Cuadernillo de Ingleìs Tecnico 1 (Teoriìa) Ingenieriìa

Universidad Tecnolgica Nacional
Facultad Regional Mendoza

Departamento de Materias Bsicas
Ingles Tcnico I
CUADERNILLO DE TEORA
INGLS TCNICO I
INGENIERA
2013
Prof. Miriam Sitta

Ingles Tcnico I
INDICE
Programa Analtico
Planificacin de la Ctedra
Interpretacin de textos
La oracin
La frase nominal
Plural de sustantivos
Frase nominal con pre modificacin
Frase nominal con post modificacin
Preposiciones
La frase verbal
Verbo be
There be
Tiempos verbales
Model test Parcial 1
Verbos modales
Verbos modales en pasado
Grados del Adjetivo y adverbio: Positivo, Comparativo y Superlativo
La forma ing
Nexos y conectores
Model test Global 1
Voz pasiva
Imperativo
Infinitivo con to
Afijos
Oraciones condicionales
Lista de verbos irregulares
Modelo Global II
3
7
9
9
9
12
14
17
18
22
22
24
25
30
31
36
36
39
41
53
54
62
64
67
72
73
77

Ingles Tcnico I
PROGRAMA ANALTICO
Asignatura: INGLS I
Departamento: Materias Bsicas
Unidad Docente Bsica: Cultura e Idiomas
Bloque: Ciencias Bsicas
rea: Ingls
Especialidad: COMN A TODAS LAS ESPECIALIDADES
Curso: 2/3er Ao.
Carga Horaria: 60 horas por ao, en un semestre de 4 horas por semana
Cursado: Primer semestre
Ciclo Lectivo: 2013
Equipo de Ctedra: Profesora Titular: Clara E. Molina
Profesores Asociados:
Profesores Adjuntos: Prof. Elisabeth Gonzlez, Prof. Gladys Barsotti, Prof Paola Parra, Prof. Miriam Sitta
Jefe de Trabajos Prcticos: Prof. Claudia Latorre
Ayudantes de Primera: Prof. Carolina Latorre, Prof. Daro Mena
I.
OBJETIVOS GENERALES DE LA ASIGNATURA INGLS

a.
b.
c.
II.
OBJETIVOS PARTICULARES DEL NIVEL I

a.
b.
c.
d.
III.
Conceptuales: Conocer elementos lingsticos necesarios para la comprensin. Reconocer relaciones

referenciales semnticas y pragmticas. Reconocer componentes del contexto comunicativo: emisor, receptor,
conocimiento del mundo, tiempo, lugar.
Procedimentales: Identificar condiciones y vinculacin entre texto y contexto y viceversa. Interpretar
diferentes tipos de textos. Identificar macroestructura. Identificar microestructura. Comparar superestructuras
grficas de textos expositivos, instructivos, argumentativos: sus variantes ms comunes. Identificar elementos
lingsticos caractersticos de cada estructura textual.
Actitudinales: Desarrollar sentido crtico de lo verdadero, probable, dudoso y falso. Evaluar conocimientos y
desempeos propios y ajenos. Trabajar en equipo. Adquirir hbitos de precisin y rigor.
Desarrollar la competencia lectora que permita al alumno alcanzar autonoma en la lectura e interpretacin de
textos cientfico-tcnicos en ingls.
Desarrollar estrategias de lectura para la comprensin de textos autnticos sobre temas de las distintas
especialidades.
Reconocer las formas lingsticas del discurso escrito en su funcin comunicativa.
Valorar el domino de un idioma extranjero como un medio de apertura a la realidad circundante y a los
progresos de la ciencia y tecnologa de otras culturas.
CONTENIDOS
A- Nivel contextual
3

Ingles Tcnico I
a. Elementos no verbales que acompaan al texto: grficos, tablas, formatos, tipografas y otros ndices textuales.
b. Elementos verbales: ttulos, subttulos, anexos, copetes, autoras, fechas, lugares y otros indicadores verbales.
B- Nivel textual
a. Texto: cohesin y coherencia.
b. Organizacin de la informacin en prrafos y distribucin de la informacin dada y nueva en el texto.
c. Cohesin: referencia anafrica/catafrica. Referencia personal, demostrativa, otros tipos de referencia.
d. Relaciones cohesivas: cohesin lxica, sustitucin, elipsis, conectores, modalizacin.
C- Nivel proposicional
a. La frase nominal: el sustantivo y sus modificadores. Plurales. Cadenas de modificadores.
b. La frase verbal: estructuras verbales: Presente simple y continuo. Pasado simple y continuo. Presente y pasado
perfectos. Futuro simple y futuro con going to. Condicional simple.
c. There + be.
d. Verbos modales o defectivos: can, may, must, could, might, should y equivalentes (be able to, have to)
e. Comparacin de adjetivos y adverbios: comparativo y superlativo
f. Forma _ING: sus diversas funciones e interpretaciones. Equivalentes en espaol
g. El infinitivo con TO: Diversas interpretaciones.
h. Voz pasiva.
i. Pronombres de cantidad indefinida (some, any, no) y sus compuestos
j. Afijos
IV.
ESTRATEGIAS UTILIZADAS (Comunes a todas las unidades)

a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
V.
ACTIVIDADES
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
VI.
Lectura general y lectura analtica de textos propuestos por la ctedra.

Lectura guiada a partir de preguntas significativas, identificacin de ideas principales, interpretacin de
grficos, cuadros y todo elemento del paratexto.
Expresin del tpico o tema del texto en castellano.
Traduccin de un texto o partes del mismo.
Reflexin y comparacin con la lengua castellana.
Anlisis y reflexin de elementos lingsticos y paralingsticos que caracterizan los distintos tipos de textos:
tiempos verbales, conectores, uso de numerales y adverbios.
Bsqueda en el texto de palabras transparentes, palabras claves y grupos nominales.

Identificacin de las frases verbales en los distintos tiempos.
Completamiento de oraciones.
Respuesta a cuestionarios, formulacin de preguntas.
Resumen escrito u oral del contenido del texto con palabras propias
Traduccin de oraciones, prrafos, o textos completos (breves)
Completamiento de esquemas, diagramas, mapas conceptuales, etc.
Bsqueda de palabras en el diccionario.
Elaboracin de fichas, listado de palabras, expresiones, etc. segn un determinado criterio.
RECURSOS MATERIALES
Se trabajar con:
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
Textos tomados de revistas, libros, manuales, catlogos, peridicos, etc.

Fotocopias de textos tcnicos.
Diccionarios bilinges , generales y por especialidad
Pizarrn y tizas.
Guas de material especialmente elaboradas por los miembros de la ctedra (Guas de Lecturas y de Trabajos
Prcticos)
Listas de verbos, palabras engaosas, expresiones idiomticas, etc.
Proyector multimedia.
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Ingles Tcnico I
VII.
EVALUACIN Y CONDICIN DE APROBACIN
La evaluacin ser continua, adaptndose a la modalidad de lo dispuestos por los nuevos diseos curriculares. Se
tomarn trabajos prcticos, un examen parcial y dos globales, todos escritos. Para promocionar la materia el alumno deber
cumplir con los siguientes requisitos:
1) 80% de asistencia,
2) 100% de trabajos prcticos,
3) deber rendir las tres evaluaciones mencionadas, y,
4) para promocionar, la nota no puede ser inferior a 4 en ninguno de los dos globales.
La promocin del alumno se determinar por el promedio de notas numricas obtenidas del siguiente modo:
La nota del primer parcial se sumar a la del global I y se dividir por dos. Este promedio se sumar a la nota del global
final (global II). Esta suma se dividir por 2 para obtener la nota final:
(Primer Parcial + Primer Global): 2 = Promedio (no hay redondeo en esta nota)
(Promedio + Segundo Global): 2 = Nota Final
En el caso de que el resultado de con 49 centsimos o menos, se considerar el nmero entero anterior. Si los
centsimos fueran 50 o ms, la nota final se expresar con el entero siguiente. (Ejemplos: 6,49 = 6; 6,60 = 7.)
La condicin final del alumno se establecer dentro de las siguientes tres situaciones:
Promedio final entre 7 y 10: PROMOVIDO
Promedio final entre 4 y 6 : REGULARIZADO (rinde examen en condicin de alumno regular)
Promedio final menor de 4 : NO REGULARIZADO (rinde examen final como alumno libre.
VIII.
CRONOGRAMA Y DESARROLLO DE CONTENIDOS

i. 11/03 a 15/03 Presentaciones. Generalidades: objetivos, contenidos, modalidad de trabajo,
bibliografa. Forma de evaluacin. Sustantivos: nmero. La frase nominal. Artculos. Adjetivos
posesivos, demostrativos y numerativos.
T.P.1 Indicaciones generales. Exigencias. Material (fotocopias, diccionarios, otros) Frases
nominales simples. El sustantivo: nmero.
ii. 18/03 a 22/03 La oracin: su estructura. Pronombres. Verbo BE: distintos significados; tiempos
simples: presente, pasado, futuro y condicional; tres formas (afirmativa, negativa, interrogativa.)
T.P. 2 Verbo to be en sus formas simples. Bsqueda en el diccionario.
iii. 25/03 a 27/03 Verbos regulares e irregulares: La frase verbal: tiempos simples: tres formas. THERE BE.
T.P.3: Frase nominal (Revisin). There be. Tiempos simples (Pres., pas., fut., cond.)
iv. 03/04 a 05/04 Modificadores del sustantivo: formas ing, -ed, to infinitive y pronombres relativos.
T.P. 4: La frase verbal en voz activa. Tiempos simples. Revisin de frase nominal con pre y
post modificacin, incluyendo ing.

Ingles Tcnico I
v. 08/04 a 12/04 Tiempos continuos. Tiempos perfectos. HAVE. Su uso como verbo principal y aux. en
tiempos perfectos. Imperativo. Futuro going to.
T.P. 5: Tiempos continuos, simples y perfectos y Verbos modales e n oraciones en voz activa.
T.P.6: Revisin de frase nominal, there+be, y frase verbal (tiempos simples y compuestos)
Prctico Integrador.
vi. 15/04 a 19/04 PRIMER PARCIAL
vii.
22/04 a 26/04 Verbos modales. Verbos modales en pasado.

T.P.7: Verbos Modales.
viii. 29/04 a 03/ 05 Comparacin de adjetivos y adverbios.

T.P.8: Grados de comparacin del adjetivo.
ix. 06/ 05 a 10/ 05 Uso y traduccin de la forma -ING

T.P.9: La forma ing. (todos los casos)
x. 13/ 05 a 17/ 05 Nexos y conectores.

T.P.10 Nexos y conectores.
xi. 20/ 05 a 24/ 05 PRIMER GLOBAL
xii. 27/ 05 a 31/ 05 Voz pasiva.

T.P. 11: 11 Voz pasiva.
xiii. 03 / 06 a 07/ 06 Infinitivo con to. Afijos. Oraciones Condicionales tipo I

T.P. 12: Afijos
xiv. 10/06 a 14/ 06 Revisin.
T.P.Integrador
xv. 17/06 a 21/06 ULTIMA EVALUACION GLOBAL
xvi. 24/06 a 25/06 Entrega de resultados de evaluaciones y firma de libretas. Entrega de Planillas.
IX.
CRONOGRAMA DE EVALUACIONES
a.
b.
c.
d.
X.
Evaluacin Primer Parcial; semana del 15 de abril

Evaluacin Primer Global: semana del 20 de mayo
Evaluacin Segundo Global: semana del 17 de junio
Entrega de notas finales y firma de libretas: semana del 24 de junio
BIBLIOGRAFIA
1) Legorburu, Montero, Sagrado, Viviani. MANUAL DE TRADUCCIN INGLS ESPAOL. Plus Ultra 1993
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Ingles Tcnico I
2) Daz, Cristina Isabel. PAUTAS METODOLGICAS PARA UN CURSO DE LECTURA EN INGLS. Universidad Nacional de
San Juan. San Juan 1992.
3) Dubais, Fraida y Eskey, David E. TEACHING SECOND LANGUAGE READING FOR ACADEMIC PURPOSES. AddisonWesley Publising Company.U.S.A. 1986.
4) Dorronzoro, M I, Gonzalez, M.S., Klett. E., Lucas, M. Pasquale, R., Vidall, M (Compiladoras)ENSEANZA DE
LENGUAS EXTRANJERAS EN EL NIVEL SUPERIOR, UBA 2003
5) Alderson,J. Ch.: ASSESSING READING.Cambridge University Press. 2000
PLANIFICACION DE CTEDRA
Asignatura: Ingls I
Departamento: Materias Bsicas
Unidad Docente Bsica: Cultura e Idiomas
Bloque: Ciencias Bsicas rea: Ingls
Especialidad: COMN A TODAS LAS ESPECIALIDADES
Curso: 2/3er Ao.
Carga Horaria: 60 horas por ao, en un semestre de 4 horas por semana
Equipo de Ctedra: Profesores Titulares: Clara E. Molina
Profesores Asociados: -Profesores Adjuntos: Prof. Elisabeth Gonzlez, Prof. Gladys Barsotti, Prof. Paola Parra, Prof. Elizabeth Sitta,
Jefes de Trabajos Prcticos: Prof. Claudia Latorre,
Ayudantes de Primera: Prof. Carolina Latorre, Prof. Elizabeth Sitta, Prof. Daro Mena
I. Objetivos generales:
Conceptuales: Desarrollar estrategias de lectura e interpretacin de textos escritos en ingls de las distintas especialidades a
fin de formar un lector autnomo.
Procedimentales: Favorecer el reconocimiento visual del texto, su estructura y su desarrollo proposicional; identificacin de
cadenas lxicas.
Anlisis particular de las unidades gramaticales que son indispensables para la comprensin del texto.
Reconocimiento del vocabulario, sistema sintctico, patrones, expresiones idiomticas.
Identificacin del valor de los elementos cohesivos: conectores que indican el tiempo, el lugar, los motivos, las causas e
intenciones.
Discriminacin de la informacin principal (ideas principales) y secundarias.
Reconocimiento de la superestructura del texto: Introduccin, Desarrollo y Conclusin
Seleccin de estrategias de lectura.
Uso del diccionario bilinge.
Actitudinales: Desarrollar inters por la lectura de textos tcnicos y cientficos, correo electrnico y bsqueda en Internet en
lengua inglesa. Inters por desarrollar el pensamiento analtico y global para interpretar el sentido de un texto escrito.
II. Calendario y Desarrollo de Contenidos
1ra Semana (11/03 15/03): a; TP N 1
2da Semana (18/03 22/03): b; TP N 2
3ra Semana: (25/03 27/03): b; TP N 3
4ta Semana: (03/04 05/04): c; TP N 4
5ta Semana: (08/04- 12/04): c; TP N 5
6ta Semana (15/04 19/04): Primer parcial, temas: a, b, c,
7ma Semana: (22/04 26/04): d; TP N 6
8va Semana: (29/04 03/05): e, TP N 7
9na Semana: (06/05 10/05): f, TP N 8
10ma Semana: (13/05 17/05: d, e, f; TP N 9
11ma semana (20/05 24/05: Primer global temas: a, b, c, d, e, f
12a Semana (27/05 31/05): g; TP N 10
13a Semana (03/06 07/06): g; TP N 11
14a Semana (10/06 14/06): g,h,i ; TP N 12
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Ingles Tcnico I
15a Semana : Segundo global (17/06 19/06; temas: todo lo visto
16 Semana: (Das 24 y 25): reflexin sobre errores. Firma de libretas. Entrega de Planillas.
III. Material a utilizar durante el desarrollo del curso:
Bibliografa del alumno o alternativa: gua de trabajos prcticos; guas de ctedra; diccionarios bilinges.
IV. Actividades a realizar durante el desarrollo del curso
Del Profesor: exponer, presentar los distintos temas; discutir y criticar textos con los alumnos, supervisar y evaluar el trabajo
individual y en equipo de los alumnos, supervisar las evaluaciones formales de la materia.
Del Ayudante de Docencia (JTP): practicar los temas gramaticales, supervisar y evaluar el trabajo individual y en equipo de
los alumnos, corregir las evaluaciones.
Del Alumno: leer; participar en clase; resolver ejercicios y problemas, trabajar individualmente y en equipo; evaluar y criticar
los desempeos propios y ajenos.
V. Articulacin de Ingls I con otras disciplinas:
La articulacin de Ingls Tcnico I se realiza por medio de la secuenciacin de los programas. Articula con Fsica, Qumica y
las materias de cada una de especialidades en las que se pide bibliografa en ingls, usando textos autnticos con temas
especficos de cada asignatura en la clase, las evaluaciones globales y exmenes finales.
Mendoza, 19 de febrero de 2013.
Por Profesora Clara E. Molina - Directora de Ctedra de Ingls I
Prof. Gladys M. Barsotti Adjunta Ingls I

Ingles Tcnico I
Interpretacin de textos
Interpretar textos en ingls implica una serie de habilidades que la mayor parte de las personas ya tienen si han pasado por la educacin
formal. Entre ellas las ms importantes involucradas son: las capacidades relacionadas con la prediccin del tema del texto que permite que el
lector formule ciertas hiptesis sobre lo que va a leer, a primera vista y sin haber empezado a leer propiamente; las capacidades relacionadas
con la comprensin literal del texto, es decir palabra por palabra y las capacidades relacionadas con la comprensin global del texto, que
implica avanzar sobre lo implcito, lo cultural involucrado, lo contextual, etc.
Leer e interpretar un texto implica no solo analizar cada palabra, buscar en el diccionario su significado y armar un texto igual al que se lee. Por
el contrario, significa una negociacin entre el texto escrito y el significado que el lector logra al final del proceso, convirtindolo a su propio
idioma es decir decodificando el significado total del texto a la luz de sus propios esquemas conceptuales, su cultura y sus preferencias.
Passage #1 Chemical and Physical Changes
All matter, all things can be changed in two ways: chemically and physically. Both chemical and physical changes affect the state of
matter. Physical changes are those that do not change the make-up or identity of the matter. For example, clay will bend or flatten if
squeezed, but it will still be clay. Changing the shape of clay is a physical change, and does not change the matters identify. Chemical changes
turn the matter into a new kind of matter with different properties. For example, when paper is burnt, it becomes ash and will never be paper
again. The difference between them is that physical changes are temporary or only last for a little while, and chemical changes are permanent,
which means they last forever. Physical and chemical changes both affect the state of matter.
La oracin
Los prrafos de un texto estn configurados por las oraciones que lo componen. A su vez las oraciones muestran su relacin semntica a travs
de los conectores (ver apndice 1). La oracin en ingls mantiene un orden estricto, muy diferente del espaol que goza de mayor libertad en
su organizacin. Generalmente constan de un sujeto que es el que realiza la accin, o la persona o entidad de la que se trata toda la oracin, el
grupo verbal, un objeto, que puede ser una persona o cosa, que es el que resulta afectado por la accin si la hay, y compleme ntos
circunstanciales que indican cundo, cmo, dnde, por qu, etc. sucede el hecho.
The archaeologists are looking for the weapons in the plains of France at this moment.
Sujeto
Frase verbal
objeto directo
c de lugar
c de tiempo
La frase nominal
La frase nominal en ingls puede jugar diferentes funciones sintcticas en la estructura de la oracin o de la clusula: sujeto, objeto y
complemento. Se usan para referirse a cosas sobre las que se quiere hablar: personas, objetos, conceptos, procesos y todo tipo de entidades.
En algunos casos las frases nominales tienen estructuras bsicas o estructuras complejas.
1 Frases nominales bsicas
Las frases nominales bsicas consisten de pronombres, nmeros, o sustantivos con artculos, o sustantivos con otros modificadores
que ocurren delante del sustantivo ncleo.
La frase nominal en ingls contiene, como mnimo, un sustantivo o pronombre:

world,
technology,
war,
ecosystem,
child,
he (ver ejemplos pg.1).
Algunas frases tienen una lectura y traduccin iguales o similares a nuestra lengua:

Ingles Tcnico I
The ecosystem El ecosistema
A new technology
Una nueva tecnologa
The Chinese Los chinos
En otros casos, se debe encontrar la traduccin adecuada en la lengua materna:
All men Todos los hombres

Language El lenguaje
Children Los nios
Mother and child Madre e hijo
1-
Traducir, identificar frases nominales.
-The key is a film coated with microscopic light- absorbing crystals.
Lead, barium, boron, cobalt- these are just a few of the toxic substances which make up the average desktop computers.
1.1 Pronombres y numerales.
Un pronombre por si mismo puede constituir una frase nominal.
Pronombres personales (funcin subjetiva): I- you- he- she- it- we- you- they
Pronombres personales (funcin objetiva): me- you- him- her- it- us- them
Numbers
One- two- three- four-
Ten- eleven- twelve- thirteen- forteen-
Twenty- four, twenty-five, thirty- forty- fifty- sixty-
A hundred- two hundred- three hundred
A thousand- nine thousand, fifty-nine thousand, eight hundred seventy nine thousand
A million, sixty million
A billion
Ordinal numbers
First- second- third- fourth- fifth- sixth- seventh
Guia de interpretacin
Lea el siguiente texto
Cul es la finalidad de explicar los nmeros?
Que tipo de nmeros se explican? Puede dar ejemplos de cada caso y su correspondencia con el Espaol?
10

Ingles Tcnico I
En esta segunda parte qu tipo de nmeros se explican?

