User:Y. Dongchen/sandbox

First-group verbs (-er verbs)

French verbs ending in -er, which constitute the largest class, inflect somewhat differently from other verbs. Between the stem and the inflectional endings that are common across most verbs, there may be a vowel, which in the case of the -er verbs is a silent -e- (in the simple present singular), -é or -ai /e/ (in the past participle and the je form of the simple past), and -a- /a/ (in the rest of simple past singular and in the past subjunctive). In addition, the orthographic -t found in the -ir and -re verbs in the singular of the simple present and past is not found in this conjugation, so that the final consonants are -Ø, -s, -Ø rather than -s, -s, -t.

Parler

The verb parler "to speak", in French orthography and IPA transcription

	Indicative				Subjunctive		Conditional	Imperative
	Present	Simple past	Imperfect	Simple future	Present	Imperfect	Present	Present
je	parle /paʁl/	parlai /paʁle/	parlais /paʁlɛ/	parlerai /paʁləʁe/	parle /paʁl/	parlasse /paʁlɑs/	parlerais /paʁləʁɛ/
tu	parles /paʁl/	parlas /paʁlɑ/		parleras /paʁləʁɑ/	parles /paʁl/	parlasses /paʁlɑs/		parle /paʁl/
il/elle	parle /paʁl/	parla /paʁla/	parlait /paʁlɛ/	parlera /paʁləʁa/	parle /paʁl/	parlât /paʁlɑ/	parlerait /paʁləʁɛ/
nous	parlons /paʁlɔ̃/	parlâmes /paʁlam/	parlions /paʁljɔ̃/	parlerons /paʁləʁɔ̃/	parlions /paʁljɔ̃/	parlassions /paʁlɑsjɔ̃/	parlerions /paʁləʁjɔ̃/	parlons /paʁlɔ̃/
vous	parlez /paʁle/	parlâtes /paʁlat/	parliez /paʁlje/	parlerez /paʁləʁe/	parliez /paʁlje/	parlassiez /paʁlɑsje/	parleriez /paʁləʁje/	parlez /paʁle/
ils/elles	parlent /paʁl/	parlèrent /paʁlɛʁ/	parlaient /paʁlɛ/	parleront /paʁləʁɔ̃/	parlent /paʁl/	parlassent /paʁlɑs/	parleraient /paʁləʁɛ/

Non-finite forms:

• Infinitive: parler /paʁle/
• Present participle: parlant /paʁlɑ̃/
• Gerundive: en parlant /ɑ̃ paʁlɑ̃/
• Verbal adjective: parlant(s) /paʁlɑ̃/, parlante(s) /paʁlɑ̃t/
• Past participle: parlé(e)(s) /paʁle/

Auxiliary verb: avoir (arriver, entrer, monter, passer, rester, rentrer, retourner, and tomber use être)

Exceptional contexts:

• When the first-person singular present tense form of the indicative or subjunctive is found in inversion, the writer must change the final e to either é (traditional usage) or è (rectified modern usage), in order to link the two words : « Parlè-je ? », /paʁlɛʒ/, "Am I speaking?" (This is a very rare construction, however.)
• When the second-person singular form of the imperative is followed by its object y or en, a final s is added: « Parles-en ! », [paʁlzɑ̃], "Talk about it!"

Exceptional verbs:

• The verb aller, though it ends in -er is completely irregular and belongs to the third group.
• In -cer verbs, the c becomes a ç before endings that start with a or o, to indicate that it is still pronounced /s/ (je déplace - nous déplaçons); similarly, in -ger verbs, the g becomes ge before such endings, to indicate that it is pronounced /ʒ/ (je mange - nous mangeons).
• In -oyer and -uyer verbs, the y becomes an i before endings that start with a silent e (nous envoyons - j'envoie); in -ayer verbs, the writer may or may not change the y to an i before such endings (je paye - je paie). Additionally, the future and conditional forms of envoyer start with enverr- rather than envoyer-; and similarly with renvoyer.
• In -é.er verbs, the é becomes an è before silent endings, and optionally in the future and conditional tenses.
• In -e.er verbs other than most -eler and -eter verbs, the e becomes an è before endings that start with a silent e (including the future and conditional endings). For example: peler (to peel) -> je pèle (present) / je pèlerai (futur) / je pèlerais (conditional).
• In most -eler and -eter verbs, the writer must either change the e to an è before endings that start with a silent e, or change the l or t to ll or tt. In the rest of these verbs, only one or the other form is allowed. For example: appeler (to call) -> j'appelle (present) / j'appellerai (futur) / j'appellerais (conditional).
• The verbal adjective of following verbs is irregular: adhérer - adhérent(e)(s); coïncider - coïncident(e)(s); confluer - confluent(e)(s); affluer - affluent(e)(s); converger - convergent(e)(s); déterger - détergent(e)(s); différer - différent(e)(s); exceller - excellent(e)(s); diverger - divergent(e)(s); négliger - négligent(e)(s); précéder - précédent(e)(s); violer - violent(e)(s); influer - influent(e)(s); communiquer - communicant(e)(s); suffoquer - suffocant(e)(s); provoquer - provocant(e)(s); naviguer - navigant(e)(s); déléguer - délégant(e)(s); fatiguer - fatigant(e)(s); intriguer - intrigant(e)(s).

