Sutro de la blanka lotuso de la sublima darmo
| सद्धर्मपुण्डरीक सूत्र | |
|---|---|
| |
| mahajana sutro | |
| Aŭtoroj | |
| Lingvoj | |
| Lingvo | sanskrito |
| Eldonado | |
La Sutro de la blanka lotuso de la sublima darmo[1] (sanskrite सद्धर्मपुण्डरीक सूत्र, Saddharmapuṇḍarīka Sūtra), ankaŭ konata kiel la Lotusa Sutro, estas unu el la plej popularaj kaj influaj sutroj en Mahajano kaj la bazo sur kiu la budhisma skolo Tiāntāi estis fundamentita, kaj sur tiu, la skoloj Tendai, Cheontae kaj Nichiren. Ĝi estas konsiderita de multaj budhistoj en Orienta Azio kiel la lasta instruo de la budho Gotamo, kompleta kaj sufiĉa por salviĝo.[2]
Titolo
[redakti | redakti fonton]
La plej frua Sanskrita titolo de la sutro estas Saddharmapuṇḍarīka sūtra, kiu laŭ la traduko de Leon Hurvitz signifas Skripturo de la lotusa florado[noto 1] de la fajna darmo.[3] Aliaj tradukoj de la titolo inkluzivas:
- En Sanskrito: सद्धर्मपुण्डरीक सूत्र Saddharmapuṇḍarīka Sūtra
- En la mandarena: 妙法蓮華經 Miàofǎ Liánhuá jīng, mallongigita kiel 法華經 Fǎhuá jīng
- En la japana: 妙法蓮華経 Myōhō Renge Kyō, 法華経 Hokke-kyō, Hoke-kyō
- En la korea: 묘법연화경 Myobeop Yeonhwa gyeong, mallongigita kiel Beophwa gyeong
- En la tibeta: དམ་ཆོས་པད་མ་དཀར་པོའི་མདོ dam chos padma dkar po'i mdo, Damchö Pema Karpo'i do
- En la vjetnama: Diệu pháp Liên hoa kinh, mallongigita kiel Pháp hoa kinh.
Historio
[redakti | redakti fonton]Formiĝo
[redakti | redakti fonton]En 1934, surbaze de sia kritika analizo de la ĉina kaj la Sanskrita versioj, Kogaku Fuse konkludis, ke la sutro estis verkita en kvar ĉefaj fazoj: la versaj sekcioj de la 1-a ĉapitro ĝis la 9-a, kaj tiu de la 17-a, estis kredeble verkitaj en la –1-a jarcento, kaj la prosaj sekcioj de ĉi tiuj ĉapitroj estis aldonitaj en la 1-a jarcento. Li taksas la daton de la tria fazo, la ĉapitroj 10, 11, 13-16, 18-20 kaj 27, ĉ. la jaro 100. La ĉapitroj 21-26 apartenas al la lasta fazo, ĉ. la jaro 150,[4][noto 2] sed laŭ Stephen F. Teiser kaj Jacqueline Stone, estas konsento pri la fazoj de verkado, sed ne pri la datumo de ĉi tiu fazoj.[6]
Tamura argumentas, ke la unua fazo de verkado, la ĉapitroj 2-9, estis finita ĉ. la jaro 50 kaj plivastigita per la ĉapitroj 10-21 ĉ. la jaro 100. Li datumas la trian fazon, la ĉapitrojn 22-27, ĉ. la jaro 150.[7]
Karashima proponis modifitan version de la hipotezo de Fuse en la jena ordo:[8][9]
- Ĉapitroj 2-9 de la unua fazo, inkluzivante la versoun tristbh de či tiuj ĉapitroj, kiuj kredeble venis el buŝa literaturo en dialekt de Prakrito. La dua fazo estas la versoj kaj prozo śloka.
- La ĉapitroj 1, 10-20, 27 kaj parto de la ĉapitro 5, kiun mankas la traduko de Kumārajīva.[10][noto 3]
- La ĉapitroj 21-26 kaj la sekcio pri Devadato en la ĉapitro 11 de la versio en Sanskrito.
Tradukado en la ĉinan
[redakti | redakti fonton]Tri tradukoj en la ĉinan ankoraŭ ekzistas:[13][14][15][16]
- La lotusa sutro de la ĝusta darmo (正法華経, Zhèng fǎhuá jīng) en dek volumenojn kaj dudek sep ĉapitrojn, tradukita de Dharmarakṣa en 286.
- La lotusa sutro de la mirinda darmo (妙法蓮華經, Miàofǎ liánhuá jīng), en ok volumenojn kaj dudek ok ĉapitrojn, tradukita de Kumārajīva en 406.