Las equivalencias con el espaol son iguales en ingls o hay diferencias notables?
De ejemplos de las que considere muy notables
11

Ingles Tcnico I
Plural de sustantivos
En ingls, la mayora de las palabras se pluralizan agregando una "s" al singular, pero veremos que tambin hay otras formas.
1-
La mayora agrega "s" al Singular
Singular
Plural
car - auto
cars - autos
boy - nio
boys - nios
plane - avin
planes - aviones
girl - nia
girls - nias
boat - barco
boats - barcos
2-
Hay palabras con plurales irregulares
Singular
Plural
child - nio
children - nios
mouse - ratn
mice - ratones
man- hombre
men- hombres
Brother- hermano
louse - piojo
lice - piojos
woman- mujer
women- mujeres
foot - pie
Brethren- hermanos
(uso literario)
feet - pies
ox - buey
oxen - bueyes
person - persona
people - personas
tooth- diente muela
teethmuelas
goose - ganso
geese - gansos
dientes
12

Ingles Tcnico I
3-
Hay sustantivos que son siempre plurales
trousers - pantalones
pants - pantalones
pyjamas - pijama
drawers - calzoncillos
clothes - ropa
scissors - tijeras
glasses - anteojos
goods - mercancas
stairs escaleras
thanks gracias
savings ahorros
scales balanza
pincers pinzas
shorts - pantalones cortos
shears - tijeras para podar
tweezers - pinzas de depillar
binoculars prismticos
measles sarampin
mumps - paperas
4-
Algunos sustantivos tienen la misma forma en el plural y

en el singular
sheep - oveja / ovejas

fish - pez / peces
fowl - ave de corral / aves de corral
deer - ciervo / ciervos
moose - alce / alces
species - especie / especies
aircraft - avin / aviones
means - medio / medios
5-
Cuando terminan en " s/z/x/sh" o "ch", agregan "es" para

formar el plural
dish - plato
dishes - platos
brush - cepillo
brushes - cepillos
box - caja
boxes - cajas
fox - zorro
foxes - zorros
6- Cuando los sustantivos terminan en "o" hay dos maneras:

-Si la "o" es precedida por una consonante, las palabras
agregan "es".
(hay muchas excepciones a esta regla)
Singular
Plural
potato - papa
potatoes - papas
tomato - tomate
tomatoes - tomates
hero - hroe
heroes - hroes
echo - eco
echoes - ecos
torpedo - torpedo
torpedoes - torpedos
-Si la "o" es precedida por una vocal, agregan "s"

Singular
Plural
rodeo - rodeo
rodeos - rodeos
patio - patio trasero
patios - patios
Singular
Plural
dress - vestido
dresses - vestidos
bus - autobs
buses - autobuses
buzz - zumbido
buzzes - zumbidos
-Si la " y" es precedida por una consonante, la " y" cambia
por "ies"
church - iglesia
churches - iglesias
Singular
Plural
beach - playa
beaches - playas
city - ciudad
cities - ciudades
Prof Miram Sitta
7- Cuando los sustantivos terminan en "y", hay dos maneras:
Pgina 13

Ingles Tcnico I
lady - seora
ladies - seoras
leaf - hoja
leaves - hojas
story - historia
stories - historias
9- Cuando terminan en "is", cambian por "es"
fly - mosca
flies - moscas
country - pas
countries - paises
Singular
Plural
thesis - tesis
theses - tesis
-Si la "y" es precedida por una vocal, agregan una "s"
analysis - anlisis
analyses - anlisis
Singular
Plural
crisis - crisis
crises - crisis
boy - chico
boys - chicos
oasis - oasis
oases - oasis
day - da
days - das
hypothesis - hiptesis
hypotheses - hiptesis
diagnosis - diagnsis
diagnoses - diagnsis
8- Algunos que con terminacin en "f " o "fe", cambian

por "ves"
Singular
Plural
life - vida
lives - vidas
10- Cuando terminan en "us", cambian us por "i"
wife - esposa
Singular
Plural
cactus - cacto
cacti - cactos
nucleus - ncleo
nuclei - ncleos
focus - foco, centro
foci - focos, centros
stimulus - estmulo
stimuli - estmulos
wives - esposas
knife - cuchillo
knives - cuchillos
thief - ladrn
thieves - ladrones
half - mitad
halves - mitades
calf - ternero
calves - terneros
elf - duende
elves - duendes
shelf - estante
shelves - estantes
loaf - hogaza de pan
loaves - hogazas de
pan
wolf - lobo
wolves - lobos
sheaf - fajo
sheaves - fajos
1.
syllabus - programa de syllabi - programas de

estudios
estudio
11- Cuando terminan en "on", cambian por "a"
Singular
Plural
criterion - criterio
criteria - criterios
phenomenon - fenmeno
phenomena - fenmenos
2 Frases nominales con artculos
Las frases nominales bsicas no solo pueden consistir de pronombres y numerales, sino tambin de un sustantivo ncleo con artculos o
artculos modificados por pre-determinadores. El sustantivo ncleo es el elemento central y decisivo de la frase nominal. Puede ser
singular contable como:
Prof Miram Sitta
machine
Pgina 14

Ingles Tcnico I
plural contable:
machines
o masivos o incontables :
oil
Los artculos pueden ser indefinidos a y an; definidos the; o artculo cero como en la frase nominal 'Machines'.
A machine
The machine
Machines
El uso de artculos no es la nica posibilidad de determinar sustantivos, se pueden usar palabras tales como: no, what, this, some,
every, each and either antes del ncleo. Estas palabras tambin llamadas determinantes forman un sistema cerrado y son excluyentes
unas de otras.
(Traducir, identificar determinadores)
All the many important research papers are collected.
This is based on the very latest research.
Con respecto a los sustantivos contables singulares y plurales y a los masivos o incontables podemos distinguir otros tipos de
deternimantes.
(Traducir, identificar)
Possessive (my, your, 'his, etc.)

Genitive (my fathers, Annes, etc.)
No
Whose
Which (ever)
What (ever)
machine
+
machines
oil
Some(stressed)
Any (stressed)
(2)
Zero article
Some (unstressed)
Any (unstressed)
machines
oil
enough
(3)
This
that
machine
oil
(4)
These
Those
machines
machine
(5)
A (n)everyeacheitherneither
Prof Miram Sitta
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Ingles Tcnico I
Los pre modificadores o pre determinantes de sistema cerrado son: (1) all, both and half; (2) los multiplicadores double, twice, three
times, etc. y las fracciones one-third, two-fifths, etc. y (3) such and what (exclamativo). Como los determinantes, los pre
determinantes se excluyen entre si:
All (todo, todos, todas)
All my life
All the books
All this paper
Both (ambos)
Both these books
Half (media, mitad)
Half an hour
Traduce las siguientes frases:
All (of) the students = All of them
All (of) my time = All of it
All of the ten students
Double their papers
Twice his strength
Three times this amount
One-third the time
One-third of the time
One good reason
All (of) the three
Several interesting books
All her many good ideas
Una frase nominal bsica puede contener varios determinadores, ms concretamente pre-determinadores, determinadores y post
determinadores que aparecen en un orden fijo.
pre-determinadores
determinadores
post-determinadores
ordinal
Half
All
All
my
the
her
Sustantivo ncleo
cardinal/quantifier
two
first
salary
books
many
questions
3 Frases nominales complejas

Las frases nominales complejas contienen tres componentes: pre modificacin, ncleo y post modificacin.
3.1 Sustantivo ncleo
The only girl in this class is hardworking.
All of the useful tools in the workshop
3.2 Pre-modificacin
Prof Miram Sitta
Pgina 16

Ingles Tcnico I
All these
young beautiful
technicians
Adjectivo como
determinador
ncleo
modificador
His
really
quite unbelievably
happy
family
ncleo
Such a limited speed
So limited a speed
An approaching vehicle
the badly damaged files
these qualified construction workers salaries
These technicians high salaries,
the teacher of Englishs salary,
the city council,
a life story, etc.
the pleasant social life,
a city political problem,
All the last ten good young tall engineers
The university social life.
All their nice new black leather Spanish safety belts
So old interlocking Chinese designs.
Some old interlocking Chinese designs.
The two interlocking rings.
Half the other ten famous softwares.
3.3 Post-modificacin
El tercer componente importante de una frase nominal compleja es la post modificacin. Se llama post modificadores a todos los tems
ubicados detrs del ncleo. En general esta post modificacin se realiza a travs de (1)frases preposicionales, (2) clusulas relativas, (3)
frases adjetivas, (4) frases no finitas, (5) frases adverbiales y (6) frases nominales.
determinador
ncleo
post-modificador
(1)
tool
with yellow handles (frase preposicional)
(2)
the
man
who invented the device (clusula finita)
(3)
the
robot
cleaning the pool efficiently (clusula nofinita)
(4)
shelf
full of tools (frase adjectiva)
(5)
the
robot
"Roomba" (frase nominal)
Prof Miram Sitta
Pgina 17

Ingles Tcnico I
(6)
the
road
back (frase adverbial )
En el ejemplo (1) with yellow handles esta es una frase preposicional introducida por with.
Existe una gran variedad de preposiciones que se pueden usar:
the road to London,

the house beyond the factory,
a child of five, etc.,
Los que incluyen preposiciones complejas:
a house on the top of the hill,

action in case of emergency, etc.
La preposicin ms comn en la post modificacin es of:
-
the funnel of the ship
the four legs of the table
the city of London
the news of the teams victory
the arrival of the bus
the imprisonment of the murderer
Preposiciones
Preposiciones de movimiento
Traduccin
Preposiciones de posicin
Traduccin
about
across
along
(a)round
as far as
(away) from
back from
between
por (alguna parte)

a travs de, de un lado al otro
a lo largo de
alrededor de
hasta (un lugar)
lejos de, distante de
de regreso de
entre (dos objetos o personas)
by
down
in(to)
off
of
on(to)
out of
over
past
through
to
toward(s)
under
up
en, por medio de

hacia abajo
en, dentro de
a cierta distancia de
de
en, sobre, a
fuera de
por encima, durante, al otro lado
pasado, pasadas (hora)
a travs de, por
a, hacia
hacia
debajo de
arriba
about
above
against
amid(st)
among(st)
(a)round
at
before
behind
below
beneath
beside
between
in
in front of
inside (UK)
inside of (US)
near
next to
off
on
sobre, acerca de
por encima de, ms arriba de
contra
entre, en medio de
entre (ms de 2 cosas o personas)
alrededor
en
antes de
detrs de
debajo de
bajo, debajo de
al lado de
entre (2 cosas o personas)
en, dentro de
delante de, ante
dentro de
Tiempo
Traduccin
Traduccin
about
after
around
before
by
during
for
aproximadamente, alrededor de
despus de
aproximadamente, alrededor de
antes de
para (fecha)
durante
durante, por
Otras
Preposiciones
according to
ahead of
because of
but (= except)
by means of
due to
except
Prof Miram Sitta
cerca de
al lado de, junto a
de, separado de
sobre
segn
por delante de (llevar ventaja)
a causa de
excepto
por medio de
debido a
excepto
Pgina 18

Ingles Tcnico I
on
over
since
to
throughout
until / till
el ... (da, fecha)

durante
desde
hasta
durante todo
hasta
for
in accordance with
in favo(u)r of
in spite of
instead of
of
on behalf of
versus
vis--vis
with
without
para
de acuerdo con
a favor de
a pesar de
en lugar de
de
en nombre de (alguien)
contra
comparado con
con
sin
En el ejemplo (2), el post-modificador es una clusula finita o reltiva que puede estar precedida por los pronombres relativos: who,
whom, whose, that (personal); which, that, what (no-personal); when, una preposicin ms which (time); where, una
preposicin ms which (place); y why, for which (reason).
The woman
who is standing
is the pilot
That is the pilot
who is standing outside
El ejemplo (3) muestra el post modificador como una clusula no finita.

Clusula past participle
The only car
serviced in the garage is mine.
Clusulas to-infinitive
The next flight
to arrive was from London.
The place
to stay for the summer holidays.
Clusulas ing
The problems concerning the environment.
En el ejemplo (4), las frases adjetivas pueden ser post modificadores del ncleo en las frases nominales complejas. Se pueden considerar
en muchos casos como clusulas relativas reducidas. Los pronombres complejos indefinidos que terminan en body, -one, -thing, and
where solo pueden ser post modificados.
Anyone (who is) intelligent can do it.
The men (who were) present were his supporters.
En el ejemplo (5), la frase explcitamente codifica la informacin Roomba is a robot.

Otro tipo de post modificacin es el (6) es una modificacion adverbial:
the way ahead,
the direction back,
the hall downstairs, etc.
Traduzca y analice tipos de frases nominales.

Busque en los textos siguientes:
Frase nominal
Ejemplo del texto
Traduccin
Determinador +ncleo
Determinador+ premodificador + ncleo
Determinador+premodificador+ncleo
+postmodificador frase preposicional
Ncleo+ ncleo
Prof Miram Sitta
Pgina 19

Ingles Tcnico I
Ncleo
Genitivo+numeral+premodificador+ncleo
II: Elementary Mechanics 37

Week 1: Newtons Laws 39
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
1.1: Introduction: A Bit of History and Philosophy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
1.2: Dynamics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
1.3: Coordinates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
1.4: Newtons Laws . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
1.5: Forces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
ii CONTENTS
1.5.1: The Forces of Nature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
1.5.2: Force Rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
1.6: Force Balance Static Equilibrium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Example 1.6.1: Spring and Mass in Static Force Equilibrium . . . . . . . 63
1.7: Simple Motion in One Dimension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
Example 1.7.1: A Mass Falling from Height H . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Example 1.7.2: A Constant Force in One Dimension . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
1.7.1: Solving Problems with More Than One Object . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
Example 1.7.3: Atwoods Machine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Example 1.7.4: Braking for Bikes, or Just Breaking Bikes? . . . . . . . . . 77
1.8: Motion in Two Dimensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
1.8.1: Free Flight Trajectories Projectile Motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
Example 1.8.1: Trajectory of a Cannonball . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
1.8.2: The Inclined Plane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
Example 1.8.2: The Inclined Plane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
1.9: Circular Motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
1.9.1: Tangential Velocity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
1.9.2: Centripetal Acceleration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
Example 1.9.1: Ball on a String . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
Example 1.9.2: Tether Ball/Conic Pendulum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
1.9.3: Tangential Acceleration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
1.10: Conclusion: Rubric for Newtons Second Law Problems . . . . . . . . . . 94
Homework for Week 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
Newtons Laws:
a) Law of Inertia: Objects at rest or in uniform motion (at a constant velocity) in an inertial reference frame remain so unless
acted upon by an unbalanced (net) force. We can write this algebraically as
= constant vector (1)
b) Law of Dynamics: The net force applied to an object is directly proportional to its acceleration in an inertial reference frame.
The constant of proportionality is called the mass of the object. We write this algebraically as:
(2) where we introduce the momentum of a particle, p = m v, in the last way
of writing it.
c) Law of Reaction: If object A exerts a force FAB on object B along a line connecting the two objects, then object B exerts an
equal and opposite reaction force of FBA = FAB on object A. We write this algebraically as:
Prof Miram Sitta
Pgina 20

Ingles Tcnico I
Fij = Fji (or) Xi, j Fij = 0 (4) (the latter form means that the sum of all internal forces between particles in any closed system of
particles cancel).
An inertial reference frame is a spatial coordinate system (or frame) that is either at rest or moving at a constant speed, a nonaccelerating set of coordinates that can be used to describe the locations of real objects. In physics one has considerable leeway
when it comes to choosing the (inertial) coordinate frame to be used to solve a problem some lead to much simpler solutions
than others!
Forces of Nature (weakest to strongest):
a) Gravity
b) Weak Nuclear
c) Electromagnetic
d) Strong Nuclear
It is possible that there are more forces of nature waiting to be discovered. Because physics is not a dogma, this presents no real
problem. If they are, well simply give the discoverer a Nobel Prize and add their name to the pantheon of great physicists, add
the force to the list above, and move on. Science, as noted, is self-correcting.
Force is a vector. For each force rule below we therefore need both a formula or rule for the magnitude of the force (which we
may have to compute in the solution to a problem in the case of forces of constraint such as the normal force (see below) we
will usually have to do so) and a way of determining or specifying the direction of the force. Often this direction will be obvious
and in corresponence with experience and mere common sense strings pull, solid surfaces push, gravity points down and not
up. Other times it will be more complicated or geometric and (along with the magnitude) may vary with position and time.
Force Rules: The following set of force rules will be used both in this chapter and throughout this course. All of these rules can
be derived or understood (with some effort) from the forces of nature, that is to say from elementary natural laws.
a) Gravity (near the surface of the earth): Fg = mg (5)
The direction of this force is down, so one could write this in vector form as Fg = mgy in a coordinate system such that up is
the +y direction. This rule follows from Newtons Law of Gravitation, the elementary law of nature in the list above, evaluated
near the surface of the earth where it is approximately constant.
b) The Spring (Hookes Law) in one dimension:
Fx = kx (6)
This force is directed back to the equilibrium point of unstretched spring, in the opposite direction to x, the displacement of
the mass on the spring from equilibrium. This rule arises from the primarily electrostatic forces holding the atoms or molecules
of the spring material together, which tend to linearly oppose small forces that pull them apart or push them together (for
reasons we will understand in some detail later).
Ejercicios para traduccin
i.
an active layer of graphene and carbon nanotubes
a.
The constantly evolving field of renewable energy
j.
The University of Minnesota Virtual Reality Design Lab
b.
significant innovations
k.
900 square feet of tracked area with room to grow
c.
algae-powered solar collectors
l.
d.
the form of all-carbon solar cells.
the development of computing technologies and gaming

software
e.
Stanford chemical engineers
m.
an immersive, stereoscopic visualization technique
f.
a pervasive element
n.
the military, aerospace, medical, and gaming industries
g.
90 percent of the minerals that comprise the earth's

crust
o.
The proliferation of mobile computing, wireless, and GPS

technologies
h.
inflexible solar rooftop panels
p.
The most compelling VR applications
Prof Miram Sitta
Pgina 21

Ingles Tcnico I
La frase verbal
El ncleo de la frase verbal es el verbo que da sentido a la oracin completa, el que indica la accin o el proceso que relaciona las frases
nominales que forman toda la oracin.
EL VERBO TO BE = ser o estar
El verbo TO BE es el ms comn e irregular en ingls. Es decir, de todos los verbos, es el nico que presenta una forma diferente para cada
pronombre o persona.
Presente
Pasado
Futuro
Condicional
Am is are (soy , es , son

/somos)
Was- were (era/ fui- era/ fue- eran/

fueron)
Will be (ser- ser- sernseremos)
Would be (sera- seran)
(estoy, est,
estn/ estamos)
(Estaba/ estuveestaban/estuvieron)
(Estar- estar- estaremosestarn)
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
j.
k.
l.
m.
1- Ejercicos de traduccin
Unfortunately, it is completely and totally wrong.
It is very concrete and very current.
Physics is the study of dynamics.
Dynamics is the description of the actual forces of nature
Newton was not the first person to attempt to describe
the underlying nature of causality.
In physics a law is the equivalent of a postulated axiom
in math.
Science is a cycle of theory and experiment.
A vital step toward modern chemistry was the
experimental observation.
Both Newton's law of gravity and Darwinian evolution
are scientific theories.
to define mass operationallywould be undesirable
because gravity varies in strength from place
to place on the earth
Acupuncture is a traditional medical technique of Asian
origin
Goethe, a German poet, is less well known for his theory
of color.
n.
o.
p.
q.
r.
s.
t.
u.
v.
w.
(estara- estaran)
Was his work scientific?

