mirando a sus tíos Ester Muñoz, Aída Muñoz y Juan González. Ellos hacían pailas que luego salían a
vender. Hoy no guarda ninguna de sus piezas: “como las veíamos todos los días…”, explica. Sus papás no trabajaban
en la greda, si no en el campo, pero a él le gustó el trabajo artístico. Uno de sus cuatro hijos también es alfarero.
“Aprendió de mí”, cuenta, y recuerda su propia infancia:
Tenía como 10 años cuando aprendí a preparar el barro. En ese tiempo no había máquinas, lo hacíamos con
la punta del pie; bailábamos arriba de la greda. Íbamos a buscar al cerro de a poco. Como la greda es pesada,
nos traeríamos unos 15 kilos, 10 kilos, los arreglábamos y con eso hacíamos. Antes se hacía menos. Las tías
harían unas 10 piezas a la semana, no como ahora, que se hacen de a cientos.
2
Las edades de los entrevistados son al 31 de mayo de 2017.
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Greda viva
Desde los 10 años Guadalupe Salinas, hoy de 79, comenzó a trabajar con greda. Su abuela le enseñó. “Y todavía,
trabajo contenta, feliz, si uno se siente bien en la greda”, dice. Cuando llegamos a entrevistarla estaba desgredando
(quitándole el exceso de greda a una pieza). Hace piezas utilitarias: pailas, budineras, azafates. Usa torneta o “torno
de mano”, “no de pie”, aclara. Cuenta que todo en su local está “al natural” (no ahumado). Recuerda que antes hacían
cosas más especiales, a pedido, pero que ahora no pueden realizar piezas antiguas, porque no se valora el trabajo.
Hace como unos 50 años a nosotros nos mandaban a hacer cosas especiales. Era gente de Santiago, había unas
personas que nos compraban, nos mandaban a hacer. Todo Pomaire tenía cosas antiguas.
Su madre al principio era dueña de casa; después fue aprendiendo a hacer piezas de greda. Su padre trabajaba en el
campo y hacía maceteros grandes y tinas completamente a mano. Sus dos hermanos trabajan la greda: uno a mano y
el otro con torno de pie.
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Herederos de los antiguos
3
Canción religiosa.
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Greda viva
David Pardo nació en el pueblo de Huasco, Región de Atacama, y partió a vivir con sus padres a Pomaire en 1947. Su
madre encontró trabajo como profesora en Puangue. Vivieron cerca de ahí, en Cuncumén desde el año 43. En el 45 se
trasladaron a Melipilla, a unos 27 kilómetros de distancia, hasta que su madre pidió el traslado a Pomaire, donde llegó
como directora. Su padre era comerciante; compraba la mercadería en Santiago. David explica: “Antes en el campo se
vendía mucho porque no habían tiendas y a la gente le costaba mucho salir a los pueblos”. También hacía dulces que
vendía en Melipilla y Talagante. En ese tiempo había poca gente en el pueblo, recuerda.
Nos dijeron váyanse pa’ allá, porque nosotras estamos solas, así que es compañía. A mí me sirvió porque
aprendí harto de ella. Iba a buscarle la greda al cerro, la dejaba remojando y después la pisaba; la echábamos
en un cuero y ahí métale patadas hasta que quedaba como masa. Así se hacía. Yo todavía piso greda a veces.
Nosotros con la Teresita hacíamos a mano no más. Yo hacía pura olla y budinera. Y esas las íbamos a vender
a Lo Vásquez, a Valparaíso, a Los Andes, a San Felipe…
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Herederos de los antiguos
9. David pardo haciendo un paragüero por encargo. 10. Mollino realizado por Teresa Muñoz (cabe en la palma
de una mano). Colección de Hernán Farías.
David relata que cuando tenía 16 años, en el verano, le ofrecieron trabajar en una ferretería. Una vez allá le pidieron
también que limpiara vidrios y fregara el piso de una casa, algo que no estaba acordado. Dijo que iba advertido por
su madre para decir “no” si le pedían algo así. “Iba bien aleonadito”, recuerda. Ahí fue como se dedicó completamente
a la alfarería:
Dije yo: nunca más. Y empecé como empecé. Después me enseñó mejor la Teresita y me gustó esto. Si yo aquí
trabajo y no me va a mandar nadie, mi me va a retar nadie, ni me va a humillar nadie.
Además de haber aprendido de Teresita, cuenta que observaba el trabajo de los hermanos Jorge y Aníbal Madrid.
Dice que nunca ha vuelto a ver alguien puliendo como lo hacía Aníbal Madrid y explica que sus piezas, todas hechas
a mano, quedaban “parejitas, como de fábrica”. Además dice que antiguamente las piezas eran más finas “porque se
pulían de brillo cuando estaban en su punto. No se hundía la piedra, no quedaban rayadas, quedaban parejitas. En
cambio ahora quedan rayadas por venderlas rápido, se pulen antes”. David a veces hace, por encargo, piezas antiguas
completamente a mano, como los grandes paragüeros que se hacían “en los tiempos de la Teresita”, explica. También
trabaja con torno. Durante un tiempo realizó entre 300 a 400 piezas diarias por encargo de un señor que luego las
pintaba con motivos diaguitas.
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Greda viva
Tiene tres hijos que trabajan en la greda: uno vive en un cerro en las cercanías y hace ánforas de greda para mascotas;
otro vive en La Serena y trabaja con torno de pie; el menor también trabaja con torno, aunque, cuenta David: “le
dijeron que aprendiera a trabajar a mano, de más joven”. Él hace y compra piezas que vende en un local; es el menor.
A David nunca le gustó la idea de tener un puesto en Pomaire; dice que hay mucha competencia y agrega que ahora
está mala la venta, que este invierno ha sido más duro que otros, aunque piensa que la situación debería mejorar en
septiembre. Expresa que para el Día de la Madre, en mayo, mejoró la situación, mas no como ocurría antiguamente.
“Ahora se vende muy poco. Este año ha sido horrible de malo. Empezó malo”.
Podrido y pisado
David recuerda que una vez que tenían la greda en la casa la ponían a remojar durante varios días y añade que ahora,
después de comprarla, prefiere esperar antes de ponerse a trabajar:
En la casa la remojábamos. Ahora la echan a un pozo y al otro día la están moliendo en máquina. Entonces
no, nosotros podríamos la greda. La teníamos 15 días remojando. Queda mucho mejor. Ahora hay que esperar
que la greda se asiente, se junte. Porque para trabajarla al tiro no es buena. Después la greda queda mucho
mejor, más masa. Yo tengo ahí, de la otra semana tengo la greda.
Juana también recuerda que tenían que pisar la greda. Si necesitaba un poco en la tarde, lo hacía durante la mañana.
Era cansador, “como un ejercicio” y muy frío en el invierno.
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Herederos de los antiguos
Teníamos que ir a buscar la greda al cerro, la mojábamos y a cada persona le tocaba pisarla, como se hace la
trilla, y con el pie. A mí me tocó cuando era chica. Era muy delgadita y siempre teníamos que pisar. Era muy
helado, imagínese en el invierno estar metiendo los pies en un barro y no era una sola vuelta que se daba, se
tiraba en unos cueros grandes o unos sacos grandes y teníamos que ir vuelta y vuelta. Amasábamos con el pie
y después con la mano. Ahora estamos muy modernos; uno llama por teléfono y le traen la greda a la casa, es
diferente. Era muy lindo, sacrificado pero lindo.
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Greda viva
El colo, luego del proceso explicado por David, quedaba como una pasta. Cuenta que le gustaría usarlo nuevamente.
“De repente voy a ir a buscar”. Lo sacaban del cerro San Cristóbal y después vendían las piedras en Pomaire, por
cuartilla, en unos “cajoncitos”. Cada uno tenía que molerlas y prepararlo.
Mire, por el lado de atrás del San Cristóbal, hay. Ahora está todo construido, antes no había nada. Llevábamos
una picota chica, como un diablito y con una pala, cortita, le botábamos todo lo de encima, porque está
quemado con el sol, eso no sirve. Se bota todo, se hace a un lado y se saca de abajo. Y es fácil; si esa piedra se
quiebra con un poquito. Está toda resquebrajá. Es fácil sacarla. Yo una vez fui con un amigo y trajimos diez
medios sacos; cinco pa’ cada uno y me duraron aaaaños. Y después dábamos. ‘Que, convide un poquito de
colo, yaa…’ Da no sé qué decir que no, sabían que teníamos…
Juana recuerda que iban a buscarlo al cerro Santa Lucía. Apunta hacia unas ollas amarradas a la pared: “Esas no se
venden ni por nada, las tengo encoladas”.
Guadalupe recuerda que una vez que las piezas estaban alisadas, con una cola de cordero se les pasaba colo: “Quedaban
coloraditas. Después no hubo colo, tuvimos que dejarlas sin nada”. A las pailas se les pasaba por dentro.
Su padre era quien molía las piedras para que tuvieran colo. Guadalupe muestra una piedra ahuecada en el jardín
donde lo hacía y explica que la friccionaba con una más chica, para moler. “Tiene por lo menos unos ochenta años
esa piedra, la tengo ahí. Hincado lo molía así, de punta, con las dos manos, dele que dele”. Dice que en los 70 dejó de
44 |
Herederos de los antiguos
usarse, porque ya no los dejaban pasar al cerro, “pusieron guardias”, recuerda. Cuenta que iban con unos fierros con
punta y que se traían los pedazos en el tren que iba a San Antonio.
La cochura
David, Juana y Guadalupe saben que antiguamente se cocía en pilas en la calle, pero a ellos no les alcanzó a tocar.
Guadalupe dice:
Por lo menos el año 25 tiene que haber sido, porque mi abuela alcanzó a cocer en pilas. Ya después pasó esa
época de las personas antiguas, entonces vinieron a hacer las hornillas. Siempre cocí en hornilla; tengo mi
propio horno, uno redondo y ahora hice uno cerrado.
Patricio recuerda que antes no había hornillas y que cocían en los patios más grandes o se juntaban a cocer en la calle.
Cocíamos en rumbas no más. Se ponía un poco de leña abajo y después se tapaba con las mismas cosas viejas
cocidas y los ladrillos que había, pedazos. Se ponían unas diez piezas por rumba, más no.
Ahora Patricio cuece en el horno de su hijo. Dice que hasta piezas para el microondas hacen, sin orejas, para que no
sean tan pesadas.
Mientras más gruesas, más corriente gastan y eso es lo que la juventud no sabe. Nosotros, los antiguos,
sabemos. Tiene que ser más fino, más delgadito. La gente no sabe, porque viene a comprar y se la dan un poco
más barata… pero ahí no están comprando la pieza, si no el material, le dejan todo el material. Nosotros
desgredamos, sacamos un poco de abajo; allá lo venden con todo. Ésas mismas que están ahí, tome una. Está
livianita. Esta está hecha en torno, pero terminada a mano, así que en el microondas no se demora nada para
calentar.
Salir a chavelear
David, Juana y Patricio cuentan que salían a chavelear; recorrían los campos de los alrededores para intercambiar
loza utilitaria por alimentos. Los alimentos que traían de vuelta eran para autoconsumo. David recuerda haber salido
a chavelear desde los 12 años. Cuenta que algunos partían en carretas con bueyes y otros en carretelas tiradas por
caballos, más rápidas.
Decían ¿vamos a chavelear? Iban a chavelear. Se juntaban cuatro, cinco personas, y partían. Mi mamá no
alcanzó, ya había pasado esa época y así fueron pasando todas las cosas.
Guadalupe Salinas
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Greda viva
Mi mamá salía aquí al Tránsito, que era un fundo. Nosotros llevábamos una pailita y la cambiábamos por
papas, maíz, cosas que no teníamos acá en el pueblo. Y personas que trabajaban en eso en grande sí que las
llevaban en una carreta inmensa, iban para el lado de San Pedro y todo lo cambiaban por cosas de comida,
por harina, por papas, por todo eso. Muy bonito era también.
Juana González
Por ejemplo esta olla, llenita de maíz. Para nosotros el maíz y ellos se quedan con la olla. O porotos… Así se
cambiaban las cosas. O por pollo, o por gallina o por cordero, por lo que fuera. Póngale, un cordero, vale 40
mil pesos. Usted ya puso cuatro ollas de estas, ya, un cordero. Así cambiábamos.
David Pardo
46 |
Herederos de los antiguos
Guadalupe no salió a chavelear, pero recuerda que la mandaban a vender loza a Santiago. Cuenta que al principio le
costó acostumbrarse, pero que después continuó yendo hasta alrededor de los años 60, cuando comenzaron a vender
piezas directamente en Pomaire.
Cuando recién mi guela me llevó para Santiago tenía como 14 años. Ella vendía cositas ahí en el mercado,
en Mapocho. Me llevó y me dijo: tu papá puede estar enfermo y tú tienes que ir a vender las cosas, porque
encargaban de allá del baratillo. Llevábamos canastos grandes, que se usaban antes. Pasaba una micro a
las 6:30 por aquí y lo echábamos arriba. Nos esperaban en Santiago unos cargadores que nos llevaban en
una carretela. Uno tomaba la carretela y se iba para Mapocho ¡muy encantada con las piernas arriba en la
carretela!
¡Era tan rico! Lo que hacíamos nosotros era cortar pasto y la gredita la poníamos entre medio, como que era
más reposada. Ahora nosotros tapamos con nylon y el nylon se calienta. Los plásticos, estos, se calientan y
como que la hacen secarse.
Juana González
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Greda viva
48 |
Herederos de los antiguos
Guadalupe recuerda que los hombres trabajaban la mayor parte del tiempo en el campo, hasta que las tareas agrícolas
fueron siendo reemplazadas.
Antes había harto trabajo aquí, con los fundos. Había harto trabajo rozando, limpiando canales, arando,
sembrando, sacando papas, todas esas cosas… Sesgaban harto trigo en los cerros. Después se terminó eso, pasó
la época. Ahora es todo con vehículos, con máquinas, como que les cortaron las manos a los que trabajaban.
Así aprendieron muchos a trabajar la greda y otros se fueron para afuera a trabajar en otras cosas.
Ya para los años 90, calcula Guadalupe, la mayoría de los hombres de Pomaire trabajaba en greda, aunque algunos
salían del pueblo a trabajar como maestros albañiles y en otras labores de construcción. David dice que cuando
empezaron a ver que venía gente y que les iba bien a los demás, “…entonces empezaron a ayudarle a la señora”.
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Greda viva
Malas ventas
David sostiene que hasta el año 73 era muy buena la venta de objetos de greda en Pomaire, pero que después vinieron
tiempos difíciles. “Todos los que teníamos unos pesitos juntos, se terminaron entre el 73, 74… y el 75, malo también
p’. Todos los que teníamos algo de plata, la gastamos en esos años”. Cuenta que desde entonces comenzaron a ir
a vender a las ferias de forma más constante. Él con su señora, en aquellos años, hacían la loza y luego iban en
camioneta a las ferias. Su señora se quedaba allá y David volvía a trabajar. Si se les terminaba la mercadería, entonces
él enviaba más piezas en bus.
Así por más de 40 años. Así que imagine… conozco haaaartos pueblos, hasta Chiloé conozco. Ésa es la manera
de trabajar de nosotros. Yo decía, no ganamos tanta plata, pero conocimos harto.
Guadalupe cuenta que en el año 80, con la ayuda de la Universidad de Santiago, un grupo de artesanos pomairinos
partían a vender a distintos lugares del país, sobre todo para las fechas especiales. Esto le gustaba, porque vendían y
aprovechaban de conocer.
El día 21 de mayo llegamos a Iquique, la primera vez que salimos de acá de Pomaire. Y el día 7 de junio ¿no ve
que en Arica también es la fiesta? A La Tirana (también) íbamos siempre. Nos llevaban pa’ todos lados para
las exposiciones. Anduvimos por todo el Norte y llegamos por el Sur a Puerto Montt, con la greda.
Para los años 90, Pomaire ya se había hecho bien conocido. Entonces algunos pomairinos, y también comerciantes
que fueron llegando de otros lados, habían comenzado a vender todo tipo de objetos. David cuenta:
Cuando empezó el torno fue el 60 y de ahí, ya al año había 20, 30 puestos. Ahora hay ¿cuántos? ¿500? Entonces
la gente empezó a pintar. Empezó a hacer grifos… Topogigios fue lo primero que hicieron y después los grifos.
(Entonces en los 90) apareció un reportaje en el diario El Mercurio: ‘Pomaire se muere de feo’. Aquí no vino
nunca más (el periodista), porque lo querían linchar (risas).
Conocedores los pomairinos de la influencia de la televisión en la llegada de público, en 1995 realizaron la empanada
más grande del mundo, que pesó 450 kilos. Después, en 2008, 12 carretilladas de greda permitieron batir un nuevo
record Guiness: el chancho de greda más grande, que pesó unos 300 kilos. Pero el auge turístico y el consecutivo
aumento masivo de puestos de todo tipo llevaron a que en la actualidad cientos de productos chinos reciban al
turista en la entrada de Pomaire. David dice, tajante: “es que no hay manera de pararlo, es la libertad de trabajo. Y
las autoridades nunca se preocuparon de eso. ¿Por qué de qué manera pueden hacerlo?”. Patricio es de la opinión,
compartida por varios pomairinos, de que el pueblo “está muriendo”:
Porque hay muchas cosas que ya no son artesanías, el yeso por ejemplo, muchas cosas, el plástico… es que los
comerciantes que aquí llegan no se van más, llega mucha gente y aquí todo se vende.
50 |
Herederos de los antiguos
Juana explica que una vez que los terrenos de Pomaire se fueron heredando, se dividían y así se comenzaron a hacer
galerías para arrendar, que reportan mayores ganancias que la elaboración de piezas de greda.
Le arriendan a cualquier persona que venda cualquier cosa. Ahora se puso un inmenso local aquí, todo de
Villarrica, cuando a nosotros en Villarrica no nos admiten con la greda. En Chimbarongo también nosotros
quisimos ir a ver si podíamos poner locales y no nos admitieron, entonces la misma gente de Pomaire tiene la
culpa.
La crítica de algunos pomairinos no solo se extiende a la venta de cosas plásticas o de yeso, sino también a las de greda
pintada o esmaltada. Juana reclama que fueron a hacerles un curso para aprender a esmaltar y que ahora no le están
permitiendo vender las piezas así.
Loza pintada o sin pintar a nosotros nos daba lo mismo porque era greda, podíamos trabajar. Hay gente que
pide las cosas pintadas, no es que nosotros queramos, porque a mí no me gustan las cosas pintadas, pero si
estoy vendiendo más pintadas, tengo que vender, porque ¿de qué voy a vivir? este pueblo es de greda. Si yo
hago la greda y la puedo pintar, mejor, pero que sea greda, que no sea algo plástico o de goma. Mi hija hizo
un curso para esmaltar y ahora me están prohibiendo que venda el esmaltado. No podemos vender ninguna
cosa de color, puro natural. Pero yo digo ¿para qué mandaron el curso si no quieren que se haga en Pomaire?
Y mandaron todo, los profesores, las pinturas, les dieron todo el conocimiento para hacer esto y es greda lo que
va debajo.
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Greda viva
52 |
Maestros alfareros
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Greda viva
54 |
Maestros alfareros
J uana Mendoza y Víctor Silva hacen clases de alfarería. Juana les enseña a los niños pomairinos y Víctor a los
turistas. Poseedores de un fuerte carácter, son reconocidos por realizar piezas de greda a mano que suenan como el
cristal y por defender con su trabajo un oficio que ya no despierta mucho interés en las nuevas generaciones.
Juana, de 63 años, es profesora de arte desde hace 15 años en la escuela y también trabaja la greda “a mano”, sin torno
de pie. Hace de todo: jarros patos, gallinas, ollitas, mates, lo que le pidan. Vende sus piezas en el local de su hermano,
cerca de la escuela donde trabaja. Comenzó puliendo las figuras que hacía su madre. Luego hizo sus primeras piezas
pequeñas. Le quedaban “todas chuecas”, recuerda.
Así aprendí, mirando a mi mamá. Después, de siete años, empecé ya a hacer cositas chicas, cositas ahí que
se iban quedando. Me gustaba hacer muchas figuras a mí, por ejemplo: perritos, palomitos, esas cositas así,
caracoles, como juguetitos, claro. Pero ahí nomás quedaban, después uno ya le va tomando… más grande se
va dando cuenta. Mis hermanas me decían ‘¡aprende Juana!’. Ya, vamos estudiando… uno va necesitando
las cosas, entonces va haciendo gallinitas azucareras y así po’. Esos fueron los primeros trabajos que yo hice.
Ahora Juana tiene un encargo especial de una monjita mexicana. “Me falta tiempo”, dice. Su marido también trabaja
la greda a veces, cuando está de vacaciones. Su hermana Marisol también: “yo igual hago hartas cositas. Sé hacer todo
lo que ella hace, pero ella es más detallista”, dice. Juana cuenta que hay artesanos buenos, pero que son pocos:
Hay pocos, muy pocos ya, y la gente no quiere aprender, no le gusta: mucho trabajo, mucho todo dicen y al
final… al final tú… una familia… vivir así. Con la greda tú no alcanzas a vivir. Uno tiene que darle gracias
a Dios, hija, que viene gente, porque esto no es una cosa de primera necesidad, no es como el azúcar o el pan
que todos los días tienes que tener aunque sea dos panes. Esto no, si te gusta y tienes cómo comprarlo, lo vas a
comprar y si no, no, lo dejas no más.
Con su hermana recuerdan cuando invitaron a Juana el año 2001 a exponer sus piezas a Corea del Sur, donde estuvo
un mes y seis días. En el viaje hacia ese país dos cajas plataneras en las que había puesto cuidadosamente sus piezas
de greda se perdieron y algunas llegaron quebradas. Juana relata que un pescado se salvó.
Su visita coincidió con la caída de las Torres Gemelas en Nueva York, Estados Unidos, por lo que tras el cierre de los
aeropuertos, su vuelo de regreso se suspendió y tuvo que dormir en la Embajada. Sin embargo, dice que volvería: “A
mí me gustaría tener plata e ir a Corea, porque allá la gente te aprecia las cosas, te pagan, ni siquiera te piden: ‘oiga
hágame una rebaja’, nada. Ir por un año no más a trabajar”.
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Greda viva
1. Juana Mendoza.
A los doce años Víctor Silva Vera, hoy de 65, ya era, en sus propias palabras, “profesional en la alfarería”. Hoy hace lo
que le pidan: mates, platos, rostros de Neruda, carretas, viejos materos, todo “a mano”. Apartado de la calle principal,
vende en un pequeño local repleto de una inmensa variedad de figuras decorativas. Todas sus piezas van firmadas con
las palabras: Pomaire Chile. Cuenta que aprendió “por sugerencia, no por obligación”:
¿Qué dijo la abuela de campo? ‘Mijito, ¿quiere pan amasado? Entonces levántese a las 5 y vaya a trabajar,
no lo vaya a pedir’. Así se ven las cosas en el campo. Yo a los 12 años (empecé) y todavía tengo el billetito.
Ustedes no tienen nada de su primer billete que les dieron, lo gastaron todo en dulces. Mi abuela dijo: “todo
lo que entre y lo que salga usted lo anota”. Entonces yo tengo mi primer billetito: 50 escudos, nunca lo gasté y
no pienso.
Yo empecé con los chanchitos, típicos, los pollitos de campo, todo esas cositas, el nidito pequeño, mi jarrito
pato para el ulpo (harina tostada). Ahí me hice mi primer jarrito y alguien lo vio y dijo: ‘Oye ¿y eso?’ Podría
funcionar… y así empecé, un señor me mandaba a hacer las piezas, que eran de escasos locales. En las casas
se ponía un mesoncito y usted pasaba. Así se empezó a vender y empezó a llegar la gente, pagaba, porque es
un trabajo excelente.
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Maestros alfareros
Con sus siguientes pagos compró, en sus palabras: “un terrón de azúcar –en ese tiempo el azúcar venía en pancitos,
todavía hay–, mi primer par de zapatos, mi primera corbatita… Yo empecé a depender de mí a los 12 y ya llevo 53”.
Cuenta que le cargan la matemáticas, era bueno para hacer la cimarra y siempre ha tenido habilidades para dibujar.
Eso me ayudó a que esto fuera fácil, poder tomar la greda, papel y lápiz. Esto es igual, entonces vamos dibujando. El
que es buen dibujante, les digo a mis alumnos en mi sala, estamos listos, tenemos el 50 por ciento listo.
Desde hace 13 años, junto a su amigo Álvaro Romero, hace clases en un lugar que llamaron Granja Educativa. Cuenta
que el año pasado le faltaron siete alumnos para completar los 11 mil; Víctor todo lo anota en su cuaderno.
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Greda viva
Antes de que fueran en camiones a buscar greda a los cerros, iba un carretón, relata Juana. “Uno le decía: ‘don
Pancheo, tráigame una carretillada de greda’. Él partía y llegaba con esto y todo eso se acabó, del caballito con la
carreta”, Juana lo echa de menos. Recuerda haber ido al cerro con su hermano a escarbar con chuzo y pala. Luego de
sacar un metro de tierra, aparecía la greda.
Si todos los cerros tienen greda, en todos lados hay, gracias a Dios. Si la greda, yo digo, es como viva porque tu
sacas de ahí y en años más vas y hay. Se sacaba y se traía en carretas, en carretones. Así se acarreaba y ahí mis
hermanos la echaban a remojar en un hoyo y al otro día se sacaba y se aplastaba con los pies. Mis hermanos,
por ejemplo, como a las diez de la mañana estaban pisando o a veces en la tarde con la fresquita y al otro día la
despulgaban. Uno tiene que limpiarla y era limpiarla un día entero y al próximo día empezar recién a armar
un cacharro. Era mucho más trabajo, más tiempo. Nosotras chicas, así como la Denisse, de 11 años, nosotras
nos metíamos a pisar po’, pa’ robarle todos los globos y todas esas cosas, los globitos, sacarle el aire, todo eso.
Juana Mendoza
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Maestros alfareros
Pregunto, si alguien dijera no hay greda: ‘Señora ¿cuántos años tiene el arbolito?’ ‘Tantos años…’ ‘Ya tendría
que haber crecido’. ¿Qué me dice el árbol entonces? Que la raíz tiene greda y él me pide a gritos que le saque la
greda pa’ desarrollar las raíces. Extraigo la greda, la pongo en el piso, en un cuero, un saco, lo que sea, y la dejo
remojando. La tapo con eso y me voy a acostar. Y mañana, a las cinco de la mañana, a patita pelá, vamos a
pisar la greda. Psss, psss… ¿Voy a estar todo el día pisando? No pos, si la greda habla…
Víctor Silva
Si no se contaba con mucho tiempo para pisar existía la opción de llamar a un “pisador”, que recorría cada casa. Varias
personas en Pomaire recuerdan haber ido a pisar de niños y haberse ganado así unas monedas. El proceso antiguo era
largo y cansador. Luego de sacar la greda y dejarla remojando durante la noche, había que “despulgarla”:
Había que sacarla y despulgarla, decían antiguamente. Despulgar era como sacar los palitos, las espinas que
vienen también, a mano, todo a mano. Todo un día limpiando greda, mi hermana la Laurita y mi mamá todo
un día limpiando greda, sacándole los palos, las espinas que vienen, colillas de cigarro, piedras, cositas de vino.
Y de ahí, al otro día ahí recién tú empezabas a armar una pieza, era mucho más trabajo, más lento el trabajo.
Juana Mendoza
Hoy, una vez que se compra la greda, hay que amasarla. Explica Juana que debe quedar “como masita del pan, bien
sedosa, bien flexible, para poder trabajar”, aunque dice que también hay gente que prefiere trabajar con greda más
dura; depende de cada artesano.
Agricultores y loceras
Cuando Víctor comenzó a trabajar la greda es probable que haya sido el único hombre que les daba forma a piezas
pequeñas y medianas. Pomaire era conocido por sus “loceras” no por sus artesanos, alfareros ni torneros;.
Antiguamente eran puro las mujeres que trabajan en greda. Después, como el hombre salía al campo y todo
eso, cuando se acabó el trabajo en el campo, el hombre empezó a ayudar a moler la greda, a pisarla, y de
ahí empezó a atreverse a trabajar en la greda haciendo pailas, budineras, tinas… Entonces ahí empezó ya el
hombre.
