Departamento de ciencias de la energia y mecanica

por sus conocimientos impartidos durante el desarrollo de este trabajo que llegué a concluir. A las autoridades de la Facultad de Ingenierías, en especial al Ing. Raúl Álvarez, Director de la Carrera de Ingeniería Industrial. De igual manera, agradezco a mis padres ya que con su sacrificio incondicional lograron apoyarme en todo lo que necesité para llegar a donde estoy. Muchas gracias a todas las personas que pudieron brindar las facilidades para culminar el mismo. IV DEDICATORIA A Dios por guiarme e iluminarme en cada momento. A mis padres quienes con su dedicación, esfuerzo y apoyo incondicional. A mis hermanos que forman parte importante en mi vida.

Abstract. – The work presented constitutes the design and construction of a lab-scale bioreactor to produce biogas from the organic matter known as biomass. The study involves different factors such as the type of bioreactor, materials for constructions, electronic pressure sensors, temperature and pH, and a blender system used for the agitation of biomass. The device will allow the study of the influential variables such as the carbon-nitrogen ratio, biomass-water ratio, pH and temperature required in different types of existing biomass from Ecuador and their subsequent analysis of factorial statistics. The aim is to optimize these variables to obtain the most efficient performance

In the postprocess of infiltration in the Binder Jetting technology, the permeability (k) and hydraulic conductivity (K) are essential factors in the penetration of the infiltrant within the three-dimensional printing (3DP) model and thus get to improve its mechanical strength. This study experimentally evaluated the influence of 3DP sample thickness, infiltrant type, build orientation, binder saturation and colour of model 3DP on its permeability and hydraulic conductivity. Permeability and hydraulic conductivity were determined based on Darcy's law in a custom-made falling-head permeameter with low-and high-viscosity mineral oils that simulated the infiltrants. In addition, porosity and the pore-size distribution were estimated using the liquid saturation and mercury intrusion porosimetry methods. In decreasing order, the build orientation and binder saturation of the sample showed a statistical significance for k, whereas for K the infiltrant type and build orientation were significant. The cumulative volume curves of intruded/extruded mercury to the 3DP model showed liquid entrapment, and this seems to be related to kinetic effects over mercury extrusion, together with the tortuosity and surface chemistry of the pores in the porous system. More than 90% of the pores detected are macropores (> 0.05 µm); however, the predominance in the absorption of the intruded mercury occurred in pores between 10 and 30 µm.

The policy of Transformation of the Productive Matrix (TPM) created by the Ecuadorian government in 2013 focuses on stimulating the local production, reducing imports in raw materials and finished products. The main aim of this research is to study the status of the convergence among industry, university and government policy in Ecuador through the analysis of the mechatronic engineering curriculum of the Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas-ESPE (ESPE) and its contribution to the TPM in Ecuador. A mixed method research was used in the present study based on the database of the senior theses, graduates' surveys and employers' interviews. The results show a weak convergence between the industry and university in the framework of the TPM. The mechatronic engineering curriculum of the ESPE does not consider either the participation of the Ecuadorian industry by advisory committees, or the feedback of mechatronic engineering graduates from the ESPE.

La búsqueda incansable para hallar una vinculación entre la tecnología y la educación responde a la necesidad diaria del progreso y crecimiento económico y social de un país. Por esta razón el presente proyecto enlaza estos dos elementos fundamentales para la competitividad mundial, enmarcadas en un contexto de educación no formal posibilitando el acceso al aprendizaje de plataformas como son Scratch y Arduino, a partir de experiencias lúdicas las mismas que permiten un acercamiento a la ciencia de la programación. Dichos conocimientos fueron aplicados en proyectos ejecutados por niños y jóvenes de veinte “Casas Somos” ubicadas en el Distrito Metropolitano de Quito. Se obtuvo como resultado una potenciación del desarrollo cognitivo, razonamiento lógico, operaciones lógicas del pensamiento, ubicación espacial de los participantes, quienes propusieron como resultado la programación y diseño de diferentes proyectos enmarcados en la resolución de un problema de la vida cotidiana.

This article analyzes the interrelation between water and energy, taking as a case the analysis of the water flow of the Coca Codo Sinclair Hydroelectric Project. It investigates the case of this emblematic project, where the water used for consumption would decrease the inflow to the driving tunnel, which would risk its power generation capacity. A bibliographic research is used for this purpose. It is concluded that the Chalpi Grande project and the subsequent phases of the Ríos Orientales; and the Cayambe Pedro Moncayo irrigation projects and the Pesillo Imbabura potable water would reduce the inflow rate by up to 11% and, therefore, their energy production, demonstrating the need to plan the use of these resources considering their nexus. Este artículo analiza la interrelación existente entre el agua y la energía, tomando como caso el análisis del flujo hídrico del Proyecto Hidroeléctrico Coca Codo Sinclair. Investiga el caso de este proyecto emblemático, donde los usos consunti...