Buddhism is partly a psychological explanation of human
suffering, and psychology is of course a science.
What is physics?
Nothing will be uncertain
Matter can be defined as anything that is affected by
gravity.
Life would be very different if you were the size of an
insect.
Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) was a Renaissance Italian
who brought the scientific method to bear on physics,
creating the modern version of the science
The medium-sized one was twice the height, twice the
length, and twice the width of the small one.
A vital step toward modern chemistry was the
experimental observation.
2
2
It would make more sense if there were 100 cm in 1 m ,
3
3
and 100 cm in 1 m , but that would be incorrect.
Traduzca el siguiente prrafo

Einsteins interpretation was that light doesnt really have mass, but that energy is affected by
gravity just like mass is. The energy in a light beam is equivalent to a certain amount of mass, given
by the famous equation E = mc2, where c is the speed of light. Because the speed of light is such a
big number, a large amount of energy is equivalent to only a very small amount of mass, so the
gravitational force on a light ray can be ignored for most practical purposes.
There is however a more satisfactory and fundamental distinction between light and matter,
which should be understandable to you if you have had a chemistry course. Einsteins theory of
relativity is discussed more fully in book 6 of this series.
Prof Miram Sitta
Pgina 22

Ingles Tcnico I
Otras traducciones de Be
Verbo be + about to = estar por/ estar a punto de
We are about to embark upon the intensive study of a simple description of nature
The form of centripetal acceleration we are about to develop is thus a kinematic relation not dynamical.
Verbo be+ to = ir a/ deber/ tener que
Cars are to be sold in this market
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
j.
Significados especiales:
The Eysham toll bridge is six hundred years old.
The new application is $1200 in the market.
Google is US$ 93.80 billion.
th
Google is 15 years old on September 4 .
The results were too late.
Millions of children are hungry and cold at this exact moment.
Assertiveness is something you are born with and you are naturally good at.
We are right.
We are wide-eyed and endlessly curious about our world.
Others are wrong.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Lea el texto y explique:

Qu relacin hay entre Newton y el sistema decimal?
Despus que el Imperio Britnico estandariz sus unidades, cuales eran los problemas que subsistieron?
El sistema monetario es decimal? Cuanto hace?
En que consiste el sistema mtrico?
Por qu se llama SI?
Basics of the metric system

The metric system
Units were not standardized until fairly recently in history, so when the physicist Isaac Newton
gave the result of an experiment with a pendulum, he had to specify not just that the string was 37
7/8 inches long but that it was 37 7/8 London inches long." The inch as defined in Yorkshire
would have been different. Even after the British Empire standardized its units, it was still very
inconvenient to do calculations involving money, volume, distance, time, or weight, because of all
the odd conversion factors, like 16 ounces in a pound, and 5280 feet in a mile. Through the
nineteenth century, schoolchildren squandered most of their mathematical education in
preparing to do calculations such as making change when a customer in a shop offered a onecrown note for a book costing two pounds, thirteen shillings and tuppence. The dollar has always
been decimal, and British money went decimal decades ago, but the United States is still saddled
with the antiquated system of feet, inches, pounds, ounces and so on.
Every country in the world besides the U.S. uses a system of units known in English as the metric
system." This system is entirely decimal, thanks to the same eminently logical people who
brought about the French Revolution. In deference to France, the system's offcial name is the
Systeme International, or SI, meaning International System. (The phrase SI system" is therefore
redundant.)
Prof Miram Sitta
Pgina 23

Ingles Tcnico I
The wonderful thing about the SI is that people who live in countries more modern than ours do
not need to memorize how many ounces there are in a pound, how many cups in a pint, how
many feet in a mile, etc. The whole system works with a single, consistent set of Greek and Latin
prefixes that modify the basic units. Each prefix stands for a power of ten, and has an abbreviation
that can be combined with the symbol for the unit. For instance, the meter is a unit of distance.
The prefix kilo- stands for 10 , so a kilometer, 1 km, is a thousand meters.
3
The basic units of the metric system are the meter for distance, the second for time, and the gram
for mass.
The following are the most common metric prefixes. You should memorize them.
Prefix
meaning
example
kilo- k
10
60 kg = a person's mass
centi- c
10
milli- m
10
28 cm = height of a piece of paper
-2
1 ms = time for one vibration of a guitar string playing the note
-3
D
The prefix centi-, meaning 10 , is only used in the centimeter; a hundredth of a gram would not be
-2
written as 1 cg but as 10 mg. The centi- prefix can be easily remembered because a cent is 10
-2
dollars.
The official SI abbreviation for seconds is \s" (not \sec") and grams are \g" (not \gm").
There be
La expresin there be indica existencia y se traduce haber.
Se puede conjugar en los tiempos simples y perfectos
There is/ there was/ were/ there will be/ there would be
Hay
haba
habr
habra
There have been/ there had been/ there will have been/ there would have been
Ha habido.
haba habido
habr habido
habra habido
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
These days there is strong evidence that black holes exist.

There is however a more satisfactory and fundamental distinction between light and matter.
There are some scientists who would be equally willing to call themselves physical chemists or chemical
physicists.
There have even been some claims of experimental evidence that quarks have smaller parts inside them.
There was no way to understand any of it systematically.
There is a big difference between memorizing formulas and understanding concepts.
There's a surprising amount of disagreement among physics textbooks about how mass should be
defined
This is false, so there must be a mistake in the algebra
It may be that there is no such thing as an equable motion, whereby time may be accurately measured.
-9
-9
Nano is 10 , so there are 10 nm in a meter.
How many significant figures are there in each of the following measurements?
Is there more than one factor that affects the motion of a falling object?
How many square centimeters are there in a square inch?
There would be no particular reason why nature should behave any differently on your new, reduced
scale.
There were rumors that Simplicio represented the Pope.
There are a lot of objections that could be raised
There is no easy way to compute the effect exactly, because the small pieces arent the same shape as
the original.
There are two objects with the same shape
When a car or truck travels over a road, there is wear and tear on the road surface, which incurs a cost.
Prof Miram Sitta
Pgina 24

Ingles Tcnico I
20.
There are rules by which the universe functions.
Tiempos verbales
Los tiempos de verbos
La accin del verbo puede estar en pasado, presente o futuro. Cada tiempo tiene su propia frmula y
estructura y seleccin de vocabulario que ayuda a identificar que clase de accin est ocurriendo. Los tiempos
simples hacen referencia a un nico momento o a acciones repetidas o acciones habituales. El pasado simple se
forma cambiando el verbo de dos maneras posibles: agregando ed al final del verbo (regular) o usando la forma
del pasado correspondiente al verbo (irregular). El futuro se forma agregando el auxiliar will (no tiene significado
ms all de la nocin de futuro) delante del verbo.
Los tiempos continuos o progresivos suceden en un periodo de tiempo. Este tiempo siempre se forma con una
forma del verbo be y el verbo principal terminado en -ing. De modo que la frmula del tiempo resulta: (sujeto)
+ (be) + (verbo principal + -ing)
Los tiempos perfectos se usan para comparar acciones o cuando el tiempo de ocurrencia no es determinado.
Este tiempo siempre se forma con el verbo have y la forma del participio pasado del verbo principal. La
formula resulta: (sujeto) + (have) + (participio pasado del verbo principal).
Los tiempos perfectos continuos o progresivos se usan cuando una accin ha sucedido en un periodo
de tiempo antes que otra accin en el pasado. O una accion que comienza en el pasado y contina en el presente
o el future. Siempre se forma combinando las formulas de los tiempos continuos y los perfectos: (sujeto) + (have)
+ been + -ing.
Tiempos de verbos
Presente
Pasado
Futuro
Condicional
Simple
S+V+C
S+ V+ed + C
S+ will/shall+V+C
S+ would+V+C
Frmula
La 3 pers. Sing. agrega una s

al verbo
S+V 2 col+C
Will solo agrega el significado

de futuro al verbo
Would solo agrega el

significado de futuro al verbo
Las formas negativas incluyen

el not pegado al auxiliar will.

not pegado al auxiliar would.
Las interrogativas alteran el

orden anteponiendo el auxiliar
will.

would.
En las oraciones negativas

encontrarn el auxiliar DO +
not o DOES +not segn lo
determine la persona. (solo se
traduce no+verbo en presente )
Las oraciones interrogativas

sern introducidas por DO o
DOES segn corresponda. (no
En las oraciones negativas

encontrarn el auxiliar DID +
not antes del verbo. (solo se
traduce no+ verbo en pasado
Las oraciones interrogativas
estarn introducidas por DID.
(no se traduce)
se traduce)
Ejemplos
I invent devices
I invented this device
I will invent devices
I would invent devices
(traducir)
Invento dispositivos
Invent dispositivos
Inventar dispositivos
Inventara dispositivos
He
Prof Miram Sitta
will
speak
another
He
wiould
Pgina 25
speak another

Ingles Tcnico I
He speaks another language
He spoke another language
language
language
They write the project
They wrote the project
They will write the project
They would write the project
S+ be(presente)+ V ing+ C
S+ be(pasado)+ V ing+ C
S+ be(will be)+ V ing+ C
S+ be(would be)+ V ing+ C

el not pegado al auxiliar be.

el not pegado al auxiliar be.

l not pegado al auxiliar will.


orden anteponiendo el verbo
be.

orden anteponiendo el verbo
be.

will.

would.
Ejemplos
I am inventing devices
I was inventing devices
I will be inventing devices
I would be inventing devices
(traducir)
Estoy inventando dispositivos
Estuve inventando dispositivos
Estar inventando dispositivos
Estara inventando dispositivos
He is speaking
language
He was speaking another

language
He will be speaking another

language
He would be speaking another

language
They are writing the project
They were writing the project
They will be writing the project
They would be writing the

project
S+be+going to+ verbo inf+C
S+be (past) going to+ verbo inf+C
I am going to invent devices
I was going to invent devices
Voy a inventar dispositivos
Iba a inventar dispositivos
He is going to speak another

language
He was going to speak another

language
They are going to write the

project
They were going to write the

project
S+ have/has+ V part. pasado +

C
S+ had+ V participio pasado +

C
S+ will have + V part. Pdo. + C
S+ would have + V part. Pdo. +

C

el not pegado al auxiliar
have/has.

el not pegado al auxiliar had.
Continuo
Formula
Futuro
going to
Perfectos
Formula
another

orden
anteponiendo
el
auxiliar have/has.
Ejemplos
(traducir)

orden
anteponiendo
el
auxiliar had.


orden
anteponiendo
el
auxiliar will.

orden
anteponiendo
el
auxiliar would.
I have invented devices
I had invented devices
I will have invented devices
I would have invented devices
He inventado dispositivos
Haba inventado dispositivos
Habr inventado dispositivos
Habra inventado dispositivos
He has
language
He had
language
He will have spoken another

language
He would have spoken another

language
Prof Miram Sitta
spoken
another
spoken
another
Pgina 26

Ingles Tcnico I
They have written the project
They had written the project
They will have written the

project
They would have written the

project
Perfectos
S+ have/has+ been+ V ing+ C
S+ had+ been+V ing+C
S+ will have+ been+ V ing+ C
continuos

have/has.

el not pegado al auxiliar had.

S+ would have+ been+ V ing+

C

orden
anteponiendo
el
auxiliar had.

orden
anteponiendo
el
auxiliar will.
I
had
devices
I will have been inventing

devices
I would have been inventing

devices
Habr estado
dispositivos
Habra estado
dispositivos
Formula

orden
anteponiendo
el
auxiliar have/has.
Ejemplos
(traducir)
I have
devices
been
He
estado
dispositivos
inventing
inventando
been
Haba estado
dispositivos
inventing
inventando
inventando

would.
orden
anteponiendo
el
auxiliar would
inventando
He has been speaking another

language
He had been speaking another

language
He will have been speaking

another language
He would have been speaking

another language
They have been writing the

project
They had been writing the

project
They will have been writing the

project
They would have been writing

the project
Completa el cuadro.
Tiempo + Forma
Traduccin
This force does have a fixed value

when the right conditions (sliding)
hold.
This force also has a determined
value, although one that depends in
detail on the motion of the object.
In many problems the constraints
will eliminate one or more degrees
of freedom from consideration.
Aristotle considered motion or the
lack thereof of an object to be
innate properties of materials,
according to their proportion of the
big four basic elements: Earth, Air,
Fire and Water.
When we pick something up and
throw it, it moves for a time and
bounces, rolls, slides to a halt.
This world does not exist.
Prof Miram Sitta
Pgina 27

Ingles Tcnico I
You will come to understand the
magic of science.
Once we have learned about both
forces and torques
A figure that has been drawn for
you.
What direction would it have been
going at the negative time?
The answer would not be linear in
time.
The distance D from the entrance is
where the car is at time tf , when it
is also travelling at speed vf .
Newton was not the first person to
attempt to describe the underlying
nature of causality. Aristotle, had
attempted this
n
The orbits produced by such a 1/r
force law (with n 6 2) would not be
elliptical any more
Newton did not frame his as a
philosophical postulate per se.
The person has not figured them
out.
However, we generally do not have
to in physics we will not need to
continue this process.
Lee el siguiente texto y practica traducir oraciones en diferentes tiempos de verbos.
THE ORIGINS OF THE QUANTUM THEORY by CATHRYN CARSON

WHAT IS A QUANTUM THEORY? We have been asking that question for a long time, ever since Max Planck
introduced the element of discontinuity we call the quantum a century ago. Since then, the chunkiness of Nature
(or at least of our theories about it) has been built into our basic conception of the world. It has prompted a
fundamental rethinking of physical theory. At the same time it has helped make sense of a whole range of
peculiar behaviors manifested principally at microscopic levels. From its beginning, the new regime was
symbolized by Plancks constant h, introduced in his famous paper of 1900. Measuring the worlds departure
from smooth, continuous behavior, h proved to be a very small number, but different from zero. Wherever it
appeared, strange phenomena came with it.
What it really meant was of course mysterious. While the quantum era was inaugurated in 1900, a quantum
theory would take much longer to jell. Introducing discontinuity was a tentative step, and only a first one. And
even thereafter, the recasting of physical theory was hesitant and slow. Physicists pondered for years what a
quantum theory might be. Wondering how to integrate it with the powerful apparatus of nineteenth-century
physics, they also asked what relation it bore to existing, classical theories. For some the answers crystallized
with quantum mechanics, the result of a quartercenturys labor. Others held out for further rethinking. If the
outcome was not to the satisfaction of all, still the quantum theory proved remarkably successful, and the
puzzlement along the way, despite its frustrations, can only be called extraordinarily productive.
INTRODUCING h
The story began inconspicuously enough on December 14, 1900. Max Planck was giving a talk to the German
Physical Society on the continuous spectrum of the frequencies of light emitted by an ideal heated body. Some
Prof Miram Sitta
Pgina 28

Ingles Tcnico I
two months earlier this 42-year-old theorist had presented a formula capturing some new experimental results.
Now, with leisure to think and more time at his disposal, he sought to provide a physical justification for his
formula. Planck pictured a piece of matter, idealizing it somewhat, as equivalent to a collection of oscillating
electric charges. He then imagined distributing its energy in discrete chunks proportional to the frequencies of
oscillation. The constant of proportionality he chose to call h; we would now write e = hf. The frequencies of
oscillation determined the frequencies of the emitted light. A twisted chain of reasoning then reproduced
Plancks postulated formula, which now involved the same natural constant h.
Looking back on the event, we might expect revolutionary fanfare. But as so often in history, matters were more
ambiguous. Planck did not call his energy elements quanta and was not inclined to stress their discreteness,
which made little sense in any familiar terms. So the meaning of his procedure only gradually became apparent.
Although the problem he was treating was pivotal in its day, its implications were at first thought to be confined.
BLACKBODIES
The behavior of light in its interaction with matter was indeed a key problem of nineteenth-century physics.
Planck was interested in the two theories that overlapped in this domain. The first was electrodynamics, the
theory of electricity, magnetism, and light waves, brought to final form by James Clerk Maxwell in the 1870s.
The second, dating from roughly the same period, was thermodynamics and statistical mechanics, governing
transformations of energy and its behavior in time. A pressing question was whether these two grand theories
could be fused into one, since they started from different fundamental notions.
Beginning in the mid-1890s, Planck took up a seemingly narrow problem, the interaction of an oscillating charge
with its electromagnetic field. These studies, however, brought him into contact with a long tradition of work on
the emission of light. Decades earlier it had been recognized that perfectly absorbing (black) bodies provided a
standard for emission as well. Then over the years a small industry had grown up around the study of such
objects (and their real-world substitutes, like soot). A small group of theorists occupied themselves with the
thermodynamics of radiation, while a host of experimenters labored over heated bodies to fix temperature,
determine intensity, and characterize deviations from blackbody ideality (see the graph above). After scientists
pushed the practical realization of an old ideathat a closed tube with a small hole constituted a near-ideal
blackbodythis cavity radiation allowed ever more reliable measurements.
Prof Miram Sitta
Pgina 29

Ingles Tcnico I
Model Test Parcial 1
Parcial I
Tema II
I.
12345-
Lea el texto A y responda: (15 ptos.)

De ttulo y fuente de donde se extrajo el texto
Qu son los virus de computadoras?
Son peligrosos? por qu?
Que hizo el virus Michelangelo?
Que pas en 1999?
II.
12345678-
Traduzca la primera oracin en forma completa y luego las variantes (36 ptos.)
They have detected some viruses
9- The infected computers are not working
They would detect
well.
They were detecting
10- do not work
They will detect
11- did not work
There were computers everywhere
12- had not worked
There would be
There have been
There will be
III.
IV.
1234-
Traduzca el texto B (20 ptos.)
Traduzca las siguientes frases nominales (16 ptos.)

active computer viruses
infected computer systems
new programming languages for modern computers
the worlds top computer systems producers
V.
De el plural de las siguientes palabras: (14 ptos.)
Possibility- tooth- address- knife- parenthesis- watch- nucleus
Computer viruses
Computer viruses are programmes that were created to

damage the data in a computer. Viruses are difficult to
detect. They have the capacity for hiding themselves in a
computer system. Some viruses are not very dangerous,
but others can be devastating. For example the
Michelangelo virus was programmed to become active on
th
March 6 , 1992.
On that day, it infected computer systems all over the
world. New viruses are created every day. In 1999, for
example, more than 12 viruses infected computers
everywhere in the world!
From: English Access Univ. Empresarial Siglo 21- Oxford
University Press- Los Andes, agosto 27, 2002.
Prof Miram Sitta
th
B- Just the bare facts on medicine in the 17 century

In 1628 William Harvey showed that the heart pumped
blood round the body. He showed that blood circulated
round and round. It is incredible but before that time
doctors thought that blood was a fuel (like petrol). It was
then used and replaced by new blood. Doctors at the time
used treatments based on the ideas of the Ancient Greeks
(from about 2000 years before). The Greeks thought that
human bodies had four liquids called humours.
From: Polimodal English. Battersby Alan y Villareal Omar.

Heinemann. Buenos Aires. 1999.
Pgina 30

Ingles Tcnico I
Verbos modales
Los verbos modals son una categora de verbos auxiliares. Los verbos modales tambin se llaman modales auxiliares o simplemente
modales:
Can ( puede)
could (pudo- podra)
May (puede)
might (pudo- podria)
shall
should (debe- debera)
must (debe)
ought to (debera)
have to (tener que)

Los modales expresan el modo de un verbo: la capacidad, la posibilidad, la necesidad u otra condicin del verbo principal. Estos verbos se
usan con verbos principales para formar afirmaciones o preguntas. Los modales no tienen conjugaciones ni tiempo y no se pueden usar sin
verbo principal.
En ingls, el verbo principal siempre queda en forma infinitiva sin to, excepto el modal ought.
1-En una afirmacin, el orden de las palabras es:
sujeto + modal + verbo principal.
They can come.
Ellos pueden venir.
Mike should walk.
Mike debe caminar.
2-En las preguntas, el orden de palabras es modal + sujeto + verbo principal.

Can they come?
Pueden venir?
Should Mike drive?
Debera Mike manejar?
3- Preguntas informativas (wh- questions)

wh- word+ modal sujeto+ verbo principal
When can they come?
How could he know?
Cundo pueden venir?

Cmo podra saber?
1-
Can
El modal can, como el verbo espaol poder, indica una

posibilidad o una capacidad.
Tom can help you.
Eating out can be costly. Comer fuera puede ser costoso.
Tom puede ayudarte.
Wild animals can be dangerous. Los animales salvajes pueden

ser peligrosos.
Prof Miram Sitta
En preguntas, se utiliza can para solicitar permiso de

hacer algo o sea para preguntar sobre una posibilidad.
Can I help you?
Puedo ayudarle?
Can Mike have dinner with us? Mike puede cenar con nosotros?
Pgina 31

Ingles Tcnico I
2-
Could
4-
May y Might
El modal could indica una posibilidad o una capacidad

en el pasado.
Los modales may y might son sinnomos y indican una

accin que puede pasar en el futuro.
I could have told you that.
Podra haberte dicho eso.
I may / might go to the park, or I may / might stay home. Puede

que vaya al parque, o quiz me quede en casa.
It could have been a disaster. Podra haber sido un desastre.

This may / might be a bad idea.
When I was young, I could run very fast. Cuando era jven,
poda correr muy rpidamente.
Could se utiliza para especular sobre unas

posibilidades futuras. En estos ejemplos, could y might
son sinnimos.
It could / might rain tonight.
Puede llover esta noche.
This could / might be dangerous.

peligroso.
Eso puede / podra ser
It may / might rain tonight.
Tal vez esta es una mala idea.
Quizs llueva esta noche.
Es posible sustituir may con can al dar instrucciones o

permiso.
You may / can begin the exam in ten minutes. Pueden empezar
el examen en diez minutos.
Es posible sustituir may con can en las preguntas de s

o no. La palabra may es mas corts.
En las preguntas de s o no, could especula sobre unas

posibilidades en el presente o el futuro.
May / Can I see your driver's license? Puedo ver su permiso de

conducir?
Could she be the murderer? Puede / Podra ser ella la asesina?
May / Can we have some more water, please? Podemos tener

ms agua por favor?
Could this be a mistake? Podra ser esto un error?
Could indica una opcin.
We could go see a movie.

pelcula.
Podemos / Podramos ver una
I could become a doctor.

mdico.
Puedo / Podra convertirme en
5-
Must
El modal must indica obligacin.
You must see this movie. Tienen que ver esta pelcula.
Tom must see a doctor immediately. Tom debe ver un mdico
inmediatamente.
3-
Shall y Will
Los modales will / shall + verbo principal forma el

tiempo futuro y indican una intencin o una accin
que pasar en el futuro. No hay diferencia entre estos
dos modales al usarlos en afirmaciones. Sin embargo,
shall se usa muy raramente en ingls americano.
I will / shall close the door for you. Cerrar la puerta para ti.
You must be angry. Debes estar enojado.

My watch must be broken. Mi reloj debe estar roto.
Tom will / shall meet us at the train station. Tom nos encontrar
en la estacin de tren.
Shall pregunta sobre preferencias o recomendaciones.