Juana Mendoza
Eran las mujeres primero alfareras, el hombre al campo. Nos pusieron un título sí, yo lo voy a repetir, va a
sonar chileno el título. Al campo… Siempre las mujeres sacándose la cresta en la casa, porque el que metía las
manos a la greda era maricón. Yo después, más grande, busqué en los diccionarios el significado de maricón
y dije ¡ah! no me pasé ningún rollo.
Víctor Silva
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Greda viva
Antiguamente era puro a manos no más acá, nada de torno ni nada. Ni siquiera habían tornetas, porque mi
mamita trabajaba en el suelo. Mi mamá yo no sé cómo doblaba las piernas así. Decía yo: ‘pobrecita y ahí en el
suelo’ …y hacía así unas fuentes mi mamá para tostar el trigo. Yo no sé cómo después no le dolían las piernas.
Ella daba vueltas, ahora no, ahora hay tornetas que antes de darte vuelta tú, das vuelta la torneta, como esa
que tengo yo ahí. Es más fácil. Entonces cada vez se hace más ameno el trabajo…
Juana Mendoza
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Maestros alfareros
Paragüeros… ¿y para qué era eso? La humilde choza, gredoso el piso, chorreaba el piso y el paragua se metía
dentro del paragüero de metro veinte. Obviamente con las caritas… y a la gente le llamaba la atención.
También se hacían cántaros de vino y había distintos tipos de ollas, según sus usos: para la cazuela, para “la color”, dice
Víctor. Juana sabe hacer hace la olla colorera para “la color” (una mezcla de manteca o aceite con ají de color, aclara).
También hace la olla del sahumerio, que se hacía antes, y que tiene una guatita, un cuellito y una tapa invertida con
una boquita por donde sale el humo. Explica Juana:
Es una cosa como que es más pedida, pero igual si tú lo tienes la gente que realmente sabe lo ve y lo compra.
Les gusta, porque son cosas antiguas, que vienen de los mapuches, entonces eso les gusta.
Juana y Víctor también recuerdan los lebrillos. Juana dice que su mamá hacía varios y que eran grandes. Cuenta que
en la actualidad se confunden con las pailas, pero que se trata de piezas diferentes. Víctor dice que la palabra correcta
es “liebrillo”, ya que se usaban para cocinar liebres.
Ahora los lebrillos se llaman pailas, porque todo ha cambiado con el transcurso del tiempo. Eran muchos, para
guardar harina tostada o cruda, tostar el trigo, todo eso. Para freir, pa’ dejar las sopaipillas también.
Juana Mendoza
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Greda viva
¿Para qué es un liebrillo? Hoy día se confunde la gente. Compra esas pailitas y dice: ‘compré liebrillo pa’l
pastel’. Señora, los de nosotros son inmensos de grandes, se amasaba dentro del liebrillo, se ponía el colo
para molerlo dentro del liebrillo, hasta los churrines los lavaba la señora dentro. Te aguantaban. Eran piezas
gruesas, sólidas.
Víctor Silva
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Maestros alfareros
El torno y el tiempo
Algunas veces, para poder trabajar más rápido, Juana pide que le corten algunas piezas con torno, como jarros y
vasos: “Si yo me pongo a hacer puro a mano no voy a terminar nunca, pero igual si me dicen: ‘Juana haz esto’ yo
lo hago; yo demuestro que lo sé hacer, pero por tiempo yo mando a cortar”, explica. Una vez que las piezas están
cortadas o modeladas con el torno, ella realiza los procesos correspondientes, como “alisarlas de agua”: pasarles una
piedra de río. Así quedan más selladas, explica, se tapan los poros, se salen algunos globitos (de aire)”. El verdadero
trabajo en greda requiere de bastante tiempo, explica Juana:
Este trabajo es lento, es muy lento, si uno trabaja bien, es lento. La gente que trabaja al lote saca más rápido,
pero se saltan un proceso, y no es un trabajo bien presentado, bien hecho, bien terminadito. Entonces sobre
todo las pailas o budineras, ollas, que la gente algunos dicen la puse esto y se filtró… Claro, porque las cortan,
apenas le pasan un poco, a veces le pasan malla. No todos los artesanos, yo también digo eso, no son todos los
artesanos, algunos, pero con ellos nos vamos todos al mismo saco. O se empieza a descascarar la pieza, claro,
porque faltó cocimiento.
Víctor, quien no le tiene mucho cariño al torno, cuenta que cuando era pequeño no existía en Pomaire. Calcula que
llegó alrededor de los años 50-60 y comparte su historia de cuando la vio por primera vez:
Puede que hayan muchas, pero yo tengo la mía. Llegó un señor, casi por esta misma calle, y siempre los vecinos
vienen al patio y piensan: ‘típico que el señor está haciendo doce jarros’, cuando de repente ese amigo ve que
no están los doce jarros… ‘¿Qué estay haciendo? ¿magia?’. Ve un montón de jarros y todos parejitos, y el otro
con la puerta cerrada, el cuarto cerrado. Mira por la rendija, ve lo que hay dentro de ese cuarto y ve un tornito.
Y el torno no es de acá, no nació acá, habría que ir a Puente Alto por ahí a buscar los inicios. Yo, cuando iba
a un colegio de Puente Alto, decía: ‘pensar que hay una máquina que nació aquí y que ha dejado la escoba en
Pomaire’.
Afirma, además, que cuando se trabaja en torno, va quedando a un lado la barrutina (greda bien fina y líquida con
consistencia de crema) y que la botan, siendo que es un excelente material para sellar los poros. “Hay que pescar eso
y devolvérselo a la pieza”, explica.
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Greda viva
Si la greda no es bien pagada chiquilla, es mal pagada, si es la realidad de la cosa. Es un trabajo muy lento y
tú cobras… el otro día andaba una señora buscando cosas de $100 pesos, tú no compras ni siquiera un pan
con $100 pesos, te lo pesan y sale $130 pesos, $150, y querían cosas de $100, siendo que te demoras en hacer
un chanchito.
Haciendo clases en el colegio ha observado que sus alumnos más entusiastas son los que vienen de Melipilla, ya que
para ellos la greda es algo novedoso: “no la ven tanto, por eso es que a ellos les llama la atención la novedad de estar
ahí con la greda, de ensuciarse las manos y hacer algo”.
La gente no baja
Varios pomairinos reclaman que los turistas se quedan arriba, al principio de la calle Roberto Bravo, donde los dejan
los buses. Juana cuenta:
Le digo a la gente: ‘bajen, miren primero, caminen, no se queden pegados allá arriba.’ Después vienen y ven
que acá están más baratos, más bonitos, más puliditos. Digan que Pomaire llega hasta abajo, que la gente no
se quede arriba, eso es lo que a mí me interesa, porque sale un reportaje de Pomaire y gracias a Dios viene
gente.
El turista que llega muchas veces no tiene mayores conocimientos sobre la greda y hay personas que aprovechan esto
para incrementar sus ventas. Algunos turistas piensan, por desconocimiento o engañados, que si una pieza de greda
es roja, es porque está cruda:
Cuando llegan al puesto de nosotros tenemos más rojo, natural, y dicen: ‘¡Oh, aquí está todo crudo!’. Entonces
después preguntan: ‘¿qué diferencia hay entre lo negro y el rojo?’ Mire, le digo yo, toda la greda sale roja de la
hornilla y después uno le pone paja de trigo o cáscaras de nueces en la boca de la hornilla y se le echa el humo.
Entonces el humo es el que se pega, pero esa no más es la diferencia, porque los dos colores son naturales. Lo
otro ya que es pintado es pintado, porque la gente lo quiere pintar, pero los dos colores más naturales son estos,
el rojo y el negro.
Víctor dice que algunos turistas son buenos para reclamar por la mala calidad de algo que compraron, pero que ellos
mismos son quienes buscan las piezas más baratas, que él califica como “decorativas”:
Las señoras buscan, regatean… y esas son las que hablan de la pésima calidad. ‘Señora si compró un trabajo
decorativo, tiene que ser utilitario’. El mate, la olla, la fuente, la taza, piezas gruesas y el macetero, el cuadrado,
que nunca pasó por máquina, eso es lo correcto. Tengo que decirlo todos los días, yo me desgasto.
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Maestros alfareros
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Greda viva
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Maestros alfareros
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Greda viva
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Maestros alfareros
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Greda viva
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Las jugueteras
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Greda viva
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Las jugueteras
E l arte de hacer juguetes o miniaturas es realizado por Doris Vallejos Sánchez, María Teresa y Ana Luisa Sánchez,
parientes y vecinas. Lorena, hija de Teresa, es la única que vive en Melipilla, a unos diez minutos en micro desde
Pomaire. Si bien existen algunas personas más que dominan esta técnica, todos en Pomaire reconocen a las mujeres
del pasaje Fresia como “Las Jugueteras”.
Mi familia toda trabajaba la greda. Mi mamá no, porque no era de aquí, era de Melipilla, pero mi abuelita,
mis tías, mis primas… y ahora quedamos trabajando en miniatura… somos como tres no más, porque mi tía
Chefa ya no trabaja. Es una viejita que vive más allá. Mi tía Teresa perdió la noción del tiempo. Todas vivimos
por acá, somos todas familiares. Entonces va quedando poca gente que trabaja.
Teresa Sánchez
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Greda viva
Ellas son especialistas en la elaboración de piezas de uno o tres centímetros que hoy se compran para hacer cuelgas
decorativas, aros, chanchitos de la suerte para la billetera o para poner incienso, adornos encintados para bautizos o
matrimonios, entre otros. Y aunque son bien pequeños, son muy resistentes. También existen “juguetones”, que son
más grandes, de unos cinco o seis centrímetros, y se venden por unidad, pero ellas no se dedican a hacerlos a menos
que se trate de un encargo porque les ocupa más tiempo, cuenta Lorena. Doris dice que cuando su mamá comenzó a
perder la vista, en vez de usar lentes, agrandó lus juguetes y que así nacieron. En cuanto a las miniaturas, cree que sus
inicios son de cuando su abuela Rosa empezó a hacer juguetes con greda para que sus hijas jugaran.
A pesar de ser reconocida como una gran juguetera, a Doris no le gustaba su oficio hasta hace unos diez años, cuando
comenzó a realizar talleres para la fundación Artesanías de Chile. Entonces vio que se trataba de algo especial; sus
alumnos apreciaban su trabajo.
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Las jugueteras
Era un suplicio hacer, tener que estar trabajando todo el día porque la gente de afuera, como son tan pequeños,
pensaba que… entraba gente a los negocios y yo he visto que compran, supónganse, un jarrón grandote, una
olla “y deme de esos de regalo”.
Recuerda que su mamá y su tía Teresa comenzaron a hacer miniaturas a los siete años. “Trabajaban con una vela y,
como no había reloj, algunas veces se amanecían trabajando, se había aclarado el día”.
Mala venta
La venta siempre ha tenido complicaciones para los artesanos, ya que es un trabajo que en general no les permite
tener un sueldo con un monto estable a fin de mes. Doris dice que antes les iba mejor y que se han visto afectadas por
la introducción de juguetes plásticos:
No sé señorita qué pasó… no sé. Bueno, la gente le compraba a sus niñas las teteras, las ollitas para que
jugaran y ahora ya no po’. Yo pienso que puede ser eso… compraban más. Yo creo porque ahora como hay
negocios que tienen otras cosas, los niños prefieren un monito de plástico antes que un chancho de alcancía
o una espada de madera, no sé. Y esos son los más pequeños ¿ve? Ya no se puede hacer nada en contra de las
cosas chinas, es como un cuento perdido yo creo ya.
María Teresa Sánchez, de 71 años, se ha dedicado a la greda desde los nueve, cuando se sentaba al lado de su tía y
la observaba trabajar. Su madre era de Melipilla y su padre de Pomaire, pero ella se crió en el pueblo con su abuela.
Sus hermanas no viven en Pomaire ni trabajan la greda. De sus seis hijos, uno trabaja con torno y una hija vende
piezas cerámicas compradas o realizadas por su marido, pero cuenta que en el último tiempo no le ha ido bien.
Concordando con Doris, María Teresa señala que las cosas introducidas son, en parte, las causantes de que la venta
de greda esté mala y explica que no es algo de ahora, sino más bien de hace unos diez años.
La greda se ha puesto demasiado mala, no ve que hay mucha ropa, mucho mimbre, mucho yeso, entonces la
tradición de Pomaire se está perdiendo. Es como un comercio… el Persa, por decirle así, entonces se ha perdido
mucho.
Piensa que la baja venta de este año se debería también a la influencia de los incendios forestales en el sur, que
perjudicaron el traslado de los comerciantes que van a Pomaire y regresan con “camiones llenos, camionetas”.
Este año estuvo pésima. Mi hija tiene puesto y dice que nada que ver con otros años y pa’ más todo lo que pasó
con la gente del sur, con esas tragedias… Venía mucho comerciante, entonces todo eso se perdió porque como
tanta desgracia pa’ allá, así que no han venido. Estuvo malo este año.
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Greda viva
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Las jugueteras
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Greda viva
Aunque le digan a uno ‘tráemelos y yo te los compro’, si encuentran que no han vendido lo suficiente o les va a
faltar pa’ otra cosa de ellos, no los compran. Simplemente no los compran y uno no puede hacer nada porque
el encargarlos es de palabras no más, no es como una obligación que ellos tengan.
Doris Vallejos
La otra semana me avisaron en todas partes que no querían miniaturas hasta nuevo aviso. Así que estoy
vendiendo allá arriba en un restaurante que me compra porque el caballero se los regala a la gente que viene
a consumir, él regala mis miniaturas. Y otra señora de más acá, que es Ana Negrete (también le compra).
Teresa Sánchez
Algunos artesanos no les venden de inmediato a los revendedores, si no que les dejan piezas a concesión, pero a Doris
no le gusta esta opción. Los artesanos que aceptan este trato dejan sus piezas y la semana siguiente pasan al respectivo
puesto a retirar el dinero de la venta.
Teresa, como Doris, también vende en algunos locales. Cuenta que antiguamente, cuando solo había uno o dos
puestos, entregaba sus piezas ahí o a su tía que viajaba a Santiago a vender en la feria y le traía dinero a su regreso,
si la venta había estado buena.
Cuando mi abuelita estaba viva, las llevaban a Lo Valledor. Ahí cocían, ellos mismos cocían y llevaban su
trabajo. Aquí no se vendía porque, como le digo, había muy pocos puestos, entonces todo lo llevaban a Santiago.
Y mi tía Teresa, con la que yo aprendí a trabajar, las llevaba a CEMA Chile, estas miniaturas. Me decía que
hiciera y las llevaba para allá, ahí entregaba ella.
Afuera no, es chiripazo cuando mandan a hacer de afuera. Pero cuando mandan a hacer, yo les digo pa’ tal
fecha se los voy a tener y después los vienen a buscar.
A veces se pone un poco malo, más calmada la cosa, pero igual compran todo el tiempo, porque la gente va comprando
y tienen. Después tienen un pedido de algo y tienen al tiro donde vender, yo siempre vendo. A veces más calmada está
la venta pero igual se vende, porque en primer lugar yo me mantengo con todo, este es mi trabajo pa’ todo.
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Las jugueteras
Lorena Salinas, con 39 años, es la juguetera más joven. Su especialidad son los juguetes y los chanchitos, pero dice
que se dedica más a estos últimos. Desde que se casó vive en Melipilla, aunque cuenta que le hubiera gustado seguir
en Pomaire. Allá se dedica completamente a la greda, que comparte con sus labores de casa. Antes también vendía
en un puesto en Pomaire mismo, con su hermana, con quien hacía figuras de yeso. Su hermana también sabe hacer
juguetes, aunque continuó con el yeso.
Lorena aprendió de su mamá Ana Luisa y de su hermana, “fue como un legado”, explica. Cuando nació su primera
hija quiso dedicarse a la greda, para no dejarla sola, y hoy dice: “gracias a Dios mi mamá nos sacó adelante con los
juguetes”. “Mi infancia fue los juguetes de mi mamá”.
Ana, su madre, le cuece sus piezas en Pomaire y también la provee de greda colada. Lorena trabaja por encargos
de Santiago y de Pomaire. Incluso un puesto le pide chanchitos con arcilla blanca. Aprendió, como las demás, de
pequeña, mirando a su hermana y a su madre.
Como uno es de Pomaire, (aprende) casi siempre de bien chiquitito, pero a trabajarla manualmente más
tarde, yo creo que como a los 15, 16 años. Porque de primera, a los ocho, nueve años, nosotros empezábamos
a lustrar lo que es el juguete que mi mami trabaja.
Cuenta que ahora también les piden nuevas miniaturas y que ella tiene que hacer lo que el cliente le pida. “Por
ejemplo las mismas miniaturas de nosotras, las piden a veces aplastadas como para un ladito y las ponen en los
refrigeradores, cosa que antes no se usaba”.
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5. Lorena Salinas.
La hija mayor de Lorena, de 11 años, ya hizo su primer chanchito, el que tiene guardado. A Lorena le gustaría que
aprendiera, ya que considera que es un trabajo “relajante y puedes estar en tu casa”, pero dice que a los jóvenes hoy
no les interesa:
Porque hoy en día hay otras expectativas para los niños, que estudien, que salgan, hagan otras cosas… Porque
igual a veces la greda da, pero no siempre. Hay temporadas que son bajas, que no piden muchas cosas y tienen
que tener igual dinero y los jóvenes hoy en día quieren hacer otras cosas, salir de ahí.
Antiguamente eran más quienes se dedicaban a la greda: “Los papás y los hijos. Los hijos iban haciendo lo mismo…
Yo conozco familias que han seguido haciendo todos igual, lo mismo”, cuenta Lorena. También recuerda que antes
se hacían unos porrones: “eran así como jarritos que tenían un hoyito por un lado para echar agüita, no sé si aún
lo harán. Yo los hago en juguetes”. Además del porrón hay otras piezas que hoy solamente se realizan en versión
miniatura, como los zapatitos y farolitos.
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Las jugueteras
Para hacer una olla así y no depender del cortador igual hay que tener harto tiempo y no se podría cobrar
el trabajo, porque el tornero en cinco minutos, menos, dos minutos, hace una base de una olla… así que no.
En cambio explica que para realizar cosas más pequeñas “la mano hace el trabajo del torno”. Dice que le habría
gustado aprender a usar, de todas formas, esta herramienta.
Es difìcil, porque aquí casi siempre es el hombre no más el que tornea, pero a mí me hubiese gustado aprender,
pero no aprendí nunca, a tornear. Es muy difícil, empezando: para centrar la pelota de greda es difícil, porque
hay que presionarla de un lado y es poca la gente que enseña también.
Greda colada
El pequeño tamaño de los juguetes no resiste el uso de la greda en bruto que se obtiene de los cerros, esta debe ser
colada especialmente. Doris cuenta que la compra en verano, ya que en invierno no se puede colar debido a que el
proceso debe realizarse al aire libre.
Hay que comprarla, la vende un joven… pero creo que este año no más colaba greda porque no les conviene
tanto. Antes era traerla del cerro, uno la iba a buscar ahí, la mojaba y mi mamá la colaba para que fuera
finita.
Teresa Sánchez cuela su propia greda, reciclada del trabajo que le sobra a su yerno que trabaja el torno. Pone a remojar
el material duro en un tacho, luego lo revuelve con un palo, saca aguita, y la va echando a otro tacho, pasándola por
un colador. Luego deja esta mezcla secando al sol. Si se descuida, entonces se endurece y luego tiene que volver a
ablandarla, hasta que quede “como una masita”, que es cuando ya se puede trabajar. Una de las ventajas de la greda es
que todos los procesos se pueden revertir si es que la pieza no ha sido cocida. Teresa en marzo tiene que tener greda
colada, ya que explica que en abril el tiempo cambia.
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La greda la cuelo yo porque, como le dije, mi yerno trabaja en torno entonces toda esa greda que le va
quedando en el torno la van tirando abajo y cuando se seca me la traen y me la deja ahí.
La echo a remojar en un tarro, esa greda. Y cuando está toda suelta la revuelvo, espero que baje toda la
piedrecilla y el polvo abajo le voy sacando la pura agüita por encima, y esa es la greda colá.
Ana también aprendió a colar su greda. Su madre le enseñó y ahora le dice a su hija Lorena, a quien le entrega greda
colada, que aprenda. Algunos vecinos le regalan vasijas rotas que no alcanzaron a llevar al horno y con ese material
ella trabaja. También en enero y febrero le compran con Lorena algunas pelotas de greda colada a un señor en El
Tránsito, opción sólo disponible en verano, ya que no realizan este trabajo cuando llueve.
Cuando se enfermó me dijo que aprendiera a colar y aprendí, como la veía a ella como hacía las cosas aprendí
a colar altiro. Yo le digo a la Lorena “aprende a colar tu también porque después me va a pasar lo mismo de
mi mami, yo no te voy a colar la greda y si después este caballero no vende, ¿de dónde vai a sacar?”.
Ahora cuelo yo cuando no tengo donde comprar, porque se va a comprar pa allá pa la Turbina, a una persona
que vende greda. A veces tiene poca po’, así que compramos un poco y hasta cuando nos alcance. Yo el año
pasado colé todo el verano greda. Tengo hartos tarros allá atrás y ahí los cuelo.
El proceso
Cada chanchito que hace Lorena comienza siendo una pelota. Luego tiene que secarse por dos horas y después ya
puede desgredarlo y cepillarlo “para que lustre y quede bueno”. A pesar de que las jugueteras diferencian “juguetes”
de “chanchitos”, el proceso y el tamaño son los mismos.
Esto tiene harto trabajo igual que la loza grande. No se nota, pero todo el trabajo que tiene la loza grande
lo tiene esto también, porque estoy hay que armarlo, después que se hace, recién hecho se espera un ratito y
se oreja (se le añaden las partes sobresalientes), después con un cuchillo se desgreda, se raspa pa’ que quede
parejito, y después se humedece un poquito si está muy duro pa sacarles brillo. ¿Ve?
Ana Sánchez
Antiguamente también se les pasaba colo por fuera a las piezas, una pasta que se obtiene del molido de una piedra
–roja en el caso de Pomaire– que les otorga resistencia, brillo y color. Doris describe el proceso que realizaba su
mamá, la reconocida artesana Chefa: Los hacía, los orejaba, los desgredaba, los lustraba de agua, les pasaba el colo
y después los pulía. Con una motita o esponja le pasaban el colo, cuentan Ana y Lorena. Recuerdan que la tía Tere
–diferente de Teresa Sánchez–, encolaba la pieza completa por fuera y que por dentro únicamente el borde.
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Las jugueteras
Las herramientas
Las herramientas de Teresa son cinco: tres mangos de cepillos de dientes adaptados, para pulir y sacar brillo, un palito
de fósforo y un trocito de cordobán (cuero curtido del interior de un zapato).
Uno los compraba como cualquier cepillo de dientes y los pulía. El palo de fósforo para orejarlos y pegarle las
orejitas y el cordobán para suavizar el borde arriba.
Son cepillos antiguos. De dientes, pero son antiguos. No hay de este material ahora, por eso uno tiene que
cuidarlos mucho, para que no se pierdan.
Lorena también usa cepillos, de dientes o de pelo, pero cordobán no. “Yo no uso, porque a mí no me sirve, los juguetes
son demasiado chicos”. Ana también utiliza mangos de cepillos. Dice que para los juguetones se usaban piedras ágata.
Tengo unos cepillos especiales para lustrar. Los tenía por aquí, no sé si estarán… Mire con estas cosas yo
trabajo, les saco el brillo. No se me pueden perder, a veces se me olvida donde los dejo. ¿Ve? especial para sacar
el brillo. Antes había, cuando recién empezamos, unas piedras de cristal, pero ahora no, no se ven. Con eso se
lustraba. Ahora no, sale más rápido con eso, se lustran las orejas, todo el cuerpo y no tienen ningún problema,
queda todo igual… parejito. Así es la vida mía.
Ya no se ven esas cosas. Antes había cepillos de esos, pero ahora no se ven tampoco. Ve que ahí tenía los
dientecitos y me los cortó mi hijo. Hice dos y después se me perdió uno en San Antonio. Se me perdió uno, lo
andaba trayendo en la cartera, saqué una cosa por ahí y cayó.
7. Mangos de cepillos para trabajar de Teresa Sánchez. 8. Trabajo en proceso de Teresa Sánchez.
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Sin horno
Una vez que han elaborado sus objetos, las jugueteras tienen que pedirles a otras personas que los cuezan, ya que
se aprovecha la cochura de las piezas más grandes. Cuando están listas las ponen a secar al lado de la estufa, cuenta
Lorena, para que se afirmen. Después las miniaturas son introducidas en otra pieza, como una paila, una budinera o
un jarrón, para llevarlas a la hornilla.
Un vecino le cuece las piezas a Doris. Cuenta que se ha complicado este proceso, ya que ahora solo dejan cocer
de noche, por el humo. Teresa, en cambio, entrega sus piezas “en crudo”, a menos que le pidan piezas “por fuera”,
entonces se las cuece su yerno. Ana le entrega las piezas a un amigo casado con una prima hermana suya. Recuerda
que su mamá cocía al principio:
Mi mamá, cuando estaba más joven ella, tenía hornilla, ella cocía, pero después eso se fue terminando. Mi
mamá no quiso trabajar mucho más en la greda, así que lo poco y nada que hacía lo vendía crudo, para no
mortificarse en cocer.
Ana a veces pide que le ahumen algunos juguetitos: “Con bosta de caballo. Esos están todos crudos ¿ve? Después se
echan a cocer, a veces se hacen rojos y otras se ahúman”.
Si la hornilla alcanza una temperatura muy fuerte de forma repentina, explica Lorena, pierden todas las piezas,
porque se descascaran y no hay opción de recuperarlas; cambian de color a un plomo opaco y ya no sirven, lo que
también puede ocurrir con las piezas grandes. A ella le ha pasado en tres ocasiones:
Si le echan mucha leña de repente, como son tan delicados se pueden arrebatar, que le nombran, y se ponen
como plomos. Se descascaran y se les rompen las orejitas, como que se funden, le nombran, si le llega demasiado
fuerte el fuego.
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Piezas de gran tamaño
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Piezas de gran tamaño
E ste trabajo, que por su exigencia física es exclusivo de los hombres, tuvo un auge cuando se comenzaron a comprar
maceteros para los jardines. En la actualidad son pocos quienes realizan tinajas y otras piezas de gran tamaño, las
que requieren de un arte especial que involucra la greda, hornos altos y el manejo de la leña.
Carlos Aguayo y Luis “Lucho” Olivares son algunos de los más experimentados en este trabajo; César Silva es un
joven que con sus conocimientos felizmente garantiza la continuación de este oficio, mientras que “Los Caínes” son
una familia acostumbrada a innovar.
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Piezas de gran tamaño
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Greda viva
Andrés Calderón haciendo una base y Enrique Calderón incorporando lulos. Taller de Carlos Aguayo.
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Piezas de gran tamaño
Una vez que se ha construido la pieza completa hay que esperar un par de días para que se seque al aire libre. En
verano corren el riesgo de que el viento caliente la quiebre mientras se está secando “porque no tenemos una bodega
cerrada”, explica Carlos. Luego se cuece por unas 12 horas a 600 ºC aproximadamente.
Cuenta que él cobra caro, porque, entre otras cosas, tiene que comprar mucha leña, pero que muchos pomairinos
están vendiendo cosas muy baratas, lo que perjudica a todos porque además son de mala calidad y se quiebran, relata
Carlos. Dice que las ventas “han sido malísimas en este tiempo”:
Nosotros tenemos, gracias a Dios, hay que dar gracias a Dios, tenemos pedidos, estos maceteros son pedidos,
pero nos tiene mal que no hemos podido cocer. Uno va cociendo y entregando, no hay un capital. Eso falta acá
en Pomaire, que alguien nos diera un ‘crédito artesanal’, porque yo puedo ir a los bancos pero si yo pido un
millón, tengo que pagar un millón ocho, en dos años…
Explica que el frío de estos días les ha impedido cocer, porque con la humedad ni las piezas ni la leña están secas.
“Si teníamos que haber cocido esta semana, hay más o menos para llenar tres horneadas y no se ha podido”, explica.