- La suplemementita lotusa sutro de la mirinda darmo (添品妙法蓮華經, Tiānpǐn miàofǎ liánhuá jīng), en sep volumenoj kaj dudek sep ĉapitroj, reviziita versio de la teksto de Kumārajīva, tradukita de Jñanagupta kaj Dharmagupta en la jaro 601.[17]
La Lotusa sutro estis unue tradukita el Sanskrito en la ĉinan de la bikŝuo Darmarakŝo en 286 en Chang'an dum la epoko de okcidenta Jin (265-317).[18][19][20] Kvankam la opinio, ke plej verŝajne la baza teksto de tiu traduko estis en dialekto de Prakrito fariĝis akceptita.[noto 4] Ankaŭ estas probable, ke ĝi estis verkita en dialekto de Prakrito kaj posteel tradukita en Sanskriton, por doni respekteblecon al la teksto.[22] Tiu ĉi traduko estis poste refarita en 406 de la skipo de la bikŝuo Kumaraĝivo,[23][24][25] kiu laŭ Jean-Noël Robert ĉefe baziĝis sur la versio de Dharmarakṣa.[26] La versioj en Sanskrito estas ordinare uzitaj nur de fakuloj.[27][28][29][30]
Notoj
[redakti | redakti fonton]- ↑ La lotusa florado aŭ padma estas simbolo de pureco kaj en budhismo kaj en hinduismo.
- ↑ La numerado de la ĉapitroj donitaj en ĉi tiu citaĵo estas laŭ la versio en Sanskrito; la aranĝo kaj numerado de la ĉapitroj en la traduko de Kumaraĝivo estas malsama.[5]
- ↑ En la ĉapitro 5 de la manuskripto en Sanskrito estas rakonto pri blindulo, kiu rifuzas kredi, ke vido ekzistas.[11][12]
- ↑ Jan Nattier diras, ke laŭ la indikaĵoj, oni devas dedukti ke la tekstoj kiuj alvenis al Ĉinio dum la dua kaj trua jarcentoj estis verkitaj en pluraj idiomoj el Barato kaj ne nur en Sanskrito.[21]
Literaturo
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Referencoj
[redakti | redakti fonton]- ↑ Shields 2013, p. 512.
- ↑ Williams 1989, p. 149.
- ↑ Hurvitz 1976.
- ↑ Pye 2003, p. 177-178.
- ↑ Pye 2003, p. 173-174.
- ↑ Teiser 2009, p. 7-8.
- ↑ Kajiyama 2000, p. 73.
- ↑ Karashima 2015, p. 163.
- ↑ Apple 2012, pp. 161-162.
- ↑ Silk 2016, p. 152.
- ↑ Bingenheimer 2009, p. 72.
- ↑ Kern 1884, pp. 129-141.
- ↑ Reeves 2008, p. 2.
- ↑ The English Buddhist Dictionary Committee 2002.
- ↑ Shioiri 1989, pp. 25-26.
- ↑ Weinstein 1977, p. 90.
- ↑ Stone 2003, p. 471.
- ↑ Taisho vol.9, pp. 63-134
- ↑ Karashima 1988, p. VIII.
- ↑ Zürcher 2006, p. 57-69.
- ↑ Nattier 2008, p. 22.
- ↑ Watson 1993, p. IX.
- ↑ Tay 1980, pp. 374.
- ↑ Taisho vol. 9, no. 262, CBETA
- ↑ Karashima 2001, p. VII.
- ↑ Robert 2011, p. 63.
- ↑ Kern 1908-1912.
- ↑ Vaidya 1960.
- ↑ Jamieson 2002, pp. 165–173.
- ↑ Yuyama 1970.
Literaturo
[redakti | redakti fonton]- Hanh, Thich Nhat. (2003) Opening the heart of the cosmos: insights from the Lotus Sutra. Berkeley, Calif.: Parallax. ISBN 1888375337.
- Hanh, Thich Nhat. (2009) Peaceful action, open heart: lessons from the Lotus Sutra. Berkeley, Calif.: Parallax Press. ISBN 1888375930.
- Ikeda, Daisaku. (2000) Wisdom of the Lotus Sutra: A Discussion, Volume 1. Santa Monica, CA: World Tribune Press. ISBN 978-0915678693.
- Niwano, Nikkyō. (1976) Buddhism for today : a modern interpretation of the Threefold Lotus sutra, 1‑a eldono, Tokyo: Kosei Publishing Co.. ISBN 4333002702.
Arkivigite je 2021-03-07 per la retarkivo Wayback Machine
- Rawlinson, Andrew (1972). Studies in the Lotus Sutra (Saddharmapuṇḍarīka), Ph. D. Thesis, University of Lancaster. OCLC 38717855
- Tamura, Yoshiro. (2014) Introduction to the lotus sutra.. [S.l.]: Wisdom Publications. ISBN 1614290806.
- Tanabe, George J.. (1989) ''The Lotus Sutra in Japanese Culture. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 0-8248-1198-4.
- Tola, Fernando, Dragonetti, Carmen (2009). Buddhist positiveness: studies on the Lotus Sūtra, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publ. (ISBN 978-81-208-3406-4).