En estos casos, shall y should son sinnomos. En ingls
americano el uso de shall es muy raro, y se encuentra
slamente en la primera persona.
Should / Shall I close the door?
Prof Miram Sitta
Must puede indicar probabilidades o suposiciones.
En las preguntas informativas, la palabra must indica

una obligacin y puede ser sinnomo con should. En el
ingls americano should es mucho ms corriente en
este contexto.
When should / must we be there? Cundo debemos estar all?

Who should / must I talk to? Con quin debo hablar?
6-
Should y Ought (to)
Cierro la puerta?
Pgina 32

Ingles Tcnico I
Los modales should y ought indican una obligacin por

la cual la resulta no es cierta. Should y ought son
sinnomos.
You should / ought to call your mother. Debes/ deberas llamar

a tu mam.
I should / ought to go home now. Debo/ debera irme a casa.

7-
Would
El modal would seguido de la palabra like es una

manera corts de indicar una preferencia.
I would like white wine with my fish. Me gustara vino blanco

con mi pescado.
We would like a room with a view. Nos gustara un cuarto con
una vista.
Would se utiliza para explicar una accin que resulta

de una condicin verdadera o supuesta.
I would go with you if I didn't have to work. Ira contigo si no

tuviera que trabajar.
If I had not had to work, I would have gone with you.
hubiera tenido que trabajar, hubiera ido contigo.
She would be surprised if you came to the party.
sorprendida si vinieras a la fiesta.
Si no
Estara
Nota: La forma be able to se usa para sustituir el verbo

can en los tiempos de verbo en que ste no puede
conjugarse. Se traduce: ser capaz de
(indica
capacidad)
The larger should not be able to withstand any severe

and destructive tests.
Both were just barely able to support their own
weight.
Collecting lots of data without being able to find any
basic underlying principles is not science.
They will be able to plug numbers in to the formula
and get a numerical result on their calculator.
We need to be able to evaluate it.
To precisely find out, we have to be able to use the
integral definition of the CM.
There simply arent enough kinematic constraints to
be able to predict the final state.
Our solution has to be able to handle both positive
and negative velocities for either mass.
We will no longer be able to use nothing but vector
momentum conservation and energy conservation.
So we might hope to be able to solve it.
Eventually we want to be able to treat arbitrary rigid
objects,
Tom would drive, but he doesn't have a license. Tom manejara

pero no tiene permiso de conducir.
Would introduce acciones habituales del pasado.
When I was a student, I would go swimming every day. Cuando

era estudiante, iba a nadar todos los das.
When Tom lived in France, he would write me long letters.
Cuando Tom viva en Francia, me escriba largas cartas.
Prctica
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
The earlier the Project Manager can incorporate these sectors of the organization into the Project Team
We can make it more complicated,
You can see why it is so very tempting to just memorize this result and pretend that you know a piece of physics
You can substitute the result for tf into this equation and get D in terms of the originally given quantities!
This is false, so there must be a mistake in the algebra.
Then that object must have a mass of 2 kg.
Its motion must be related to how strongly gravity affects it.
Based on the definitions of the sine, cosine, and tangent, what units must they have?
If a and b both have units of grams, what should we call the units of ab?
But other statistical calculations ... showed that the incubation period could be as long as 14.22 days.
Prof Miram Sitta
Pgina 33

Ingles Tcnico I
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
To start with, different formulas may apply in different situations.

One equation might represent a definition, which is always true.
All the intermediate steps are equally important formulas that they should memorize.
How tall a conical tent has to be in order to have a certain volume.
In particular, our definition of kinetic energy that followed from a solution to Newtons Laws ought to be valid there.
It should be equally valid on the ground, but these two quantities are not equal.
We have to sum this up along some specific path between x0 and x1 to find the total work done moving the particle along
that path by the force.
Lea el texto
Encuentre oraciones en los siguientes tiempos de verbos:
Tiempo de verbo
Prrafo y lnea
Traduccin
Presente simple
Pasado simple
Futuro simple
Pres. continuo
Pas. Continuo
Pres. Perfecto
Pas. perfecto
Modal
There be
Prof Miram Sitta
Pgina 34

Ingles Tcnico I
Clarice Aiello: Finding quantum gold in diamonds defect
The kind of diamond Clarice Aiello values does not come in a dazzling pear or square cut, swaddled in black velvet on a counter at
Tiffanys. Instead, it exists as a millimeter-sized chunk on a sturdy table in a lab she built. Whats more, Aiello is not searching for
perfection in her rock, but imperfection of a remarkable kind: a naturally occurring defect in the diamonds lattice that, if
manipulated properly, gives rise to quantum phenomena.
It is the mind-bending field of quantum mechanics that Brazilian-born Aiello has wanted to understand more than any other thing.
A fifth year Nuclear Science and Engineering (NSE) graduate student, she developed an early fascination with the field after reading
Richard Feynmans classic Caltech lectures as a freshman in college. In spite of a professed weakness in math, she pursued this
branch of physics through an international education that included the Ecole Polytechnique and the University of Cambridge.
Today, Aiello is exploring new dimensions of quantum mechanics through a research project with NSE Professor Paola Cappellaro. In
2009, they set out to investigate and exploit the so-called Nitrogen-Vacancy center defect in diamond (N-V center), a routine
anomaly where a vacancy is adjacent to a substitutional nitrogen atom in the carbon lattice. We started with nothing but an empty
room and had to fill it with machines, screws, all the components that make our experiments possible, says Aiello. Creating the lab
was both arduous and gratifying, she says. Im not scared of building things from scratch anymore, but it takes a hell of a long time.
Now equipped with a home-built confocal microscope, an oscillation-damping table, microwave sources, and lasers, Aiello explores
some of the N-V centers most intriguing attributes, such as its capacity to fluoresce when struck with light. But the real kicker, says
Aiello, is that by carefully targeting the defect with photons, it is possible to create a quantum effect in a single electron. This is the
weird idea that an electrons energy can be in both a 0 and a 1 state at the same time, she explains unlike the binary and
mutually exclusive, 0 or 1, positions of an ordinary computer bit.
The quantum bit scientists generate in the N-V center may lead to a revolution in computing because calculations are shown to
speed up if your bit can co-exist in both energy states, says Aiello. And there is another advantage: the quantum effect in diamond
enabling this acceleration functions at room temperature. Aiellos lab is currently focused on ways of controlling the environment
around the defect via microwave and laser photons so that the electron lives longer than half a millisecond or so in its quantum
state, potentially performing a greater number of calculations.
Playing with the defect using photons of different wavelengths, you can sort of tell it how to behave, says Aiello. This is when you
can start thinking about crazy things with real-life applications such as using the N-V defect to sense tiny magnetic fields in
biological systems. If you could functionalize diamonds, attach them to body cells, you could be doing fun stuff such as watching
how synapses evolve or impulses work in the brain, says Aiello. A nano-sized diamond probe with its capacity to measure spins
changes in single electrons would be significantly more sensitive than current imaging techniques, which need to read the fields of
millions of spins. While Aiellos lab is not on the practical end of the chain, she is creating clever methods for people who can
develop a robust, practical device.
There are flashes of satisfaction in the long, long research days: You suddenly see a quantum signal, or manipulate a quantum
object, and you think, this cant be true, its so delicate yet it lives in our lab. While Aiello hopes to continue work in quantum
mechanics in the next phase of her academic career, she also revels in teaching and igniting a passion for science in others. I go
crazy if I only do research, she says, so in the ideal world, I will find some niche solving my humble quantum mechanics problems,
mixing theory and experiment, and helping students become not just accomplished researchers, but better people
2- Traducir las siguientes oraciones y sus variantes.
I will find some niche solving my humble quantum mechanics problems.
am finding
have been finding
will have been finding
had found
will have found
found
had found
had been finding
was finding
Prof Miram Sitta
Pgina 35

Ingles Tcnico I
The electron lives longer than half a millisecond or so in its quantum state.
lived
is living
has lived
has been living
will live
will have been living
may live
couldn't live
would have lived
should live
There are flashes of satisfaction
were
haven't been
will be
won't be
would have been
might be
had been
can't have been
Modales en pasado
can have seen puede haber sido visto
could have seen podria haber sido visto/podia haber sido visto
must have seen debe haber sido visto
may have seen puede haber sido visto
might have seen podra/poda haber sido visto
should have seen debera/debe haber sido visto
ought to have seen debera haber sido visto
Comparacin de adjetivos y adverbios

Grados del Adjetivo: Positivo, Comparativo y Superlativo (revisin)
La comparacin en el idioma ingls, se expresa a travs de tres diferentes grados de los adjetivos como veremos a continuacin:
GRADO POSITIVO: Hace referencia al grado ms simple de la cualidad, por ejemplo:
small pequeo
fast rpido
intelligent inteligente
dangerous peligroso
GRADO COMPARATIVO: Aqu podemos establecer tres tipos de comparaciones:

Comparativo de superioridad:
smaller than (ms pequeo que)

faster tan (ms rpido que)
more intelligent than (ms inteligente que)
more dangerous than (ms peligroso que)
Comparativo de igualdad:
as small as (tan pequeo como)

as fast as (tan rpido como)
as intelligent as (tan inteligente como)
as dangerous as (tan peligroso como)
Prof Miram Sitta
Pgina 36

Ingles Tcnico I
Comparativo de inferioridad:
less small than (menos pequeo que)

less fast than (menos rpido que)
less intelligent than (menos inteligente que)
less dangerous than (menos peligroso que)
Nota: el grado de inferioridad suele expresarse usando la forma negativa del comparativo de igualdad.
not as small as o not so small as ( no tan pequeo como)
not as fast as / not so fast as (no tan rpido como)
not as intelligent as / not so intelligent as (no tan inteligente como)
not as dangerous as/ not so dangerous as (no tan peligroso como)
GRADO SUPERLATIVO: Indica el mayor grado que puede alcanzar la cualidad mencionada, por ejemplo:
the smallest (el ms pequeo)
the fastest (el ms rpido)
the most intelligent (el ms inteligente)
the most dangerous (el ms peligroso)
Traduzca los siguientes ejemplos de la tabla:
Positivo
Comparativo
De igualdad
De inferioridad
Superlativo
Good
better (than)
as good as
not as/so good as
the best
Well
better (than)
as well as
not as/so well as
the best
Bad
worse (than)
as bad as
not as/so bad as
the worst
far
farther (than)
as far as
not as/so far as
the farthest
much
more (than)
as much as
not as/so much as
the most
many
more (than)
as many as
not as/so many as
the most
little
smaller than
as small as
not as/so small as

less small than
the smallest
little/ a little
less than
as little as
not as/so little as
the least
few/a few
fewer than/less than
as few as
not as/so few as
the fewest/the least
Prof Miram Sitta
Pgina 37

Ingles Tcnico I
old
older than/elder than
as old as
not as/so old as
the oldest/ the eldest
Traduzca las oraciones
This one aims to provide a better balance between the two.

MINIX 3 is especially focused on smaller PCs
The quantum theory took much longer to jell.
This still isnt the most elegant approach.
But as so often in history, matters were more ambiguous.
Decades earlier it had been recognized that perfectly absorbing (black) bodies provided a standard for emission as well.
It was only later that Einstein went back and showed how Plancks work implied real quanta.
Most students have a lot of experience with pushes and pulls,
In the process, Einstein moved even closer to attributing to light a whole panoply of particulate properties.
Show the condition for the greatest angle.
We will examine some of the more common system calls later in this chapter.
Other, much more expensive machines, such as the IBM 7094, were used for the real computing.
The hardest single thing about this problem isnt the physics
One of the most important aspects of torque and angular momentum arises.
Spectroscopic studies provided ever more and finer data.
The human body is not the worlds most stable structure
the lowest level modules are created and tested first
It provided a deeper justification of his quantization condition.
The greatest strength of the "one family" idea was simultaneously its greatest weakness.
The old quantum theorys growing sophistication made its failures ever plainer.
The transformative intent was even broader from the start.
The highest-level modules are developed and tested, while lower level stubs are created
the quantum theory of fields took quantum mechanics to a higher degree of complexity
F is just the component of the force perpendicular to the (shortest) vector
SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING
We therefore start with the simplest possible example
This cavity radiation allowed ever more reliable measurements.
The quantization of motions within the atom itself was slower to take off, but ultimately even more productive
This understanding will enable the team to determine the best approach to distributing or centralizing the data
it is necessary to determine what best meets the Customers needs.
10 TALLEST BRIDGES I N THE W ORLD

One of the greatest achievements of human beings is the construction of highest bridges in the world. This indicates the
greatest engineering work of highly competent experts in the world and also conveys a message that nothing is
impossible. These bridges are wonderful and amazing structures that are made to connect to place in very high condition.
One of the problems with the height is the gravity itself. Following are the 10 highest bridges of the world.
The Millau Viaduct, is a cable stayed road bridge that spans the valley of the River Tam near Millau in southern France. It is
the tallest bridge in the world with an impressive height of 343.0 meters (1,125 ft) a little shorter then the Empire State building
and taller then Eiffel tower. This massive structure has even been featured in the National Geographic show
Megastructures. The Construction cost was approximately 400 million Euros and it was formally opened to traffic on 16
December 2004. The bridge has received IABSE Outstanding Structure Award in 2006.
Prof Miram Sitta
Pgina 38

Ingles Tcnico I
Lea el texto
Identifique las formas comparativas o superlativas.
Traduzca las oraciones que contengan alguna forma de
comparacin.
Prof Miram Sitta
Pgina 39

Ingles Tcnico I
La forma-ing
El forma ing puede ser utilizada como verbo, como sustantivo o como adjetivo. (Traducir, identificar)
1.
Dr. Thuraisinghaim and his team are examining how the framework operates in practice.
Smoking is forbidden.
Most of the technicians have a long working day.
Puede ser el ncleo de los tiempos progresivos:
Modern technologies
are not
requiring this conversion
were not
have not been
had not been
will not be
would not be
1.1 Hay muchas combinaciones de verbo + ing. Estas son algunas de las ms comunes: (Traducir, identificar)
I admit telling her.
I appreciate having the raise.
I avoid speaking to him.
I consider blowing your nose in public to be wrong.
I delayed coming until the last possible moment.
He denied telling her.
I detest going to parties.
I enjoy dancing.
I feel like having a party.
I've finished writing the report.
I've given up going to the gym.
I can't help thinking about it.
I can't imagine ever leaving this company.
I don't mind doing that.
He put off talking to her as long as he could.
I can't stand drinking beer.
1.2 Algunos verbos pueden ser seguidos por el infinitivo o la forma-ing, pero con significados diferentes. Estas
son algunas de las ms comunes: (Traducir, identificar)
I stopped smoking last month. (I no longer smoke.)
I stopped to smoke a cigarette. (I stopped what I was doing and had a cigarette.)
I remember telling him. (A memory of the past.)
I must remember to tell him. (Something to remember for the future.)
I'm interested in finding out more details. (Interested about the future.)
I was interested to read his report. (Interested in the past.)
1.3 Algunos verbos pueden ser seguidos por el infinitivo o la forma-ing, pero con el mismo significado. Estas son
algunas de las ms comunes: (Traducir, identificar)
Prof Miram Sitta
Pgina 40

Ingles Tcnico I
2-
I love to go fishing.
I love going fishing.
I'm afraid to fly.
I'm afraid of flying.
I started to learn English 5 years ago.
I started learning English 5 years ago.
Cuando se utiliza como sustantivo puede o no tener un artculo adelante. (Traducir,

identificar)
Marketing is a very inexact science.
The marketing of the product will continue for a few months yet.
2.1. Puede ser ncleo de una "frase nominal".
Speaking to an audience is always stressful.
Swimming after work is very relaxing.
2.2. En Ingls formal, se usara un posesivo con la forma-ing. En Ingls informal, muchas personas no lo hacen.
3-
Most of the members were angry about his missing the meeting.
The owners of the factory would not mind your coming before the formal inspection
Como adjetivo, la forma ing se puede utilizar antes de un sustantivo . (Traducir, identificar)
The latest aircraft made by the Japanese was met by a welcoming party at the airport.
Let's go to the meeting room.
3.1. O puede aparecer como post modificador del ncleo nominal (Traducir, identificar)
People accepting and prioritizing the found issues and verifying the corrections
4-
La forma-ing se utiliza despus de las preposiciones. (Traducir, identificar)
Before suggesting that it would consume less power, they took some time to improve the
first results
After discussing it with the team, they have changed their mind.
Instead of using OLED, the company decided to go back to LCD.
By using graph theory we can compute from this network an estimate of the reputation of
each member
4.1. Observe que, cuando se utiliza to como una preposicin, es seguido por la forma ing. (Traducir, identificar)
The Union did not object to working this Sunday.
We are looking forward to meeting him again.
They were used to working long hours.
Traduzca los siguientes textos y analice las formas ING Reconozca los diferentes casos de usos de ing
Many organizations look at System Design primarily as the preparation of the system component
specifications; however, constructing the various system components is only one of a set of major steps in
successfully building a system. The preparation of the environment needed to build the system, the testing of
the system, and the migration and preparation of the data that will ultimately be used by the system are
equally important. In addition to designing the technical solution, System Design is the time to initiate
focused planning efforts for both the testing and data preparation activities.
List of
Prof Miram Sitta
Pgina 41

Ingles Tcnico I
Architectural design 3
In the United Kingdom, PV systems are installed on both existing houses and new build houses. On the renovated
houses (Sackville Street, Fernside, Primrose Hill), a retrofit PV mounting system was used. The new-build houses
all have roof integrated PV systems. At the Titanic Mill development, due to strict regulations for historic
buildings, the PV is installed in the inner roof valleys of the building, so it isnt visible.
In the German local project in Dorsten, the PV systems are integrated into the roofs. In the other two projects,
PV modules are installed on top of the roof.
Pictures of the designs can be found in the regarding chapters.
Nexos y Conectores
Para expresar ideas escribimos oraciones relacionadas con los conceptos que queremos desarrollar. Estas ideas y
conceptos estn relacionados de diferentes maneras. Para mostrar estas relaciones usamos nexos o conectores.
Los textos en ingls se organizan segn patrones que estn relacionados con el mensaje del texto.
Estructura del texto

El trmino estructura del texto se refiere a cmo se organiza la informacin en un pasaje. La estructura de un
texto puede cambiar varias veces en un escrito o an dentro de un mismo prrafo. Generalmente la estructura
del texto se adecua a las necesidades de comunicacin de significado del texto, de modo que responden a ciertas
funciones de comunicacin de la informacin.
Causa /Efecto: se explican los resultados de algo. (because of this, as a result)

Cronolgico: la informacin en el pasaje se organiza de acuerdo al tiempo. (In 1985.. later, then)
Comparacin y contraste: dos o ms cosas se describen.
Se discuten aqu similitudes y diferencias. (As,
likewise)
Orden de importancia:
la informacin se expresa de acuerdo a una jerarqua o prioridad. (First, the
next)
Problema y Solucin: se describe un problema y se propone o se explica una solucin. (To start with,
considering)
Secuencia/Proceso: la informacin se organiza en pasos o etapas o se explica un proceso en el orden en

que sucede. (First of all, then, after that)
Espacial / Descriptivo:
la informacin se organiza de acuerdo al espacio. (from left to right, at the
bottom)
above > sobre

above all > ante todo
above all > en primer trmino
above all > sobre todo
absolutely > completamente
absolutely > completamente de acuerdo
absolutely > desde todo punto de vista
according to how things are > segn estn las cosas
according to the book > con todas las reglas del arte
according to the book > en regla
Prof Miram Sitta
after all is said and done > al final de las cuentas

after mature consideration > despus de largas deliberaciones
after mature consideration > despus de meditarlo
after mature consideration > despus de pensarlo bien
after mature consideration > tras meditarlo
after mature consideration > tras pensarlo bien
after this > despus de esto
afterwards > despus
again > nuevamente
again and again > repetidas veces
Pgina 42