5. Lucho Olivares.
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Las fuentes las pulían bien, con ágata, cuenta, para que no se les pegara el aceite. Todo se hacía a mano entonces, con
la técnica del canco.
Se formaba una pelota de greda y la dejaban unos días ahí, tapada. Después empezaban a darle la forma.
El canco era una especie de cucurucho de greda. Se usaba más o menos dependiendo de si iban a hacer
un cántaro, una olla, un kilo, dos kilos para cada pieza. La iban formando, abriéndola, la iban mateando.
Usaban mate de calabaza en ese tiempo.
Recuerda que en aquéllos tiempos pisaban la greda y que a él también le tocó. La tiraban sobre un pedazo de cuero,
le sacaban las impurezas, como raíces y palitos, y la pisaban. Una vez que empezaba a tirar globitos, cuenta, entonces
estaba “a punto” para trabajarla. Tardaba aproximadamente una hora en dejar lista una carretillada.
Yo estaba chico, como unos ocho años. Nos gustaba, porque lo veía como un juego. Los vecinos de edad se
cansaban y uno no po’. Andaba con todas las pilas cargadas para andar corriendo y le daban unas monedas
a uno… ¡Quedaba más contento! Así lo hacía.
Mientras pisaba Lucho observaba a sus vecinas trabajando la greda y ahí le empezó a gustar. Fue el primero de su
familia en dedicarse a la alfarería. Su papá trabajaba en el campo y su madre era dueña de casa. “Como éramos hartos
hijos, no tenía tiempo de hacer greda”, explica, y dice que entonces la mayoría de los pomairinos trabajaba en el
campo, en una viña grande que había, y en los fundos. De sus hijos, tres de cuatro trabajan en la greda. Julia Silva, su
mujer, también.
César Silva, de 29 años, es uno de los pomairinos más jóvenes que realizan tinajas. Dice que varias familias les dicen
a sus hijos que no trabajen en la greda, pero que a él le gusta porque le da libertad y le permite ganar lo que necesita
para vivir. Cuenta que los mismos pomairinos apreciaban muy poco el trabajo en greda, pero que de a poco esto ha
ido cambiando. Al respecto, se refiere a un grupo de jóvenes que se apodaron “Esteke” (en base a una herramienta
que se usa para el trabajo en torno), quienes buscan que se valore y perdure la alfarería pomairina.
A él le costó poder dejar las piezas derechas ya que es un trabajo donde las habilidades se van adquiriendo de a poco,
explica, y se refiere a la técnica que está usando para hacer un pedestal que tendrá aproximadamente un metro de
altura y que en la parte superior sostendrá un recipiente para el agua, también de greda. Muestra otro que tiene ahora
“en secado” para arreglarlo después:
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Greda viva
Es que pasó que lo hice muy rápido, empezó a colapsar. Esto se fabrica como un edificio. Tendrías que hacer
el cimiento, que sería aquí la base. Y del cimiento, avanzar hacia arriba dejando que fragüe, que tome
resistencia, para que aguante el peso de la otra parte que va arriba.
Como en invierno el trabajo es más lento usa tres tornetas para poder así realizar varias piezas de forma paralela.
Trabaja en el taller de su tía, ubicado bien al interior de Pomaire, y en su casa. También construye hornos. Cuenta que
se dedica a la greda “por ser pomairino de toda la vida”. Como hoy son pocos los jóvenes pomairinos que trabajan
en este rubro César dice que él, de cierta forma, es rebelde: “Estudié técnico en administración, pero no me gustó ir
a encerrarme a una oficina”.
En el mismo taller trabaja Marco Gatica, pomairino de 45 años que empezó a trabajar en la greda hace unos diez; antes
trabajaba en el campo y en la construcción. Cuenta que para hacer un macetero, su especialidad, es muy importante
que la medida del fondo esté correcta, “si no, arriba no te da”. Usa una huincha para confirmar lo que calcula al ojo. A
diferencia de la tinaja, que “sale más en septiembre”, afirma que el macetero se vende todo el año, aunque cuenta que
ahora son pocos quienes los hacen.
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Piezas de gran tamaño
8. Marco Gatica en el taller de Nancy Gaete. 9. Pedro Ibarra en el taller de Nancy Gaete.
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Greda viva
96 |
Piezas de gran tamaño
En la carretilla las van combinando, también a pulso, tomando en cuenta las propiedades de cada una.
La café es bastante plástica (capacidad de estirarse sin agrietarse), la roja me aporta color y ésta (café claro)
firmeza, evita que se cuarteen (agrieten). Puede ser que sea más fina, pero tiene esa propiedad que impide que
las piezas se partan.
Después la vacían en un pozo donde caben unas 20 carretilladas. Luego le echan agua y al día siguiente, o hasta unos
tres días después, la pasan por el moledor eléctrico; entonces ya se puede usar. Nibaldo cuenta que para modelar ellos
usan tornos de pie.
Hace aproximadamente 15 años hubo un proyecto para reemplazar los hornos a leña por unos a gas, más fáciles
de usar porque se dejaban programados, pero no resultó porque subió el precio del gas y entonces no les convenía
usarlos. Nibaldo cuenta que no podían dar un paso atrás, así que dieron uno “al costado”: descargaron de internet
un prototipo de horno de tiro invertido y lo construyeron de mayor tamaño. Tiene dos cámaras: una de combustión,
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Greda viva
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Piezas de gran tamaño
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Greda viva
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Piezas medianas
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Piezas medianas
A unque en Pomaire “todos hacen de todo” cada artesano se especializa en algunas piezas. Así, Manuel González
se dedica a las piezas precolombinas, lo de Juan Peñailillo son las budineras, María Eugenia Guerrero hace ollas
y parrilleros, mientras que los hermanos Jiménez se dedican a los chanchitos de exportación.
Reproducciones indígenas
Manuel González, de 53 años, es oriundo de Pomaire.
Cuenta que nació “justo en la esquina de las señoras que
hacen las miniaturas”. Aprendió, como todos, mirando.
“Cuando tú estás en la enseñanza básica aprendes a pulir
y haces figuritas chicas y después, en enseñanza media,
uno necesita plata para sobrevivir”. Estudió Diseño
Gráfico. Dice que la carrera le ayudó a ser un creador
rápido, no un trabajador rápido. Nunca se desprendió
de la greda; estudiaba en Santiago y los fines de semana
regresaba a trabajar.
Hoy se dedica a la creación de piezas propias y también
a la reproducción de piezas indígenas. En 2012 dio una
charla junto al arqueólogo y curador del Museo Chileno
de Arte Precolombino, Luis Cornejo, “Los pueblos de la
cerámica en Chile y su presencia en Pomaire”. Cuenta
que los españoles, al llegar a la zona central, hicieron que
los indígenas copiaran la vajilla que tenían en Europa.
Por eso aparece el botellón, el jarro de agua,
aparecen animales como la gallina y el caballo.
Desaparece el color del diseño como tal y aparece
una cerámica roja, bien roja, que dicen que es la
cerámica antigua, tradicional de Pomaire.
También explica que la paila deviene del cuenco que
hacían, por ejemplo, los Aconcagua, el que no tenía
orejas. Su uso era ritual y para el agua. Después se le
habría incorporado una pantruca (oreja tableada) que
1. Manuel González.
con el tiempo pasó a ser una oreja redonda. Ahora se
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Greda viva
están haciendo pailas sin orejas. Cuenta que el colo u óxido de fierro siempre se ha aplicado, pero que los españoles
decidieron que se debía “pintar” con él la pieza porque le daba más brillo y elegancia.
A pesar que Manuel dice que Pomaire “siempre ha sido un pueblo bendecido”, también se refiere a los problemas de
alcoholismo que existen y explica que ahora, como otros pomairinos han comentado, se ha introducido mucha droga.
Dice que el trabajo en greda “es muy bonito, pero consigo trae consecuencias de enfermedades. Pomaire es frío, muy
frío, y a veces los talleres no están acondicionados para trabajar”. Esto probablemente influya en que muchos jóvenes
ya no se dediquen a la greda.
Hay muy poca gente joven trabajando esto. Hay un grupo, deberán ser diez máximo, de jóvenes menores de 30
años. Todos los demás son todavía de 50 y tanto, hasta 70, 80 años, entonces no hay… el proceso de recambio
aquí no se ha notado, va a ser fuerte en un período más.
Así como los intereses de los pomairinos han cambiado, también los turistas buscan hoy algo distinto. Manuel dice
que ahora vienen a Pomaire más a comer que a comprar piezas de greda. Todo esto ha llevado a que el sistema de
producción y de ventas se modifique.
En el 90 había más gente que trabajaba y vendía directamente sus productos. Ahora hay más gente vendiendo
el producto que produciéndolo. Y por eso ahí viene el problema, porque se saltan los procesos para poder
vender más a los que revenden y quien hace todo el proceso de una buena cerámica no puede vender, porque
no hay comparación con los precios.
Ya no se desbastan o desgredan las piezas. Se retiraba el exceso de greda; ya no se hace. Se saltan esa etapa
y a veces algunos se saltan la etapa de alisado o bruñido en agua y se van directamente al bruñido en seco
y después al horno. Entonces tú ya tienes dos procesos cortados y eso significa que el trabajo ya tiene 50 por
ciento menos. Se hace por una cosa de comodidad o por una necesidad de bajar el costo de la producción, yo
creo que por esto último.
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Piezas medianas
2. Réplicas de jarro pato de la cultura Llolleo (cada una cabe en la palma de una mano) realizadas por Manuel González.
Manuel insiste en que la baja calidad de las piezas se debe a esto, no al torno de pie: “No es la máquina, no es la culpa
del torno; es la culpa de quien trabaja. Si tú haces buenas terminaciones, nunca vas a tener problemas”.
Él calcula que el torno llegó alrededor de 1930 ya que encontró unas piezas muy antiguas en un museo hechas con esta
máquina. Es de la idea que la causante de la verdadera “revolución” que hizo cambiar Pomaire fue otra herramienta:
“Este instrumento que yo tengo acá. El torno de mano, que se le dice, y se le llama torneta. No tiene limitaciones como
el torno de pie, que sólo te permite hacer formas cilíndricas”, explica.
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Greda viva
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Piezas medianas
5. Juan Peñailillo.
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Greda viva
Nosotros, cuando estábamos chicos, le ayudábamos a pulir; ella nos enseñó. De ahí fuimos heredando. Mi papá no,
era agricultor. No era de aquí, era de un fundo lejos y se vino pa’ aca’, pero nunca le gustó la greda. Siempre trabajaba
la cuestión de la agricultura. Después tuvo un tiempo malo la agricultura, así que no seguimos en eso.
Hay dos temas que hoy tienen inquieto a Juan; le preocupa que cada vez haya menos maestros cortadores y el que la
greda sea un recurso agotable.
Hay pocos maestros ya. Fíjese que en un tiempo más nosotros todos pensamos que ya no van a haber. Se va a
terminar. No hay maestros, porque a la nueva generación no le gusta.
Nosotros estamos corriendo un riesgo hacia delante porque el producto de la greda, la materia prima, se va a
terminar pue’, porque en todos los cerros hay, pero no quieren vender, porque hacen tiras sus cerros, ellos. No
tenemos asegurada la materia prima.
Hacemos como 50 piezas en una semana. El maestro corta 50 esta semana y la otra viene a cortar 50 y yo
tengo terminadas esas 50. Estas que está cortando son para la otra semana. En el horno caben 50.
Los días sábado cuecen. Tienen dos hornos, pero no siempre los usan al mismo tiempo. Se demoran seis horas en
cocer, por lo que Eugenia debe estar todo el día echando leña. Empiezan haciendo un pequeño fuego. Después van
de a poquito aumentando la intensidad hasta que tiran una gotita de agua encima de las latas que tapan el horno.
“Si chirrea la lata, ya está listo para cocer”, cuenta. “Antes se tapaba con pedazos de vasijas rotas, las antiguas, igual
daban más calor, pero ahora como uno quiere hacerlo más rápido, se usan latitas no más”, explica. Cuenta que el
fuego alcanza los 600 ºC. Si se descuida, se le pueden “pasar” las piezas, quedan azules. “Yo siempre me preocupo del
horno, porque es mi loza, entonces tengo que cuidarla”, afirma María.
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Piezas medianas
Sus hornos no son muy antiguos ya que, como sucedió con el de Juan, para el terremoto de 2010 se cayeron y como
justo tenían un pedido de budineras, su esposo construyó unos nuevos a la brevedad. Tardó entre tres y cuatro días
en hacer uno. Eugenia dice que ahora en Pomaire hacen unos más modernos:
Mi hermano parece que tiene. Son cerrados y por la orilla se coloca la leña. Dicen que se gasta menos leña y
que contaminan menos. Creo que según ellos sale el humo bien arriba, no como aquí, que sale por las orillas.
Cuando yo me haga uno voy a cocer sola, porque ahora mi hijo me tiene que ayudar; esas tablas son pesadas,
no me las puedo. Cuando termino, él tiene que sacar todas las brasas de adentro y colocárselas a las latas de
arriba para que se terminen de cocer bien ésas, el calor pasa para las de arriba.
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7. María Guerrero.
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Piezas medianas
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10. Piezas realizadas por Juan Jiménez: “La huida”, “Señora mateando”, “Nacimiento mapuche”.
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Piezas medianas
Ella no quiso que sus hijos trabajaran la greda: “Yo no los dejé que hicieran nada, es que esto es muy aventurero. Por
ejemplo, en este tiempo se nos quiebra todo, porque a veces entran muy frescas las piezas, les llega el fuego de repente
y se quiebran todas”.
A Teresita y su hermano Juan o “Chico Nuno” siempre les pedían que hicieran chanchitos, por lo que terminaron
especializándose en ellos. Los entregan en una casa en Santiago a un señor que los vende en Alemania. Cuenta
Teresita que a veces también manda a cortar. Ella hace mil chanchos al mes: “porque tengo que hacer cosas en la casa.
Tengo que limpiar, hacer almuerzo, entonces me hago solamente mil de estos. Pero mi hermano, que no le toca hacer
eso, él hace más, saca tres mil”. Cuenta que llenan la hornilla.
Juan, de 56 años, se dedicó a la greda en los 80, “por el hecho de que yo no tenía para estudiar, entonces me puse a
hacer figuritas. Lo primero fue el pesebre y después fui innovando”. Los vendía en el local San Vicente y también por
encargo. Para un pesebre debe realizar unas 15 figuras: “Las voy haciendo de a poco. Un día les hago la carita, otro
día les hago el cuerpo… Después viene un proceso largo, porque hay que pulirlos, cocerlos, esperar que se sequen”.
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Torneros
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Torneros
1. Enrique Osorio trabajando con torno de pie (arriba) por encargo de María Guerrero.
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Mi hermano manda a lustrar mucha loza. Yo no tengo puesto, no tengo negocio, y resulta que así me voy
ganando algo. También, de repente, voy haciendo piezas, cuando me piden, o hago algunas para tener listas,
para tener stock.
Lo primero que aprendió a hacer fueron “juguetoncitos”, mirando a la señora Inés Garrido. Recuerda que en esos
tiempos había un par de tiendas en Pomaire y que su propia madre hacía unas fruteras hermosas; lamenta no tener
fotos. Dice que el trabajo en greda antiguamente era realizado en su mayoría por mujeres. Su papá se dedicaba al
cerdo y a la venta de frutas:
Hacía chancho a la chilena en esas casas viejas que están ahí, medias caídas después del terremoto. Ahí
trabajaba, faenando el chancho. Y en el verano trabajaba en fruta, llevaba fruta al litoral, a la costa. Recorría
todo eso.
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Torneros
Cuenta que una vez que llegó el torno de pie, los hombres
se entusiasmaron con la greda: “Empezaron a cortar loza
y la mujer a orejar. Les cundía más”. A ella le cuesta orejar
porque hace años se le quebraron los dos antebrazos. Está
contenta de poder pulir, pero no le conviene arrendar
un puesto porque es muy caro y las ventas están lentas,
explica.
El lustrado con torno eléctrico es criticado por varios
pomairinos que reclaman que el pulido es superficial y no
permite obtener los mismos resultados que con el trabajo
a mano, la greda no se aprieta lo suficiente, queda porosa,
reclaman. Clodomira cuenta que no se trata, en su caso,
de llegar y lustrar, que la greda hay que saber entenderla:
“Todo tiene que uno saber: saber pulir, saber lustrar,
tanto a mano como en torno. Aunque sea en torno, tiene
su tema”. Comenzó usando un torno más lento, “hay que
aprender a sostener la pieza, para que no salga volando”,
3. Clodomira González trabajando. explica.
Cuando la pieza está en su punto para el lustrado, la toma
con una malla de fruta y con la misma malla y una piedra
de río, le da brillo. Cuenta que hace poco lustró 20 frascos
de greda para mermelada en un día. Hace años trató de
hacer piezas en torno de pie, pero le resultaba muy difícil:
“Me cansé de subirme al torno. No fui capaz nunca de
sacar una pieza”. A veces llama a un cortador y después
ella realiza los procesos restantes, pero es difícil que vaya,
porque solo necesita una cantidad pequeña:
Lamenta que en la actualidad las piezas, que requieren de un gran trabajo, se vendan tan baratas en Pomaire: “Uno se
saca la mugre y esa parte no la valoriza la gente. Entonces yo creo que eso mismo también la juventud lo ha mirado y
ha dicho: ‘pucha ¿cómo voy a vivir así?’”.
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5. Miguel Urbina trabajando en el taller de Luis Garrido (arriba). Pailas para una fábrica de pastel de choclo en Santiago (abajo).
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Un trabajo que demanda tiempo
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Un trabajo que demanda tiempo
I ris y Ana se dedican a la greda por cariño; la alfarería no es su trabajo principal. Sus padres querían que estudiaran
una carrera profesional ya que el trabajo en greda –dicen los mismos pomairinos– “es muy sacrificado”. Ambas
también han atesorado piezas “de las que se hacían antes” y conocen sus valiosas historias.
1. Iris Oyarzún.
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Por eso no gano plata. No vivo de eso. Porque si tuviera que vivir de esto, no podría. Yo pienso que uno va
jugando con la greda, la va modelando. Tiene que ser con cariño, porque si no, a mí no me resulta. Yo veo gente
que trabaja en grandes escalas, pero yo no puedo. Para mí esto tiene que ser una pasión y esa pasión tiene que
nacerte y si no, no te resulta.
Barrutina y saliva
Iris les aplica a sus piezas barrutina en reemplazo del colo. Así, una vez pulidas, quedan brillantes y bien selladas.
Antes usaba un cuero de oveja, pero desde que lo perdió usa una brocha, que le ha resultado más práctica.
Después como no había colo pa’ estos lados, empezaron a hacer esto. Se prepara la greda, se echa a remojar
y se va colando en una mallas, un leseo más o menos. Hasta que uno deja lo que es esto, como una cremita,
como un yoghurt. En el fondo, es como un engobe casero. Hay gente, yo no le echo, pero hay gente que le echa
tierra de color roja.
Otro de sus secretos es el uso de saliva para orejar. “La saliva, decían mi mamá y mi tía abuela, era el mejor pegamento
que había”. El pulido de agua también tiene su ciencia, ya que se debe hacer con una piedra de río “que tenga carita,
le llamaba mi tía”.
Cocido y ahumado
En el pequeño local de Iris y su hermana, en la calle San Antonio, hay piezas cerámicas rojas y negras. “Antes teníamos
puras rojas, pero no vendíamos mucho, entonces tuvimos que ir ahumando”, explica y lamenta que ahora se haya
instaurado la mala práctica, como también otros pomairinos lo han comentado, de ahumar quemando zapatillas y
otras cosas que dañan las piezas. Ella tiene un horno en su patio y está aprendiendo a cocer. “Porque mi papá tiene
82 años y un día no va a estar p’. ¿No cierto? Entonces uno tiene que aprender”.
Cuñado torneador
Cuenta Iris que cuando el marido de su hermana, de Santiago, quedó cesante, aprendió a tornear y que ahora es uno
de los mejores torneadores de Pomaire. “Nosotros los pomairinos decimos: ‘Pomaire es bendito, porque nadie se
muere de hambre, nadie. Aquí el que llega y quiere trabajar, puede hacerlo”, afirma. Sin embargo, aunque diferente al
oficio alfarero manual, el trabajo de los torneadores también es sacrificado.
Aquí en invierno es tan malo, que las personas tienen que meterse en un préstamo. Pasas el tiempo bueno,
llega el invierno, de nuevo, otro préstamo, y así dan la vuelta. Él ahora último estudió, hizo un curso en la
Universidad de Chile y está trabajando, entonces como que ya está cansado también, porque el tornero muere
temprano, por la columna y por la posición. Ellos no tienen larga vida en el torno. Aquí en Pomaire la gente
se enferma de artrosis, de los huesos, porque la greda es muy helada. Tú en invierno sufres de los cambios de
temperatura. Ese es el problema de salud que hay, y el otro es el asma.
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Un trabajo que demanda tiempo
Se están acabando los torneadores de cosas pequeñas, más finas. Los cabros que están saliendo ahora… nadie
quiere, porque ellos saben que ganan más en el campo de temporeros, en un packing, embalando naranjas,
que en la greda. Nadie quiere aprender porque no se gana, porque está muy mal valorizado el producto. A
mí ahora, por ejemplo, me cuesta un mundo encontrar un torneador porque, como hay pocos, tú tienes que
conseguirlo por un día y significa tenerle 40 o 50 lucas…
Iris es de la idea que Pomaire volverá a ser como antes: “Yo pienso que con los años nosotros vamos a empezar de
nuevo. El que quiera hacer greda va a tener que comenzar con las manos, de nuevo, a formar la pieza”.
2. Gallina realizada por Iris Muñoz Flores, madre de Iris Oyarzún, para un concurso.
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4. Tetera realizada por Elsira Vera Quiroz, bisabuela de Iris Oyarzún. 5. Pieza realizada por Amelia Muñoz, tía de Iris Oyarzún.
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Un trabajo que demanda tiempo
Ana Negrete, de 46 años, aprendió observando a su madre, pero únicamente podía mirar, pues ella no quería que su
hija tomara la greda. “Yo era traga libros y ella me decía ‘tú tienes que llegar a la universidad’ y por lo tanto no me
dejaba y aprendí todos los procesos y todo el trabajo, mirando”. Dice, eso sí, que nunca consiguió aprender a hacer
chanchitos. “¿Me va a creer que yo no sé hacer chanchos? He intentado ene veces y no me sale. ¡Porque tiene que tener
gracia el chancho po’! La carita tiene que tener gracia”.
Es profesora de filosofía hace 20 años en un colegio
de Melipilla y hace tres hizo un magíster en Gestión
Cultural. Su tema fue sobre las causas de la pérdida de
la alfarería ancestral en Pomaire. Concluyó, entre otras
cosas, que una generación de padres no querían que sus
hijos hicieran un trabajo que conlleva el desarrollo de
enfermedades. A la vez, preferían que tuvieran un ingreso
estable. Ana, no obstante, insiste en la importancia de que
se mantenga viva la memoria de las personas antiguas.
“Entonces decidí tirarme y empezar a hacer todas las
cosas que en mi mente estaban guardadas. Cada vez que
hago algo, estoy pensando en cómo mi mamá lo hacía”.
Su madre iba trabajando en distintas partes de la casa:
“donde ibas, había cosas de greda”, dice Ana y recuerda
que usaba la técnica del canco.
Hacía una figura, como un triángulo. Así lo hacía
mi mamá, como una especie de pepa de uva. Lo
dejaba un rato. Por ejemplo, le gustaba trabajar
en la noche; la dejaba en la noche, hacía varias. Y
al otro día empezaba con las manos a ahuecarlas.
6. Ana Negrete. A ahuecarlas hasta que les daba la forma. Por eso
eran muy delgadas.
La especialidad de Ana son las pequeñas cocinas. Para hacerlas compra greda “bien pasada” que cuela con una
panti. Explica que como ahora la sacan con retroexcavadora, tiene mucha piedrecilla, lo que daña las manos de los
cortadores. Antiguamente era diferente.
Yo siempre escuchaba a las personas más viejitas… Ellos decían que a sus abuelos, a su vez, les habían
escuchado (decir) que la gente antigua creía que la greda estaba viva. En todo Pomaire, a una cierta superficie,
hay greda, y greda de buena calidad.
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Tienda museo
Ana ha ido reuniendo una gran cantidad de piezas, ya que está armando un museo al interior de su tienda. Cuenta
que incluso tuvo que dejar de usar algunas, para ponerlas en vitrinas. Como Iris, también recuerda las piezas de
Chefa: “La mamá de Doris, la señora Chefa, trabajaba maravilloso. Maravilloso. También tengo algunas piezas de
ella. Son como cáscara de huevo”.
A diferencia de su madre, a ella sí le gustaría que los jóvenes se dedicaran a la greda, pero son ellos quienes no se
interesan. Una hija suya le dice: “Mamá, sabes que yo no soy pa’ esto, no tengo paciencia. Pa’ esto hay que tener
paciencia”. Recuerda Ana que las personas antiguas eran muy esforzadas.
Mi madre es una mujer que tiene 80 años y tiene todas sus manos con artrosis, con artritis, con todas las
enfermedades de los huesos, por la greda. Yo recuerdo a mi mamá hasta las cuatro de la mañana trabajando
todos los días. Y al otro día, a las seis y media estaba en pie.
7. Zapato de cueca realizado por Gladys Muñoz, madre de Ana Negrete (cabe en la palma de una mano).
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Un trabajo que demanda tiempo
8. Planchas de greda realizadas por Guillermina Mateluna. Tienda de Ana Negrete. 9. Pieza realizada por Gladys Muñoz, madre de Ana Negrete.
(caben en la palma de una mano).
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Greda viva
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La mirada de otros
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La mirada de otros
D e alguna forma u otra están relacionados con el mundo de la greda. Vicente Santis trabaja en la Municipalidad
de Melipilla y tiene la tienda “San Vicente”, en Pomaire. Esteke, por otro lado, es un grupo de jóvenes que busca
promover la riqueza del patrimonio inmaterial del pueblo. Ulises González, quien también ha trabajado con éstos, da
su mirada desde la recién creada “Cámara de Comercio y Turismo”. Por último, el melipillano Hernán Farías se refiere
a la creación de un museo en Pomaire que permitirá acercar al turista a las piezas realizadas completamente a mano.
Trabaja en Melipilla, aunque vive en Pomaire, aclara Vicente Santis Negrete, de 52 años. Su nombre está presente en el
pueblo. Hace varios años fue Presidente de la Junta de Vecinos y hoy mantiene, junto a sus hermanos, el local familiar
“San Vicente”, que creó su madre. Es funcionario público, trabaja en organizaciones comunitarias y cuenta que sus
hijos no se dedican a la greda.
Venta de piezas
En su local deben preocuparse de ofrecer productos variados, explica, ya que cada artesano se especializa en un par
de piezas. El negocio les permite tener un ingreso extraordinario, pero no tienen la presión de vender, “gracias a Dios
tenemos otras actividades”.
Yo le digo, el San Vicente subsiste, básicamente, en el buen sentido de la palabra, gracias a la entrega al por
mayor que tenemos nosotros, a los restaurantes, pasos fronterizos, que hay muchos, en el norte, en el sur, ahí
vendemos en volumen. Pero un día domingo, por ejemplo, probablemente si usted tiene un local con cosas
chinas, lo más probable es que venda más.
Por lo mismo a Vicente le molesta cuando lo critican porque él considera que están prácticamente obligados a vender
otras cosas.
A mí me irrita cuando me dicen ‘que no, que las tradiciones, que es vendido’. El que viene de afuera no lo
entiende, no, dicen, ‘hay que conservar las artesanías’, sí, pero compren la artesanía”. Si yo estoy en Pomaire
y vendo mi greda aquí y usted me compra pelotas, ramas, y yo con mi gredita ahí no más, haciendo patria,
no po’, no funciona. Si el sistema de chavelear que les conté al comienzo, eso ya pasó hace mucho rato, ya no
existe. El pomairino tiene que entrar en la modernidad o si no se lo come el sistema. Esa es una guerra que
hay, un conflicto inevitable. La mentalidad de la persona cambió, cambió el chip para bien y para mal. La
vida es un consumismo, todo es chatarra, todo es desechable, entonces van a ir a ver… una paila ¿cuánto vale?