Second-group verbs (-ir verbs / gerund ending in -issant)

The -ir verbs differ from the -er verbs in the following points:

• The vowel of the inflections is always -i-, for example -isse in the past subjunctive rather than the -asse of the -er verbs.
• A few of the singular inflections themselves change, though this is purely orthographic and does not affect the pronunciation: in the simple present and past, these are -s, -s, -t rather than -Ø, -s, -Ø. (The change in pronunciation is due to the change of vowel from e, ai, a to -i-.)
• In the simple present, imperfect, the present subjunctive, and the gerund, a suffix -iss- /is/ appears between the root and the inflectional endings. In the simple present singular, this suffix has disappeared and the endings are -is, -is, -it.

choisir

The verb choisir "to choose", in French orthography and IPA transcription

	Indicative				Subjunctive		Conditional	Imperative
	Present	Simple Past	Imperfect	Simple Future	Present	Imperfect	Present	Present
je	choisis /ʃwazi/		choisissais /ʃwazisɛ/	choisirai /ʃwaziʁe/	choisisse /ʃwazis/		choisirais /ʃwaziʁɛ/
tu				choisiras /ʃwaziʁɑ/	choisisses /ʃwazis/			choisis /ʃwazi/
il/elle	choisit /ʃwazi/		choisissait /ʃwazisɛ/	choisira /ʃwaziʁa/	choisisse /ʃwazis/	choisît /ʃwazi/	choisirait /ʃwaziʁɛ/
nous	choisissons /ʃwazisɔ̃/	choisîmes /ʃwazim/	choisissions /ʃwazisjɔ̃/	choisirons /ʃwaziʁɔ̃/	choisissions /ʃwazisjɔ̃/		choisirions /ʃwaziʁjɔ̃/	choisissons /ʃwazisɔ̃/
vous	choisissez /ʃwazise/	choisîtes /ʃwazit/	choisissiez /ʃwazisje/	choisirez /ʃwaziʁe/	choisissiez /ʃwazisje/		choisiriez /ʃwaziʁje/	choisissez /ʃwazise/
ils/elles	choisissent /ʃwazis/	choisirent /ʃwaziʁ/	choisissaient /ʃwazisɛ/	choisiront /ʃwaziʁɔ̃/	choisissent /ʃwazis/		choisiraient /ʃwaziʁɛ/

Non-finite forms:

• Infinitive: choisir /ʃwaziʁ/
• Present participle: choisissant /ʃwazisɑ̃/
• Gerundive: en choisissant /ɑ̃ ʃwazisɑ̃/
• Verbal adjective: choisissant(s) /ʃwazisɑ̃/, choisissante(s) /ʃwazisɑ̃t/
• Past participle: choisi(e)(s) /ʃwazi/

Auxiliary verb: avoir (partir uses être)

Third group

Most verbs of the third group end in -re. A few end in -ir and three end in -er. There are more irregularities in the third group than in the first two.

There is no single pattern that is followed by third group verbs, but rather a number of different paradigms. The verb perdre and its endings are frequently presented as an example for the third group conjugations. See the irregular verb section for more details.

perdre

The verb perdre "to lose", in French orthography and IPA transcription

	Indicative				Subjunctive		Conditional	Imperative
	Present	Simple Past	Imperfect	Simple Future	Present	Imperfect	Present	Present
je	perds /pɛʁ/	perdis /pɛʁdi/	perdais /pɛʁdɛ/	perdrai /pɛʁdʁe/	perde /pɛʁd/	perdisse /pɛʁdis/	perdrais /pɛʁdʁɛ/
tu				perdras /pɛʁdʁɑ/	perdes /pɛʁd/	perdisses /pɛʁdis/		perds /pɛʁ/
il/elle	perd /pɛʁ/	perdit /pɛʁdi/	perdait /pɛʁdɛ/	perdra /pɛʁdʁa/	perde /pɛʁd/	perdît /pɛʁdi/	perdrait /pɛʁdʁɛ/
nous	perdons /pɛʁdɔ̃/	perdîmes /pɛʁdim/	perdions /peʁdjɔ̃/	perdrons /pɛʁdʁɔ̃/	perdions /pɛʁdjɔ̃/	perdissions /pɛʁdisjɔ̃/	perdrions /pɛʁdʁijɔ̃/	perdons /pɛʁdɔ̃/
vous	perdez /pɛʁde/	perdîtes /peʁdit/	perdiez /peʁdje/	perdrez /pɛʁdʁe/	perdiez /pɛʁdje/	perdissiez /pɛʁdisje/	perdriez /pɛʁdʁije/	perdez /pɛʁde/
ils/elles	perdent /pɛʁd/	perdirent /pɛʁdiʁ/	perdaient /pɛʁdɛ/	perdront /pɛʁdʁɔ̃/	perdent /pɛʁd/	perdissent /pɛʁdis/	perdraient /pɛʁdʁɛ/

Non-finite forms:

• Infinitive: perdre /pɛʁdʁ/
• Present participle: perdant /pɛʁdɑ̃/
• Gerundive: en perdant /ɑ̃ pɛʁdɑ̃/
• Verbal adjective: perdant(s) /pɛʁdɑ̃/, perdante(s) /pɛʁdɑ̃t/
• Past participle: perd-u(e)(s) /pɛʁdy/

Auxiliary verb: avoir