Ingles Tcnico I
according to the book > segn los cnones
according to the book > tericamente
accordingly > consecuentemente
accordingly > en consecuencia
actually > a decir verdad
actually > con efecto
actually > de hecho
adjacent to > junto a
admittedly > por cierto
after > despus
after > tras
after a fashion > despus de un tiempo
after a fashion > en cierto modo
after a fashion > hasta cierto punto
after a fashion > ms o menos
after a few hours > tras unas cuantas horas
after a few hours > unas cuantas horas despus
after all > a fin de cuentas
after all > al final
after all > con todo
after all > despus de todo
after all > en fin de cuentas
after all is said and done > a la postre
after all is said and done > al fin y al cabo
always > siempre
and especially > ms que todo
and especially > y especialmente
and especially > y ms que todo
and for the record > y para que conste
and for the record > y para que quede claro
and on top of that > por si fuera poco
and so > en totaland so > y as
and so forth > y as sucesivamente
and then > y luego
and to top it all > por si fuera poco
and to top it all > y para colmo
and to top it all > y por si fuera poco
and yet > as y todo
and yet > y sin embargo
any old how > sin orden ni concierto
anyhow > en todo caso
anyhow > sea lo que fuere
anyway > de todos modos
anyway > en todo caso
anyway > por de pronto
anyway > sea lo que fuere
anyway > sea o no sea
anyway you look at it > a todas luces
apart from this > aparte de esto
apparently > a lo que parece
apparently > al parecer
apparently > aparentemente
apparently > por lo visto
approximately > en lneas generales
as > a medida que
as > as
as a case in point > como ejemplo concreto
as a general rule > en general
as a general rule > en trminos generales
as a last resort > como ltimo recurso
as a last resort > en ltima instancia
as a last resort > en ltimo caso
as a last resort > en ltimo trmino
as a matter of course > por supuesto
as a matter of fact > a decir verdad
as a matter of fact > con efecto
Prof Miram Sitta
again and again > una y otra vez

against my will > a pesar mo
against my will > contra mi voluntad
against ones better judgement > contra su propia conviccin
against ones better judgement > muy a mi pesar
all at once > de pronto
all in all > con todo
all in all > considerndolo todo
all in all > resumiendo
all of a sudden > de golpe
all the same > a pesar de todo
all the same > de todos modos
all the same > sin embargo
all things considered > a fin de cuentas
all things considered > considerndolo bien
all told > en su totalidad
almost > casi
almost > por pocoalong these lines > de esta manera
along these lines > en este sentido
also > tambinalthough > aunque
although this may be > aunque esto pueda ser
although this may be true > aunque sea cierto
although this may be true > aunque sea verdad
as an example > como ejemplo
as an expression of thanks > en seal de agradecimiento
as an illustration > a manera de ejemplo
as an interim measure > como medida transitoria
as appropiate > cuando proceda
as appropriate > segn corresponda
as appropriate > segn procede
as appropriate > segn sea el caso
as chance would have it > por casualidad
as circumstances may require > conforme sea necesario
as circumstances may require > segn convenga
as early as 1930 > ya en 1930
as far as I am concerned > hasta donde s
as far as I am concerned > por lo que a m se refiere
as far as I can judge > hasta donde entiendo
as far as I can judge > por lo que se puede juzgar
as far as I know > hasta donde sas
far as I know > que yo sepa
as far as I know > segn parece
as far as one can see > hasta donde entiendo
as far as one can see > por lo visto
as far as practicable > en la medida de lo possible
as far as practicable > hasta donde sea possible
as far back as 1930 > ya en 1930
as far back as we can recall > hasta donde alcanza la memoria
as far in advance as possible > con la mayor antelacin
as for that matter > en lo que a eso respecta
as for that matter > respecto a eso
as from July 15 > a partir del 15 de Julio
as has been noted > como se ha sealado
as I have said > como mencion
as I have shown > como se demuestra
as if by magic > como por arte de magia
as if by magic > como por encanto
as if it were of no importance > como quien no dice nada
as if it were of no importance > como si no fuera importante
as is only fair > como corresponde
as is only fair > como es debido
as is only fair > como es justo
as it is > tal como estn las cosas
as it were > como quien dice
as it were > como si dijramos
as it were > por decirlo as
Pgina 43

Ingles Tcnico I
as a matter of fact > en efecto
as a matter of fact > en realidad
as a matter of form > por frmula
as a result > como consecuencia
as a result > como resultado
as a result > con ese motivo
as a rule > en general
as a rule > por lo general
as a rule > por regla general
as a token of (my) thanks > en seal de agradecimiento
as a whole > en su conjunto
as a whole > en su totalidad
as an example > a manera de ejemplo
as an example > a ttulo de ejemplo
as soon as possible > a la mayor brevedad possible
as soon as possible > con la mayor brevedad
as soon as possible > cuanto antes
as soon as possible > lo antes posible
as soon as possible > lo ms pronto posible
as stipulated > en la forma prevista
as stipulated > tal como se estipula
as the case may be > segn lo requiera el caso
as the case may be > segn sea el caso
as the case may require > segn lo requiera el caso
as the case may require > segn sea necesario
as the case requires > si fuera necesario
as the saying goes > como dice el dich
as the saying goes > como se dice
as the years go by > al correr de los aos
as the years go by > conforme pasa el tiempo
as the years go by > conforme pasan los aos
as the years roll by > al correr de los aos
as things are > tal como estn las cosas
as things now stand > tal como estn las cosas
as thought fit > para todo fin til
as time goes by > andando el tiempo
as usual > por no variar
as well > tambin
as well as > as como
aside from this > dejando esto de lado
aside from this > por lo dems
at a glance > a simple vista
at a good time > en buen momento
at a later day > en fecha ulterior
at a rough estimate > a ojo de buen cubero
at a rough estimate > al ojo
at a stroke of the pen > de un plumazo
at a suitable time > en el momento adecuado
at a suitable time > en un momento oportuno
at all costs > a toda costa
at all costs > a todo trance
at all costs > como sea
at all costs > cueste lo que cueste
at all events > como sea
at all events > pase lo que pase
at all events > suceda lo que suceda
at an early date > dentro de poco
at an early date > en fecha prxima
at an unreasonable hour > a deshora
at an untimely moment > a deshora
at an untimely moment > a destiempo
at an unusual time > a deshora
at any moment > de un momento a otro
at any rate > de cualquier modo
at any rate > de todas formas
at any rate > de todos modos
Prof Miram Sitta
as late as 1930 > an en 1930

as late as 1930 > todava en 1930
as late as this > a estas Alturas
as late as this > incluso ahora
as luck would have it > por una coincidencia
as matters now stand > dentro del rgimen actual
as matters now stand > segn estn las cosas
as may be best > segn convenga
as of July 15 > el da 15 de Julio
as scheduled > como se ha previsto
as soon as > tan pronto como
as soon as possible > a corto plazo
at first > al pronto
at first blush > a primera vista
at first sight > a primera vista
at first sight > a simple vista
at full speed > a todo andar
at great expense > con mucho gasto
at heart > en el fondo
at intervals > de vez en cuando
at last > a la postre
at last > al fin
at last > finalmente
at last > por ultimo
at least > por de pronto
at length > con detenimiento
at length > con todo detalle
at length > por extensor
at long last > al fin y al cabo
at long last > por fin
at most > a lo ms
at most > a lo sumo
at most > como mximo
at most > cuanto as
at my expense > a mi costa
at odd moments > a ratos perdidos
at once > acto continuo
at once > de inmediato
at once > de una vez
at once > en el acto
at once > en seguida
at once > sin demora
at once > sin dilacin
at one go > de una vez
at one stroke > de un golpe
at one stroke of the pen > de un plumazo
at ones own risk > por su cuenta y riesgo
at random > a la ventura
at random > al azar
at stake > en juego
at that time > a la sazn
at that time > por aquel entonces
at the beginning > al principio
at the behest of the committee > por encargo del comit
at the crossroads > en la encrucijada
at the earliest > a lo sumo
at the earliest possible date > con la mayor antelacin
at the eleventh hour > a ltima hora
at the eleventh hour > en el ltimo momento
at the end of 6 years > a la vuelta de 6 aos
at the grassroots > a nivel popular (comunitario o local)
at the last minute > a ltima hora
at the last moment > a ltima hora
at the mercy of elements > a la intemperie
at the moment > por ahora
at the most> a lo ms
Pgina 44

Ingles Tcnico I
at any rate > en todo caso
at best > en el mejor de los casos
at close range > de cerca
at first > a simple vista
at the most > como mucho
at the most > cuanto as
at the option of the Bureau > si la Oficina lo estimara
conveniente
at the outset > al principio
at the outside > a lo sumo
at the outside > como mximo
at the outside > como mucho
at the outside > cuanto as
at the proper moment > a su tiempo
at the proper time > a su tiempo
at the proper time > en su da
at the right time > a propsito
at the right time > a su tiempo
at the right time > en buen momento
at the right time > en su debida oportunidad
at the same time > a la vez
at the same time > a un tiempo
at the same time > al mismo tiempo
at the start > al principio
at the time > a la sazn
at the very least > como mnimo indispensable
at the wrong time > en un mal momento
at the wrong time > fuera de tiempo
at this hour > a estas Alturas
at this hour > para esta hora
at this juncture > en esta coyuntura
at this point > a estas Alturas
at this point > al llegar a este punto
at this point > en este punto
at this point in time > en este momento
at this rate > a este tenor
at this stage > a estas Alturas
at this stage > dada la situacin
at this stage > en la actual coyuntura
at this stage > por ahora
at this stage > tal como estn las cosas
at this time > para estos momentos
at this writing > en el momento de escribir estas lneas
at times > a veces
at worst > en el peor de los casos
at your convenience > como guste
at your convenience > como le sea possible
at your earliest convenience > con la mayor brevedad
at your earliest convenience > tan pronto como le sea
possible
backwards > al revs
balanced against > confrontado con
bar none > sin excepcin
barring unforeseen circumstances > salvo imprevistos
basically > en el fondo
be that as it may > sea lo que fuere
because > porque
because of > por
because of the wedding > con motivo de la boda
before > ante
by rule of thumb > de modo emprico
by that time > para entonces
by that time > por entonces
by the book > segn las reglas
by the by > a propsito
by the by > de paso
Prof Miram Sitta
at the most > a lo sumo

at the most > como mximo
before > antes
before all else > ante todo
before all else > antes que nada
before long > en breve
before this > antes de esto
before you > ante usted
before you do anything else > antes que nada
besides > apartebesides > por lo dems
besides > por otra parte
besides > por otro lado
besides the point > fuera de propsito
between > entre
between the devil and the deep blue sea > entre la espada y la
pared
beyond > ms all de
both (neither) > ambos (ninguno)
briefly > a grandes rasgos
briefly > en pocas palabras
briefly > en sntesis
briefly > en suma
broadly speaking > en general
broadly speaking > en sus grandes lneas
broadly speaking > en trminos generals
but > ahora bien
but > pero
but > sino
by a long shot > con mucho
by a long way > con mucho
by all means > de todas maneras
by all means > de todos modos
by all means > sea como sea
by and large > en general
by and large > en todo respecto
by any standards > en modo alguno
by any standards > en ningn concepto
by chance > por casualidad
by common consent > de comn acuerdo
by common consent > de consuno
by comparison > por comparacin
by degree > poco a poco
by design > a propsito
by dint of hard work > a costa de mucho trabajo
by error > sin querer
by fair means or foul > por las buenas o por las malas
by far > con mucho
by fits and starts > a rachas
by guesswork > a ojo de buen cubero
by guesswork > al ojoby heart > de memoria
by implication > por implicacin
by nature > por naturaleza
by no means > de ninguna manera
by no means > en ningn caso
by no means > por ningn concepto
by no means whatsoever > de ningn modo
by rule of thumb > a ojo de buen cubero
by rule of thumb > al ojo
despite > a pesar de
despite everything > a pesar de todo
down through history > en el devenir historic
during > durante
earlier > antes
entirely > desde todo punto de vista
equally > por igual
equally important > igualmente importante
Pgina 45

Ingles Tcnico I
by the by > entre parenthesis
by the by > por cierto
by the same token > del mismo modo
by the same token > en el mismo orden de ideas
by the same token > por la misma razn
by the way > a propsito
by the way > de paso
by the way > entre parenthesis
by the way > por cierto
by way of example > a modo de ejemplo
by way of example > a ttulo de ejemplo
by way of example > como ejemplo
by way of information > a ttulo de informacin
ceaselessly > incansablemente
ceaselessly > sin cesar
certainly > ciertamente
certainly > de seguro
certainly > por cierto
chances are he wont come > lo ms probable es que no
venga
clearly > a todas luces
clearly > claramente
clearly > desde luego
clearly > en trminos propios
come to think of it > en realidad
come to think of it > pensndolo bien
come to think of it > pensndolo major
compared to > comparado con
conclusively > en definitiva
concurrently > concurrentemente
consequently > consecuentemente
consequently > en consecuencia
consequently > en definitiva
continuously > a hecho
conversely > en cambio
conversely > por otro lado
correspondingly > por analoga
curiously enough > aunque parece extrao
curiously enough > por muy curioso que parezca
currently > actualmente
day in day out > a diario
day in day out > da tras da
decidedly > decididamente
decidedly > definitivamente
deep down > en el fondo
deep down > en su fuero interno
definitely > de todos modos
definitely > definitivamente
deliberately > ex profeso
depending on how things are > segn estn las cosas
for a change > para variar
for a change > por cambiar
for a change > por innovar
for a change > por variar
for a variety of reasons > por razones diversas
for a variety of reasons > por varias razones
for all appropriate purposes > con fines de lograr
for all I know > por lo que s
for all I know > por todo lo que s
for all I know > que yo sepa
for all pertinent purposes > a que haya lugar
for all practical purposes > para todo fin til
for all purposes > para todo fin
for all that > a pesar de todo
for all that > an as
for all that > con todo
Prof Miram Sitta
essentially > en esencia

etcetera > etcetera
etcetera > y lo dems
eternally > eternamente
even more > an ms
even more > y lo que es ms
even more so > con ms motive
even more so > con mayor motive
even so > as y todo
even so > an as
even so > con todo y eso
even so > sin embargo
even though > aun a pesar de
even though > aunqueevenly > por igual
eventually > a la larga
eventually > a la postre
eventually > al fin
everyday > a diario
everything considered > con todo y eso
evidently > a todas luces
evidently > evidentemente
evidently > por lo visto
exactly > en concreto
exactly according to instructions > al pie de la letra
except as otherwise provided > salvo pacto en contrario
expressly > ex profeso
extremely > en grado sumo
extremely > extremadamente
far and away > con mucho
far and away > sin la menor duda
far and away > sin ninguna duda
far from it > ni con mucho
far from it > ni nada que se le parezca
finally > a fin de cuentas
finally > a la postre
finally > al fin
finally > en fin
finally > en ltima instancia
finally > finalmente
finally > por fin
finally > por remate
finally > por ultimo
firmly (believe) > a pie juntillas
first of all > ante todo
first of all > primero que nada
first of all > antes de nada
following this > tras esto
for > durante
for the moment > por de pronto
for the moment > por el momento
for the most part > en general
for the most part > por lo general
for the purpose > a tal efecto
for the record > para que conste (en acta)
for the record > para que quede claro
for the same reason > por esa misma razn
for the time being > de momento
for the time being > por ahora
for the time being > por de pronto
for this purpose > con este fin
for this purpose > con este propsito
for this reason > con este motive
for this reason > por esta razn
for what it is worth > para su gobierno
for what it is worth > para su informacin
for what it is worth > por si puede servirle
Pgina 46

Ingles Tcnico I
for all that > por todo lo anterior
for appropriate action > para los efectos consiguientes
for arguments sake > como hiptesis
for arguments sake > supongamos
for brevitys sake > para ser breve
for certain > con toda seguridad
for example > por ejemplo
for forms sake > por el bien parecer
for forms sake > por formula
for forms sake > por pura formula
for further consideration > para estudio ulterior
for good measure > por aadidura
for good reason > con razn
for instance > para ilustrar
for instance > por ejemplo
for its part > a su vez
for long > por mucho tiempo
for my part > en lo que a m concierne
for my part > en lo que a m respecta
for my part > por lo que a m toca
for my purpose > para lo que yo quiero
for no reason at all > ni por nada
for no reason at all > sin motivo alguno
for nothing > en balde
for one thing > para empezar
for openers > para empezar
for practical purposes > por motivos de orden prctico
for reasons beyond their control > por causas ajenas a
su voluntad
for safetys sake > para mejor seguridad
for short > para abreviar
for some time now > de un tiempo a esta parte
for sure > con seguridadfor sure > sin falta
for that matter > a este respect
for that matter > en cuanto a eso
for that purpose > al efecto
for that purpose > para el caso
for the asking > a pedir de boca
for the asking > sin ms que pedirlo
for the moment > por ahora
furthermore > por otro lado
generally > por regla general
generally speaking > en trminos generales
gladly > de buena gana
gradually > poco a poco
gratis > gratis
hastily > apresuradamente
hastily > de pronto
having
been
duly
authorized >
habiendo
sido
apropiadamente autorizado
having been duly authorized > por acuerdo superior
hence >de aqu (deducimos que)
henceforth > en adelante
henceforth > en lo sucesivo
hereafter > en lo sucesivo
hereinafter > en adelante
however > ahora bien
however > con todo
however > en cambio
however > sin embargo
however it be > como quiera que sea
hurriedly > de pronto
identical to > idntico a
if > si
if any > si lo hay
if any > si los hay
Prof Miram Sitta
for what it is worth > por si sirve de algo

for what it is worth > valga lo que valiere
for your attention > para todo fin til
for your guidance > para su gobierno
for your guidance > por su gobierno
for your information > para su gobierno
for your information > para su informacin
for your information > por su gobierno
for your sake > por su bien
forever > para siempre
formerly > antiguamente
forthwith > a corto plazo
forthwith > sin demora
forthwith > sin dilacin
free > de balde
from every point of view > bajo todos los conceptos
from every point of view > por todos los conceptos
from July 15 onward > a partir del 15 de julio
from July 15 onwards > a partir del 15 de julio
from now on > de ahora en adelante
from now on > en adelante
from place to place > de trecho en trecho
from the legal standpoint > como cuestin de derecho
from the outset > desde el principio
from the sidelines > desde fuera
from the sidelines > desde la barrera
from this point of view > bajo este aspecto
from this point on > de ahora en adelante
from this point onward > de ahora en adelante
from time to time > de trecho en trecho
from time to time > de vez en cuando
from what I saw > por lo que he visto
further > es ms
furthermore > an ms
furthermore > es ms
furthermore > ms an
furthermore > por lo dems
furthermore > por otra parte
in a nutshell > en sntesis
in a nutshell > en suma
in a nutshell > en sustancia
in a rough and ready way > a ojo de buen cubero
in a rough and ready way > al ojo
in a sense > hasta cierto punto
in a way > en cierta manera
in a way > en cierto modo
in a way > hasta cierto punto
in a word > en definitive
in a word > en pocas palabras
in a word > en resumen
in a word > en resumidas cuentas
in a word > en sustancia
in accordance with > a tenor de este acuerdo
in actual fact > en realidad
in addition > a mayor abundamiento
in addition > adems
in addition > ms an
in addition > por otra parte
in addition > por otro lado
in all likelihood > con toda probabilidad
in all respects > en todos los aspectos
in all seriousness > con toda seriedad
in all seriousness > en serio
in an applicable case > en su caso
in an appropriate case > en su caso
in and of itself > de por s
Pgina 47

Ingles Tcnico I
if applicable > en su caso
if appropriate > si procede
if deemed appropriate > si se estima conveniente
if necessary > en caso de necesidad
if necessary > en caso necesario
if necessary > si es preciso
if necessary > si fuera necesario
if necessary > si fuese necesario
if need be > en caso de necesidad
if need be > en caso necesario
if need be > si fuera necesario
if need be > si fuese necesario
if not > de lo contrario
if proper > si fuera procedente
if the need arises > si hiciera falta
if the worst comes to the worst > en el peor de los casos
if the worst comes to the worst > en ltimo trmino
if this continues > a este tenor
immediately > de buenas a primeras
immediately > en el acto
immediately > inmediatamente
immediately after > inmediatamente despus
in a broad sense > en trminos generals
in a class by itself > sin igual
in a class by itself > sin par
in a class by itself > sui generis
in a few words > a grandes rasgos
in a general way > a grandes rasgos
in a nutshell > en definitive
in a nutshell > en resumen
in doing so > de esta manera
in doing so > para ello
in due course > a su debido tiempo
in due course > a su tiempo
in due course > en su da
in due time > a su debido tiempo
in due time > a su tiempo
in due time > en su debida oportunidad
in due time > en su da
in effect > con efecto
in essence > en esencia
in every respect > bajo todos los conceptos
in every respect > desde todo punto de vista
in every respect > en todos los aspectos
in every respect > por todos los conceptos
in every sense of the word > en toda la extensin de la
palabra
in every way > desde todo punto de vista
in every way > en todos los aspectos
in exchange > en cambio
in fact > a decir verdad
in fact > de hecho
in fact > en realidad
in fixed and final form > en definitiva
in full > por extenso
in full swing > en pleno desarrollo
in full swing > en su apogeo
in good and proper form > en buena y debida forma
in his heart of hearts > en su fuero interno
in his own way > a su modo
in its broad sense > en su amplio concepto
in its broadest sense > en su amplio concepto
in its entirety > en su conjunto
in its entirety > en su totalidad
in its proper order > por su orden
in its turn > a su vez
Prof Miram Sitta
in another case > en otro caso

in another sense > en otro sentido
in any case > como quiera que sea
in any case > de cualquier modo
in any case > de todas maneras
in any case > de todos modos
in any case > en todo caso
in any event > pase lo que pase
in block letters > en letra de imprenta
in block letters > en letras de molde
in brief > en fin
in brief > en pocas palabras
in brief > en resumen
in brief > en sntesis
in brief > en sustancia
in broad outline > en lneas generales
in broad terms > en trminos generalesi
n certain respects > desde algunos puntos de vista
in close succession > a cortos intervalos
in closing > por ltimo
in concert > de comn acuerdo
in concert > de consuno
in conclusion > al final
in conclusion > en conclusin
in conclusion > en fin
in contrast > contrario a
in detail > por extenso
in doing so > con ello
in other respects > por lo dems
in other words > en otras palabras
in other words > por mejor decir
in other words > que equivale a decir
in outline > a grandes rasgos
in part > en parte
in passing > de paso
in point of fact > de hecho
in point of fact > en efecto
in point of fact > en realidad
in point of law > como cuestin de derecho
in printed letters > en letra de imprenta
in printed letters > en letras de molde
in prospect > en perspective
in return > en cambio
in reverse order > en sentido contrario
in running order > en buen estado
in short > a fin de cuentas
in short > en breves palabras
in short > en definitive
in short > en fin
in short > en pocas palabras
in short > en resumen
in short > en resumidas cuentas
in short > en sntesis
in short > en suma
in short > en total
in some cases > en parte
in some degree > hasta cierto punto
in some respects > en ciertos aspectos
in spite of > a pesar de
in spite of everything > a pesar de todo
in spite of everything > con todo y eso
in stages > por etapas
in substance > en esencia
in such a case > en tal caso
in such a case > en un caso as
in such an event > en su caso
Pgina 48