500 pesos y al frente $800. Voy donde está a $500 ¿cierto? Pero no es como comprarse el blue jeans Levis en
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Greda viva
Almacenes París o en Ripley, porque es el mismo Levis, usted va a comprar donde esté más barato. Pero con la
paila es distinto, hay una forma de hacerla. Uno la hace en 15 segundos en torno y hay otro caballero que toma
la pelotita de greda, hace la pailita y se demora 40 minutos y tiene que lustrarla. Pero el caballero dice: ¿cómo
va a costar $800? Compro la de $500. Y lo más probable es que cuando la use, filtre, porque está mal cocida…
Y el pobre caballero que hizo la de $800… Entonces la gente que va a Pomaire no capta el tema, prefiere la de
$500, total si es el mismo chancho, es la misma paila, el mismo jarrón… no valoran.
Luego explica que a él le inculcaron que debía tener un sueldo fijo. “Lo demás es para que se tome unas buenas
vacaciones, cambie el auto, un lujito, que su señora esté más contenta, pero usted tiene que tener un sueldo”. Dice que
sin embargo quedan, en Pomaire, “Quijotes”, pero añade: “uno puede ser Quijote, idealista, pero al final del día hay
que pagar la cuenta”.
Antiguamente, en cambio, no había muchos locales comerciales. “La señora, el caballero hacían su cacharrito de
greda y lo ponían ahí en su antejardín”, dice, y concluye que es por la “Ley Pomaire” que ha llegado mucha gente de
afuera. “Es atractivo Pomaire, vende”, y de eso nos hemos agarrado todos”.
Permanecer en Pomaire
Cuenta Vicente, y así lo han hecho ver varios pomairinos, que el pueblo cada vez va quedando más estrecho; no hay
opciones de que crezca.
Pomaire está muy congestionado en términos habitacionales. Hay poco espacio, casi nada para hacer una
población, una villa. Las tierras de alrededor son fundos, eso es un problema, porque Pomaire no se puede
extender más y la gente no quiere irse de Pomaire, quiere vivir ahí. Todos nos conocemos, entonces usted no
puede hablar mal de mí, porque ella es prima, tía, vecina… algo hay.
Y sin embargo, relata, “el trabajo de la greda es muy individualista. Yo ni tonto le voy a decir a quién le vendo mis
pocillos, mis pailas, no nos transferimos conocimientos, hablamos de cualquier estupidez en los velorios”. Pero un
tema más preocupante, explica, es el aumento del consumo de alcohol y drogas, sobre todo porque los niños tienen
acceso a dinero desde pequeños. Da un ejemplo hipotético: “Ya po’, sé hombre, prueba. Y si tengo plata… por eso
ha entrado la droga pesada, entró la cocaína a Pomaire, porque la gente tiene dinero”, y concluye: “hay gente buena,
gente mala, pero Pomaire todavía conserva ese espíritu que no tienen las grandes ciudades”. Por ejemplo, todos tienen
sobrenombres. Vicente va enumerando: “Están los Serruchos, Cabeza Hinchada,, Huevos Tibios, Despabilemos
Mijita, los Cañones… Los apodos se heredan. El mío es de mi abuelo: ´Los Machos`, dice”.
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La mirada de otros
El grupo “Esteke”
Tienen como objetivo rescatar el patrimonio cultural inmaterial de Pomaire, el “aprender haciendo”; que el turista
adquiera mayores conocimientos respecto al trabajo alfarero, visibilice el oficio y así “no se pierda el valor del hacer
las cosas”, cuenta Felipe Riquelme, de 34 años, y vocero de la agrupación de unos 20 miembros.
Alrededor del 40 por ciento del grupo está ligado a la alfarería directamente. También hay un fotógrafo, enfermeras,
entre otros. Todos tienen entre 20 y 40 años, explica Felipe y añade que siempre que se realizan actividades culturales
en Pomaire, intentan que hagan un “guiño a la alfarería”: “Si hacemos un ciclo de cine, por ejemplo, y pasamos el
Chacal de Nahueltoro, también vamos a pasar cortos relacionados a la alfarería”. Dice que se han hecho muchos
estudios en Pomaire, pero que no se han realizado cosas concretas: “Aquí desde los 90 se han hecho proyectos que
solo son diagnósticos, somos el Chile de los diagnósticos”.
Cuenta que en esos años la artesanía era muy llamativa en cuanto a su colorido, pero de mala calidad. Es probable que
esto tenga relación con lo que cuenta más adelante, que en los años 80-90, hubo una valoración negativa de lo que era
el trabajo alfarero en Pomaire. Los papás les decían a sus hijos: “No chiquillos, no se queden en la greda, la greda es
pesada, la greda es mala, váyanse al campo, que eran fundos. Se le asignó a este trabajo un valor más importante que
a la greda”, dice y agrega: “Esteke surge de esa necesidad de decir ‘no’. Nos gusta y queremos ser alfareros”. También
recalca que valoran la libertad que les ofrece la greda. Cuenta que él puede trabajar en su casa, por ejemplo, llevar a
su hija al colegio o estar con ella si se enferma.
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Cambios y libertad
Es importante ir evolucionando, explica Felipe, “el mundo, nosotros, hemos cambiado”. Ejemplifica con el momento
en que se pasó en Pomaire de la cocción en pila a la hornilla; cuenta que las personas se resistían al cambio.
Ahora vienen hornos que son invertidos, de mejor calidad, y hay mucha gente también que se resiste. ‘No…
que se va a perder la tradición’, pero necesitamos esos conocimientos, porque las emisiones de humo con las
hornillas antiguas son mucho mayores”.
A la vez dice que cuando se introdujo el torno ocurrió algo similar. Explica, eso sí, que este trabajo tiene como
consecuencia que varios artesanos meramente reproduzcan piezas y dejen la creatividad de lado. Otra asunto que les
preocupa es la venta de productos chinos. Cuenta que se les ocurrió la idea de que cada negocio tuviera que tener
un 40% de alfarería, “que fuera obligación, pero era algo anticonstitucional, porque estamos en un libre mercado”,
concluye.
Ulises González, de 31 años, fue tesorero de Esteke durante un tiempo y ahora participa de la recién creada Cámara
de Comercio y Turismo de Pomaire que busca “potenciar al pueblo como un lugar turístico que sea importante dentro
de la región Metropolitana” –Álvaro Romero, quien trabaja junto con Víctor en la Granja Educativa, es el secretario–.
Ulises también es licenciado en Comunicación y Relaciones Públicas y tiene el restaurante “La fuente de mi tierra”.
Dice que un problema que han detectado es que en la actualidad se está perdiendo la “mano de obra” artesana.
Explica que los padres de su generación (del 85), no querían que sus hijos estudiaran, preferían que siguieran una
línea distinta, “porque antiguamente era mal visto ser artesano”. Es un oficio sacrificado y los padres no quieren que
sus hijos pasen por lo mismo, afirma. Por otro lado dice que no se puede obligar a que un niño tome la greda si no
tiene habilidades manuales.
Mi mamá y mi papá son artesanos, pero de los tres hijos que tuvieron, ninguno siguió por la línea del trabajo en
greda, de netamente meter las manos a la greda. Quedan pocos artesanos, pocos cortadores, pocos lustradores.
De aquí a 20 años más, lo más probable es que ya no exista el comercio que existe hoy día; no va a existir la
misma cantidad de proveedores.
Cada fin de semana llegan entre ocho mil y diez mil personas al pueblo, donde existen unas 800 unidades de negocio,
afirma. Él es partidario de “mantener una baja escala de ventas”, que, explica es la razón de por qué Pomaire es
reconocido. Ulises destaca el reconocimiento de “denominación de origen” que en 2013 le otorgó el Ministerio de
Economía junto con el Instituto Nacional de Propiedad Intelectual (Inapi) a Pomaire por su valioso patrimonio
inmaterial. Cuenta que además en 2016 el alcalde de Melipilla generó un decreto para que la semana pomairina se
declarara “fiesta típica”. En cambio el pueblo mismo no puede declararse “zona típica” ya que para ser calificado así
debería tener patrimonio arquitectónico, pero los terremotos derribaron las antiguas casonas y la iglesia.
136 |
La mirada de otros
Para poder ofrecer mayor información de lo que es Pomaire al turista se está creando una página web bien completa,
explica, donde se mostrará dónde están los artesanos, Carabineros, el consultorio, dónde es posible estacionarse,
entre otros datos que hoy son difíciles de encontrar.
También pensando en los turistas y en la tradición alfarera de Pomaire, hace varios años Hernán Farías erigió una
casona para transformarla en museo. Aunque por el tiempo transcurrido se trata de un mito para muchos pomairinos
, él espera poder inaugurarlo este año.
Incentivado por su señora, trabajadora social que visitaba Pomaire, fue de a poco adquiriendo piezas de las antiguas
loceras. También ha ido encargando piezas a los artesanos actuales que trabajan únicamente de forma manual, sin
torno. El museo hoy atesora una importante colección. Se encuentra ubicado en la calle San Antonio hacia el lado
Norte de Pomaire, en el terreno donde un día Las Astorga comenzaron a vender las primeras piezas de alfarería.
1. Olla porotera (ancho máximo: 48 cm de diámetro y 35 cm de altura) y chuico para líquidos (ancho máximo: 56 cm de diámetro y 54 cm de alto).
Piezas realizadas por David Pardo. Colección de Hernán Farías.
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3. Vaca y toro (cada pieza cabe en la palma de una mano). Realizadas por Teresa Muñoz. Colección de Hernán Farías.
138 |
La mirada de otros
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140 |
12
11
10
13
7
4
3
2
1 5
142 |
Bibliografía
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Museo de Arte Precolombino (2015) Chile antes de Chile en Guía de Sala Chile Antes de Chile [en línea]. Disponible
en: http://www.chileantesdechile.cl/pdf/Guia-de-Sala-Chile-antes-de-Chile.pdf (Accedido el 01 de septiembre de
2017)
Pereira Salas, Eugenio (1965) Historia del arte en el Reino de Santiago. Ediciones de la Universidad de Chile, Santiago.
Pérez, Amelia (1976) “La artesanía de Pomaire: aspectos económicos y sociales” en: Serie de Desarrollo Rural, Boletín,
Nº1.
Pérez, Amelia (1976) La artesanía de Pomaire: aspectos económicos y sociales. Facultad de Agronomía Universidad de
Chile, Santiago.
Peters, Carlos y Sobé Nuñez (1999) Artesanías de Chile. Comunidad Iberoamericana de la Artesanía, Santiago.
Pinaud, Elizabeth (1983) La cerámica tradicional de Pomaire. Memoria, Facultad de Artes, Universidad de Chile.
Plath, Oreste (1966) Folklore religioso chileno. Editorial Platur, Santiago.
Rebolledo, Loreto (1994) “Mujeres y artesanía: Pomaire de aldea campesina a pueblo alfarero” en: EURE [artículo de
revista] Vol. 20, no. 59 (mar. 1994), p. 47-59.
s/a (2013). Propuesta plan de desarrollo turístico de Pomaire. Universidad de Los Lagos, Santiago.
Tapia, Inés y Santander, Manuel (2002) Pasado y presente de Pomaire. Greda e imaginación. Editorial Génesis, Santiago.
Teresa Muñoz (2001) “Piezas de alfarería tradicional de Pomaire: colección de artesanía tradicional chilena. Programa
de artesanía, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile” en: ARQ [artículo de revista] No. 49 (No. 2001), p. 40-43.
Torres, Isabel (2014) La crisis del sistema democrático: las elecciones presidenciales y los proyectos políticos excluyentes.
Chile 1958-1973. Editorial Universitaria, Santiago.
Unesco, Universidad de Chile (1960) Arte popular Chileno. Definiciones, problemas y realidad actual. Editorial
Universitaria, Santiago.
Valdés, Ximena y Paulina Matta (1986) Oficios y trabajos de las mujeres de Pomaire. Editorial Pehuén/CEM, Santiago.
Valenzuela, Bernardo (1955) La cerámica folklórica de Pomaire. Universidad de Chile, Museo Histórico Nacional,
Santiago.
Vicuña Mackenna, Benjamín (1874) La visita de la Provincia de Santiago practicada por el Intendente Don Bejamín
Vicuña Mackena. Imprenta de la Librería del Mercurio, Calle Morandé n° 38.
Vera, Raquel (1953) Cerámica de las Monjas, Pomaire y Talagante. Tesis de Grado, Universidad de Chile, Santiago.
144 |
Páginas web
Biblioteca del Congreso Nacional de Chile, Historia de la Ley (1969) Historia de la Ley 17.064. Disponible en:
http://www.bcn.cl/historiadelaley/nc/historia-de-la-ley/3944/ (Accedido el 1 de septiembre de 2017)
Ley Chile (2017) Ministerio de Agricultura, Reforma Agraria. Disponible en: https://www.leychile.cl/
Navegar?idNorma=28596 (Accedido el 1 de septiembre de 2017)
Melipilla (2012) Folclorista Margot Loyola, premio nacional de las artes y el Alcalde Mario Gebauer lanzan primer
libro de la historia de Pomaire. Disponible en: http://www.melipilla.cl/2012/09/10/folclorista-margot-loyola-premio-
nacional-de-las-artes-y-el-alcalde-mario-gebauer-lanzan-primer-libro-de-la-historia-de-pomaire/ (Accedido el 1 de
septiembre de 2017)
Memoria Chilena (2017) Migración Campo Ciudad (1885-1952). Disponible en: http://www.memoriachilena.cl/602/
w3-article-750.html (Accedido el 1 de septiembre de 2017)
Ministerio de Obras Públicas, Vialidad (2017) Historias de la dirección de vialidad. Disponible en: http://www.
vialidad.cl/acercadeladireccion/Paginas/Historia.aspx (Accedido el 1 de septiembre de 2017)
Museo Histórico Nacional (2017) Colección de Artes Populares y Artesanías. Disponible en: http://www.
museohistoriconacional.cl/618/w3-article-9486.html (Accedido el 1 de septiembre de 2017)
T13 (2016) A 35 años de la primera gran teleserie chilena: 10 datos insospechados de “La Madrastra”. Disponible en:
http://www.t13.cl/noticia/tendencias/espectaculos/a-35-anos-primera-gran-teleserie-chilena-10-datos-
insospechados-madrastra (Accedido el 1 de septiembre de 2017)
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Entrevistas
146 |
Living clay
The potters’ village of Pomaire today:
Testimonies from its artisans
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Authors
Sara Montt
Camila Leclerc
Photographs by
Sara Montt
Anton Strabucchi - aerial photograph of Pomaire (p. 12)
Juan Paulo Ricci – the “toys” in each chapter (pp. 11,25,31,51,69,83,99,113,119,129)
Illustrations
Antonia Rosselló
Content Review
Osvaldo Zamorano
Design
Victoria Neriz
English translation
Nicholas Charlesworth
Printed by
Editora e Imprenta Maval SPA
148 |
Acknowledgments
W e are grateful to all the Pomairinos who received us in their homes, workshops and patios and shared with us
valuable information about their trade and its history:
Carlos Aguayo, Benjamín Arias, Andrés Calderón, Enrique Calderón, Luis Garrido, Marco Gatica, María
Guerrero, Eduardo Guerrero, Clodomira González, Juana González, Manuel González B., Manuel González,
Matilde González, Rosa González B., Ulises González, Claudio Hernández, Juan Jiménez, Teresita de Jesús
Jiménez, Juana Mendoza, Marisol Mendoza, Patricio Muñoz, Guillermo Navarro, Ana Negrete, Luis Olivares,
Enrique Osorio, Iris Oyarzún, Juana Quiroz, David Pardo, Pedro Juan Peñailillo, Felipe Riquelme (Esteke),
Samuel Rivera, Guadalupe Salinas, Lorena Salinas, Ana Luisa Sánchez, María Teresa Sánchez, Luis Alberto
Santander, Nibaldo Santander, Raúl Santander, Vicente Santis, César Silva, Víctor Silva, Miguel Urbina and
Doris Vallejos
We would also like to thank those individuals who have not been interviewed, but had also agreed to participate. We are
sure that there are many other testimonies worthy of being heard.
We also extend our gratitude to the Pomaire police force for providing important facts about the village, to Anton Strabucchi
for his aerial photo of Pomaire and Hernán Farias and Bernarda Jorquera for dreaming up the idea for the Museum of
Pomaire and for allowing us to photograph their valuable collection of pieces.
Finally, we would like to thank the National Council for Culture and the Arts for giving us the opportunity to undertake
this project.
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150 |
Presentation
Presentation
I ntense working hours, numerous trips to Pomaire, lengthy conversations, careful bibliographic research and extensive
study: such was the undertaking that culminated in this publication, which in our view constitutes a valuable contribution
to our country's cultural heritage. Carried out with the support of FONDART (the National fund for the Arts), the project
also comprised six months of close liaising with the inhabitants of this village in the commune of Melipilla. Over the
course of several interviews, these women and men provided us with valuable details about the stages and techniques
involved in making the celebrated handicrafts that have infused Pomaire’s identity over the ages.
To speak of Pomaire not only alludes to its handicrafts, the clay and to the various pieces originating from the creativity of
its local producers: Pomaire is much more than this; it is history, culture and art, shaped from the efforts of its female and
male potters, who have kept its cultural traditions alive for centuries.
Nowadays, there is an overarching concern to avoid the loss of identity, at constant risk from the technological advances
that have had a far-reaching impact on artisanal production. However, the continuous commitment and vision that each
potter invests in their work have kept the flame of creativity alive for the sake of an art that refuses to die.
In the pages of this publication and the words of several artisans from Pomaire, it soon becomes apparent that the pottery
trade is inseperable from the lives of its practitioners. What better than the voice of male and female artisans to understand
the nature of what lies behind the making of a ceramic piece or an artistic idea? Indeed, this is one of the major contributions
of this book.
Today, there are few women working exclusively by hand, a view shared by the inhabitants of Pomaire or Pomairinos as
they are known. Most rely on the help of a potter's wheel or work in combination, in which the pieces are build up and
shaped by hand as required. However, regardless of the methods used, all the handicrafts are imbued with the dedication
and passion of their creators, as the bearers of an age-old tradition that characterises this ceramic community.
Readers of this book will have the opportunity to learn of an ancestral tradition, its history, and the transfer of rural and
artistic wisdom. They will become acquainted not only with the creative process and the different stages involved in the
production of ceramic pieces, but also with how female potters see themselves and their own experiences, detailed in
precise and direct accounts of past events and present activities. All this, alongside the clay itself, has shaped the traditions,
culture and history of craftsmanship in Pomaire, Chile.
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152 |
Introductory words
Introductory Words
F or six months, we travelled on separate occasions to Pomaire seeking to uncover the stories behind thousands of clay
pieces exhibited in its streets and showcases.
The strong presence of agriculture and handicrafts in the area around Santiago has lent the place an air of distinction.
But another visibly apparent truth, and one that has continued for decades, is the invasion of imported products. Greatly
reduced labour costs have generated a situation of unfair competition, which have adversely affected the survival of
Pomaire's long-standing pottery tradition.
This situation, which has increasingly made itself felt, stands in stark contrast to Pomaire's past, when the raw material
itself (which is purchased by artisans today) used to be extracted by each potter in the nearby hills or even by digging
just below the surface of their own gardens. This gave credence to the belief that the clay was "alive" because it would be
extracted and then reappear. In those days, there were few families living in Pomaire. Moreover, although certain stages in
the process were entrusted to others, the potters would feel great pride their well-finished work.
But the hustle and bustle of modern times and tourists' preference for low prices have negatively impacted the quality of
certain pieces that once characterised the village, when it was once famed for its red and well-polished pieces. Nevertheless,
the knowledge passed down from generation to generation remains strong. We were also witness to the fact that, despite
cheap products from China and the availability of dishes produced in just a few minutes, a range of pieces involving
meticulous production techniques have indeed managed to survive. It is here that the authentic Pomaire continues to
flourish.
We hope that the new generations of Potters and visitors can appreciate and discover for themselves the value of quality
work, in which a love for art prevails.
Tomorrow, when I go to the fields, I will pick good herbs to bring to you and soak them in your water. You will feel the
field in the scent from my hands.1
1
Calderón (1989). Translation by Stephen Tapscott, 2002.
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154 |
Pomaire over time
T he Maipo Valley lies in central Chile, between the coastal mountain range to the west and the Andes to the East. Its
soils are primarily alluvial, with good drainage, so they are well suited to agriculture. It has a temperate Mediterranean
climate, with warm days and cool, almost frost-free nights with light rainfall.
The Maipo valley is internationally renowned for the quality of its vineyards, which produce table grapes and the prized
Cabernet Sauvignon, as well as being home to a large number of wineries that serve as a reminder that here the country's
first vines were planted.
In the western part of the valley, surrounded by clayey hills, lies the pottery village of Pomaire. The inhabitants have been
producing clay and red clay ornaments there since before the Spanish first set foot on these lands.
Arriving at the small town after a 66-kilometre journey from Chile's capital city of Santiago, visitors find themselves
standing before the façade of an apparently ancient church, as it emulates the architectural details of the original that once
stood in the same spot. The church and most of the surrounding adobe houses, built from mud and straw, were unable to
withstand the onslaught of the 1985 earthquake and the town's parishioners raised this façade as a reminder. From here,
two roads lead you through Pomaire and deep into the valley: San Antonio and Roberto Bravo. On Saturdays, Sundays and
public holidays, they are teeming with tourists.
Leaving Pomaire, towards the East, the roads are flanked on either side by citrus plantations, comprised mainly of lemon
trees, while deep green avocado orchards adorn the hillsides.
1
Borde and Góngora (1956), p. 78.
2
Chilean Museum of Pre-Columbian Art (2015), pp. 56-57.
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through the imposition of its language, Quechua, and the extension of its road network. The influence of the Inca culture on
the indigenous people is reflected in the uncovered ceramic pieces that combine Inca designs with those of the Aconcagua
culture3.
There are no known texts or documents that allude to the pottery in Pomaire during the Spanish Colonisation (1600-
1810), nor the Conquest (1541-1598). In 1822 the English traveller Mary Graham referred in her travel diary to the "large
wine jars of Melipilla"4. This suggests that ceramic workmanship was already present in Pomaire at the beginning of the
19th century, although mention is made only of Melipilla, which lies some 15 km from the village. Graham also wrote: "In
the evening we went to the chacra [farmhouse] of Don Jose Fuenzalida to see the pits whence the fine red clay used in the
famous pottery of Melipilla is taken"5. She added, "Of this the fine red water-jars, and the finest vessels for wine, as well as
jars for cooking and many other uses, are made"6.
Even at that time, there was some recognition of ceramicists at work: "I went to one of the most famous female potters
and found her granddaughter busy polishing their work of the day before with a beautiful agate," she wrote. Graham also
referred in her diary to the marketplace in the city of Valparaiso, where she lived, and where "ponchos, hats, shoes, coarse
stuffs, coarse earthenware and sometimes jugs of fine clay from Melipilla, or even Penco [...] are exposed for sale by the
country people"7. This indicates that these ceramic pieces were already being traded at the beginning of the 19th century
in what was at that time Chile's main port city.
A testimony by the renowned artisan Olga Salinas provides further confirmation that potters were already working clay in
Pomaire by the middle of the 19th century8. The artisan, originally from Pomaire, recounted, in 2003 at the age of 98, that
her "grandparents, 'who lived for 110 years,' had already been working in this"9.
3
Chilean Museum of Pre-Columbian Art (2015), pp. 61-71.
4
Graham (1822), p. 141.
5
Ibid p. 261.
6
Ibid p.261.
7
Ibid p. 138.
8
Nuestro.cl (2003), “Una vida de greda” (A life of clay).
9
Ibid.
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Pomaire over time
For the encomienda system to function properly, the indigenous people were regrouped into the so-called "pueblos de
Indios" (Indian settlements). The most fertile lands were handed over to the Spaniards, while the former were redeployed
to places where labour was required. In this way, they ended up living on the estates and farmhouses assigned to the
Spaniards.
Strategically Situated
Until the end of the 18th century, Pomaire was located beside the thoroughfare connecting Santiago and Valparaiso - the
busiest during the Spanish Conquest. As a transit town, it garnered fame as a "den of thieves", one of the possible meanings
attributed to its name.
Undoubtedly, the road most travelled at that time was that of Santiago to Valparaiso, which remained in service between
1560 and 1797. It began in Santiago, continuing through Melipilla, Ibacache, and Casablanca, before finally reaching
Valparaiso, a distance of 185 km. Ox-carts would usually take between 7 and 8 days to make the journey, while horse-
drawn carriages would complete it in two or three days15.
10
Borde and Góngora (1956), p. 177.
11
Ibid (1956), p. 180.
12
Ibid (1956), p. 180.
13
Ibid (1956), p. 178.
14
Vicuña Mackenna (1874), p. 177.
15
Ministry of Public Works, Roads Department (2017), Historia de la Vialidad.
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Since the beginning of the 20th century, a road network used to link the main cities with the country's shipping ports and
largest production areas. In 1920, when the first automobiles began to get around using the national roads, a roadway
improvement policy was established16. Towards 1939, two of the most important roads in Chile's central zone were those
connecting Santiago with Valparaiso and Santiago with San Antonio. Pomaire was situated midway between these two
routes. Its location, which had brought it a poor reputation in the past, would become a considerable advantage due to its
proximity to the region’s capitals.
Women potters
The ceramic trade, in those days, was mainly composed of women. During this period, and until the middle of 1870s, the
Chilean countryside experienced a significant growth in production due to the international demand for wheat20. At that
time, the men worked primarily as stable workers or tenants on the estates.
Little by little Pomaire was gaining increasing fame for its "female ceramicists". Several potters are remembered to this day,
such as Olga Salinas, Estelbina Gaete and Julita Vera, having also been honoured with the name of a street. Work in clay,
however, was not exclusive to women. Testimonies indicate that men provided support in work requiring greater physical
force, such as extracting the raw material with picks or producing large tubs. These tasks were carried out as far as their
agricultural work permitted.
16
Ibid.
17
Ibid (1955), p. 41.
18
Ibid p. 261.
19
Ibid, p. 42.
20
This boom ended when Chile was unable to compete with the prices of other countries.
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Pomaire over time
Family work
The sculpting process is carried out entirely by hand with the help of small tools. For the finishings, for example, ceramicists
used little crab feet, a piece of shoe leather, river pebbles and agate, which can still be found today in some houses. They
created the pieces by leaning on a small board that they would lay on their knees21. Two techniques were used. Firstly, the
canco: after leaving a piece of inverted cone-shaped clay to air dry, it would later be hollowed out to give it the desired
shape; and secondly, the rumba: stacking clay coils, a technique still in use today, consisting of gradually building up
several coils to increase a piece's volume. These ancient techniques were mastered to perfection by the ceramicists.
The craft was learned by observing and doing: young children would be involved at different stages of the clay process,
whether having to trample barefoot on the clay to soften it, or by polishing a sculpted figure to seal the pores and to give
it a shiny finish. They would mainly take part after school and in summer when the days were longer. This was quite a
natural affair given that the ceramists would work from their own homes22. These days, many women use the space in the
kitchen and patio to make the pieces.
Firing
Kilns, similar to those used in Pomaire today, were manufactured in the 1930s. As the researchers, Valdés and Matta, point
out: "Even by 1950, the kiln was widely used in Pomaire"23. The larger sized jars, however, continued to be fired in the same
spot where they were made.
Some Pomairinos recall their parents firing the pieces with the aforementioned "stack" technique, also known as the pila:
The pieces to be fired were 'stacked' on the ground and then covered on all sides with broken ceramic and animal dung. A
fire was then lit from below so that it would gradually reach the top of the stack.
Bernardo Valenzuela, who first visited and then wrote about Pomaire in 1955, mentions only the kiln, which suggests that
firing stacks were no longer in use, or that the technique had already been abandoned. He points out that to light the kiln,
potters used wood, collected from the vicinity of Pomaire, and guano24, brought by the men employed in agricultural work.
Small-scale production
Referring to the igniting of kilns, Valenzuela hinted that clay work was limited: "The lighting of these kilns, as well as all
those used in small-scale production, occurs intermittently, which is entirely justifiable, since pottery production is never
continuous, nor is it large scale"25.