The objective of this article is to analyze the food transport in Ecuador faced with a possible reduction in the subsidy of diesel, taking as a case study the Metropolitan Public Company Wholesale Marketplace of Quito, in order to identify guidelines for the formulation of strategies in the event of a reduction in the subsidy of this fuel. A bottom-up methodology is applied, which uses a survey as a tool, as well as secondary information generated by the state organizations. It is concluded that this investigation identifies the agro-food transport sector of the Wholesale Market. The median fuel consumption and energy intensity, of trucks that arrive with products at the Quito Wholesale Market, are 31 (l/100 km) and 15 (l/100tkm), respectively. The median percentage of the cost of fuel, with respect to the price of the product, is 1.2%. Meanwhile, assuming that the fuel subsidy was eliminated, and the price of diesel came to cost $ 2.27 USD/gallon; the median percentage of price increase in the product would be 1.6%. However, the low regulation on the sector makes the cost of agri-food more susceptible to a decrease in the subsidy.

In Latin America and the Caribbean, the interrelationships among water, energy, and food are complex, partly due to their development models, which are intensive in their use of these resources. This research aims to recognize and quantify the use of water and energy in food in Ecuador by identifying the main interrelationships, together with their causes and current impacts. Regarding methodology, this research uses sectoral data available at the national level and international databases to obtain cross indexes. The following indicators were sought: percentage of energy demanded by food in different stages, extraction of water for agricultural use, food energy productivity, virtual water, and embodied energy. As a result, it was estimated that food consumes 50% of imported energy and cocoa stands out with 7.6 km3 of water footprint; the products with the highest energy consumption are shrimp with 2090 KBOE and fish with 1459 KBOE. Fishing and aquaculture products present with a si...

este campo tan atractivo. 1.º, cuando se considera un problema específico en esta área, surge la necesidad de realizar trabajo interdisciplinario; esto ha llevado a muchos investigadores a mantener intercambios muy fructíferos con investigadores en campos diferentes al suyo de trabajo original; esto se denomina interdisciplinareidad. 2.º, porque los biomateriales demandan que se estudien en detalle algunos problemas fundamentales que son comunes a varias ciencias, dado que muchas de las dificultades al prepararlos o caracte-rizarlos pertenecen a la físico-química básica o, incluso, a fenómenos matemáticos. 3.º, porque los biomateriales representan un mercado potencial de varios millones de dólares anuales, y cualquier innovación que sea adecuada para resolver un problema específico representa ganancias muy atractivas. El término biomaterial se emplea para describir una amplia gama de materiales usados para aplicaciones biomédicas, la frontera entre un verdadero biomaterial y un aparato biomédico continúa sin definirse con claridad. No obstante, es interesante mencionar que entre los muchos biomateriales, los compuestos basados en el calcio-básicamente Palabras clave Biomateriales, hidroxiapatita, chámicos, biocompatibilidad. Resumen Se presenta un trabajo de revisión en el tema de los biomateriales, enfocando particularmente el caso de cerámicos para sustituir huesos. Se incluye el desarrollo logrado por un grupo de investigación costarricense que ha generado un método nuevo con grandes posibilidades de aplicación en Ortopedia, Odontología y Veterinaria. Los biomateriales y el tejido óseo El estado actual de los biomateriales Los biomateriales se han convertido en un tema de investigación y desarrollo muy activo, para científicos e ingenieros de materiales en todo el mundo, al grado que cada año surgen nuevas revistas especializadas en este tema. Las razones por las que esta área crece tan rápido son complejas, pero se pueden mencionar varios de los aspectos más relevantes de la ciencia y tecnología de biomateriales que hacen

The fullerene molecule belongs to the so-called super materials. The compound is interesting due to its spherical configuration where atoms occupy positions forming a mechanically stable structure. We first demonstrate that pollen of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis has a strong symmetry regarding the distribution of its spines over the spherical grain. These spines form spherical hexagons and pentagons. The distance between atoms in fullerene is explained applying principles of flat, spherical, and spatial geometry, based on Euclid's ''Elements'' book, as well as logic algorithms. Measurements of the pollen grain take into account that the true spine lengths, and consequently the real distances between them, are measured to the periphery of each grain. Algorithms are developed to recover the spatial effects lost in 2D photos. There is a clear correspondence between the position of atoms in the fullerene molecule and the position of spines in the pollen grain. In the fullerene the separation gives the idea of equal length bonds which implies perfectly distributed electron clouds while in the pollen grain we suggest that the spines being equally spaced carry an electrical charge originating in forces involved in the pollination process.