Ingles Tcnico I
in its turn > por su orden
in like manner > de la misma forma
in like manner > de la misma manera
in like manner > del mismo modo
in like manner > por analoga
in more ways than one > en ms de una manera
in my opinion > a mi juicio
in my opinion > a mi parecer
in my opinion > en mi concepto
in my opinion > segn mi criterio
in my presence > ante m
in my view > a mi parecer
in no respect > en ningn aspecto
in no sense > de ninguna forma
in no sense > por ningn concepto
in no way > de ningn modo
in no way > por ningn concepto
in no way whatsoever > de ninguna manera
in one way or another > de un modo u otro
in ones interest > en beneficio propio
in the end > a la larga
in the end > a la postre
in the end > al fin
in the end > al fin y al cabo
in the end > al final
in the end > en ltima instancia
in the event > despus de todo
in the extreme > en grado sumo
in the final analysis > en ltima instancia
in the first (second, third) place > en primer lugar
in the first instance > en primer lugar
in the first instance > en primer trmino
in the first place > en primer lugar
in the first place > en primer trmino
in the foreseeable future > en un futuro previsible
in the future > en lo sucesivo
in the immediate future > en un futuro cercano
in the immediate future > en un futuro inmediato
in the immediate future > en un futuro prximo
in the judgement of many > a los ojos de muchos
in the judgement of many > para muchos
in the last resort > en ltima instancia
in the least > en lo ms mnimo
in the light of cold reason > en buena lgica
in the light of the committees opinion > dada la opinin del
comit
in the light of the difficulties > a la vista de las dificultades
in the light of the situation > dentro del marco de la situacin
in the literal sense > en sentido propio
in the long run > a la larga
in the long run > a la postre
in the main > en general
in the main > en lo esencial
in the main > en su mayora
in the main > por lo general
in the meantime > en el intern
in the meantime > mientras tanto
in the months ahead > en los meses venideros
in the near future > en breve
in the near future > en fecha prxima
in the near future > en un futuro cercano
in the near future > en un futuro inmediato
in the near future > en un futuro prximo
in the normal course of events > si todo marcha bien
in the normal course of events > si todo sigue bien
in the offing > en perspectiva
Prof Miram Sitta
in suitable cases > cuando proceda

in sum > en suma
in summary > en breves palabras
in summary > en pocas palabras
in summary > en resumen
in that event > en ese caso
in that instance > en ese caso
in the aggregate > en su conjunto
in the beginning > al principio
in the beginning > en el principio
in the best case > en el mejor de los casos
in the best of circumstances > en la mejor de
las circunstancias
in the broad sense of the word > en el sentido amplio de la
palabra
in the course of time > andando el tiempo
in the course of time > con el tiempo
in the distance > a la distancia
in the same manner (way) > igualmente
in the short run > a corto plazo
in the short run > en un futuro cercano
in the short run > en un futuro inmediato
in the short run > en un futuro prximo
in the short term > a corto plazo
in these circumstances > en esta situacin
in these times > hoy en da
in these times > hoy por hoy
in this case > en esta caso
in this case > en tal caso
in this connection > a este respecto
in this connection > en cuanto a esto
in this connection > en este orden de ideas
in this context > dentro de esta problemtica
in this context > dentro de este marco
in this event > en este supuesto
in this instance > en esta instancia
in this instance > hasta este punto
in this regard > a este respecto
in this respect > a este respecto
in this respect > bajo este aspecto
in this situation > en esta coyuntura
in this situation > en esta situacinin this way > de esta
manerain time > andando el tiempo
in time > con el tiempo
in vain > en balde
in view of the difficulties > a la vista de las dificultades
in what follows > en lo que sigue
in whole or in part > en su totalidad o en parte
in word and in deed > de palabra y de obra
in your own interest > por la cuenta que le trae
incidentally > de paso
incidentally > dicho sea de paso
incidentally > entre parntesis
incidentally > por cierto
including but not necessarily limited to > tales como, entre
otros
incredible as it may seem > aunque no lo parezca
indeed > en realidad
indeed > por cierto
indiscriminately > a hecho
initially > al pronto
inside out > al revs
intentionally > a posta
intentionally > a propsito
into the bargain > por aadidura
intrinsically > por naturaleza
Pgina 49

Ingles Tcnico I
in the open air > a la intemperie
in the open air > al aire libre
in the opposite way > al revs
in the pipeline > en tramitacin
in the pipeline > en trmite
in the reverse direction > en la direccin contraria
in the reverse order > al revs
in the same fashion > a tenor
in the same manner (way) > del mismo modo
just in case > por si acaso
just in time > a tiempo
just the same > as y todo
know all men by these presents > conste por el presente
documento
know all men by these presents > spase por la presente
knowing full well > con pleno conocimiento de causa
last but not least > y finalmente, pero no por ello menos
importante
last of all > por ltimo
lastly > por ltimo
lately > ltimamente
later> ms tarde
let alone > y mucho menos
like > como
like as not > a lo mejor
like that > por el estilo
likewise > a tenor
likewise > en la misma hiptesis
likewise > igualmente
likewise > por su parte
literally > al pie de la letra
maybe > a lo mejor
meantime > mientras tanto
meanwhile > en el intern
meanwhile > mientras tanto
meanwhile > por de pronto
more often than not > en genera
lmore often than not > muy a menudo
more or less > ms o menos
moreover > adems
moreover > an ms
moreover > ms an
moreover > por lo dems
moreover > por otra parte
moreover > por otro lado
mostly > en general
mutatis mutandis > por analoga
naturally > por naturaleza
naturally > por supuesto
near > cercanearly > cerca
nearly > por poco
needless to say > est de ms decir
needless to say > huelga decir
needless to say > ni qu decir tiene
never > nunca
nevertheless > ahora bien
nevertheless > con todo
nevertheless > con todo y eso
nevertheless > no obstante
nevertheless > sin embargo
next > acto continuo
next > enseguida
next to > junto a
no matter what happens > a todo trance
on no account > bajo ningn motive
on no account > en ningn concepto
Prof Miram Sitta
it boils down to this > en resumen

it comes down to this > en resumen
it goes without saying > por supuesto
it is readily apparent > a primera vista
it seems evident > por lo visto
judging by appearances > a juzgar por las apariencias
just as > tal como
just in case > a mayor abundamiento
no matter what happens > pase lo que pase
no matter what happens > suceda lo que suceda
nonetheless > con todo y eso
nonstop > sin cesar
nor > ni
normally > en general
normally > por lo general
north (south, east, west) of>
not anything if the sort > ni nada que se le parezca
not anything like it > ni con mucho
not anything near it > ni con mucho
not at all > bajo ningn concepto
not at all > en absolute
not by a long shot > ni con mucho
not by any means > ni con mucho
not by any standards > en modo alguno
not by any standards > en ningn concepto
not for anything in the world > ni por nada
not in the least > en absolute
not on any terms > por ningn concepto
not only... but also> no solosino tambin
not the least bit > en absolute
not to mention > sin mencionar
notwithstanding > no obstante
notwithstanding > sin embargo
now > ahora
now > ahora bien
nowadays > hoy por hoy
obviously > a todas luces
obviously > obviamente
of course > desde luego
of course > por cierto
of course > por de contado
of course > por supuesto
of course > sin duda
of no use > por gusto
of that sort > por el estilo
of the same type > por el estilo
off the cuff > sin pensarlo
on a commercial basis > con criterio commercial
on a point of clarification > para una aclaracin
on a regular basis > con carcter periodic
on an equal footing > en condiciones de igualdad
on an equal footing > en igualdad de cirunstancias
on an equal footing > en pie de igualdad
on and after July 15 > a partir del 15 de Julio
on and off > a intervalos
on and off > de vez en cuando
on and off > en forma intermintente
on and on > sin cesar
on balance > en ltima instancia
on balance > mirndolo bien
on every account > en todos los aspectos
on its own > por s solo
on its own merits > en su justo valor
on no account > bajo ningn concepto
opportunely > a su tiempo
opposite > contrario a
Pgina 50

Ingles Tcnico I
on no account > por ningn concepto
on occasion > de vez en cuando
on ones own initiative > por iniciativa propia
on or before June 22 > hasta el 22 de junio
on principle > por principio
on purpose > a posta
on purpose > a propsito
on purpose > ex profeso
on rare occasions > una que otra vez
on reflection > pensndolo bien
on reflection > pensndolo major
on second thoughts > pensndolo bien
on second thoughts > pensndolo major
on short notice > a corto plazo
on short notice > con poco tiempo de antelacin
on short notice > con poco tiempo de aviso
on short notice > sin gran dilacin
on that score > por ese lado
on the average > por trmino medio
on the contrary > al contrario
on the contrary > antes bien
on the contrary > por lo contrario
on the face of it > a juzgar por las apariencias
on the face of it > a primera vista
on the face of it > segn las apariencias
on the horns of a dilemma > en la encrucijada
on the horns of a dilemma > entre la espada y la pared
on the instructions of the committee > por encargo del
comit
on the occasion of the wedding > con motivo de la boda
on the oher side of the coin > en cambio
on the other hand > en cambio
on the other hand > por otra parte
on the other hand > por otro lado
on the same basis > en las mismas condiciones
on the spot > en el acto
on the spur of the moment > de buenas a primeras
on the whole > con todo
on the whole > en conjunto
on the whole > en general
on the whole > por lo general
on this occasion > en esta occasion
on this showing > mirando as las cosas
on time > a tiempo
on top of all this > por aadidura
once > una vez
once and for all > de una vez
once and for all > de una vez para siempre
once and for all > una sola vez
once in a while > de vez en cuando
once in a while > una que otra vez
one way or another > sea como sea
openly > a la vista de todos
opportunely > a propsito
so to speak > por decirlo as
somehow or other > de un modo u otro
sometimes > a veces
sometimes > de vez en cuando
soon > en breve
soon > pronto
specifically > en concreto
specifically > especficamente
specifically > ex profeso
spontaneously > por s solo
starting on July 15 > a partir del 15 de julio
still > an
Prof Miram Sitta
or > o
or rather > por mejor decir
other things being equal > en igualdad de cirunstancias
otherwise > de lo contrario
otherwise > de no ser as
otherwise > de otro modo
otherwise > en caso contrario
otherwise > por lo dems
out and away > con mucho
out of doors > a la intemperie
outdoors > al aire libre
overall > total
owing to circumstances beyond our control > por razones
de fuerza mayor
par excellence > por antonomasia
particularly > particularmente
partly > en parte
perhaps > a lo mejor
permanently > en definitiva
positively > positivamente
previously > antes
previously > previamente
provisionally > en principio
publicly > a la vista de todos
pursuant to this agreement > a tenor de este acuerdo
quite the opposite > todo lo contrario
rather > por mejor decir
readily > de buena gana
really > con efecto
really > de hecho
really > en el fondo
really > en realidad
regardless > sin consider
arregardless > sin importar
right away > de buenas a primeras
right from the start > desde un principio
rightly or wrongly > con razn o sin ella
rightly so > con razn
roughly > en lneas generales
seriously > en serio
shortly > en breve
should the contingency arise > a mayor abundamiento
should the contingency arise > por si acaso
should the need arise > en caso de necesidad
should the need arise > en caso necesario
similarly > similarmente
simultaneously > simultneamente
since > desde
so > as (que)
so it seems > as parece
so so > ms o menos
so then > pues
so to speak > como quien dice
so to speak > como si dijramos
thoroughly > completamente
though > aunque
through > a travs
through June 22 > hasta el 22 de junio
through the ages > a travs de los tiempos
thus > as
thus > de esta manera
thus we see > as vemos
time and again > repetidas vece
sto a certain extent > en cierta medida
to a certain extent > hasta cierto punto
to add insult to injury > para colmo de desfachatez
Pgina 51

Ingles Tcnico I
still > con todo
still > con todo y eso
still > sin embargo
straightway > acto continuo
strictly speaking > en rigor
subsequently > en el futuro
subsequently > subsecuentemente
such as > tal como
suddenly > de buenas a primeras
suddenly > de pronto
suddenly > sbitamente
summing up > en resumidas cuentas
summing up > en sntesis
summing up > resumiendo
surprisingly > sorprendentemente
take the case of > tome el caso de
take the case of > veamos el caso de
taking everything into account > a fin de cuentas
taking everything into consideration > en general
tentatively > en principio
that explains it > con razn
that is > en otras palabras
that is > es decir
that is > esto es
that said > dicho esto
the authorized person > al que corresponde en derecho
the competent authority > al que corresponde en derecho
the fact remains > sea lo que fuere
the fact remains that > a pesar de todo
the way things are at present > segn estn las cosas
then > a la sazn
then > acto continuo
then > luego
then > por aquel entonces
then > pues
then and there > acto continuo
there > ah
there and then > en el acto
thereafter > de ah en adelante
therefore > en definitiva
therefore > en este sentido
therefore > por lo tanto
this shows > esto muestra
this shows that > esto demuestra que
to that end > a tal efecto
to that end > con esa finalidad
to that end > con ese fin
to the best of my belief > que yo sepa
to the letter > al pie de la letra
to the limit > hasta ms no poder
to this end > con este fin
to this end > para este fin
to this end > para esto
to top it all > como remate
to top it all > para colmo
to top it all > para remate
to whom it may concern > a quien compete
to whom it may concern > al que corresponde en derecho
together > a la vez
truly > de hecho
truly > de seguro
truly > en realidad
unceasingly > sin cesar
undeniably > innegablemente
under > a tenor de este acuerdo
under > en virtud de
Prof Miram Sitta
to all appearances > a lo que parece

to all appearances > al parecer
to all appearances > por lo visto
to all appearances > segn parece
to all intents and purposes > en realidad
to be on the safe side > para mejor seguridad
to be sure > para estar seguros
to begin with > en primer lugar
to boot > a mayor abundamiento
to boot > por aadidura
to cap it all > como broche de oro
to cap it all > por aadidura
to conclude > para concluir
to continue > para continuar
to crown it all > por aadidura
to cut a long story short > en sntesis
to cut a long story short > en total
to cut a long story short > sin ir ms lejos
to demonstrate > para demostrar
to good purpose > con provecho
to illustrate > para ilustrar
to keep up appearances > por el bien parecer
to look on the bright side > por el lado bueno de las cosas
to make matters worse > por aadidura
to make matters worse > y para colmo
to make up for it > en cambio
to my mind > a mi parecer
to my way of thinking > a mi parecer
to no avail > por gusto
to ones hearts content > a pedir de boca
to ones own advantage > en beneficio propio
to put it in other words > para decirlo con otras palabras
to put it mildly > para no decir ms
to put it more exactly > por mejor decir
to save appearances > por el bien parecer
to say the least > por si fuera poco
to sum up > en breves palabras
to sum up > en definitiva
to sum up > en resumen
to sum up > en sntesis
to sum up > en suma
to sum up > para resumir
to tell the truth > a decir verdad
to that effect > en el mismo sentido
viewed from this angle > bajo este aspect
well > pues
well > bueno
whats more > lo que es ms
whatever happens > de todas maneras
whatever happens > pase lo que pase
whatever happens > sea lo que fuere
when all is said and done > a fin de cuentas
when all is said and done > al fin y al cabo
when all is said and done > despus de todo
when all is said and done > en fin de cuentas
when all is said and done > en total
when required > en caso de necesidad
when required > en caso necesario
whenever > cada que
whereas > por cuanto
while > mientras
willingly > de buena gana
willingly or unwillingly > mal que bien
willy nilly > mal que bien
with all due modesty > dicho sea sin alarde
with all the more reason > con mayor razn
Pgina 52

Ingles Tcnico I
under no circumstances > bajo ningn motivo
under no circumstances > en ningn concepto
under no circumstances > ni por nada
under no circumstances > por nada del mundo
understandably so > con razn
undoubtedly > de seguro
undoubtedly > sin duda
unequalled > sin igual
unequalled > sin par
unintentionally > sin querer
uninterruptedly > a hecho
unique > sin igual
unless I hear to the contrary > salvo el parecer de usted
unless otherwise agreed > salvo pacto en contrario
unless otherwise noted > salvo indicacin en contrario
unless otherwise notified > salvo el parecer de usted
unless otherwise proved > salvo prueba en contrario
unless proved to the contrary > salvo prueba en contrario
unless the contrary be proved > salvo prueba en contrario
unless the council demurs > salvo mejor opinin del consejo
unlike <> a diferencia de
unparalleled > sin igual
unparalleled > sin par
unquestionably > indudablemente
until > hasta
until further notice > por de pronto
until further notice > por lo pronto
until now > a este punto
up to and including June 22 > hasta el 22 de junio
upside down > al revs
usually > en generl
usually > por lo general
usually > por regla general
utterly > desde todo punto de vista
very late > a deshora
Prof Miram Sitta
with good intentions > con buen fin

with good reason > con razn
with malice aforethought > con premeditacin
with no fixed idea > a la ventura
with no fixed plan > a la ventura
with one accord > de consuno
with regard to this matter > a este respect
with that aim in view > con ese fin
with that end in view > con ese fin
with that in view > con tal propsito
with the naked eye > a ojo descubierto
with the naked eye > a simple vista
with this aim > con este fin
with this aim > para este fin
with this aim in view > con tal propsito
with this objective<> con tal propsito
with time > con el tiempo
within > dentro de
within a short time > a corto plazo
within my province > de mi competencia
within the purview of this section > a los efectos de
esta seccin
without a doubt > sin duda
without any beating about the bush > sin ambages ni rodeos
without any reason > sin motivo alguno
without delay > sin demora
without delay > sin dilacin
without further ado > sin ms (ni ms)
without interruption > de una vez
without let-up > sin solucin de continuidad
without question > sin lugar a dudas
without reservation > sin reserve
without rhyme or reason > sin orden ni concierto
without warning > de buenas a primeras
word for word > al pie de la letra
wrong side out > al revs
yet > pero
Pgina 53

Ingles Tcnico I
Model Test
Miriam Sitta
Global I
Tema II
Prof.
I-Lea el texto y responda: (20 ptos.)

1-De ttulo y fuente de donde se extrajo el texto
2-Cmo han llegado los cientficos a la teora del Big Bang?
3-Cundo comenz el proceso?
4-Cundo se detuvieron las galaxias y se quedaron en su lugar?
5-Cul es el problema de la teora del Big Bang?
II-Traduzca el 4to prrafo del texto 25p.
The Big Bang Theory

As technology made deeper glimpses into space possible,
scientists have gathered exciting clues about how the Universe
might have begun. Today, many scientists agree that the facts
support one possible explanation, the big bang theory.
According to the big bang theory, the entire universe started out
as a clump of dense, hot matter. About 15 billion years ago, this
clump shattered in a huge explosion that sent pieces of matter
zooming in all directions. As these pieces flew apart, they formed
the clusters of galaxies that make up the universe.
III-A) Traduzca las siguientes oraciones. Indique el significado del

verbo modal. (posibilidad- capacidad- obligacinetc-) 15 p.
When did the galaxies stop flying apart and settle into place? They
havent! According to the big bang theory, the universe has been
expanding since the moment it began.
1-The universe
In the Milky Way Galaxy, a supernova explosion left behind a

cloud of gas and dust enriched with all the known elements.
About 4.6 billion years ago, gravity caused that cloud to collapse
into a ball at the centre that became the sun. Chunks of the
remaining materials in the cloud began to rotate and collide,
forming larger bodies that finally became planets. Astronomers
think many other stars have orbiting planets that were formed in
the same way.
might begin 15 BYA

should begin
must begin
2-Stars
may have orbiting planets

could have
The big bang theory is an exciting idea. But how could anyone
ever find evidence to support a theory that explains how galaxies
far beyond the Milky Way Galaxy are drifting apart because of an
event that happened 15 billion years ago?
V- Traduzca las siguientes oraciones (25p.)