Few people visited Pomaire. There were a few stalls selling clay, the first belonging to the Astorga sisters, who only bought
"traditional" pieces from the artisans, and is remembered by many Pomairinos today. It stood at the end of San Antonio
street. Further stalls began to appear later in Roberto Bravo street.
21
Valdés and Matta (1986), p.83.
22
Ibid, p. 75.
23
Ibid (1955), p. 21.
24
Ibid, p. 22
25
Ibid.
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Though it may seem strange today, in the 1950s26, the village had become known for "chancho pomairino" (Pomaire pork),
and was frequented by certain people who enjoyed eating it in the homes of those who produced it27. In those days, and
until the mid-20th century, the sale of earthenware occurred mostly outside the village, for instance at Santiago's La Vega
marketplace28.
26
It should be noted that from 1885 to 1952, there was a significant rural-urban migration, related to macroeconomic factors. See: Memoria
Chilena (2017), Migración Campo-Ciudad (1885-1952).
27
Their fame derived from the fact that small family businesses ran pig farms in Pomaire, whose pork they intended to sell at Santiago's
La Vega marketplace, the Central Station and Lo Valledor. At the beginning of the 1980s, production was coming to an end because of
the arrival of industrial slaughterhouses, and later, due to the collapse of installations in the earthquake of 1985. Today, two businesses
continue to sell pork in Pomaire.
28
Leal et al (2013), pp. 38-40.
29
The anthropologist, Nestor Garcia Canclini, points out that in Latin America, handicrafts were complementary to seasonal and productive
agricultural work, becoming the main source of income for some people: "Without requiring major investment in materials, machines
or the training of a skilled workforce, the profits of rural families increase through the employment of women, children, and men during
periods of agricultural inactivity.
30
See: García (1989) p. 93.
31
Pérez (1976), p. 36.
32
Valdés and Matta (1986), p. 123.
33
Torres (2014), p. 151.
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Pomaire over time
brought about the need for a radical change in the agricultural sector. Following the example of other Latin American
countries, the process of Agrarian Reform was thus launched in Chile34. Just a few years later, following the coup d'état in
1973, a policy of Counter Reform was put in place35.
These processes substantially altered the large territorial expanses that made up the haciendas: some lands were expropriated
and other sub-divided into lots, which had a direct impact on the demand for rural labour throughout the country. In
Chile, according to anthropologist José Bengoa, they led to the displacement of almost 50,000 families who lived in the
sectors that were reformed. Unable to migrate to the city due to the high unemployment rates that existed around the
1970s, they remained in the countryside, "forming small rural hamlets without land"36.
34
Agrarian Reform was introduced in two stages. Initially introduced under this name in 1962 by President Jorge Alessandri, it was realigned
during the government of Eduardo Frei Montalva (1964-1970), which enacted Law No. 16,640 to "achieve a transformation in agricultural
structure, so as to potentially incorporate the entire the rural sector in the nation's social, cultural, economic and political development".
This would be carried out under the "rearrangement of existing property systems". See: Chilean Law (2017), Ministry of Agriculture,
Agrarian Reform. During Salvador Allende's government (1970-1973) the expropriation process deepened, with the number of farms
expropriated rising from 1,400 to 4,400.
35
Following the coup of 1973, one third of the expropriated lands were returned to their former owners, another third were assigned to rural
inhabitants and around 40% were auctioned or handed over to the State.
36
Bengoa (1983), p. 10.
37
Interest in folklore in Chile can be seen at the end of the 19th century, when the mayor, Benjamín Vicuña Mackenna, founded the Historical
Museum of Indigenous People in Cerro Huelén in 1874. Towards 1911, to celebrate the centenary of Chile, its official name became the
National Historical Museum by presidential decree. In 1912, the museum presented a special collection of Popular Arts and Crafts, which
sought to protect the country’s popular folklore. See: National Historical Museum (2017), Collections, Collection of Folk Arts and Crafts.
38
The meeting was convened by the University of Chile and was supported by UNESCO. It was attended by several scholars, including Tomás
Lagos and Oreste Plath.
39
Chilean Folk Art (1960), p. 36.
40
Ibid, pp. 47-48.
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important tourist attraction. It is essential for the State to help stimulate these endeavours, which are currently facing a
substantial lack of resources, and if greater impetus can be achieved, this may contribute to raising the living standards of
an entire area, which, although close to the capital's major consumption centres41, is hampered by its isolation.
Accordingly, in December 1968, Law No.17,064 was enacted, which exempted artisans working Pomaire's clay from the
payment of taxes for the sale of their pieces.
Decrease in sales
The tumultuous situation in the country during the 1970s adversely affected sales of the pieces, which had achieved relative
fame in the Pomaire of the 1960s. Its inhabitants began to seek out new directions, travelling to more remote regions.
Different testimonies shed light on the support received by Pomairinos thanks to the efforts of Chilean universities that
facilitated the movement of potters and their ceramic pieces. Pomaire's resident population had increased considerably, as
revealed in a survey carried out by the researcher Amelia Perez in 197242. At that time, Pomaire had a population of 1,732,
nearly 1,000 more than in 1907. The main economic activity was pottery, being the income source for 83% of families. The
remaining inhabitants worked in agriculture and in the raising of pigs and other animals43.
41
Chilean Library of Congress, History of Law, (1969), History of Law N° 17,064.
42
In 1907 there were 770 inhabitants, while in 1972 there were 331 homes and a total population of 1,732. Today, according to figures
provided by the Pomaire police force, the “village” is home to some 10,000 inhabitants.
43
Pérez (1976), pp. 26-28.
44
Chilean TV channel T13 (2016), 35 years since the first major Chilean soap opera: 10 surprising facts about "La Madastra".
45
Bustos (2012), p. 161.
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Techniques for hand-building
3. Matear (smoothing)
Shape the piece by smoothing the joins until obtaining an even thickness. To achieve this, use a tool known as a mate
(gourd). In the past, a calabasa was used; today, this has been substituted by a hawaiana (flip-flop). Potters say that the
calabasa’s curvature would allow them to shape the piece perfectly.
4. Using a cordovan
Once the general shape has been created, some artisans would run a badana or cordovan (small piece of sheep or goat's
leather) along the edge to make it smooth. Next the piece is left to air before proceeding with the following steps.
7. Callanear (smoothen)
Once the excess clay has been removed, bits of grit may remain. Usually, potters use some coarse callana (broken piece of
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fired clay) to remove these and any other impurities. Later they use a piece of smooth callana (usually the edge of a broken
piece of clay) to achieve a finer finish.
11. Firing
Once the piece is dry, it can be placed in the kiln. Firing duration depends on the type of kiln and the requirements of
each potter, but generally last between six and eight hours. During this time, the kiln reaches a maximum temperature of
between 600 °C and 800 °C.
1. First the kiln is warmed up without the pieces to eliminate any moisture (make sure the firewood is not damp).
2. The kiln is loaded with the pieces; first the larger ones, then the smaller ones.
3. The pieces are covered with a layer of broken tiles or callanas (broken pieces of fired clay), whilst making sure to
leave small holes for the moisture to escape, and the top of the kiln is covered with tin sheets.
4. The kiln is heated slowly. After three hours, a handheld piece of glass (for example a bottle) should be waved over
the fire. If no condensation appears, or if the glass remains clear, the holes can be sealed and a strong fire can be
introduced at the door.
5. After 3 hours, the fire is placed further inside the kiln. After 4 hours, this process is repeated, and again after 5 hours.
By that time, the fire should already have reached the far side of the kiln. More firewood is introduced, intensifying
the flames, and the temperature is increased to 800 °C.
6. After five hours, when the pieces have acquired an intense red colour - when they are translucent and, in the words
of Victor Silva "resemble a volcano" - the embers are removed and placed evenly on the tin sheets covering the kiln.
Juana Mendoza says that the smell tells him when the pieces have been properly fired.
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Heirs of the past
I t was Guadalupe Salinas, David Pardo, Juana Gonzalez and Patricio Muñoz who first managed to produce the red
ceramic so characteristic of Pomaire. One of the final procedures carried out before firing was to "seal the piece": With
a small strip of sheep's leather, a red paste would be applied, which was obtained by grinding a few stones together. Once
encolada (sealed), the piece would be polished with agate to give it a unique shine. Nowadays, the paste is no longer
applied to pieces, primarily because it is now illegal to remove the stones used in its preparation from places such as San
Cristobal hill, but also because few tourists are willing to pay the price of more elaborate objects.
The sealed pieces were mainly intended for practical use. In the beginning they would be sold outside the village. Once a
significant number of pots, dishes, gourds and other objects had been gathered, they were loaded onto carts. The artisans
would then travel around the countryside exchanging the earthenware for beans, lentils, wheat or sheep. This was known
in Pomaire as going out to "chavelear" (barter and trade), as we learned in the previous chapter.
Guadalupe, David, Jane and Patricio were also witness to the introduction of electric light in 1952. A year later they
witnessed the first "Pomairina week", when local inhabitants would relive village traditions. The distinguished folklorist
Margot Loyola, who would visit Pomaire to research its singers, was guest of honour at the time1. In those days, Juana
recalls, Pomaire was famous for three things: its pork, its wicker and its clay.
Human figures are Juana Gonzalez's speciality: a lady drinking mate, a singer or a cowboy on horseback. But she also
produces figures for practical use because they sell better than decorative pieces: "You have to make little dishes, pots, and
different things to sell," she says, adding that she loves her job: "I'm 81 now. I started at the age of 12 and I still love my
work".
In Pomaire's main square there is a bust of Pablo Neruda that she made in white clay. It is accompanied by a phrase from
the poet: "They also made me of clay, but not with so much grace." Pablo Neruda and Gabriela Mistral were regular visitors
to the place.
As with many Pomairinos, Jane learned by observing the work of her parents who let their children play with the clay. At
12 years old she began to create her first figures:
As far back as I can remember I would take the clay in my hands and shape any figure that came to mind. I was
very lucky. God gave me a gift; I can make figures. I was around 12 when I began making the first ones. My parents
didn't know how to make faces. They knew how to make jars, pots, all those things, but I was born with a gift…I
can do the face of any Virgin.
1
Melipilla (2012), Folklorist Margot Loyola, winner of National Prize of Arts, and Mayor Mario Gebauer published the first book on the
history of Pomaire.
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She tells of her mother, Rosa Ester Muñoz, who lived until the age of 102 and whom she would always see working clay.
Her father built homes at first and then began to make objects. She says that her children used to make lovely clay pieces,
but now spend their time doing other things. "Maybe I exhausted them with so much clay, but they love what I do and are
proud of me. When I'm doing a figurine they say 'for me!' and then take it away with them."
On one of the walls of Juana's business hangs a framed letter from the Vatican, giving her thanks for her gift to the Pope:
"The flight of Joseph and the Virgin", she explains. She says that the human figures were more appreciated some 20 years
ago, but that now they are only bought by foreigners. Juana also makes nativity scenes, although that used to be Julita
Vera's speciality. "For us she was a Goddess," she says. Some nativity scene pieces made by the artisan were displayed in
her store window. To get there you must follow a sign on Roberto Bravo street that says, "white clay".
Patricio Muñoz works the clay with and without a foot wheel, although he is quick to point out that he does all the finishing
by hand. Now he is 76 years old2, he explains, and makes few pieces: "My fingers are crooked after carrying on working
for over 60 years". Sometimes he calls a master thrower or "cutter" to "cut" the pieces from the wheel, which Patricio then
finishes. He sells some at home and others to "young friends" who buy them to apply glazes. He does whatever is asked of
him, everything that has a practical use, he explains.
He learned by observing his Aunt Esther Muñoz, Aida Muñoz and Juan Gonzalez. They made dishes that they would
then go out to sell. He has not kept any of their pieces: "As we would see each other every day…", he explains. His parents
did not work in clay, but rather in agriculture. However, he enjoyed artistry. One of his four children is also a potter. "He
learned from me," he says, and recalls his own childhood:
I was around 10 when I learned how to prepare clay. At that time there were no machines, we used to do it with
balls of our feet; we would dance on top of the clay. We would go out looking on the hill…Because clay is heavy, we
would bring back around 10 to 15 kilos, which we'd prepare before starting work on the pieces. We used make less
in the past. The women would make some 10 pieces a week, not like now, when they make hundreds.
Remember that in the past they would only use "hand wheels" or tornetas –a disc that rotates horizontally with the hand's
momentum– and even before that, they would just use a box. On it, they would place the canco ¬- an inverted clay
cone that they gradually build up to form the shape – with the base wet, and spin around it like this…Today virtually all
Pomairinos work with the torneta or hand wheel. Patricio says:
Around '50 to '55, there was just one hand wheel here in Pomaire. Nowadays, there are two or three hundred.
Everyone has one, two, even three… because they use smaller wheels to help them polish.
He says he has had several jobs. He spent 30 years preparing the clay using a grinder, which would have arrived at more
or less the same time as the wheel.
2
Ages of the interviewees at 31 May 2017.
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I still have that old relic, the machine. I came here to grind clay. We used to have a pit. I was working from the 60s to the
90s. The 'clay kneader’, that's what the machine was called, just like the one for the bread. In 1960, I made it electric, it still
has the cables.
Guadalupe Salinas, now 79, began working with clay when she was 10 years old. Her grandmother taught her. "And I'm
still content to work…happy…if you feel good with clay…" she says. When we arrived to interview her, she was in the
process of “desgredando” (removing the excess clay from a piece). She makes practical pieces: dishes, budineras (casserole
dishes) and trays. She uses a torneta or hand wheel, rather than a foot wheel, she points out. She adds that everything in
her store is "natural" (unsmoked). She recalls making things in the past on request that were more specialised, but that she
can no longer make the older pieces, because the work is not appreciated.
Some 50 years ago, we would be asked to make special things. They were people from Santiago, people who would
regularly shop in our store; they'd give us requests to make things. All of Pomaire used to have things from the old
days.
Her mother was a housewife. Later on she learned to make objects from clay. Her father worked in the countryside and
used to make large plant pots and tubs entirely by hand. Her two brothers still work clay: one by hand and the other using
a foot wheel.
In her store beside her home, she sells her own pieces as well as some made by her brothers. She says many people arrive
today, but they tend to stay at the top of the main street, Roberto Bravo, without venturing much further. The same
problem is shared by several Pomairinos. She says that when asked whether she gets tired of working clay, she responds:
"No!" I tell them. "I love clay!" I wake up happy because I'm going to work. So, no. They'll never hear me say I'm
fed up with clay, not at all. Thank God, I say, because God gave us [the clay] so we might learn to make things. We
are potters, just like the Lord himself. I love it when they sing "El Alfarero" (The Potter)3. It's as if it came straight
from one's soul. It feels good. You don't get out of the house, but you work and have your own things. It doesn't
make you really rich or anything, but you have a roof over your head and food on the table. I thank God for that.
David Pardo was born in the village of Huasco in the Atacama Region. In 1947, he went with his parents to live in Pomaire.
His mother found work as a teacher in Puangue. From 1943, they lived not far away in Las Rosas. In 1945 they moved to
Melipilla, about 27 miles away, until his mother requested a transfer to Pomaire, where she became the director of the local
school. His father was a merchant; he would buy goods in Santiago. As David explains: "In the past, a lot of things were
sold in the countryside because there were no shops and people had a hard time getting to the towns". He would also make
cakes that he sold in Melipilla and Talagante. At that time there were few people in the village, he recalls.
3
A religious song.
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I wish you could have known what Pomaire was like back then, where there must have been no more than 40
children enrolled in the school. Classes were held in a big house, in two rooms. The same room was used for two or
three courses. I think two or three of the children went without shoes. Poor…all of them poor. Perhaps there were
only twenty or thirty at times, because the kids would arrive every other day or so...and they'd be asked, why didn't
you turn up yesterday? Because my mum sent me out to get a cow, or because I had to tend to the calves, or because
they sent me out to get the firewood. Most of them went barefoot or wore sandals. There were no running shoes. So,
things have changed a bit, you could say. The school as well.
David, who is now 77 years old, has worked clay since he was 14. He learned by observing the well-known ceramicist
Teresa Muñoz. His wife was raised by her. When they got married they went to live at her home, as Teresa lived with just
one of her sisters.
People told us to go there because we were alone, so we'd have some company. It was a good opportunity for me
because I learned lots from her. I went to fetch the clay from the hill, I'd soak it and later press it with my feet. We'd
throw it into a leather skin and kick it several times until it was soft and smooth. That's how it was done. I still
knead the clay with my feet sometimes. With Teresa we would just do it by hand. I'd just make pots and casserole
dishes. And we'd take them to sell in Lo Vasquez, Valparaiso, Los Andes, and San Felipe…
David relates that when he was 16 years old, he was offered work in a hardware store during the summer. Once there he
was also asked to clean windows and to scrub the floor of a house, something that had not been agreed to. He said that he
was warned by his mother to say "no" if they asked him to do something like that. "I was prepared to stand up for myself,"
he recalls. That's how he came to dedicate himself completely to pottery:
Never again, I said. And I started as I left off. After that, Teresa taught me much more, and I liked that. If I work
here, there's no one to boss me around, no one to tell me off, no one to put me down.
In addition to having learned from Teresa, he also talks about observing the work of brothers Jorge and Aníbal Madrid.
He says he has never seen anyone polish as well as Aníbal and explains that the brother’s pieces, all handmade, were
completely even, just as you'd expect from a factory." He added that the pieces used to be finer "because they'd be polished
to a good shine as soon as they were ready. The [polishing] stone didn't sink into the piece, there were no scratches and
they were even. By contrast, today they end up scratched because of being sold so fast, and they're polished beforehand".
David is sometimes commissioned to make older pieces entirely by hand, such as the large umbrella stands that would be
made "back in Teresa's day," he explains. He also works with a wheel. For a time he produced between 300 and 400 pieces
a day for a man who would then paint them with ethnic diaguita motifs.
His three children also work in clay: one of them lives on a hillside close by and makes clay urns for pets; another lives
in La Serena and works with a foot wheel; the youngest also works with a wheel, although, as David explains: "from an
early age, he was told to learn to work by hand." He makes and purchases pieces that he sells in a store. David never much
liked the idea of having a stall in Pomaire. He says there is a lot of competition and adds that now is not a good time for
sales; that the winter has been harsher than other years; though he thinks the situation should improve in September. For
Mother's Day in May, he says the situation improved, but not as it used to be in the old days. "Now, very little is sold. This
year has been terrible. It started off badly".
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Heirs of the past
Patricio Muñoz estimates they stopped extracting clay from the hill around 1970, when a vineyard was sold and replaced
by the avocado orchards seen there today. After that, they would travel to Mallarauco to find the raw material, he says; he
also has a truck himself.
At home, we'd soak it. Now they throw it into a pit and the next day they're grinding it in the machine. Back then it
was different. We'd leave the clay to rot. We'd soak it for 15 days. It's much better. Nowadays, you must wait for the
clay to settle, and it sticks together. Because working it right away is not a good idea. Afterwards the clay is much
better, it's softer and more dough-like. Over there you can see the clay I picked up the week before last.
Juana also recalls kneading the clay with her feet. If you needed a little in the afternoon, you'd do this in the morning. It
was tiring, "like doing exercise" and very cold in winter.
We had to fetch clay from the hill. We'd wet it and everyone would take turns trampling it, rather like threshing, but
with the feet. I used to do it as a girl. I was skinny and we always had to trample the clay. It was very cold. Imagine
yourself in the winter putting your feet in mud. We didn't just go over it once. It would be thrown into some large
leather skins or sacks and we had to go over it time and time again. We'd knead it with our feet and later with our
hands. Nowadays, we are very modern; with one phone call they bring the clay to the house. It's quite different. It
was enjoyable. Tough, but nice work.
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Juana began in red clay, but has made a living with white clay over the past 50 years. She lived in Los Ángeles, the Bío Bío
region, and came across the latter in Nacimiento. "It was hard for me to get accepted [in Pomaire] with white clay". Now
she buys it in the same town. It is delivered in stone form and she has to take it to someone to grind it. Afterwards, she
kneads it "to make it smoother to work with, or softer, because clay is not like mud; it has to be quite supple and tight".
White clay is fired at 1,200ºC. Juana leaves the pieces in the kiln from eight in the morning until the following day.
It is a reddish stone with a texture similar to quartz. You warm it in the sun, throw it into water and it comes
apart easily. It becomes sandy, like thick sand. During the summer, you have to put it out in the sun, and then, in
the evening when it's hot enough, leave it to soak. The next day you grind it. You can spend half a day grinding.
When it's in a stone like state, you must knead it, until it gradually becomes powder. Once you have the powder,
you must strain it. In those days, you'd use a mesh bag to strain it…you give it a good stir and then allow it to settle.
Gradually you discard everything on top, leaving the sand behind.
The colo, following the procedure explained by David, becomes a paste. He says he would like to have the opportunity to
use it again. "One day I'll go out looking for it". They would extract it from Cerro San Cristóbal and then sell the stones in
Pomaire by quart, in cajoncitos (little boxes). Everyone would have to grind [stones] and prepare [the paste].
Look, you can find it the other side of San Cristobal. Nowadays everywhere is built up, but before there was
nothing. We'd take a small pickaxe, like a crowbar. And with a small shovel, we'd remove everything from above,
because it's been scorched by the sun, and is no good. You throw all that aside and take what's below. And it's easy;
the stone breaks away with just a little force. It just cracks into pieces. It's easy to remove. I once I went with a friend
and we brought back ten sacksful; five for each of us and they lasted me ages. And then we'd give some away. 'Share
a little ‘colo’ with us, would you?' I couldn't say no; they knew we had…
Juana recalls going out looking for it on Cerro Santa Lucia. She points to a few pots hanging on the wall: "I wouldn't sell
those for anything. They've been applied with colo".
Guadalupe recalls that once the pieces had been smoothed, they'd use a lamb's tail to spread them with paste: "They take on
a reddish colour. Later, when there was no colo, we had to leave them as they were". The dishes were pasted on the inside.
Her father was responsible for grinding the stones to get the colo. Guadalupe shows a hollowed-out stone in the garden
where he used to work. She explains how he'd rub it with a smaller stone, using it to grind with. "That stone is at least eighty
years old. He'd grind by driving in the tip like this, with both hands, over and over". She says that it's usage came to a halt
in the 1970s because they were not allowed access to the hill, "they placed guards there," she recalls. She recounts how he
used to take a couple of pointed iron bars with him and that the broken stones would be transported by the train going to
San Antonio.
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Firing
David, Jane and Guadalupe know that firing used to be carried out in stacks in the street, but they never got to see it for
themselves. Guadalupe says:
It must have been as far back as 1925 because my grandma got to fire in stacks. Those were the old days. Then came
the kilns. I always fired in a kiln; I have one of my own, a round one, and recently I made a closed kiln.
Patricio recalls the days when there were still no kilns and they'd fire in the courtyards or gather together to fire in the
street.
They'd just fire in rumbas [by stacking the pieces]. They'd put a bit of firewood below and then cover it with old bits
of fired ceramic and pieces of brick that were lying around. They'd place around ten pieces per stack.
Now Patricio fires in his son's kiln. He says they even make pieces for the microwave, without handles, so they won't be
so heavy.
The thicker they are, the more electricity you use and that's what the young aren't aware of. The older ones among
us, we know. It must be finer...thinner. People don't know because they come to shop and are offered cheaper
alternatives…but that way they aren't really paying for the piece, rather the material. They're not worried about
the material. We remove the excess clay. We remove a little from the base. There they sell them with everything.
These ones here...take one. They're nice and light. This one has been made using a wheel, but was finished by hand,
so it takes no time at all to heat in a microwave.
Guadalupe Salinas
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My mum came here to Tránsito, which was a local estate. We'd take little dishes and exchange them for potatoes,
corn, things that we didn't have here in the village. And people who worked in this on a large-scale used to carry
them on a huge cart. They'd head off to the other side of San Pedro and would trade everything for food, flour,
potatoes, and all that. Very pleasant it was too.
Juana Gonzalez
For example, this pot here is full of corn. For us the corn, and they end up with the pot. Or beans…that's how we
exchanged things. Or for chicken or lamb, for whatever. A lamb let's say, which is worth 40 thousand pesos [63
dollars]. Put just four of these pots, and you've got a lamb. That's how we exchanged things.
David Pardo
Guadalupe never went out to trade, but remembers being sent off to sell earthenware in Santiago. She says she found it
hard to getting used to at the beginning, but that afterwards she continued the same trip until she was about 60, when
pieces began to be sold in Pomaire directly.
When my grandma took me to Santiago for the first time I must have been 14 or so. She would sell things there in
the market, at the Mapocho [marketplace]. Off we went together and she’d say: your dad may get sick and you'll
have to go and sell things, because the market stall there have asked us for them. We took with us large baskets that
were used in the past. A local bus would pass by at 6:30 and we'd hop on. Some loaders would be waiting for us
in Santiago, who'd pick us up in a little cart. We'd take the cart and head off to the Mapocho, very contented with
our legs up in the cart!
We'd put down a bed, that's how we called the base, and then cover it with ceramic. Afterwards we'd throw grass
on top, and it would last for ages. When they were just about ready, we'd remove them, apply paste, leave them on
top uncovered and later set about polishing them…every night we'd polish. We spent the night polishing, making
them shine. Especially in winter, which is very cold. But the day was for making enough ceramic to fill the room.
We'd fill up the room with ceramic and then go out to sell. In September, we'd go out to trading for things like
groceries, those kinds of things, and in summer we'd go to Valparaiso, Lo Vásquez, San Felipe. We had goods to
sell, so off we went.
David Pardo
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It was wonderful! We used to cut lots of grass and place the clay in the middle of it, as if it were better rested that
way. Nowadays, we cover it with nylon and the nylon heats up. The plastic heats up, and so the [pieces] dry out.
Juana Gonzalez
One visitor after another would come. Those were the good days of Pomaire. There was one master who made a
map of Pomaire with its houses, the surnames of the people living in each one, the owners. He never moved from
where he made the map because the village was so small.
Juana explains how her mother would make dishes and sell them to a man who would then fire them and sell them outside
the village. His family used to live at the village entrance and one day her mother set up a little table out on the street. "A
fancy looking car would turn up and the person would buy things, but we'd spend a lot of time...I don't know, waiting…I
don't know, if someone came it was like a fiesta for us." Remember that afterwards, when the potter's wheel came to
Pomaire, it filled with stalls.
David says that, at the beginning, that they would go to Santiago to sell earthenware as very few people came to Pomaire.
Later, however, he set up a mediagua (pre-fabricated unit) with shelving, where the pieces began to sell well. He notes that
Pomaire gained increasing recognition because people enjoyed visiting street markets. "People began to say, "where is
Pomaire?". “We're off to Pomaire!". Those were the 60s. Like other Pomairinos, he believes that once television had arrived
on the scene, there was a major shift in tourism. After the World Cup in 1962, people came to his home to film. They came
from the programme, “Las mil y una de Abdullah” (The thousand and one nights of Abdullah). At that time in Pomaire,
it was mainly crockery for domestic use such as dishes, saucers, pots, gourds, that were sold. Remember there were no
restaurants and that the first to open were El Parron and Los Naranjos.
Men's tasks
Until the mid-20th century, it was mainly women who would make clay objects. There were also a few male artisans, but
they would make larger pieces, such as the samaritanos, explains David, "similar to a jar, but more stylised. They would
always appear in the movies," he explains. He recalls Waldo Mesa or Cachito, who made make a few samaritanos that were
used for carrying water. He also recalls the great tubs used to store rain water. Juana's father would make huge ones, which
had to be fired using the "rumba" (stacking) method:
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He'd make a pit and get to work there. Afterwards he'd build up the pieces using different things and making all
the twists and turns. Later, where he was making the jar, he'd place bricks around like this, and then light it from
below. He'd put all sorts of things on the brickwork such as straw, wheat, logs, that would heat up…it was very
difficult to fire.
Guadalupe recalls that the men spent most of the time working in the countryside, until machinery began to replace
agricultural tasks.
Beforehand he used to have plenty of work here, with the estates. There was enough work brushing and cleaning
the canals, ploughing, sowing, extracting potatoes, all those kinds of things…they would cut a lot of wheat in the
hills. At some point that all finished. It was the end of an era. Now everything's done with machines and vehicles,
as if they've cut off the worker's hands. That’s why many of us learned to work clay, and others went off to work on
other things.
By the 1990s, Guadalupe estimates, most of Pomaire's men worked in clay, although some would leave the village to work
as builders and do other types of construction work. David says that they began to see people coming, and that the others
were doing well, "… then they began helping the wife".
I have a little hand wheel. I've never taken to the foot one and I don't like things turned in that way because the
finishing isn't good. You know, it leaves a mark on the inside and they aren't as tight as you need them to be. For
example, you place a coil of clay on it, and start building it up as it goes round and round, pressing it inside and
out. To make a dish, you take a small ball of clay and make a good shape, but on the wheel, they make whatever
the latest thing is and just throw [the clay on the wheel]. The [pieces] aren't tight and that's what I don't like.
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I prefer to do it by hand. And you get a lot done by hand. When you're used to making a lot, and afterwards
you stick on the little handles, because working clay is a long process; it’s not a question of sitting down, making
something and saying how quick it is. Here, it isn’t a question of time, because you make up to 50 or so, and then
after the 50 you must fix the edges, make the little handles, and then polish...yes, it's a long process. People think
they’re very expensive but they’re really cheap for the amount of work involved.
Poor sales
David maintains that the sale of clay objects in Pomaire was very good until 1973. He says you could earn a living as an
artisan, but that later they faced tough times. "Those of us who had put away a few pesos...those days were over between
'73 and '74. And '75…that was bad too. Those of us who had a little money... well, we spent it in those years." From then
on, David notes, people began going to the markets to sell on a more regular basis. He made ceramics back then with his
wife before setting off for the market in the pickup. His wife would stay there and David would return to work. If the goods
sold out, then he would send her more by bus.
It was like that for over 40 years. So you can imagine…I got to know lots of places. Even travelled as far as Chiloe.
This is our way of working. I used to say, we didn't earn so much money, but we knew a lot.
Guadalupe tells us how in 1980 with the help of the University of Santiago, a group of Pomairino artisans travelled around
the country selling their wares, above all during special events in the year. This he enjoyed because they had the chance to
visit new places at the same time, he points out.
On 21 May, we arrived in Iquique, the first time that we'd left Pomaire. And there's a fiesta on 7 June in Arica too,
you see? We'd always go to La Tirana too. They would take us all over the place for the exhibitions. We travelled all
over the north and south to Puerto Montt with our clay.
By the 1990s, Pomaire had already gained recognition. Some Pomairinos, as well as traders drawn to the village from other
parts of the country, had begun to sell all kinds of objects for the public to purchase. As David explains:
It was 1960 when the wheel was introduced. By the end of the year, there were 20 or 30 stalls. Today, how many are
there? 500? So, people began to paint. He began to make clay street taps…they made Topogigios [an Italian puppet
mouse] first of all and then the taps. [Then in 1990] an article appeared in the newspaper, El Mercurio: ‘Pomaire
se muere de feo’ (Pomaire dies of ugliness. He [the journalist] never came back again, because everyone wanted to
lynch him [he laughs].
In 1995, aware of television's power to attract the public, Pomairinos made the world's largest empanada weighing 450
pounds. Later, in 2008, 12 cartloads of clay enabled a new Guinness World Record to be set: the largest clay pig ever,
weighing about 300 pounds. But the tourist boom and subsequent massive increase in stalls led to the hundreds of Chinese
products that now greet tourists as they enter Pomaire. David is unequivocal: "There's no way to stop it, it's the freedom
of work. And the authorities were never concerned about that. Why should they be? And what can they do?" Patricio is of
the opinion, shared by several Pomairinos, that the village is "dying":
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because there are many things which aren’t even handicrafts; plaster [of Paris] for example, so many objects,
plastic…the thing is that traders who come here never leave. A lot of people come, and [in Pomaire], everywhere
is for sale.
Juana explains that once the lands in Pomaire were passed down to subsequent generations, they were divided up, and
arcades began to be constructed for lease, as they would yield higher returns than the production of clay objects.
They lease to anyone selling anything. Now they've set up a huge store here, everything from Villarrica…when we
aren’t allowed into Villarica with our clay. In Chimbarongo too we wanted to see if we could set up stores, and they
didn't let us. So, the people from Pomaire are to blame.
Criticism from some Pomairinos not only extends to the sale of plastic or plaster items, but also to painted and enamelled
porcelain. Juana complains that they went to take a course to learn how to enamel but that now they are not allowed to sell
the enamel pieces.
If the earthenware was painted, it didn't matter to us. Because it was clay, we could do anything with it. Some
people do ask for painted items. We don't much like it, because I personally don't like painted things, but if I sell
more painted items, then I have to do it. Otherwise, what I am going to live on? This village is all about clay. If I
make a clay piece, and can paint it, then that’s fine, providing it's clay and not something made from rubber or
plastic. My daughter took an enamelling course and now she is forbidden from selling her enamel pieces. We cannot
sell anything that’s been coloured. It must be natural. I ask them,” so, why did you offer the course if you don't want
people to do it in Pomaire?” And they sent everything: the teachers, the paintings...they gave them all the skills to
do this when it's clay that's on the decline.
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Master potters
J uana Mendoza and Victor Silva conduct pottery classes. Juana teaches the children of Pomaire and Victor the tourists.
Both have strong personalities and are renowned for making handmade clay objects reminiscent of glass, and for
defending, through their work, a trade that no longer arouses much interest in new generations.
Juana, 63, has been an art teacher in the school for 15 years. She also works clay "by hand", without the use of a foot wheel.
She does it all: duck and chicken-shaped jugs, small pots, gourds. Whatever is asked of her. She sells the pieces in her
brother's store near the school where she works. She began by polishing the figures that her mother would make. She then
began making her first small pieces. All of them turned out "crooked" she recalls.
That's how I learned, by watching my mum. Later, when I was seven, I started making small things, little things
that I’d then give up on. I did enjoy making lots of figures, for example, little dogs, doves, things like that...snails,
like little toys, of course! But it never went further than that. Later, you begin to…when you're older you begin
to realise. My sisters would tell me ''Juana, Learn!' Ok, so I’ll study a bit…you start needing things, so you start
making little chicken sugar bowls, and so on. Those were the first jobs I did.
At the moment, Juana has a special order from a Mexican nun. "I don't have enough time," she says. Her husband also
sometimes works clay, when he's on holiday. Her sister Marisol too: "I do a lot of things, I know how to do everything she
does, but she's more meticulous", she says. Juana says there are good artisans, but only a few:
These days, there are few, very few, and people don't want to learn; they don't enjoy it. Lots of work, lots of this
and that they say, and in the end…you know…in the end a family…that sort of a life. With clay, you don't get
the chance to live [like that]. You must give thanks to God, my dear, that people come here, because this is not a
necessity; it is not like sugar or bread which you need every day, even if it’s just a couple of bread rolls. But not this;
if you like it and you can afford it, you'll buy it, but if not, well you won't, you’ll just leave it.
Juana and her sister recall when Juana was invited in 2001 to exhibit her pieces in South Korea, where she spent a month
and six days. On the journey there, the two banana crates in which she had carefully placed her clay objects went missing,
and some pieces arrived broken. Juana says that a fish managed to make the journey safely.
Her visit coincided with the collapse of the Twin Towers in New York. After the closure of airports, her return flight was
suspended and she had to sleep in the Embassy. However, she says she would still return: "I would like to have enough
money to go to Korea, because people appreciate things there. They pay you. They don't even ask: 'Hey, can you drop the
price a little? Not at all. I'd go there for just a year to work".
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At the age of 12, Victor Silva Vera, now 65, was already, in his own words, "a professional potter". “Today, you do what is
asked of you: gourds, plates, Pablo Neruda faces, carts, old flowerpots, all ‘by hand’”, he says. Set back from the main street,
he sells in a small store filled with a vast range of decorative figures. All the pieces are marked with the words: “Pomaire,
Chile”. He explains that he learned "by suggestion, not out of obligation":
What did the grandmother from the countryside say? “Son, you want fresh bread? Then wake up at 5 am and go
to work! Don't ask for it!'”. That's how you get things in the countryside. 12 years old [I started] and I still have my
[first] small note. You've got nothing left from that first note you got, you spent it all on sweets. My grandmother
said: "Everything that comes in, and everything that goes out, write it down". That's why I still have my first little
note: 50 escudos, never spent it and I don't intend to.
I started with the typical, pigs and chicks from the countryside, all those little things, the little nest, my duck-shaped
jug for the ulpo (toasted flour). I made my first little jug which someone saw and said: "Hey, and what about that?"
It might work…and that's how I started; a gentleman commissioned me to make pieces that could only be found in
a few stores. Outside the houses, you'd set up a little table, and people would pass by. That's how you'd start selling
and people began to arrive, and would pay, because the work is excellent.
With his next earnings, he bought, in his own words: "A lump of sugar – at that time the sugar came in loaves, you can still
find it – my first pair of shoes, my first tie…I started becoming self-dependent at 12 and now I'm 53". He points out that
he used to hate maths, he regularly played truant, and had always had good drawing skills.
That helped to make this easier for me, to be good with clay, paper and pencil. This is the same thing. We just draw.
A person with good drawing skills, I tell the students in my classroom, we're ready, 50 percent of the work is done.
For the past 13 years, together with his friend Alvaro Romero, he has conducted classes at a place called the Granja
Educativa (Educational Farm). Last year they were seven students short of completing 11,000, he says. Victor writes
everything down in his notebook.
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night and the next day go out selling. So, there are a few advance requests which is better, because you don't have to work
as hard."
Before they used pickup trucks to fetch clay in the hills, they used to use a cart, recounts Juana. "You'd say: 'Don Pancheo,
bring me a cartful of clay'. Off he'd go, coming back with all of this…and that's all over, the little horse with the cart". Juana
misses all of that. She remembers having gone to the hill with her brother to dig with a pick and shovel. After removing a
metre of earth, the clay would appear.
Sure, there's clay in all of the hills, on all sides, thanks to God. If the clay seems alive, I say, it's because once you
remove it, in a few years’ time, you return, and there it is again. They’d take it out and haul it back in carts, big
and small. That's how it was transported, and then my brothers used to let it soak in a pit and, the next day, it was
removed and trampled by foot. My brothers, for example, would be trampling the clay at around ten in the morning
or sometimes in the cool evenings, and the next day they’d ‘despulgar’ (remove all the impurities such as grit and
thorns). It must be cleaned and cleaning took a whole day and only by the next day you could load up the car. It
was a lot more work, more time. Us girls, along with 11-year-old Denisse, would get busy trampling…to get rid of
all the bubbles, and all that stuff…the little bubbles, remove the air, all of that.
Juana Mendoza
What happens, I ask, if someone said there was no clay: 'Lady, how old is the tree?' "as old such and such…' 'It must
have grown already'. So, what does the tree tell me then? That the roots have clay which it cries out for me to remove
so they can grow. I extract the chalk, lay it on the floor, in a leather skin, whatever I can find, and leave it to soak.
I cover it up, and off I go to bed. And tomorrow, at five in the morning, barefoot, we start trampling the clay. Pssst,
pssst…will I be pressing all day? No! Of course the clay speaks…
Victor Silva
If we didn’t have the time to trample the clay, we had the option of calling for a "presser", who would go from house to
house. Many people in Pomaire recall having gone to trample the clay as children and having earned a few pesos that way.
The old method was long and tiring. After removing the clay and letting it soak during the night, you had to clean it:
After extracting it you had to 'despulgar', they used to say. This meant to get out all the little twigs, and thorns that
you picked up with it, by hand, everything by hand. A whole day cleaning clay. My sister, Laurita, and my mum,
cleaning clay for an entire day, removing the twigs, the thorns, cigarette butts, stones…And it would be the next
day by the time you got to start working on a piece. It was much more work, and much slower.
Juana Mendoza
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Today, once you've purchased the clay, you have to knead it. Juana explains that it must be "just like dough, silky-smooth,
nice and pliable, to be able to work", although he says that there are also those who prefer to work with clay when it is
harder; it depends on each artisan.
Formerly, it had been entirely women working with clay. Later, when the men came back from the farms and all
that, when work dried up, men began to help grind the clay, to press it, and then began the challenge of working on
the clay making dishes, budineras [casserole dishes], tubs…So, that's when the men got started.
Juana Mendoza
The women were the first potters. The men were out working on the farms. But they gave us name, which I'll
repeat, it's going to sound very Chilean the name! To the countryside…it's always the women breaking their backs
at home, because he who puts his hands in the clay was a ‘maricón’ [slang for homosexual]. When I was older, I
looked up the meaning of ‘maricón’ in the dictionary and said to myself, “Ah!” But it didn't upset me at all.
Victor Silva
"Ancient" methods
Juana's mother would sit on the ground to work and used the canco [inverted cone] technique. Afterwards, explains Juana,
she would build up the piece using the coil method.
I would see my mum working in a leather skin. She'd work right on the ground with just a leather skin, and a table
beside her, and she'd make the “canco”. She would leave it half finished, for example. She would leave it for a little
while, then in the evening, she'd come back to it with the coils.
Victor says that his grandmother to use the canco method and that she also used a tool known as the ayuda manos (hand
helper), similar to a torneta (hand or banding wheel). Juana, however, said that her mother would never use a torneta. She
always worked on the ground and had to spin herself around the piece:
The “hand helper”, I have one here made of iron, but the other one was made from an apple crate, the first one I
had. My grandmother called it a 'hand helper’. I always saw her working with a crate of apples, a broom stick and
a slice of round wood on top of the wheel. Then she'd make the 'cancos' to produce the saucers, the dishes, the jugs...
She'd put them in place just like a bell and would start turning. So, it was meant to help her hand…she'd no longer
have to support the piece on her hand, but she'd start pressing with a gourd. The 'hand helper’…So you didn't need
anyone to press a little button, and you'd sit yourself down here and that's how you started.
Victor Silva
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It used to be just with the hands, no wheels or anything. They didn't need a wheel…my mum used to work on the
ground. Mum! I've no idea how she'd bend her legs like that. I would say: 'Poor thing, there on the floor'…and
that's the way she'd make saucers for toasting wheat. I've no idea how her legs didn't hurt afterwards. She'd be
spinning around, but not these days! Now they've got wheels, so instead of turning around in circles, you just turn
the wheel, like that one over there. It's easier. So the work is more enjoyable.
Juana Mendoza
Old pieces
Juana knows how to make several different pieces that are known in Pomaire as "antiguos" (the old ones): the ones they
made in the past, "in the days of Julita Vera". It's a technique only few have mastered. She thinks it likely that other people
know how to make them in Pomaire other than those she mentions, but they don't do it. "People now prefer to make things
faster, easier, so they can sell faster," she says. Because they are not so well known, people don't buy them much.
Victor recalls that the pieces were better quality than now, and that they used to apply "colo". He would keep some in a
little pot. "It was the hallmark of the village" he says. He also recalls large pieces being made, such as jugs that could only
be lifted with the help of several people, and one metre twenty umbrella stands.
Umbrella stands…And what were they for exactly? A simple adobe hut, with a clay floor, the water dripping on the
floor and you'd put the umbrella inside the one metre twenty umbrella stands. Obviously with the little faces…and
that's what caught people's attention.
They would also make wine pitchers, and there were several varieties of pot, depending on the use: for casseroles, for the
colour, says Victor. Juana knows how to make a pot for color (a mixture of butter or oil with paprika, she explains). She
also makes the incense pot, which they used to make in the past, and that it has a belly, a little neck and an upside down
lid with a mouth where the smoke is emitted from. As Juana Explains:
Mother used to make Charquican [dish of dried meat and vegetables] and on top she'd spread the 'color'. Also
when there was no bread, mum used to bake a few potatoes and she'd use this to fry with. They were delicious,
really delicious. The incense pot was used a great deal, because there were a lot of “brujas” (witches), women who
knew things back then…we also used to use pots to burn incense.
On her kitchen table she has a duck-shaped jug. She says it can be used to hold "water, juice, and to leave the wine to breathe
too." She points out that that they don't make them a lot these days, although "just before the 18th [Chilean Independence
celebrations on 18 September), people are always looking around for them. They come from Santiago". She recalls that, as
children, they used to help their mother to shine them, to polish the pieces she made.
It's not the most popular item, but if you have one, people who really know will see it and want to buy it. She likes
them because they are old pieces that come from the Mapuche people, and she likes that.
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Juana and Victor also recall the lebrillos (earthenware bowls). Juana said that her mother used to make several different
ones and that they were large. She says that they are often mistaken for the pailas (dishes), but that they are different pieces.
Victor says that the correct term is “liebrillo", as it was used for cooking hare (liebre).
Nowadays lebrillos are known as 'pailas', because everything has changed over the years. There were many different
kinds, to keep raw or toasted flour, to toast wheat, all of that. For frying, to hold sopaipillas (fried pastry) too.
Juana Mendoza
What's a liebrillo used for? Today people get confused. They buy those dishes and say: 'I bought a liebrillo for the
pie.' Ma'am, ours are really huge. We'd knead bread in the liebrillo; we'd grind colo in the liebrillo; the wife would
even wash her knickers in it! You wouldn't say anything of course! Lebriellos were thick, solid pieces.
Victor Silva
They'd help. For example, if I was running behind here, then all the others would come to help. It was nice because
everyone would get to work shining in the afternoons. And they'd help her get the work done, as they say. On the
other hand if one of them was running late, then the following week, everyone would be there to help you with that.
Juana points out that afterwards the pieces would be loaded onto horse-drawn carts. Although she didn't experience for
herself the 'going out to chavalear' (barter and trade), she recalls her dad telling her that a neighbour, Emilio Chavez, used
to set off very early:
To San Pedro, to Mallarauco, to all those places. I was too young. They even gave him a lamb in exchange for a tub.
He was asked to make a tub and they gave a lamb in return; content he was, arriving home with the lamb. They'd
go on a trading excursion…[and came back] with beans. In the past they used to eat a lot of beans, lentils, wheat,
corn, even potatoes, cheese. [There used to be] a lot of cheese in the country in those days, you see. (You traded it)
for all of those things. You'd hear: "Bring me a dish for cooking kid goats and they'd give him a sack of potatoes or
a sack of wheat. It was good because you had something for the home, something to eat, even chickens.
better sealed, she explains; you cover up the pores, and get rid of a few [air] bubbles". Real clay work requires a fair bit of
time, Juana explains:
This work is slow, it's very slow, it takes time if you want to do it properly. The people who work haphazardly may
get it finished quicker, but if you skip a step, then the piece won't look good, well done, well finished. Especially the
budineras, dishes and pots, when some say, 'I used this and it started leaking'…of course, because they cut them,
they hardly rub [the pebble] at all, sometimes they use a mesh sack. It's not all the artisans, I should also say that,
just some of them, just a few bad eggs but we're all thrown into the same basket. Or you start peeling away at the
piece itself, of course, because they don't know so much.
Victor, who doesn't feel much affection towards the wheel, recounts that when he was a boy, they didn't exist in Pomaire.
He estimates that they arrived around the 1950s and 60s and shares his story of when he saw one for the first time:
There may be many nowadays, but I have mine. A man came, almost along this street, and the neighbours always
went out to the patio and thought to themselves: 'Typical that the man is making twelve pitchers', when all of a
sudden this friend sees that the twelve jugs aren't there …'What are you doing? Magic?' You see lots of pitchers, all
of them the same, and the other one with the door closed, the closed room. You look through a crack, and see what’s
lying in the middle of the room, a wheel. And the wheel isn't from here, it didn't originate here. You'd have to go to
Puente Alto [in Santiago] to find where it came from. For myself, when at school in Puente Alto, I used to say: 'Just
think, there's a machine that originates from here and caused an uproar in Pomaire'.
Furthermore, he points out, when working with a wheel, you tend to leave the barrutina (watery clay with a fine, creamy
consistency) to one side, keeping in mind that it's an excellent material for sealing the pores. "You've got to grab that and
reapply it to the piece," he explains.
No, clay work isn't well paid, dear, it's badly paid. That's the truth of it. The work is very slow and you charge…the
other day a lady was wandering around looking for things that cost $100 pesos [60 cents]. You can't even buy a roll
of bread with $100 pesos. They weigh it and it comes to $130 pesos, $150, and they want something for $100, even
though it took you ages to make a little pig.
Conducting her classes in the local school, she has found that the most enthusiastic students are those from Melipilla,
because for them clay is somewhat of a novelty: "It's not something they see so often, that is why they’re attracted to the
novelty of being there with the clay, of getting their hands dirty and making something."
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I tell people: 'Come all the way down, just look first, just walk, don't get stuck up there at the top.' They come
down here and realise that things are cheaper, more beautiful, more polished. They tell them that Pomaire goes all
the way down, that they shouldn't stay up at the top, that's what interests me, because they publish an article on
Pomaire and thank God people come.
Tourists who come again and again, don't know so much about the clay and there are some who take advantage of that to
boost their sales. Some tourists think, either through ignorance or because they've been scammed, that if a piece of clay is
red, it's because it's raw:
When they arrive at our stall and see that our pieces are redder, more natural, they say: “Oh, it's all raw clay here!"
Then of course they ask: “What's the difference between the red clay and the black clay?”' Look, I tell them, all the
red clay comes out of the kiln red-coloured and then you put hay or walnut shells in the mouth of the kiln and
smoke the interior. So the smoke is what sticks, but that's the only difference, because both colours are natural. The
other thing of course is that “painted is painted”, because people want it painted, but the two most natural colours
are black and red.
Victor says that some tourists often complain about the poor quality of something they've bought, but they're the ones
looking for cheaper objects, which he describes as "decorative":
The ladies look, barter…and those are the ones that speak of the terrible quality. “Lady, if I buy a decorative piece,
it has to have a practical use”. The gourd, the pot, the saucer, the cup, thick pieces and the plant pot, the square
pots, that never saw the machine, that's the proper way to do it. I have to tell them day after day. It's exhausting.
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The toy makers
D oris Vallejos Sánchez, María Teresa, Ana Luisa Sánchez, relatives and neighbours of each other, have mastered the art
of making toys or miniatures. Lorena, Teresa's daughter, is the only toymaker to live in Melipilla, about ten minutes
by local bus from Pomaire. Although others have managed to master this technique, everybody in Pomaire recognises the
women from Fresia passage as "the Jugueteras" (the Toy Makers).
My whole family used to work clay. Not my mum though, because she was from Melipilla, but my grandmother, my
aunts, my cousins…and now we've turned to working in miniature…there are only about three of us now, because
my aunt Chefa no longer works. She's an old lady who lives over that way. My aunt Teresa lost all notion of time.
We all live around here, we're all family. So, there's just a few people still working.
Teresa Sanchez
They are specialists in producing pieces that are one to three centimetres tall. Today people buy them to make all kinds of
things such as pendants, earrings, little lucky pig charms for wallets or for incense, trinkets and ribboned ornaments used
in baptisms and marriages. And although they are very small, they are also very tough. There are also "juguetones", which
are a little larger, some five or six centimetres tall. These are sold per item, but are usually made on request, because they
take more time, explains Lorena. Doris says that when her mother began to lose her sight, instead of using glasses, she
made the toys a little bigger and that's how they started. As for the miniatures, she thinks these must have started when her
grandmother Rosa began to make toys with clay for their daughters to play with.
Doris Vallejos, 54, has worked a couple of times as a packer on a farm nearby, but devotes her time to clay as and when her
duties as housekeeper permit. She learned from her mother:
…sitting there beside her because that's how you learn, just by looking. So, I sat there and I didn't have any way to
say no…That's what I always say, it was whether you liked it or not. First you learn to polish the ceramic and then
you start assembling the dishes…the miniatures.
I remember (when I must have been) around 7 years old, I started little by little and, well, afterwards I was given
the task of polishing five dozen pieces when I got home from school in the afternoon. I had to polish them, and later
on I had to start making them.
Since the age of twelve more or less, I already had to…I was already selling miniatures. So, then I had my own
money to take to school with me, to help me buy things for the house. But before, we used to sell a lot more. Today,
it's not so much.
Despite being recognised as a great toy maker, Doris did not enjoy her trade until some ten years ago, when she began to
conduct workshops for the Fundación Artesanías de Chile (Chilean Crafts Foundation). That's when she began to regard
it as something special; her students appreciated her work.
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It was torture to do it, having to work all day, because the people from outside…because they [the pieces] are so
small, people thought that…well, people would come into the stores, and I've seen them buy, let's say, a large vase,
a pot and ask], “would you give me one of those as a gift?".
She recalls that her mom and aunt Teresa began making miniatures as young as seven. "Working by candlelight, and
because there was no clock, we'd sometimes still be working at sunrise, when the light had come up".
Poor sales
Sale were always somewhat complicated for the artisans, given the type of work generally prevents them from receiving a
fixed monthly wage. Doris said that things used to be better in the past and that the introduction of plastic toys has had a
major impact on their business:
I don't know what happened, young lady...I don't know. Well, people used to buy their girls teapots and pots to play
with, but not any longer. I think that might explain it...they used to buy more. I think so, because there are stores
with other things. Children prefer plastic figures rather than clay piggy banks or a wooden sword, I don't know.
And those are the youngest ones, you see? You can no longer compete with Chinese things, it's like a story buried
in the past, I think.
Maria Teresa Sanchez, 71 years old, has devoted herself to clay since she was nine, when she would sit beside her aunt
and watch her work. Her mother was from Melipilla and her father from Pomaire, but she grew up in the village with her
grandmother. Her sisters do not live in Pomaire, nor do they work in clay. Of her six children, one works with a wheel and
a daughter sells ceramic pieces purchased or made by her husband. Nevertheless, she explains that things have not gone
well recently. Maria Teresa agrees with Doris. She argues that poor clay sales are, in part, explained by the new items that
have been introduced. This is not a recent phenomenon, but rather something that began ten years ago, she explains.
The clay has got much worse. There's so many clothes, so much wicker, so much plaster, you see, so the tradition of
Pomaire is disappearing. It's like a business…the Persa [open-air market in Santiago], so to speak. So, a great deal
has been lost.
She thinks that the low sales this year are also due to the influence of the forest fires in the south, which adversely affected
the movement of traders who travel to Pomaire and return with "full trucks and vans".
This year was very bad. My daughter has a stall and says it's nothing like other years, and also, because of everything
that happened to the people from the south, such tragedies…many traders used to come, then all that was lost...
with so much misfortune over there...so, they haven't been coming. Things were bad this year.
I have faith that Pomaire's going to sort itself out. Yes, I think it's maybe because of the tragedies that have happened
that things have been so bad. Or perhaps because they're not necessities. As politicians would sometimes say: "You
have to save for a rainy day". They would say you should try to save because a bad year would be on the way, so,
I think this may also explain it. I really don't know, but whatever the reasons, Pomaire has been going through
tough times.
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The toy makers
Ana Luisa Sánchez, 80 years old, used to work as polisher. She also made a living offering laundry services until she
stopped receiving calls when most people bought machines. Later she specialised entirely in clay, following in the footsteps
of her mother. Her mother used to make dishes and Ana recalls that she would leave the smaller pieces to her to remove
the excess clay, and to smooth and polish with colo paste to make them shine. When she was 18, her mother told her she
should make her own pieces.
I used to watch what my mum did, and I learned from memory. I learned to remove the excess clay, to polish, all
that, and later on my mum lectured me, because I had a daughter aged 18. That's when she took me aside. She told
me: "Look, Ana you have to learn to work on your own, because I don't know how long I'll be able to keep going.
You've got to learn so you can have your own money", she told me.
So, I taught myself to make toys. And once I'd learned, do you think I wasted any time? None. I learned right away
how to shape them. The only thing was that the piece of clay that I removed was very big, and the pieces ended
up too thick. But, as I had some special scraping knives, I would scrape them and soon realised they needed to be
much thinner.
When sales dropped, as they did in the winter, those with stores in Pomaire, the main buyers of clay handicrafts, sometimes
stop accepting pieces.
Even if you're told, "bring them to the store and I'll buy them”, if they find they haven't sold enough or that they're
short of something else, they won't buy them. They just don't buy them and you can't do anything because the
orders are made by word of mouth. It's not as though it's an obligation for them.