From: Discover the Wonder- ScottForesman Science. 1996
Glenview Illinois
B) Traduzca las siguientes oraciones e indique en qu tiempo
estn (15 p)
1.
Scientists cant find evidence to support the theory

had to
1)
2)
3)
4)
will be able to
had found
will have to find
Prof Miram Sitta
5)
Technology has made deeper glimpses into space

possible.
The most familiar example of motion with constant
acceleration is a body falling under the influence of the
earths gravitational attraction.
Chunks of the remaining materials formed larger bodies
that finally became planets
Most scientists agree that the Big Bang is the best
theory for explaining how the Universe might have
begun.
The company must analyze the very considerable
expense of setting up a medium range radio navigation
system in a particular area.
Pgina 54

Ingles Tcnico I
Voz Pasiva
1. Se dice que una oracin est en VOZ ACTIVA cuando la significacin del verbo es producida por el sujeto a quien aqul
se refiere:
Pedro de Mendoza founded Buenos Aires.
(Pedro de Mendoza fund Buenos Aires).
2. Se dice que una oracin est en VOZ PASIVA cuando la significacin del verbo es recibida por sujeto a quien aqul se
refiere:
Buenos Aires was founded by Pedro de Mendoza.
(Buenos Aires fue fundada por Pedro de Mendoza).
3. Se forma con el auxiliar del verbo to be y el participio pasado del verbo que se conjuga.
MODELO DE VERBO EN VOZ PASIVA
TO BE SEEN = SER VISTO
PRESENTE
am, is, are seen: soy, es son vistos
PASADO
was, were seen: fue/ era visto, fueron, eran vistos
PRESENTE PERFECTO
have/has been seen: ha/han sido visto
FUTURO
will/shall be seen: ser visto, sern vistos
PRESENTE CONTINUO
am, is, are being seen: estoy,est, estn siendo vistos
PASADO PERFECTO: had been seen, haba sido visto

CONDICIONAL: should be seen, sera visto
FUTURO PERFECTO: will have been seen, habr sido visto
CONDICIONAL PERFECTO: would have been seen, habra sido visto
MODALES
can be seen puede ser visto
could be seen podria ser visto/podia ser visto
must be seen debe ser visto
may be seen puede ser visto
might be seen podra/poda ser visto
should be seen debera/debe ser visto
ought to be seen debera ser visto
can have been seen puede haber sido visto
could have been seen podria haber sido visto/podia haber sido visto
must have been seen debe haber sido visto
may have been seen puede haber sido visto
might have been seen podra/poda haber sido visto
should have been seen debera/debe haber sido visto
ought to have been seen debera haber sido visto
El sujeto agente se expresa con by. Sin embargo, en la mayora de las ocasiones se prescinde del sujeto ya que no nos interesa saber
quin exactamente ejecuta la accin. Si una oracin activa tiene complemento directo e indirecto, cualquiera de los dos
complementos puede ser sujeto paciente de la pasiva:
Prof Miram Sitta
Pgina 55

Ingles Tcnico I
Traducir
PASSIVE 1: A problem is given to me.
PASSIVE 2: I am given a problem (forma pasiva idiomtica)
ACTIVE: I don't like people telling me what to do
PASSIVE: I don't like being told what to do
En ocasiones en las que ocurre algo a veces imprevisto, no planeado o fortuito para la formacin de la voz pasiva se prefiere usar get y
no be:
get hurt, get annoyed, get divorced, get married, get invited, get bored, get lost
Observe los siguientes usos:
Prof Miram Sitta
Pgina 56

Ingles Tcnico I
Traduzca las siguientes situaciones
Passive: It should be noted that any change to the procedure must be recorded in the master file.
Active/ Imperative: Note: When you change the procedure, record the change in the master file.
Passive: Static-sensitive components are stored in protective enclosures.
Active/ Imperative: Store static-sensitive components in protective enclosures.
Passive: The form must be signed by the employee to authorize release of physician information to the insurance company.
Active: The employee must sign the form to authorize release of physician information to the insurance company.
Imperative: Sign the form to authorize release of physician information to the insurance company.
Passive: It should be noted that any modification may seriously impact our present transmission rate and/or our system
production.
Active: Any modification may seriously impact our present transmission rate and/or our system production.
Passive: It is recommended that this new policy be instituted at once.
Active: We recommend instituting this new policy at once.
Imperative: Institute this new policy at once.
Passive: It has been agreed that additional journal and log offloads will be run on production.
Active: We have agreed to run additional journal and log offloads on production.
Imperative: Run additional journal and log offloads on production.
Usos de la voz pasiva

1-
Se usa la voz pasiva cuando la forma activa significara el uso de un pronombre o sustantivo indefinido o ambiguo (People, They,
No one, Nobody, Someone, Somebody, etc) como sujeto por generalizar o porque se desconoce su identidad. (En este caso, se
omite el agente). Ej.
Ive been robbed!

(Passive)
Someone has robbed me! (Active)
The building had to be demolished. (Passive)
They had to demolish the building. (Active)
The windows are cleaned twice a week (Passive)
Somebody cleans the windows twice a week. (Active)
The house was built in 1947. (Passive)
They built the house in 1947. (Active)
2-
El uso de la voz pasiva evita un cambio brusco de sujeto en el medio de la oracin. Ej:
Prof Miram Sitta
Pgina 57

Ingles Tcnico I
The Prime Minister arrived in London last night, and was inmediately besieged by reporters.
The Prime Minister arrived in London last night and reporters immediately besieged him.
3-
Se usa la voz pasiva para que una afirmacin suene impersonal (al dar una orden, por ej.) o cuando debemos decir algo
desagradable. Ej.
This room must be tidied up. = You must tidy up this room.
I dont think this can be done. = I dont think he can do it.
Students are not allowed to smoke. = We dont allow students to smoke.
4- La voz pasiva es usada tambin cuando nos interesa ms el resultado que
el agente que lo caus o porque el agente es demasiado obvio para ser nombrado.
The escaped convict was arrested two days later.

The police arrested the escaped convict two days later.
When it snows in winter, the road is blocked for several days.
When it snows in winter, the snow blocks the road for serveral days.
5-
Sin embargo, algunas ideas pueden expresarse natural y efectivamente de ambas formas. En esos casos, la eleccin depender
de cul es, a nuestro criterio, el foco de inters en la oracin.
River beat Boca yesterday. = Boca was beaten by River yesterday.

El agente
En la mayora de los casos vistos hasta el momento, el agente fue omitido ya sea porque es desconocido, porque es vago o indefinido,
porque es muy obvio o porque deseamos darle un tono impersonal a la afirmacin.
Aunque es mucho menos comn que la voz pasiva sin agente, la construccin by + agente se usa en los siguientes casos:
1-
Cuando la informacin que aportan al nombrar al agente es importante.
The Prime Ministers heart operation was performed by Sir John Smith, the well-known surgeon.
This book was written by Somerset Maugham.
2-
Cuando el agente no es un objeto animado.
We were all shocked by the news of his sudden death.

The explorers were overcome by hunger and exhaustion.
3-
Cuando el agente es un sustantivo fuertemente modificado.
The door was opened by one of the loveliest girls I have ever seen.
4-
Para evitar el cambio brusco de sujeto en la oracin o clusula siguiente:
Children under the age of sixteen are not admitted unless they are accompanied by an adult.
Children under the age of sixteen are not admitted unless an adult accompanies them.
Prof Miram Sitta
Pgina 58

Ingles Tcnico I
Traduccin
a) Traduccin Reflexiva:
Cuando no existe agente.
Ive been robbed!
Me robaron!
The windows are cleaned twice a week.
Las ventanas se lavan dos veces a la semana.
I dont think this can be done.
No creo que esto se pueda hacer.
Students are not allowed to smoke.
No se permite que los alumnos fumen.
When it snows in winter, the road is blocked for several days.
Cuando nieva, en invierno, la ruta se bloquea por varios das.
The machine is stopped by pressing a button.
La mquina se detiene apretando un botn.
This programme is broadcast every Sunday.
Este programa se emite los domingos.
a)
Traduccin en voz activa: El agente se convierte en Sujeto.
1-Cuando el agente no es un objeto animado.

We were all shocked by the news of his sudden death.
Nos impact la noticia de su sbita muerte.
The explorers were overcome by hunger and exhaustion.
El hambre y el cansancio vencieron a los exploradores.
2-Cuando se trata de rdenes impersonales.
This room must be tidied up.
Deben/Hay que limpiar esta habitacin.
The building had to be demolished.
Tuvieron que demoler el edificio.
b)
Traduccin literal:
1-Cuando lleva el agente.

Much of London was destroyed by the fire in the seventeenth century.
Gran parte de Londres fue destruida por el fuego en el siglo diecisiete.
The Prime Ministers heart operation was performed by Sir John Smith, the well-known surgeon.
La operacin de corazn del Primer Ministro fue realizada por Sir John Smith, el famoso cirujano.
Children under the age of sixteen are not admitted unless they are accompanied by an adult.
No se admiten chicos menores de 16 a menos que sean acompaados por un adulto.
Prof Miram Sitta
Pgina 59

Ingles Tcnico I
This book was written by Somerset Maugham.
Este libro fue escrito por Somerset Maugham.
2-Cuando no lleva agente pero indica un estado y no una accin.

All the new models of this car will be equipped with safety belts.
Todos los modelos nuevos de este auto estarn equipados con cinturones de seguridad.
America was discovered at the end of the fifteenth century.
America fue descubierta a fines del siglo quince.
Look up the words which are underlined.
Busquen las palabras que estn subrayadas.
The house is already sold.
La casa ya est vendida. = La casa ya se vendi.
Your coat is torn.
Tu abrigo est roto.
3-Cuando la traduccin reflexiva cambiara el sentido de la afirmacin.
The escaped convict was arrested two days later
El convicto fugado fue arrestado dos das despus.
The prisoner was executed in December.
El prisionero fue ejecutado en Diciembre.
John F. Kennedy was killed in Dallas.
John F. Kennedy fue asesinado en Dallas.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Galileo Galilei was forced to resign, but found a new teaching position at Padua.
This spacecraft was destroyed attempting to enter Mars atmosphere.
No progress was made in answering questions like these.
Scientific theories are created to explain the results of experiments that were created under certain conditions.
It was considered a major advance.
You are given m1, x1, and x2 and are asked to find m2 and F.
Two equal forces that act in opposite directions but not necessarily along the same line are called a force couple.
It has been handed in and graded.
The crown had been made of adulterated gold.
Blood pressure has historically been measured in millimeters of mercury.
Ejercicios de traduccin
CLASSIFICATION OF FORGING P ROCESSES
Forging processes can be classified by the degree to which the flow of the material is constrained during the process. There are three major
classifications in forging manufacture. Open die forging, in which the work is compressed between two die that do not constrain the work
during the process. Impression die forging, cavities within the die restrict metal flow during compression of the part, causing the material
to deform into a desired geometric shape. Some material in impression die forging is not constrained by the cavities and flows outward
from the die, this material is called flash. In industrial forging a subsequent trimming operation will be performed to remove the flash. The
third type of forging is flashless forging. In flashless forging manufacture the entire work piece is contained within the die in such a way
that no material can flow out of the die cavity during the compression of the part, hence no flash is produced.
Prof Miram Sitta
Pgina 60

Ingles Tcnico I
How Cars Are Made
The process of planning, manufacturing and distributing cars is a lengthy and detailed
one. From the first inspiration to your drive away, a lot of thought, effort and money go
into producing the world's most famous, unique and popular cars.
Planning starts 3 to 4 years in advance and goals are made with consideration of what
customers will want and how society will change in the future. Careful attention must be
paid to what people's lifestyles and preferences will be in the future.
Once these needs are determined sketches of the cars are prepared, with detail paid to
the outside shape and inside shape and colour. After these sketches are finalised,
computer generated 3D images are made and actual clay size models are made. From
these models a single design is chosen and further designs are created for the interior and
exterior furnishings. Designs are also created for the basic functions of the car such as the
engine and brakes. Prototypes are then made to the design and different tests are
performed to ensure the safety of the car.
The production of the car usually follows a standard process:
Stamping - The steel sheet is cut according to the size of the part and is bent and
cut in a stamping machine.
Welding - The stamped parts are heated and melted to be joined together.
Painting - The cars are painted with 3 coats.
Making the Engine - Parts are made by casting and forging. These parts are then
used to assemble the engine and suspension.
Assembly - The parts are attached according to the customer's orders.
Inspections - These are made on the brakes, windshield wipers and other parts.
Once all of these steps are completed, the cars are shipped to destinations around the
world. They are then distributed for sale through the internet and car yards, and for hire
through car rental companies.
Prof Miram Sitta
Pgina 61

Ingles Tcnico I
EL IMPERATIVO
El imperativo se forma simplemente con: el infinitivo del verbo sin to
Persona
Conjugacin
2 persona del singular

You (t)
run
(corre)
2 persona del singular

You (vosotros)
run
(corran)
Slo existe la conjugacin de la segunda persona tanto del singular como la del plural.
Hay que destacar que las oraciones de imperativo carecen de sujeto.
AMPLIACIN DEL IMPERATIVO : LET
Con el verbo auxiliar Let (permitir, dejar) se puede formar un equivalente al imperativo para la primera persona y la tercera
persona:
Conjugacin
Significado
Let me run
permitirme correr
Let him run

Let her run
Let it run
permitirle correr
Let us run
corramos
Let them rum
permitirlos correr
En la prctica la formula Let us es mucho ms usada que el resto.

CONTRACCIONES
Sin contraccin
Let us
Contrado
Let's
LA NEGACIN DEL IMPERATIVO
Para el imperativo original la negacin se construye anteponiendo do notantes del verbo conjugado en imperativo.
Prof Miram Sitta
Pgina 62

Ingles Tcnico I
Estructura:
do not + verbo en infinitivo sin to
do not eat meat on Fridays
No comas carne los viernes
Para la formas aadidas con let se forma colocando el adverbio not antes del verbo pleno:
Let's not play
No juguemos
CONTRACCIONES
Sin contraccin
do not
Contrado
don't
LA CORTESA
El uso del imperativo en ciertas situaciones puede sonar descorts. Con la palabra
please (por favor)
se aumenta notablemente el grado de cortesa de la oracin.
Afirmativa:
please + verbo en infinitivo sin to
please come in
por favor entre
Negativa:
please + do not + verbo en infinitivo sin to
please do not come in
por favor no entre
USO DEL IMPERATIVO
El imperativo se utiliza para
Dar ordenes o instrucciones
Come back!
Vuelve!
Dar consejos
Don't swim after eating
No te baes despus de comer
Prof Miram Sitta
Pgina 63

Ingles Tcnico I
Your telescope is designed to give you years of fun and rewarding observations. However, there are a few things to consider
before using your telescope that will ensure your safety and protect your equipment.
Warning
Never look directly at the sun with the naked eye or with a telescope (unless you have the proper solar
filter). Permanent and irreversible eye damage may result.

Never use your telescope to project an image of the sun onto any surface. Internal heat build-up can
damage the telescope and any accessories attached to it.
Never use an eyepiece solar filter or a Herschel wedge. Internal heat build-up inside the telescope can
cause these devices to crack or break, allowing unfiltered sunlight to pass through to the eye.
Never leave the telescope unsupervised, either when children are present or adults who may not be
familiar with the correct operating
Setting up the Tripod

The CGE Pro tripod comes with an all metal center leg brace / accessory tray to give rock solid support to the mount. The
tripod comes fully assembled with a metal plate, called the tripod head that holds the legs together at the top. In addition,
there is a central rod that extends down from the tripod head that attaches the accessory tray between the legs. To set up
the tripod:
1. Stand the tripod upright and pull the tripod legs apart until each leg is fully extended. The tripod will now stand by itself.
Once the tripod is set up, you can adjust the height at which it stands.
2. Loosen the lever on the leg clamp so that the tripod leg can be adjusted.
3. Slide the center portion of the tripod leg away from the tripod head until it is at the desired height.
4. Tighten the levers on each leg clamp to hold the legs in place.
5. Once that it is fully assembled, rotate the tripod so that one of the legs is pointing roughly towards north.
To infinitive
El infinitivo ingls va normalmente precedido de la partcula 'to':

To be / ser
To run / correr
To speak / hablar
El infinitivo expresa el significado del verbo de una manera general, sin referencia a tiempo alguno.
Adems del infinitivo simple, como 'to speak', tambin hay infinitivos progresivo ('to be speaking'), perfectos ('to have spoken') y pasivos
('to be spoken')
USOS DEL INFINITIVO
a.
Como parte de la frase nominal
1. Ncleo de la frase
To prove the vialbility of the Project is the first step the team must take.
To save money now seems impossible
Prof Miram Sitta
Pgina 64

Ingles Tcnico I
2.
Como postmodificador
There is a need to estimate the cost of wind turbines and their installations.
It is possible to calculate very precisely.
3.
- Puede ser sujeto o complemento en una expresin u oracin
To save money now seems impossible

I'ts good to see you
The worse thing is to panic
b.
El infinitivo puede ser usado solo o como parte de una frase verbal.
c.
Puede expresar un deber u obligacin cuando sigue al verbo to be
We began to run
You are not to smoke here

d.
Puede expresar un propsito o la razn por la que alguien hace algo.
He went to England to learn English .

Craig went to the supermarket to buy some chocolate.
e.
Puede ser el complemento u objeto de un verbo, nombre o adjectivo.
She wants to pay

His plan is to keep us in suspense
The group had the privilege to work with Mr. Taggart
I'm very pleased to meet you
Craig's very fortunate to have such good friends
f.
Puede ser usado (sin 'to') despus de 'do' o de un verbo modal auxiliar como 'must', 'may', 'might', etc.
Do you live alone?

I might go to the pub after dinner
g.
Hay verbos en ingls que pueden tener detrs el objeto y luego un verbo en infinitivo (con to).
Tell
I told you to wash your hands.
Invite
She invited me to go to her party.
Allow
They didnt allow us to smoke in their office.
A continuacin algunos de los verbos y expresiones que utilizan este patrn:
Prof Miram Sitta
Pgina 65

Ingles Tcnico I
advise / ask / cant bear / cause / encourage / expect / forbid / force / get / help / leave / need
order / persuade / remind / teach / warn / beg / would like / would prefer
Ejercicios de traduccin
It is important to bear in mind that this project depends on Federal funds.

We have tried to keep everything as simple as possible
It is common to think of current as the flow of electrons.
However, the standard convenction is to take the flow of protons to determine the direction of the current.
A capacitor is a passive circuit element that has the capacity to store charge in an electric field.
To illustrate a parallel relationship between two or more resistors the symbol || si occasionally used.
E-commerce sites use RS (recommender system) to guide visitors through the buying process.
We are still only beginning to use such systems on a large scale.
The site is trustworthy enough to purchase its recommended product.
To accomplish this task, the RS must be built with knowledge from experts.
Sellers also want the RS to deliver an accurate recommendation.
In addition, a RS can bring valuable information to the companys marketers, enabling them to improve their
products, prices and promotions.
A RS can help a business decide to whom to send a customized offer or promotion.
One task is to devise an optimal strategy to select the next question
One reasonable proposal is to minimize customer effort.
This may help to extend the space over which the recommender understands the customers interests.
Consumers can usually say what they need or want the product to do.
Finally, the buyer might even like to suspend the conversation and return later.
Our RS is a classifier that learns" to make good recommendations.
It elicits information from users to determine a location.
Determine the next question to pose to the user.
The purpose of the IE (Inference Engine) is to map the users profile of needs.
To implement the IE, we have used the fuzzy neural net architecture.
The PSE (Product Search Engine) can sort billions of options in real time, allowing searches to be completed online.
The German developer and architect used the Schco system to integrate the modules into the roof.
It has four objectives:

-
To demonstrate that local/regional authorities can implement a significant

part of the EC targets on CO2 and PV, within their own built environment.
To demonstrate that PV can be implemented in a normal but appealing way
when fully integrated in the urban planning and the building process on an
entire housing development site.
To achieve a considerable cost reduction to less than 3.5 Euro/Wp in 2004 in
several member states for the large-scale application of building integrated
PV.
To disseminate the results of the integral approach and to reduce risks
associated with PV to increase the uptake by the traditionally risk-avoiding
building industry.
A new, innovative mounting system is used to integrate the PV panels in the roof.
The whole ethos of the development is to reduce energy consumption and create an exemplary sustainable
development.
PV is still innovative but has to become a standard part of future energy concepts.
Prof Miram Sitta
Pgina 66

Ingles Tcnico I
The nature of energy
The question about what carries the energy seems to be linked to a common conception that energy is like matter: put it in
one end of a pipe and watch it come out the other end. At a truly basic level energy is not like that; it is just an abstract
attribute of a system that, when calculated in appropriate ways, always turns out to be conserved.
There are two valid schools of thought about how one should conceptualise energy and energy transfer, that I will call the
accountants model and the field model.
The accountants view energy solely as a mathematical attribute of physical systems, and it does not need any kind of
conceptual model beyond that. They will tell you that it is a mistake to think of energy as a kind of substance. It is just an
abstract quantity that, when you calculate it properly, always tallies. In this conceptual model energy is nothing like matter, it
is just a mathematical abstraction that expresses some aspects of the behaviour of the natural world. In the case of our
circuit the accountants will answer: Who says that anything has to carry the energy? Thats the wrong question, because all
we have to do is account for changes in energy in a kind of balance sheet the precise location of the energy is not important
and may be unknowable. The accountants attitude is in the same tradition of thinking as the idea of action at a distance in
which, for example, we dont seek to understand how Earths gravity can reach out and grab the Moon (and vice versa). We
just accept as a fact that it does. Similarly we dont ask where the potential energy of the Earth-Moon system might be; it just
belongs to the system. Taking the same conceptual view, it is grossly incorrect to talk of the PE of an electron.Science
If we apply this whole-system, action-at-a distance, model to our simple circuit the question of precisely how energy gets out
of the battery and into the globe is not answerable. End of story
Afijos
Los prefijos y sufijos son letras o grupos de letras que se aaden al principio de una palabra (prefijo) o al final de una palabra
(sufijo) para cambiar el significado y/o funcin de la palabra. Muchos prefijos y sufijos tienen races latinas. La
comprehensin de los diversos significados de prefijos y sufijos puede ayudarnos a determinar el significado de palabras
nuevas que nos encontramos.
PREFIJOS
Prefijos que se aaden a adjetivos para formar otros adjetivos.
1. IN-: independent, incredible...
a) im- (delante de p y m): impossible, immoral
b) ir- (delante de r): irregular, irracional...
c) il- (delante de l): illegal, illogical...
2. DIS-: dishonest, disagreable...
3. UN-: unhappy, unlikely...
Prefijos que se aaden a verbos para formar otros verbos.
1. UN-: undo, uncover...
2. DIS-: disapprove, dislike...
3. DE-: decode, defrost...
4. MIS-: mislead, misunderstand...
5. MAL-: maltreat, malfunction...
6. OVER-: overdo, overcook...
7. UNDER-: underpay, undercharge...
8. FORE-: forego, foretell...
9. EN-: enrich, encourage
a) em- (delante de p y b): empower, embitter
SUFIJOS
Sufijos que se aaden a verbos y nombres para indicar quin realiza la accin.
1. -ER:
Prof Miram Sitta
Pgina 67

Ingles Tcnico I
writer, runner...
a) -or: actor, director...
b) -ar: beggar, liar...
2. -ANT: informant, applicant...
3. -IST: artist, typist...
4. -EE (el que recibe la accin): employee,refugee
5. -EER: mountaineer, engineer...
Sufijos que se aaden a un verbo o adjetivos para formar un nombre.
1. -TION: attention, description...
2. -ATION: justification, information
3. -ING: saving, mailing...
4. -AL: arrival, disposal...
5. -ITY: similarity, curiosity
6. -ACY: accuracy, privacy
7.-ANCE: acceptance,
-ence: existence
8. ISATION: privatisation
Sufijos que se aaden a un nombre para formar un adjetivo o adverbio
1. FUL: beautiful, useful... FULLY: beautifully, usefully
2. -LESS: careless, breathless... LESSLY: carelessly, breathlessly
3. -Y: hairy, crunchy...
4. -LY: friendly, brotherly...
5. -ISH: reddish, girlish...
6. -LIKE: childlike, lifelike
7. AL: magical ALLY: magically
8. ATE: affectionate ATELY: affectionately
9. IC: artistic. ICALLY: artisticically
10. ING: interesting INGLY: interestingly
11. ISED: computerised
12. IVE:expensive IVELY:expensively
13. OUS: industrious OUSLY: industriously
14. ULAR: popular ULARLY: popularly
Sufijos que se aaden a adjetivos para hacer nombres abstractos.