Doris Vallejos
The other week, everyone told me they didn't want any more miniatures until further notice. So, I'm selling up there
to the owner of a restaurant who buys from me, because he gives them away to the people who go there to eat. He
uses my miniatures as gifts. And another lady nearby, Ana Negrete [also buys from me].
Teresa Sanchez
Some artisans do not sell them right away to resellers, but leave pieces on commission, but Doris does not like this option.
The artisans who accept this deal leave their pieces with a particular store and the following week drop by to pick up
money from the sales.
Teresa, like Doris, also sells in a few local stores. She mentions that, in the past, when there were only one or two stalls, she
would either deliver her pieces there, or she would pass them on to her aunt who was travelling to Santiago to sell at the
market and, if it had been a good sale, would bring the money on her return
When my grandma was alive, she'd take them to Lo Valledor. They would fire the pieces themselves and take
their work there. They didn't sell here because, as I say, there were very few stalls, so everything had to be taken to
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Santiago. And my aunt Teresa, who taught me how to work [clay], would take the miniatures to CEMA [Centre for
Mothers] Chile. She told me that's what I should do, and I dropped them off with her so she could take them herself.
Ana also sells her toys to the storekeepers in Pomaire.
Out there no, it's a lucky stroke when they order a piece from outside. But when they do, I tell them it'll be ready on such
and such a date and later they come to pick it up.
Sometimes things don't go so well, it gets quite slow, but they still buy all the time, because people like buying things and
can afford to. Later, they want to place an order, and right away you've got someone to sell to; I always sell. Sometimes the
sales are slower but you still sell, because you have to get by; this is my job and I manage to get by.
Because when you try to sell in wintertime, people don't buy. It's humiliating, it's sad…it's happened to me. When I
had my first child, I remember one Christmas that I went to drop off the pieces and no one wanted to buy them and
I had nothing, nothing at all, not even to make some dinner, nothing, and with that money I had been planning to
do the shopping…it upsets me to think about it, I had to go crying for help from someone else to buy me things and
that's humiliating. Just the oldest of us remain. Younger people don't want to do this.
Teresa says her daughter did not want to learn.
She wouldn't dare take up a piece of clay; my granddaughters feel the same way. I have four granddaughters and
none of them have taken up clay, they don't like it. They left [school] in the fourth grade and are now studying in
the evenings; they are doing one of those courses to be able to work with the elderly, people of the third age; my two
granddaughters.
Lorena Salinas is the youngest toy maker at 39. Her specialty is making toys and little pigs, but she says she devotes herself
more to the latter. She has lived in Melipilla since she got married, although she says she would have liked to remain in
Pomaire. There she devotes herself full time to clay, which she divides with the housework. In the past, she also used to sell
at a stall in Pomaire, with her sister, with whom she made plaster figures. Her sister also knows how to make toys, although
she continued with plaster.
Lorena learned from her mother, Ana Luisa, and from her sister, "it was like a legacy," she explains. When she gave birth
to her first daughter, she wanted to dedicate herself to clay, so that she wouldn’t be left alone. Today, Lorena says: "Thank
God the toys helped my mum to provide for us." "My childhood was all down to my mum's toys."
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The toy makers
Ana, her mum, fires her pieces in Pomaire and also provides her with greda colada (strained clay). Lorena works on
request from Santiago and Pomaire. One store even asks her for little pigs to be made from white clay. Like the others, she
learned as a young girl, observing her mother and sister.
Because you're from Pomaire, [you learn] almost always from an early age. But [you learn] to work later by hand,
I'd say at around 15 or 16. Because right from the start, at eight or nine, we'd start polishing the toys my mum
made.
She mentions that now too few clients order new miniatures from her and she must do whatever they ask. "The miniatures
we make, for example, sometimes they ask for one side to be flattened so they can put them on fridges. Those were never
used in the past."
Lorena's eldest daughter, 11, already made her first little pig, which she has kept. She would like to her daughter to learn,
because she considers it to be a "relaxing form of work and it’s something you can do from home," but she adds that the
young people today aren't interested in it:
Because today there are other expectations of children, to study, to leave home, do other things...because sometimes
you can earn money from clay, but not always. There are low seasons, when they don't ask you for many things,
and you still need to have money and young people today want to do other things, to get into something different.
In the past, there were more people working in pottery: "Parents and their children alike. The children used to do the
same…I know whole families that have kept on going in the same way, doing the same thing," says Lorena. She also recalls
making porrones (wine pitchers): "They were just like jugs but with little spout on one side to pour in herb tea, I'm not sure
if they make them anymore. I make them in toy versions. As well the porrón, a few other pieces are only made in miniature
versions today, such as little shoes and lanterns.
To make a pot that way and not be dependent on the cutter takes time, which you can't charge extra for, because,
in five minutes, less in fact, two minutes, you can make the base of a pot…but not like that you can't.
On the other hand, she explains that in order to make smaller things "the hand does the work of the wheel". All the same,
she says she would have liked to learn to use the tool.
It's not easy, because here, it's almost always the man who uses the wheel…I would have liked to learn to throw, but
I never did. It's very difficult, starting: to keep the ball of clay centred is difficult, because you have to put pressure
on one side and also, there are few teachers.
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Strained clay
The small size of the toys is unable to withstand raw clay obtained directly from the hills. Instead it must be specially
strained. Doris explains that she purchases it in summer, because it cannot be strained in winter, as the process must be
performed outdoors.
You've got to buy it. There's a young man who sells it…but I don't think there will be any more strained clay this
year, because it's not really in their interest. Before you’d bring it back from the hill…you'd go and look for it there,
soak it, and then my mum would strain it until it was nice and fine.
Teresa Sanchez strains her own clay, recycled from the work left over from her son-in-law who works on the wheel.
She leaves the hard material to soak in a container, then stirs it with a stick, removes the water, and pours it slowly into
to second container, while passing it through a colander. Then she leaves the mixture to dry in the sun. If neglected, it
hardens and needs to be softened again until it is "like a ball of dough". That's when it’s ready to work with. One of the
advantages of clay is that all the processes can be reversed providing the piece has not yet been fired. Teresa needs to have
the strained clay by March. In April, she explains, the weather changes.
I strain the clay myself, because, as I told you, my son-in-law uses the wheel, so all the leftover clay is captured
below the wheel, and when it dries they bring it back to me and put it over there.
I then throw the clay in a pot to soak. And when it's soft and wet through, I stir it. I wait for all the little pebbles to
drop to the bottom, and skim off the water from the top, and there you have it, strained clay.
Ana also learned to strain her clay, her mother taught her and now she is telling her daughter Lorena, to whom she passes
strained clay, that she should learn too. Some neighbours give her broken vessels which never made it to the kiln and
she works with that. In January and February, together with her daughter Lorena, she also buys a few balls of clay from a
gentleman in El Tránsito. This is only available in summer, because work is suspended when the rain arrives.
When she was sick, she told me to learn to strain and I did. Having seen how she made things, I learned to strain
right away. I say to Lorena too, "you should learn how to strain, because one day the same thing that happened to
my mum will happen to me; I won't be able to strain the clay anymore, and if that gentleman stops selling it, where
will you get it from?".
Now I strain when I don't have anywhere to buy it from. You can get it from over in La Turbina, from a person
selling clay. But sometimes he only has a little, so we buy a little and see how far it goes. Last year, I spent all
summer straining clay. I've got dozens of pots back there and that's where I do the straining.
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The process
Each little pig that Lorena makes starts out as a ball. Then you have to dry it for two hours, and later you can remove the
excess and brush it "so that it shines and looks good". Despite the fact that the toy makers distinguish between "toys" and
"little pigs", the process and the size are the same.
There's a lot of work involved, just as there is with the larger ceramic pieces. You don't realise it, but all the work
that goes into the larger pieces also goes into this, because you've got to put it together; after that, you need to wait
a little while and add the ears [and other protruding features]; then, with a knife, you remove the excess, you scrape
it so it's even on both sides. Later, you have to dampen it a little to make it shine better. You see?
Ana Sanchez
In the past, they would also spread a special paste known as “colo” around the outside of the pieces. Colo is obtained from
grinding a special stone (red in Pomaire's case) that gives them greater strength, brightness and colour. Doris describes the
process performed by her mother, the renowned artisan Chefa: She would assemble the piece, apply the "ears", remove the
excess, polish it with water, paste it with colo and then polish it again. With a small cloth or sponge, she would apply the
colo, Ana and Lorena explain. They recall that her aunt Tere – different from Teresa Sanchez – would apply colo almost to
the whole piece; to the outside and just along the rim on the inside.
The tools
Teresa uses five tools: three crafted toothbrush handles to polish and buff, a small matchstick and little piece of cordovan
(strip of leather from the inside of a shoe).
You'd buy just like any toothbrush and polish them…The matchstick is used to apply the little ears, and the cordovan
to smoothen the upper rim.
They are old brushes. Toothbrushes, but still old. You can't buy these things today, which is why you have to take
good care of them, and make sure you don't lose them.
Lorena also uses brushes: either a tooth or hairbrush, but not cordovan. "I don't use that, because it doesn't help me, the
toys are too small". Ana also uses brush handles. She says that agate stones were once used for the larger toys.
I have some special brushes for polishing. I used to keep them here somewhere, I'm not sure if they're still there...I
work with these things to get a good shine. I can't lose them, but sometimes I forget where I leave them. You see?
They're great for getting a good shine…Previously, when we first got started, there were these crystals, but not any
longer, you don't see them anymore. That's what we used for polishing. Not any longer. It's much quicker to polish
with this, the ears, the whole body and there's no problem…even all over. And that's my life!
You no longer see those things. Before you could get these brushes, but nowadays you don't see them. They used to
have these little teeth, you see, and my son cut them off for me. I made two and then I lost one in San Antonio. I
lost one of them, I used to carry it in my purse, I took something out one time and it fell out.
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No kiln
Once they have produced their objects, the toy makers have to ask other people to fire them, thus taking advantage of the
firing of larger pieces. When they are ready, they put them to dry beside the heater, Lorena explains, so they can stiffen.
Afterwards, the miniatures are placed into another ceramic piece, such as a dish, budinera (casserole dish) or vase, before
taking them to the kiln.
A neighbour fires the pieces for Doris. She says the process has become more complicated, as firing is now only permitted
at night, because of the smoke. Teresa, on the other hand, delivers her pieces "raw", unless she is asked to make pieces on
request "from outside", then her son-in-law fires them. Ana delivers the pieces to a friend who is married to a cousin of
hers. She recalls that her mother used to fire at the beginning:
My mum had a kiln when she was younger. She used to fire, but it didn't last. My mum didn't want to work much
more with clay, so the little she did make she would sell raw so as to avoid the stress of firing.
Ana sometimes she is asked to smoke some toys: "With horse dung. Those are all raw, you see? Later they're sent for firing,
sometimes they make red ones, and sometimes they're smoked [black]".
If the kiln suddenly soars to a very high temperature, explains Lorena, you lose all the pieces, because they crack and can't
be recovered; they change to a dull grey colour and are useless. The same thing may also occur with the larger pieces. This
has happened to her on three occasions:
If they throw on a lot of firewood all of a sudden, because [the pieces] are so delicate, they can burn on the outside
and turn a dull grey colour. They crack and the ears break – melting as it were - if the fire gets too hot.
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Large pieces
Large pieces
T his type of work, which remains the preserve of men because of its physical demands, had its heyday when people
began buying plant pots for their gardens. Today, there are few individuals making jars and other large-scale pieces. It
is an exceptional art that involves clay, blast furnace kilns and firewood management.
Carlos Aguayo and Luis "Lucho" Olivares are two of the most skilled artisans in this area; César Silva is a young man who,
with his expertise in the subject, is all too happy to ensure the continuation of his trade. The "The Caínes family', on the
other hand, is well accustomed to innovation.
74-year-old Carlos Del Tránsito Aguayo came to Pomaire in the 1970s looking for work. He began by selling pots that he
would then take to gardens in Quillota, La Cruz and Santiago. In the beginning, he explains how he used to entrust the
work to master cutters from Pomaire, but that he learned to work the clay himself as they would sometimes let him down.
He recalls there were some ten families engaged in the production of plant pots at that time.
He works entirely by hand. He says that he never liked the foot wheel because it is harder to work with, although he would
have liked to know more at a younger age. As a new arrival, he remembers there were people who used to work clay
exclusively by hand, such as Estelbina de Correa. He says his pieces turned out very well (dishes, little pots, little plates), to
which he would apply colo [paste], and that it would take him a long time to make them: "For example, in the time it took
you to make a single piece, you could reproduce 20 with the wheel".
In his workshop in San Antonio street, at the entrance to Pomaire, he produces handmade pots and jars of up to one metre
in height and weighing 150 kilos. The pots are for plants, while the jars are sold as garden ornaments. Carlos recalls that
when he began, the jars were sold as ornaments, rather than for storing grain.
He mentions that there is no longer much interest in clay work today. His sons are now working with him, but only because
they have been unable to find other work, he explains. He also says there are just a few people engaged in making jars
nowadays: "Because it's very time-consuming –who can hold out for so long?".
Producing a jar
To make the jars, Carlos explains, he goes out himself in search of clay from the Ibacache pass and from some hills in
Cuncumén. He leaves it soak for about five to eight days and then prepares the clay by making an educated guess of the
quantities. Then he mixes the ingredients while adding estuary sand. The rolling pins are farther apart than on other
machines, because the clay has to be thick, he explains.
Once the clay has been kneaded, the base is made. Later, coils are introduced to add volume, but it cannot be done in one
go, as the piece is almost certain to crumble. They can advance up to approximately 20 centimetres per day. Then the piece
must be allowed to stand for about three days before the height is increased. This is to ensure it remains firm.
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If it's winter, it may take three to four weeks before it's ready. In summer it's different, because you can apply coils every
day; that way, you can reduce the time to about 4 days. The jar should neither have excess clay removed nor be polished
"unless you're asked to do it like that," says Carlos.
Once the complete piece has been constructed, there is be a two-day wait so that it can dry in the open air. In the summer,
they run the risk of hot wind breaking it while it's drying" because we don't have an enclosed storage space", explains
Carlos. It is then fired for about 12 hours at approximately 600ºC.
He says his fees are expensive because, among other things, you need to buy a lot of firewood, but that many Pomairinos
are selling things very cheaply, to everybody's detriment because they are of poor quality and break easily. He points out
the sales have been "terrible these days":
Thank God...you must give thanks to God...we have orders; these pots are made on request, but we're unhappy that we
haven't been able to fire. You fire and deliver; there's no capital to speak of. That's what's lacking here in Pomaire; someone
to give us an artisan's loan; I can go to the banks but if I ask for a million [approx. USD 1,500], I have to pay a million eight
[approx. USD 2,800] in two years' time…
He explains that the recent cold spell has prevented them from firing because, with the humidity, neither the pieces nor the
firewood are dry. "If we'd had to fire this week, there would be enough to fill three kilns and it just hasn't been possible,"
he explains.
Almost directly opposite Carlos' workshop is that of 64-year-old Lucho Olivares, who makes pots and jars of various
sizes. When we visited, he was making three with heights of 40, 50 and 60 centimetres respectively. The width is similar,
he explains. He remembers that the jars were once used for chicha, water, wheat and other things. They would cover them
with a clay or wood lid so that rodents could not break them.
He learned to work in 1969 at the age of 17 years. He says there were few handicraft stores in Pomaire and that no one
wanted to teach him the trade:
I sometimes visited a gentleman who was a neighbour of mine. I told him that I wanted to learn but he said
no, “because if you learn you'll take away my job and then what would I do? I am already old and this is my
livelihood”. There was no point in arguing. So I used to look at the pieces that he'd already made and started
making them myself, but it wasn't so easy, because I wanted to finish them all the way to the top in one go, so they
would collapse; they started to tilt and then collapsed.
They used to make more in exchange for cereals, chickens, beans, potatoes…they'd go out to the countryside to
trade, which was known as “chaveleo”.
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As there was a shortage of utensils in those days, they used to take with them things for practical use such as pots,
pans, all of which they exchanged. The family would go around in an ox-cart because there were almost no vehicles
back then. I must have been too young, about 8 or 10 years old, when they went out; that was before the 60s. They
told me how they got caught in the heavy rain. In those days it used to rain a lot more. They had to take things to
sleep on…mattresses. They'd cover the cart with tarpaulin and sleep under it, and if not, they'd go to a house and
be given lodging. People were more hospitable back then. If they arrived at lunchtime, they were invited to lunch.
They would polish the saucers well, using agate, so that the oil wouldn't stick. Everything was done by hand in those days,
using the canco [inverted cone] technique.
You would make a ball of clay and leave it there for a few days, with the clay covered up. Later they would start to
sculpt it. The “canco” was a kind of clay cone. Its use depended on whether they were going to make a pitcher, a pot,
a kilo, two kilos for each piece. Little by little they'd build the shape, and gradually knead it. In those days, they'd
use a mate gourd to do that.
He recalls how they used to press the clay under foot, which he also got to do. They would stretch it out on a piece of leather,
remove the impurities, such as roots and twigs, and then start trampling under foot. Once it started to blow bubbles, he
explains, then it was "a punto" [just ready]. It used to take about an hour to prepare a cartload.
I was just a boy, eight years old or so. We enjoyed it because it was just like a game. The older neighbours grew tired,
but not us! I'd be raring to go, and they'd give you a few coins for your trouble…I was delighted! That's how it was.
While Carlos was trampling the clay, 'Lucho' Olivares used to watch his neighbours working with it and that's when his
friend started to really take to it. He was the first in his family to devote himself to pottery. His father was an agricultural
worker and his mother took care of the home. "Because there were so many of us, she had no time to make clay", he
explains, so most of the Pomairinos worked in the countryside, on a large vineyard in the area and on the farms. Of their
four children, three of them are potters. Julia Silva, his wife, too.
César Silva, 29, is one of the youngest Pomairinos to make jars. He says many families tell their children not to work in
clay, but he likes it because it gives him freedom and allows him to earn enough to live on. He says that even Pomairinos
show very little appreciation of clay work, but that this has been gradually changing. In particular, he refers to a group of
young people known as "Esteke" (after a tool that is used for clay work using a wheel), who seek to ensure that Pomairina
pottery is valued and endures.
He used to find it difficult to keep the pieces straight, given that the skills required to do the job are acquired gradually, he
explains. He also refers to the technique he is using to make a stand that will be approximately one meter tall, and that, at
the top, will support a container for water, also made from clay. He shows another piece which is being dried so it can be
fixed later:
I did it too quickly and it began to collapse. It has to be constructed like a building. You're supposed to lay the
foundation. Here, that would be the base. And after the foundation, you move upwards, letting it set, so that it
becomes stronger and can support the weight of the other part that goes on top.
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As work is slower in winter, he uses three wheels so as to be able to make several pieces in parallel. As well as working from
home, he uses his aunt's workshop, located in the heart of Pomaire. He also builds kilns. He explains that his dedication
to clay work derives from being a "lifelong Pomairino". As there are few young Pomairinos working in this sector today,
César considers himself to be something of a rebel. "I studied public administration, but I didn't want to be shut away in
an office."
Working in the same workshop is Marco Gatica, a 45-year-old Pomairino who began working with clay some ten years
ago; previously he had been employed in agriculture and construction. He explains that to make a pot, his speciality,
the measurement of the base must be correct, "if it's not, it won't support the upper part." He uses a measuring tape to
confirm his original estimate. Unlike the jars, which "are more typically produced in September", he says that pots are sold
throughout the year, although few people make them nowadays.
A designer arrived with the idea of making something like this but nobody did. The people here always want to do
the same thing and a while ago I realised, no, you've got to show different things. I'm also working in white clay,
making small, novel objects. You need to diversify in what you do, otherwise you can't survive.
In his workshop, they "make anything and everything". When required, they also hire a person from outside. Their children
"don't get involved much, because it's somewhat unpredictable; the business is good, but all of a sudden it's very bad," says
Nibaldo. He recalls that sales were good when he was about 14, 15 years ago.
We set to work straight away here, because business was good. We used to sell everything we made. We used to
make lots of plant pots, but, at that time [in the 1990s], there was an invasion of plastic and the plastic industry
began to gradually replace the handicrafts used in gardening. Only in the last few years have things begun to
regenerate, because people are growing tired of plastic. They're just fads.
15 years ago, the Caines used to go looking for their own clay in Ibacache, San Pedro and Cuncumén, but now they buy
it. As Nibaldo's seller explains:
You extract it yourself, with just a pick and shovel, not with a machine. When you use a machine, a digger, you
[also] remove a lot of soil. So it comes out much cleaner, just like we used to do it in the old days.
In the barrow, you start mixing, also by yourself, taking into account the properties of each type.
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The coffee-coloured [clay] is more plastic [stretches without cracking], the red [clay] gives me colour, and this one
[light brown] provides firmness, and prevents cracking. It may be finer, but it has this property that prevents the
pieces from splitting.
Later everything is emptied into a pit, which holds about 20 barrowloads. Then water is added and the next day, or up
to around three days later, it is passed through a grinder; only then is it ready for use. Nibaldo says that, for shaping the
pieces, they use foot wheels.
About 15 years ago, there was a project to replace the wood burning kilns with gas ones, which are easier to use because
they can be programmed, but this proved unsuccessful because gas prices rose and it was no longer in their interests to use.
Nibaldo says they could not take a step back, so instead they took one "to the side": from the internet, they downloaded
a prototype of a downdraft kiln, and built a larger-scale version. It has two chambers: combustion, which has an ashtray
below to catch the falling embers; and alongside, separated by a low wall of fired bricks, is the largest chamber where the
pieces are fired. The "floor" of this dome here is raised and the smoke and gases are emitted through three passages to the
lower right, below the floor. The chimney is some distance away so it there's no smoke while the firing is underway.
This oven, which, unlike classic kilns, distributes the heat more evenly and is cleaner, reaches 850ºC. Although they use
a thermocouple, they can always confirm the firing using a small a hole in the door of the chamber that holds the pieces.
Nibaldo explains that the upper part is hotter, with a difference in temperature of approximately 70ºC. They spend some
seven hours adding fuel to the fire, "feeding it" in other words. Once the fire is extinguished, the pieces are left to rest,
before being removed the following day.
A lot of pine wood is used which is found in the regions of Valparaíso and O'Higgins, Casablanca or Litueche. He says
that a few years ago, when oil was very expensive, sawmills began to produce chipwood to feed the biomass boilers, and
as a result would not sell them firewood. Now that oil is cheaper, he explains, they buy plenty of firewood and store it in a
warehouse that can hold five truckloads.
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Medium-sized pieces
A lthough "everyone makes everything" in Pomaire, each artisan specialises in certain pieces. For instance, Manuel
González is dedicated to pre-Columbian pieces, Juan Peñailillo to casserole dishes, Maria Eugenia Guerrero makes
pots and table-top grills, while the Jiménez siblings concentrate on little pigs for export.
Indigenous reproductions
Manuel González, 53, is originally from Pomaire. He says he was born "just around the corner from the ladies that make
the miniatures". Like everyone else, he learned by observing. "When you're in primary school you learn to polish and make
small figurines and then, in middle school, you need money to survive." He studied Graphic Design. He says the course
helped him to be a quick creator, not a quick worker. He never detached himself from clay; he would study in Santiago and
return to work at the weekends.
Today he makes a living creating his own pieces and by reproducing indigenous pieces. In 2012, he gave a talk alongside
the archaeologist and curator of the Museo Chileno de Arte Precolombino, Luis Cornejo, "Los pueblos de la cerámica en
Chile y su presencia en Pomaire” (Indigenous peoples engaged in ceramics in Chile and their presence in Pomaire). He
explains that when the Spaniards arrived in central Chile, they made the indigenous people replicate the crockery they
used to have in Europe.
That's why animals such as the chicken and horse appear on flagons and water jugs. The colour of the design
disappeared as such and was replaced by red, bright red ceramic, which is the hallmark of Pomaire's traditional
ancient pottery.
He also explains that the paila [dish] originates from the bowl they once made, such as the Aconcagua bowls, which had
no handles. It was used in rituals and also for holding water. Later, they included a pantruca (plaited handle), which in
time became a rounded handle. Today, dishes are being made without handles. He says that the colo or iron-dioxide paste
has always been applied, but that the Spaniards decided that the pieces should be "painted" with it because it made them
shinier and more elegant.
Although Manuel says that Pomaire "has always been a blessed village," he also refers to the problems of alcoholism that
exist, and explains that now, as other Pomairinos have pointed out, a lot of drugs have been introduced. He says that
clay work "is really nice, but it brings with it certain consequences in the form of disease. Pomaire is cold, very cold, and
sometimes workshops are not adequately equipped for working". This is likely to have had an impact on many young
people who have chosen not to pursue clay work as an occupation.
There are very few young people working in this area. There is a small group of young people under the age of 30;
ten people at the most. The rest are 50 years old or so, and up to 70 or 80…so there isn’t…the rate of turnover has
been imperceptible here; this is soon going to have a major impact.
While the interests of Pomairinos have changed, tourists are also looking for something different. Manuel says more
people come to Pomaire to eat than to buy clay pieces. All this has led to a change in the system of production and sales.
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Medium-sized pieces
In the 90s, there were more people working and selling their products directly. Today, there are now more people
selling the product than producing it. Wherein the problem lies, because processes are being skipped to be able to
sell more to resellers, and anyone who follows all the steps required in producing good quality ceramic may not be
able to sell, because they can't compete in terms of price.
There's no longer any buffing and smoothing of the pieces. They used to remove the excess clay; that's not done any
more. They skip that stage and sometimes skip the stage of smoothing or burnishing in water and go directly to the
dry burnishing stage and then to the kiln. So, you already have two processes that have been eliminated and that
means 50 percent less work. It's either done out of comfort or because of a need to lower production costs. I believe
it to be the latter.
Manuel insists that the low quality of the pieces is due to this, and not because of the foot wheel: "It's not the machine,
it's not the fault of the wheel; it's the fault of the person who is working. If your finishings are good, you'll never have
problems."
He estimates that the wheel arrived on the scene around 1930, as he found some very old pieces in a museum made with
this machine. He believes the root cause of the true "revolution" that brought change to Pomaire was another tool: "The
tool I have here. The ‘hand wheel’, as it is known. It's called a torneta. It doesn't have the same limitations as the foot wheel,
which only allows you to make cylindrical shapes," he explains.
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There are two issues Juan finds unsettling today; he is concerned that there are ever fewer master cutters and that clay is
an exhaustible resource.
There are already too few masters. Just think, in a short time all of us think there'll be none left. It's going to come
to an end. There are no masters, because the new generation doesn’t like it.
We are running a risk moving forward because the product, the raw material of clay is going to run out, because
it's there in the hills, but they don't want to sell it, because they mess up their hills. The raw material can no longer
be taken for granted.
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Throwers
T here aren't many master throwers working in Pomaire today. This is an opinion shared by both the throwers and the
people requiring their services as "cutters". Men of few words, the majority became involved in this line of work with
the boom in plant pots. Now they are soon to retire from a job that allows them to progress quickly in a short time, but
which at the same time requires considerable physical effort.
There are different types of wheel. They say the pedal or "foot" wheel is good for learning the trade, as the speed can be
regulated by the thrower. The inherent problem, however, is how physically demanding it is on the user. In the last decade,
several of these machines have been cleverly fitted with a washing machine motor and some have even bought wheels with
a pre-fitted motor. These are used, above all, for making smaller pieces.
Enrique Osorio, a 73-year-old master thrower, came to Pomaire from a place not far from San Antonio; his wife was from
Pomaire and was well accustomed to handicrafts. He says he has worked half his life "cutting" and that things in Pomaire
have changed:
You can't do any other work here because this doesn't give you leeway to do anything else. I go to different houses.
I design what they ask for. Here I cut pots, in another place dishes or table-top grills. In the past, we used to cut a
lot of plant pots but that disappeared when plastic was introduced; that must have been more than 10 years ago.
He learned by watching between the ages of 15 and 18, he says. Today Claudio Hernandez is 54. Members of his family
used to work with clay, but not with the wheel. He has spent more than 35 years working with a foot wheel and hopes to
retire soon. He works every day except Sundays and stresses the freedom his work allows him:
Because if you have no formal qualifications, what are you going to work in? Someone with qualifications can work
in some other area, for a company…as an agricultural worker, you're out in the field for a full eight-hour shift.
Well, not with this; you work as much as you want. You're your own boss. I don't have a wife or any children.
His specialties are cake dishes, pots…"Everything that's used for cooking," he explains. When he finishes, he takes the
pieces to a neighbour to be fired. Some of them are smoked with animal dung or dry straw, he explains.
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Throwers
Nowadays, Clodomira González, 65, makes a living polishing on request using an electric wheel. She also says that when
she can, she polishes with agate and makes her own pieces. To increase her earnings, she also sells clothing via catalogue.
My brother sends me a lot of earthenware to polish. I don't have a stall or a store, but I'm still able to make some
money. Once in a while, I also make pieces when asked, or make some extra to have them on standby; to have
some stock.
The first thing she learned to make were "small toys" by observing Mrs. Inés Garrido at work. She remembers that in those
days, there were just a handful of shops in Pomaire and that her own mother would make beautiful fruit bowls; she regrets
not having photos. She says that clay work in the past was mostly the preserve of women. Her dad made a living from
producing pork and the sale of fruits:
He would make “Chancho a la chilena” [Chilean pork loin] in those old houses over there, half collapsed after the
earthquake. That's where he worked, as a pig farmer. And in the summer, he worked in fruit, transporting fruit to
the coast. He did all of that.
She explains that with the arrival of the foot wheel, the men became far more enthusiastic about clay: "They began cutting
earthenware and women would apply the handles. They got a lot more done". She finds it difficult to apply handles as she
broke both her forearms many years ago. She is happy to be able to polish, but it's not in her interest to rent a stall as it's
very expensive and sales are slow, she explains.
Polishing with an electric wheel is criticised by many Pomairinos who claim that the polishing is superficial and does
not produce the same results as doing the job by hand; they complain that the clay does not tighten enough, it's too
porous. Clodomira explains that, in her case, it's not a question of just sitting down to polish; she says you have to really
understand it: "You have to know everything: know how to polish, both by hand as well as by wheel. Even if it's done using
a wheel, there's still a knack to it. She began using a slower wheel: "you have to learn how to hold the piece you're working
on, so that it doesn't fly off ", she explains.
When the piece is ready for polishing, she picks it up with a meshed fruit sack and, with that and a river pebble, she gives
it a nice shine. She says she recently polished 20 clay jars for jam in a day. Years ago, I tried to make pieces using a foot
wheel, but I found it too difficult: "I got tired of sitting down at the wheel. I was never able to finish a piece". Sometimes she
calls a cutter, and later completes the remaining steps herself, but often the cutter doesn’t come because she only requires
a little work from him.
Often, the person who cuts for me doesn't have much time for my pieces. Right now, for example, my brother has
an order for loads of earthenware. So, no. For the moment, in these last two months, I've done the cutting myself,
but it's almost nothing.
She laments that nowadays, despite the amount of work required, pieces are sold so cheaply in Pomaire. "You work like a
dog but people don't put a premium on that part. So, I think, for the same reason, the young have looked at it and said:
'Damn, how could I live like that?'".
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A time-consuming job
I ris and Ana have devoted themselves to clay “for the love of it”; but pottery is not their main occupation. Their parents
wanted them to study for a professional career because clay work "involves great sacrifice” as Pomairinos say. Both have
kept treasured pieces "from those made in the past" as reminders and are acquainted with their rich histories.
Iris Oyarzun, 49, studied legal assistance when she was in her 40s. She did very well, but recalls it being very stressful. Her
sister is a teacher and also studied as a mature adult. During the holidays she makes ceramic pieces. Their brother, the only
one able to study at university as a young man, learned to make faces with Julita Vera. "They're relics, because no one has
any of her pieces any more. She'd do it as a hobby; they were gorgeous," says Iris and adds that she studied to become a
lawyer.
Iris, on the other hand, learned the trade from Iris Muñoz, her mother, who "made a living from clay". She likes to make
small pieces. She specialises in mini-toys (the size of the palm of a hand). She was taught by Doris Vallejos, as she, the
"Pulguita" (Little flea), used to practically live in her home. She recounts that, from an early age, she used to watched Chefa,
Doris' mother, and was impressed because she would make 30 dozen a day, "she worked really fast".
Sometimes she asks someone to cut gourds for her, and she gives them the faces of pigs, of Indians, and flowers…It's very
meticulous work. She explains that it’s not possible to work quickly.
That's why I don't earn money. I don't make a living from this. Because if I had to, I couldn't. I think you start off
playing with clay, sculpting things gradually. You have to put your heart into it, because if not, at least in my case,
it doesn't work. I see people who work on a large scale, but I can't. For me this has to be a passion and that passion
must be nurtured in you. If not, it doesn't work.
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Brother-in-law, thrower
Iris mentions that when her sister's husband, Santiago, became unemployed, he learned how to throw and now he is one
of Pomaire's finest. "We Pomairinos say: 'Pomaire is blessed, because nobody dies of hunger, no one. Anyone who arrives
here and wants to work, can do so," she says. However, although different from the trade of manual pottery, the work of
throwing is also very demanding.
Business here in winter is so bad that people have to get a loan. Things are going fine, winter comes around, another
loan and so on and so on, full circle. Recently he took a course at the University of Chile and is working, so he's
already tired, because throwers die young, because of the spine, the posture. They don't have a long life on the
wheel. Here in Pomaire people get sick from osteoarthritis, of the bones, because clay is very cold. In winter you
suffer from the changes in temperature. That's the biggest health issue here, and the other is asthma.
Throwers are running out of small, finer things. The kids coming out [of school] today… none of them want to
[work in clay] because they know they'll earn more money doing seasonal agricultural work, packing oranges, than
working with clay. No one wants to learn because it doesn't pay, because the product is poorly appreciated. Right
now, for example, it costs an arm and a leg to find a thrower because, with so few of them around, you have to get
one for a day and that means paying around 40 or 50 lucas [pesos, equivalent to USD 60-80].
Iris believes Pomaire will one day return to the way it was before: "I think that in the coming years we are going to start
over. Whoever wants to make clay is going to have to start with the hands again, to shape the piece".
Ana Negrete, 46 years, learned by observing her mother, but could only watch, as she did not wish for her daughter to
take up clay. "I was a bookworm and she would say to me, 'You have to get to university' and so she wouldn't let me and I
learned all the processes and all the work by observing". She admits, though, that she never managed to learn how to make
little pigs. "Can you believe that I can't do pigs? I've tried a million times but I can't get it right. Because the pig has to be
cute! Its little face has to be cute".
She's been a philosophy teacher for 20 years at a school in Melipilla and three years ago she took a master's degree in
Cultural Management. Her chosen subject was the “causes behind the loss of ancestral pottery in Pomaire”. In one of her
arguments, she concluded that a generation of parents did not wish their children to do a job that might lead to disease.
At the same time, they wanted them to have a stable income. Ana, however, insists on the importance of keeping alive the
memory of Pomaire's ancestors. "So I decided to go for it, and started making all the things that I'd saved in my mind.
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Every time I make something, I think about how my mum would do it," she says. Her mother used to work in different
parts of the house: "Wherever she went, there were things made from clay," says Ana and recalls that she would use the
canco [inverted cone] technique.
She'd make a figure, such as a triangle. That's the way my mum did it, like a kind of grape seed. She'd leave it for a
while. For example, she enjoyed working at night, then she'd leave it over night; she made several. And the next day
she'd start hollowing them out with her hands. Then it's a question of hollowing them out to give them the shape.
That's why they were so thin.
Ana's speciality is making miniature kitchens. To make them, she purchases “overmature” clay which she strains through
a pair of tights. Now that it is extracted using a backhoe, she explains, it contains a lot of grit, which damages the cutters'
hands. It was not like that it the past.
I'd often listen to the elders…they'd say their own grandparents had heard [it be said] that their forefathers believed
clay to be a living thing. In all of Pomaire, in certain areas, there is clay, and good quality clay at that.
Museum Shop
Ana has been collecting a large number of pieces, because she is building a museum within her store. She even had to stop
using some of them, she explains, to put them in glass cabinets. Similar to Iris, she also recalls the pieces made by Chefa:
"Doris' mother, Mrs. Chefa, use to do wonderful work. Really wonderful! I also have some of her pieces. They're as fragile
as egg shells".
Unlike her mother, she would like young people to be more engaged in clay work, but says they are not interested. A
daughter of hers says to her: "Mom, you know I'm not cut out for that, I've got no patience. You've got to have patience for
this". Ana recalls people being very assiduous in the past.
My mother is an 80-year-old woman and her hands are crippled with arthrosis, arthritis, with all the bone diseases,
because of clay. I recall my mom working until four in the morning every day. And the following day, she was on
her feet at half-past six.
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Although many Pomairinos disagree with the sale of foreign products, Ana explains that she cannot tell her tenants what
to sell:
Nor is there any law protecting against the sale of products that are not from Pomaire; because there is no law like
that anywhere in Chile. And look, if you invest 50 thousand pesos [USD 80] in making pieces from clay, you have
no idea when they're fired whether all of them will survive. It happens in some cases, because the clay is very poor
quality; people can lose half the contents of a kiln through breakage, that's 50 percent of your production, 15-20
days' worth, in some cases, it’s a loss, for sure. And very often here, the price labels on the flowerpots don't reflect
their real worth…and if you compare it with …for the same 50 thousand pesos, you can go to Meiggs [street in
Santiago], and pick up dozens of products, because they're cheap, and fill up your store with them. Especially those
whose stall is only three by three [metres].
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Other viewpoints
I n one way or another, they are all related to the world of clay: Vicente Santis works for the Municipality of Melipilla and
owns the "San Vicente" store in Pomaire. Esteke, on the other hand, is a group of young people which seeks to promote
the wealth of Pomaire's intangible heritage. Ulises González, who has worked with both Esteke and the Municipality, gives
his perspective from the newly created “Cámara de Comercio y Turismo” (Chamber of Commerce and Tourism). Finally,
Hernán Farias, originally from Melipilla, refers to the creation of a museum in Pomaire that will give tourists a much
deeper understanding of the objects, made entirely by hand.
Vicente Santis Negrete, 52, says he works in Melipilla, although he currently lives in Pomaire. He is a household name
in the village. For several years he was Chairman of the Resident's Association, and today he maintains, together with
his brothers, the "San Vicente" store, which was founded by his mother. He is a public servant, working in community
organisations. He says that his children don't make a living from clay.
Sale of pieces
His store has to ensure it offers a range of different products, he explains, because each artisan specialises in just a couple
of pieces. The business allows them to have an additional income, but they are not under constant pressure to sell. "Thank
God, we have other activities".
I always say, San Vicente basically subsists, in the best sense of the word, due to the wholesale delivery service we
offer to restaurants and border crossings, of which there are many in the north, and in the south. There we sell in
bulk. But on a typical Sunday, for example, if you have a store with Chinese products, you're most likely sell more.
By the same token, it bothers Vicente to receive criticism, because, in his view, they are practically forced to sell other
things.
It irritates me when they talk to me about “the traditions…that I've sold out”. Those from outside don't understand
it. “No”, they say, “handicrafts must be preserved. Yes, but people have to then buy the handicrafts". If I'm in Pomaire
selling my clay here, but you buy footballs and other bits and bobs, and here I am left holding my lovely clay, being
all patriotic, well, no, it just doesn't work. Sure, the “chavelear”' system [of trading goods] that I mentioned to
you at the beginning…that's long gone now, it no longer exists. The 'Pomairino' has to enter the modern world.
If not, he'll get swallowed up by the system. This is a war and inevitably there will be some conflict. A person's
mindset changes, the mental chip changes for good and bad. Life today is about consumerism, everything is junk,
everything is disposable, so they'll go and take a look… a dish, how much does it cost? 500 pesos and opposite, $800.
I'll go where it's $500, right? But it is not like buying blue Levis in Paris or in Ripley [department stores], because
they're the same Levis…you buy where it's the cheapest. But with the ceramic dish it's different, there's a way of
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making it. One person makes one in 15 seconds on the wheel, and another gentleman who takes a ball of clay in
his hands makes the same dish and it takes 40 minutes. Then he has to polish it. But the gentleman [in the store]
says: How come you're charging $800? I'll take the $500 one. And what's more, it's likely to leak when you use it,
because it hasn't been fired properly…and the poor gentleman who made the $800 one…So the people who visit
Pomaire don't get it, they prefer the $500 one, even more so if it's the same pig, the same dish, the same vase…they
don't appreciate the work that goes into it.
Later he explains how the notion of needing a fixed salary was instilled in him. "For the rest, it's about having to take a
decent holiday, updating the car, a small luxury to keep the wife happy, but you have to have a salary". Despite this, they
choose to remain, in Pomaire, "Quixotes" [dreamers], he says. But he quickly adds, "You can be a Quixote, idealistic, but at
the end of the day you still have to pay the bills".
In the past, however, there were not so many retail stores. "The wife, the husband…they'd make their little clay thingamajig
and leave it out in the front garden", he says. It's down to "the law of Pomaire" that so many outsiders have been drawn
there, he concludes. "Pomaire is attractive, it sells", and that's why we've all been caught up in it".
Staying in Pomaire
Vicente makes the point, and he's not alone among Pomairinos, that the village is becoming overpopulated, and there is a
limit to its growth.
In housing terms, Pomaire is very congested. There's a shortage of space, almost nothing left to create a community,
a town. The lands around are estates, and that's a problem, because Pomaire can't expand any further and people
don't want to leave, they want to live here. Everyone knows each other, so you can't speak badly of anyone, because
you may be talking to a cousin, an aunt, a neighbour…there's some truth in that.
And yet, he says, "working with clay is highly individualistic. I wouldn't be so foolish as to give away who I sell my bowls
and dishes to. We don't exchange information. At the wakes, we talk about all sorts of nonsense". But more disturbing, he
explains, is the increasing consumption of alcohol and drugs, especially because kids today are given access to money from
an early age. He offers a hypothetical example: "Come on, be a man, try it! And if I've got money in my pockets…that's
why heavy drugs have gained a foothold, why cocaine has reached Pomaire, because people have money. He concludes,
"there are good people and there are bad people, but Pomaire still retains that spirit that the big cities don't have." For
example, everyone has a nickname. Vicente starts to list them: “There are the Serruchos [saws], Cabeza Hinchada [big
heads], Huevos Tibios [Soft-boiled eggs]…we like to keep each other on our toes, sweetheart…los Cañones [the canons]…
nicknames are inherited. My grandfather's is 'The Machos'," he says.
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About 40 per cent of the group is directly linked to pottery. The groups' members include a photographer, nurses, and
many others. Ages range between 20 and 40, explains Felipe. Whenever cultural activities are held in Pomaire, they try
to ensure "pottery gets a nod": "If we hold a series of film screenings, for example, and we show the [1969 drama] Jackal
of Nahueltoro, we'll also show short films related to pottery". He said that many studies have been conducted in Pomaire,
but there's been nothing of any real consequence: "Since the 90s, projects that have been carried out have merely offered
diagnoses; we Chileans love diagnoses".
Felipe notes that during those years, the handicrafts were very striking in terms of their colouring, but of poor quality.
This is most likely related to what he goes on to say, that in the 1980s and 1990s, there was a negative assessment of what
it meant to work as a potter in Pomaire. Parents would tell their children: "No kids, don't think about working in clay, it's
hard work, the clay is bad, go and work 'in the countryside', which used to mean the farms. They assigned greater value to
this work than that of clay," he says and adds: "Esteke arose from the need to say 'no'. We like it, and we want to be potters".
The group also stresses the value of the freedom offered by clay. Felipe explains that he works from home, for example, so
he can take his daughter to school or be with her if she gets sick.
A career as a potter
As an association, he also wants tourists to know "all the day-to-day work of the potter is being taken away" and the
tradition that goes with it. "This is like a career. A professional career takes five or six years [to finish training]. It's the
same here [with pottery]. You have to be practising five, six years before someone tells you, 'hey, here we have a master.'"
However, he explained that many young people today want to pursue higher education.
And of course that's valid. With all the openings and credit available to study nowadays, the kids also want to go
and see what's outside too. Either way, we've seen a paradox appear…in Melipilla, the usual training centres were
opened, but in the end the courses were useless. Friends of mine who studied ended up without any job prospects.
Therein lies the advantage of clay, he says, because at least it provides them with an opportunity. "Maybe later I'll switch
jobs or go and study, but for now at any rate I know how to do something."
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Others viewpoints
31-year-old Ulises González was treasurer of Esteke for a time and now participates in Pomaire's newly created Chamber
of Commerce and Tourism that "seeks to empower the village as an important tourist destination within the Metropolitan
Region". Alvaro Romero, who works alongside Victor at la Granja Educacional (the Educational Farm), is the secretary.
Ulises also holds a bachelor's degree in Communication and Public Relations. He is also owner of the restaurant "La fuente
de mi tierra" (The source of my land).
He says that one of the problems identified is that there is a shortage of artisan labour. He explains that the parents of his
generation (1985) did not want their children to study; they preferred them to follow a different course, "because formerly
it was frowned upon to be a craftsman". It is a very demanding trade and parents do not want their children to go through
the same experience as they did, he says. On the other hand, he says that you can't force a child to take up clay if they're
not skilled with their hands.
My mum and dad are artisans, but of their three children, none of them followed suit by devoting themselves
entirely to clay. There are few artisans, few cutters, few polishers. In 20 years' time, the trade that still exists today
is likely to disappear; there aren't going to be the same number of suppliers.
Every weekend, between eight and ten thousand people flock to the village, where there are some 800 stalls, he says. He
is in favour of "maintaining sales at a lower scale", which explains why Pomaire receives the recognition it does. Ulises
emphasises the awarding of "designation of origin" to Pomaire in 2013 by the Ministry of Economy in conjunction with
the National Institute of Intellectual Property (INAPI), in recognition of their valuable intangible heritage. He says that the
mayor of Melipilla also presented a decree so that “Pomairina week” could be declared a "typical celebration". In contrast,
the village itself cannot be declared a "Typical Zone"; to qualify for that, a place must also possess architectural heritage,
but past earthquakes toppled the old houses and the church.
To provide more information about Pomaire to tourists, a comprehensive website is being created, he explains, showing
the location of artisans, the police, the doctor's surgery, parking facilities, and other details that are difficult to find out
today.
Several years ago, in similar consideration of tourists and Pomaire's pottery tradition, Hernán Farias erected a large house,
with the purpose of turning it into a museum. Although many Pomairinos regard this as myth on account of the time that
has passed, he intends to inaugurate it this year.
Encouraged by his wife, a social worker who often used to visit Pomaire, he gradually built up a collection of pieces from
the ceramicists of the past. He has also commissioned pieces from existing artisans who work entirely by hand, without
the wheel. The museum today houses an important collection. It is located in San Antonio street in the northern sector of
Pomaire, on the same spot where the Astorga family once began selling the first pottery pieces.
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Photo Captions
Pomaire over time
1. Fragment of a piece made by Julita Vera (10 cm in height). Collection of Hernán Farias.
2. “Wise man” produced by Julita Vera. Collection of Juana Gonzalez.
3. Matilde González, Eduardo Guerrero, Guillermo Navarro, Manuel González.
4. Raúl Santander.
5. Photograph of a store in Pomaire.
Master potters
1. Juana Mendoza.
2. Victor Silva demonstrating that his gourd does not break.
3. Purchase of clay in Pomaire.
4. Pot for “color” made by Teresa Muñoz (fits in the palm of a hand). Collection of Hernán Farias.
5. Large dish (maximum width: 45 cm in diameter). Collection of Hernán Farias.
6. Pieces made by Victor Silva.
7. Pieces made by Juana Gonzalez.
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Photo captions
Large pieces
1. Old jars in the workshop of Carlos Aguayo.
2. Carlos Aguayo next to a jar made in his workshop.
3. Old jars being aired in the workshop of Carlos Aguayo.
4. Above: clay pit and grinder. Below: Andres Calderon making a base and Enrique Calderon adding coils. Workshop of Carlos Aguayo.
5. Luis Olivares.
6. Workshop of Luis Olivares.
7. César Silva in the workshop of Nancy Gaete.
8. Marco Gatica in the workshop of Nancy Gaete.
9. Pedro Ibarra in the workshop of Nancy Gaete.
10. Nancy Gaete's workshop.
11. Nibaldo Santander and his clay.
12. Downdraft kiln belonging to the "The Caínes'.
13. Luis Santander.
14. Pomaire jar factory.
Medium-sized pieces
1. Manuel González.
2. Replicas of duck-shaped jars from the Llolleo Culture (each one fits in the palm of a hand) made by Manuel González.
3. Juan Peñailillo's courtyard with his neighbour's budineras (casserole dishes).
4. Segundo Sánchez (right) preparing the transport of ceramic by Juan Peñailillo (left).
5. Juan Peñailillo.
6. María Guerrero polishing with water.
7. María Guerrero.
8. María Guerrero's tools.
9. Maria Guerrero's river pebbles.
10. Pieces made by Juan Jiménez. "The Flight", "Lady smoothing with gourd", "Mapuche birth".
11. Teresita Jiménez.
12. Juan Jiménez.
Throwers
1. Enrique Osorio working with a foot wheel (above) on behalf of María Guerrero.
2. Claudio Hernandez working on his electric wheel operated by a washing machine motor.
3. Clodomira González working.
4. Unpolished and polished pieces made using a wheel.
5. Miguel Urbina working in the workshop of Luis Garrido (above). Dishes ready to be transported to a sweetcorn factory in Santiago (below).
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A time-consuming job
1. Iris Oyarzún.
2. Chicken made by Iris Muñoz Flowers, mother of Iris Oyarzun, for a contest.
3. Pieces made by Teresa Muñoz (fit in the palm of a hand).
4. Tea pot made by Elsira Vera Quiroz, grandmother of Iris.
5. A piece made by Amelia Muñoz, Iris Oyarzún's aunt.
6. Ana Negrete.
7. Cueca dance shoe made by Gladys Muñoz, mother of Ana Negrete (fits in the palm of a hand).
8. Sheets of clay made by Guillermina Mateluna. Ana Negrete's store. (Fits in the palm of a hand).
9. A piece made by Gladys Muñoz, Ana Negrete's mother.
Other viewpoints
1. Pot for beans (maximum width: 48 cm in diameter and 35 cm in height) and demijohn (maximum width: 56 cm in diameter and 54 cm
high). Pieces made by David Pardo. Collection of Hernán Farias.
2. Cows made by Teresa Muñoz. Collection of Hernán Farias.
3. Cow and bull (fits in the palm of a hand). Made by Teresa Muñoz. Collection of Hernán Farias.
4. Wizard jar made by Teresa Muñoz. Collection of Hernán Farias.
5. Stone for grinding colo (left). Collection of Hernán Farias.
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Bibliography
Bibliography
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Pereira Salas, Eugenio (1965) Historia del arte en el Reino de Santiago. Ediciones de la Universidad de Chile, Santiago.
Pérez, Amelia (1976) “La artesanía de Pomaire: aspectos económicos y sociales” en: Serie de Desarrollo Rural, Boletín, Nº1.
Pérez, Amelia (1976) La artesanía de Pomaire: aspectos económicos y sociales. Facultad de Agronomía Universidad de
Chile, Santiago.
Peters, Carlos y Sobé Nuñez (1999) Artesanías de Chile. Comunidad Iberoamericana de la Artesanía, Santiago.
Pinaud, Elizabeth (1983) La cerámica tradicional de Pomaire. Memoria, Facultad de Artes, Universidad de Chile.
Plath, Oreste (1966) Folklore religioso chileno. Editorial Platur, Santiago.
Rebolledo, Loreto (1994) “Mujeres y artesanía: Pomaire de aldea campesina a pueblo alfarero” en: EURE [magazine article]
Vol. 20, no. 59 (mar. 1994), p. 47-59.
s/a (2013). Propuesta plan de desarrollo turístico de Pomaire. Universidad de Los Lagos, Santiago.
Tapia, Inés y Santander, Manuel (2002) Pasado y presente de Pomaire. Greda e imaginación. Editorial Génesis, Santiago.
Teresa Muñoz (2001) “Piezas de alfarería tradicional de Pomaire: colección de artesanía tradicional chilena. Programa de
artesanía, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile” en: ARQ [artículo de revista] No. 49 (No. 2001), p. 40-43.
Torres, Isabel (2014) La crisis del sistema democrático: las elecciones presidenciales y los proyectos políticos excluyentes. Chile
1958-1973. Editorial Universitaria, Santiago.
Unesco, Universidad de Chile (1960) Arte popular Chileno. Definiciones, problemas y realidad actual. Editorial
Universitaria, Santiago.
Valdés, Ximena y Paulina Matta (1986) Oficios y trabajos de las mujeres de Pomaire. Editorial Pehuén/CEM, Santiago.
Valenzuela, Bernardo (1955) La cerámica folklórica de Pomaire. Universidad de Chile, Museo Histórico Nacional, Santiago.
Vicuña Mackenna, Benjamín (1874) La visita de la Provincia de Santiago practicada por el Intendente Don Bejamín Vicuña
Mackena. Imprenta de la Librería del Mercurio, Calle Morandé n° 38.
Vera, Raquel (1953) Cerámica de las Monjas, Pomaire y Talagante. Tesis de Grado, Universidad de Chile, Santiago.
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Bibliography
Websites
Biblioteca del Congreso Nacional de Chile, Historia de la Ley (1969) Historia de la Ley 17.064. Available in:
http://www.bcn.cl/historiadelaley/nc/historia-de-la-ley/3944/ (Last accessed 1 September 2017)
Ley Chile (2017) Ministerio de Agricultura, Reforma Agraria. Available in: https://www.leychile.cl/
Navegar?idNorma=28596 (Accedido el 1 de septiembre de 2017)
Melipilla (2012) Folclorista Margot Loyola, premio nacional de las artes y el Alcalde Mario Gebauer lanzan primer libro de
la historia de Pomaire. Available in: http://www.melipilla.cl/2012/09/10/folclorista-margot-loyola-premio-nacional-de-
las-artes-y-el-alcalde-mario-gebauer-lanzan-primer-libro-de-la-historia-de-pomaire/ (Last accessed 1 September 2017)
Memoria Chilena (2017) Migración Campo Ciudad (1885-1952). Available in:
http://www.memoriachilena.cl/602/w3-article-750.html (Last accessed 1 September 2017)
Ministerio de Obras Públicas, Vialidad (2017) Historias de la dirección de vialidad. Available in:
http://www.vialidad.cl/acercadeladireccion/Paginas/Historia.aspx (Last accessed 1 September 2017)
Museo Histórico Nacional (2017) Colección de Artes Populares y Artesanías. Available in:
http://www.museohistoriconacional.cl/618/w3-article-9486.html (Last accessed 1 September 2017)
T13 (2016) A 35 años de la primera gran teleserie chilena: 10 datos insospechados de “La Madrastra”. Available in:
http://www.t13.cl/noticia/tendencias/espectaculos/a-35-anos-primera-gran-teleserie-chilena-10-datos-insospechados-
madrastra (Last accessed 1 September 2017)
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Interviews
January 2017, Pomaire June 2017, Pomaire
Juana Mendoza Pedro Juan Peñailillo
Víctor Silva Juana Gonzalez
Marco Gatica
César Silva
March 2017, Pomaire Iris Oyarzún
María Teresa Sánchez Felipe Riquelme
Ana Luisa Sánchez Clodomira González
Doris Vallejos David Pardo
Ana Negrete
Víctor Silva
May 2017, Melipilla
Lorena Salinas August 2017, Pomaire
Vicente Santis Carlos Aguayo
David Pardo
Lorena Salinas
May 2017, Pomaire
Guadalupe Salinas
Carabineros de Pomaire
Manuel González
María Guerrero
Enrique Osorio
Patricio Muñoz
Raúl Santander
Luis Olivares
Claudio Hernández
Nibaldo Santander
Juana Gonzalez
Manuel González
Ulises González
Juana Mendoza
Marisol Mendoza
Hernán Farías
David Pardo
Juan Jiménez
Teresita de Jesús Jiménez
Benjamín Arias
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Yo acarreo. Llevo piezas crudas para que las cuezan todos los días, hasta el día viernes santo trabajo.
Benjamín Arias, 77 años.
I do the transport. I cart the pieces off to be fired every day. I even work Good Friday.
Benjamin Arias, 77 years old.
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