1. -NESS: friendliness, usefulness...
2. -HOOD: neigbourhood, childhood...
3. -SHIP: friendship, township...
4. -DOM: kingdom, freedom...
Sufijos que se aaden a nombres o verbos para formar adjetivos.
1. -OUS: dangerous, famous...
a) -ious: ambitious, furious
ADJETIVOS VERBALES
1. -ED (participio de pasado como adjetivo verbal; sufre la accin del verbo): bored, tired...
2. -ING (participio de presente como adjetivo verbal; causa la accin del verbo): boring, tiring, loving
Prof Miram Sitta
Pgina 68

Ingles Tcnico I
(PREFIJOS COMUNES)
Los cuatro prefijos ms comunes estn en negrita. Estos cuatro prefijos representan la gran mayora de palabras con prefijo
en ingls impreso.
Prefijo
Significado
Ejemplo
Traduccin
a-, an-
sin
atypical
atpico
after
despus
afterthought
anti-
contra/opuesto
antihero
antihroe
auto-
s mismo
autobiography
autobiografa
bi-
dos
bilingual
bilinge
co-
con
codependent
codependiente
com-, con-
con
compassion, conjoin
compasin, unir
de-
separado
detach
separar
de
reducir
devalue
devaluar
di
Dos/dos veces
dioxide
dixido
dis-
no
disintegrate
disintegrarse
dis
opuesto
disappear
desaparecer
down
Hacia un nivel inferior
downstairs
escaleras abajo
e/en/em
Transformar/causar a
enlarge
ampliar, agrandar
ex
Exponer al exterior
exhale
exhalar
extra-
ms
extraordinary
extraordinario
fore
antes
foresee
predecir
hemi
medio
hemisphere
hemisferio
hetero
diferente
heterogeneous
heterogneo
hind
posterior
hindmost
ltimo
homo
mismo
homogeneous
homogneo
hydro
Agua/ hidrgeno
hydrocarbon
hidrocarbono
il-, im-, in-,

no, sin
ir-
impotent, irregular
impotente, irregular
in-
en, dentro de
invert
invertir, poner al revs
infra
Por debajo
infrared
infrarojo
inter-
entre
interact
interactuar
Prof Miram Sitta
Pgina 69

Ingles Tcnico I
macro-
grande
macroeconomics
microeconoma
mal
mal
malformation
malformacin
mega
Muy grande
megahertz
meta
cambio
metamorphosis
metamorfosis
micro-
pequeo
microwave
microonda
mini
pequeo
minibus/ miniskirt
mis-
mal, incorrectamente
misunderstanding
malentendido
mono-
uno
monolingual
monolinge
multi
muchos
multinational
multinacional
neo
nuevo
neoclassic
neoclsico
non-
no, sin
nonexistent
inexistente
out
ms
outnumber
Exceeder en nmero
Out
fuera
outside
afuera
over
demasiado
over-estimate
sobreestimar
over
sobre
overcoat
Tapado (abrigo)
over
A travs
overseas
transocenico
para
Similar a
paratrophic
paratrfico
post-
despus
postscript
posdata
pre-, pro-
antes
prehistoric
prehistrico
pseudo
falso
pseudopodia
pseudpodos
re-
otra vez
reuse
reutilizar
semi
medio
semifinal
semifinal
sub-
abajo
subway
paso subterrneo
super
Por encima
superpower
superpotencia
trans-
a travs de
transport
transportar
tri-
tres
trilingual
trilinge
un-
no
unhelpful
poco servicial, intil
un
Accon opuesta
undress
desvestir
under
insuficiente
undercooked
pocococido
under
debajo
underlying
subyacente
under
Muy poco
underestimate
subestimar
up
Hacia un nivel superior
upgrade
Subir/elevar
Prof Miram Sitta
/minifalda
Pgina 70

Ingles Tcnico I
SUFFIXES (SUFIJOS )
Sufijo
Significado
ejemplo
traduccion
-acy
estado o calidad de
privacy
privacidad
-al
acto o proceso
proposal
propuesta
-ance, -ence
estado o calidad de
appearance
apariencia
-dom
lugar o estado de ser
freedom
libertad
-er, -or
alguien que, uno que
teacher, actor
profesor, actor
-ism
doctrina, creencia
nationalism
nacionalismo
-ist
alguien que, uno que
nationalist
nacionalista
-ity, -ty
calidad de
complicity
complicidad
-ment
condicin de
treatment
tratamiento
-ness
estado de ser
happiness
felizidad
-ship
posicin
relationship
relacin, parentesco
-sion, -tion
estado de ser
procession, education
procesin, educacin
-ate
convertirse en, hacerse,

volverse
placate
aplacer, apaciguar
-en

volverse
harden
-ify, -fy

volverse
terrify
-ize, ise

volverse
harmonize
-able, -ible
capaz de
sensible
sensato
-ful
notable para
beautiful
bonita, preciosa, hermosa
-ic, ical
relativas a
scientific, magical
cientfica, mgico
-ious, -ous
caracterizado por
obnoxious
ofensivo, repugnante
-ish
tener la calidad de
feverish
febril
-ive
tener la calidad de
productive
productivo
-less
sin
hopeless
sin esperanza, desesperado
-y
caracterizado por
lazy
perezoso, vago
Sufijo de verbo
endurecer
aterrar, aterrorizar
armonizar
Sufijo de adjetivo
Prof Miram Sitta
Pgina 71

Ingles Tcnico I
Oraciones Condicionales
Tipo 0:
CONDICIONALES REALES (PRESENTE Y
PRESENTE )
If + S + V. conjugado
Pres. Simple
S + V. conj.
Pres. Simple
1 TIPO:
If + S + V. conjugado
Pres. Simple
Pres. Perf
Can, May, Must
S + V. conj.
Pres. Simple
Pres. Perfecto
Can,
Futuro
CONDICIONALES REALES (PRESENTE Y

FUTURO)
May,
Must
1) If any gas appears in the tube, the test is positive; if no gas appears, it is negative.
2) If a solution of sodium hydroxide is added to a solution of hydrochloric acid, the first will react with the ClH to form
sodium chloride and water.
3) Diffusion may proceed in the same manner through a permeable membrane, if such a membrane is interposed between
an aqueous solution and water.
4) If these factors have been controlled so as to keep the absorbed energy below the threshold for thermal burning, no
visible lesions will develop in the eye.
5) If the radiation dose is increased so as to inactivate viruses and enzymes, the product may undergo changes in colour
and texture
Prof Miram Sitta
Pgina 72

Ingles Tcnico I
LISTA DE VERBOS IRREGULARES
INFINITIVO
PASADO
PARTICIPIO
SIGNIFICADO
arise
arose
arisen
Elevarse, surgir, originarse.
awake
awoke
awoken
Despertar, mover, excitar.
bear
bore
born
Soportar, sostener, tolerar.
beat
beat
beaten
Batir, revolver, golpear, vencer.
become
became
become
Hacerse, tornarse, convertirse en.
begin
began
begun
Empezar, iniciar.
bend
bent
bent
Doblar, inclinar, torcer.
bet
bet
bet
Apostar
bind
bound
bound
Atar, unir, enlazar.
bite
bit
bitten
Morder.
blow
blew
blown
Soplar
break
broke
broken
Quebrar, partir, romper.
bring
brought
brought
Traer, llevar, conducir.
build
built
built
Construir, edificar.
burn
burnt
burnt
Quemar, incendiar.
burst
burst
burst
Romper, reventar.
buy
bought
bought
Comprar
catch
caught
caught
Coger, asir, atrapar.
choose
chose
chosen
Escoger, elegir.
cling
clung
clung
Asirse, adherirse, pegarse.
come
came
come
Venir
cost
cost
cost
Costar
creep
crept
crept
Arrastrarse, deslizarse, pegarse.
cut
cut
cut
Cortar, dividir.
deal
dealt
dealt
Tratar, tener que referirse.
dig
dug
dug
Cavar, ahondar.
do
did
done
Hacer, ejecutar.
draw
drew
drawn
Tirar, arrastrarse, atraer, dibujar.
drink
drank
drunk
Beber
drive
drove
driven
Impulsar, conducir, llevar, inducir.
fall
fell
fallen
Caer, disminuir.
feed
fed
fed
Alimentar, nutrir.
feel
felt
felt
Sentir, percibir, tocar.
fight
fought
fought
Pelear, combatir.
find
found
found
Encontrar, descubrir.
find out
found out
found out
Averiguar, investigar.
flee
fled
fled
Escapar, huir, evitar.
Prof Miram Sitta
Pgina 73

Ingles Tcnico I
fly
flew
flown
Volar
forbid
forbade
forbidden
Prohibir.
foresee
foresaw
foreseen
Prever, prevenir
forget
forgot
forgotten
Olvidar (se)
forgive
forgave
forgiven
Perdonar
freeze
froze
frozen
Congelar
get
got
got (ten)
Lograr, obtener, conseguir.
give
gave
given
Dar, conceder.
go
went
gone
Ir (se), funcionar, resultar.
grind
ground
ground
Moler, triturar.
grow
grew
grown
Crecer, cultivar.
hang
hung
hung
Colgar, Suspender.
have
had
had
Tener, haber.
hear
heard
heard
Or, escuchar.
hide
hid
hid (den)
Ocultar, encubrir.
hit
hit
hit
Pegar, golpear, acertar.
hold
held
held
Sostener, mantener, contener.
hurt
hurt
hurt
Herir, daar, lastimar.
keep
kept
kept
Mantener, guardar, conservar.
know
knew
known
Conocer, saber.
lay
laid
laid
Poner, colocar.
lead
led
led
Guiar, llevar, conducir.
lean
leant
leant
Inclinar (se), apoyarse.
learn
learnt
learnt
Aprender, saber.
leave
left
left
Partir, irse, abandonar.
lend
lent
lent
Prestar
let
let
let
Permitir, conceder.
lie
lay
lain
Tenderse, descansar, estar, situado.
light
lit
lit
Alumbrar, iluminar, encender (se).
lose
lost
lost
Perder, malgastar.
make
made
made
Hacer, confeccionar, producir.
mean
meant
meant
Significar, querer decir pretender.
meet
met
met
Encontrarse, satisfacer.
melt
melted
molten (old)
Derretir (se), fundir(se).
mistake
mistook
mistaken
Equivocarse, comprender mal, errar
misunderstand
misunderstood
misunderstood
Entender mal.
overcome
overcame
overcome
Vencer, superar, sobreponerse.
pay
paid
paid
Pagar, recompensar.
put
put
put
Poner, colocar, exponer.
read
read
read
Leer, descifrar, marcar.
rebuild
rebuilt
rebuilt
Reconstruir
rid
rid
rid
Librarse, zafarse.
Prof Miram Sitta
Pgina 74

Ingles Tcnico I
ride
rode
ridden
Rodar, tener juego, funcionar.
ring
rang
rung
Tocar, sonar.
rise
rose
risen
Ascender, elevarse, levantarse, surgir.
run
ran
run
Correr, funcionar.
saw
sawed
sawn
Cortar con sierra, aserrar.
say
said
said
Decir, afirmar.
see
saw
seen
Ver, observar.
seek
sought
sought
Buscar, solicitar.
sell
sold
sold
Vender
send
sent
sent
Enviar
set
set
set
Instalar, establecer, colocar, fijar.
shake
shook
shaken
Sacudir, lanzar, agitar.
shed
shed
shed
Derramar, esparcir, dejar caer.
shine
shone
shone
Brillar, relumbrar, sobresalir.
shoot
shot
shot
Disparar, emitir, lanzar.
show
showed
shown
Mostrar, exhibir, probar, demostrar.
shrink
shrank
shrunk
Encogerse, disminuir, desaparecer.
shut
shut
shut
Cerrar, impedir, excluir.
sing
sang
sung
Cantar
sink
sank
sunk
Hundir, sumergir
sit
sat
sat
Sentarse, reunirse.
sleep
slept
slept
Dormir
slide
slid
slid(den)
Resbalar, deslizarse, escabullirse.
smell
smelt
smelt
Oler, percibir.
speak
spoke
spoken
Hablar, decir.
speed
sped
sped
Acelerar, apresurarse.
spend
spent
spent
Gastar, consumir, emplear (tiempo).
spill
spilt
spilt
Derramar, verter, divulgar.
spin
spun
spun
Tornear, hilar, hacer girar.
split
split
split
Partir, dividir, separar, reventar.
spoil
spoilt
spoilt
Deteriorar, daar, inutilizar.
spread
spread
spread
Extender, esparcir, propagar.
spring
sprang
sprung
Saltar, soltar, brotar, surgir.
stand
stood
stood
Pararse, tolerar, estar (de pi).
steal
stole
stolen
Robar, escabullirse.
stick
stuck
stuck
Pegar, adherirse, prender, fijar.
stink
stank
stunk
Oler mal, apestar.
strike
struck
struck
Golpear, pegar, estallar.
swell
swelled
swollen
Hinchar, inflamar, engrosar.
swim
swam
swum
Nadar, flotar.
swing
swung
swung
Balancear (se), hacer girar.
take
took
taken
Tomar, llevar.
Prof Miram Sitta
Pgina 75

Ingles Tcnico I
teach
taught
taught
Ensear
tear
tore
torn
Romper, despedazar, rasgar.
tell
told
told
Decir, contar, narrar.
think
thought
thought
Pensar, creer.
throw
threw
thrown
Lanzar, tirar, impeler, arrojar.
thrust
thrust
thrust
Introducir con violencia, empujar, impeler
undergo
underwent
undergone
Sufrir, experimentar, pasar por.
understand
understood
understood
Comprender.
undertake
undertook
undertaken
Emprender, comenzar algo.
undo
undid
undone
Desarmar, deshacer.
wake
woke
woke (n)
Despertar, excitar.
wear
Wore
worn
Gastar(se), consumirse, usar.
win
won
won
Ganar, conquistar.
wind
wound
wound
Enroscar(se), serpentear, girar.
withdraw
withdrew
withdrawn
Retirar, retractarse, quitar.
withstand
withstood
withstood
Resistir, oponerse, soportar.
write
wrote
written
Escribir.
Prof Miram Sitta
Pgina 76

UNIVERSIDAD TECNOLGICA NACIONAL

FACULTAD REGIONAL MENDOZA
DEPARTAMENTO DE MATERIAS BSICAS
INGLS TCNICO I
Global II Modelo
Tema I
VI.
678910-
Prof. Miriam Sitta
Lea el texto y responda: (15 ptos.)

De ttulo y fuente de donde se extrajo el texto
Dnde vivimos dentro de la atmsfera?
En que parte de la atmsfera vuelan los aviones ?
Qu funcin cumple la capa de ozono?
Cmo es el aire en las capas ms altas?
II-Escriba una pregunta para cada oracin en espaol, asegrese de mantener tiempo de verbo, el
gnero y nmero. Use palabras interrogativas tales como: qu cmo cundo etc. 18p
1- Air pressure is the force of the atmosphere pressing down on a particular area.
2- On an ocean beach the weight of the air pressing down on a square centimeter will be 1 kilogram.
3- All over the earth, the atmosphere presses down- on oceans, beaches, hills and mountains
4- Airliners have been flying in the stratosphere to avoid the weather below
5- The ozone layer in not protecting the Earth from the Sun rays.
6- Less air exists above the mountain top than above the beach.
VII.
Traduzca Air Pressing All Around hasta la pregunta Why would the air pressure be different at the top of a
mountain? 25p.
VIII.
Traduzca las siguientes oraciones. Indique el significado del verbo modal. (posibilidad- capacidad- obligacinetc-) 18p.
1- Why
should the air pressure be different at the top of the mountain?

could
must
2- A person
can stand up to a ton of air because the air presses in all directions
may
has to
3- Thats why you
cant feel the weight of air
Prof Miram Sitta
Pgina 77

mustnt
ought to
V- Traduzca las siguientes oraciones 24p.
6) Troposphere is the atmospheres lowest and heaviest layer
7) The air gets colder in the higher parts of the troposphere and there is less oxygen to breathe
8) In the stratosphere the air gets thinner
9) A column of air 30 centimeters square and as high as the atmosphere weighs as much as a small car
10) The air pressure will be lower at the top of a mountain
11) There is less air pressure at the top of the highest mountains
From: Discover the Wonder- ScottForesman Science. 1996 Glenview Illinois
Prof Miram Sitta
Pgina 78

Cuadernillo de Ingleìs Tecnico 1 (Teoriìa) Ingenieriìa

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Universidad Tecnolgica Nacional

Facultad Regional Mendoza

Prof. Miriam Sitta

Universidad Tecnolgica Nacional

Universidad Tecnolgica Nacional

OBJETIVOS GENERALES DE LA ASIGNATURA INGLS

OBJETIVOS PARTICULARES DEL NIVEL I

Conceptuales: Conocer elementos lingsticos necesarios para la comprensin. Reconocer relaciones

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ESTRATEGIAS UTILIZADAS (Comunes a todas las unidades)

Lectura general y lectura analtica de textos propuestos por la ctedra.

Bsqueda en el texto de palabras transparentes, palabras claves y grupos nominales.

Textos tomados de revistas, libros, manuales, catlogos, peridicos, etc.

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EVALUACIN Y CONDICIN DE APROBACIN

CRONOGRAMA Y DESARROLLO DE CONTENIDOS

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vi. 15/04 a 19/04 PRIMER PARCIAL

22/04 a 26/04 Verbos modales. Verbos modales en pasado.

viii. 29/04 a 03/ 05 Comparacin de adjetivos y adverbios.

ix. 06/ 05 a 10/ 05 Uso y traduccin de la forma -ING

x. 13/ 05 a 17/ 05 Nexos y conectores.

xi. 20/ 05 a 24/ 05 PRIMER GLOBAL

xii. 27/ 05 a 31/ 05 Voz pasiva.

xiii. 03 / 06 a 07/ 06 Infinitivo con to. Afijos. Oraciones Condicionales tipo I

Evaluacin Primer Parcial; semana del 15 de abril

Universidad Tecnolgica Nacional

Universidad Tecnolgica Nacional

Universidad Tecnolgica Nacional

La frase nominal en ingls contiene, como mnimo, un sustantivo o pronombre:

Universidad Tecnolgica Nacional

Una nueva tecnologa

The Chinese Los chinos

En otros casos, se debe encontrar la traduccin adecuada en la lengua materna:

All men Todos los hombres

Traducir, identificar frases nominales.

-The key is a film coated with microscopic light- absorbing crystals.

1.1 Pronombres y numerales.

Un pronombre por si mismo puede constituir una frase nominal.

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En esta segunda parte qu tipo de nmeros se explican?

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La mayora agrega "s" al Singular

Hay palabras con plurales irregulares

tooth- diente muela

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Hay sustantivos que son siempre plurales

Algunos sustantivos tienen la misma forma en el plural y

sheep - oveja / ovejas

Cuando terminan en " s/z/x/sh" o "ch", agregan "es" para

6- Cuando los sustantivos terminan en "o" hay dos maneras:

-Si la "o" es precedida por una vocal, agregan "s"

patio - patio trasero

Prof Miram Sitta

7- Cuando los sustantivos terminan en "y", hay dos maneras:

Universidad Tecnolgica Nacional

9- Cuando terminan en "is", cambian por "es"

-Si la "y" es precedida por una vocal, agregan una "s"

8- Algunos que con terminacin en "f " o "fe", cambian