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'{{Short description|Series of wars through the 16th to 19th centuries}} {{For|all conflicts between Turkic states and Persian states|Turco-Persian Wars}} {{Campaignbox Ottoman-Persian Wars |state=expanded}} The '''Ottoman–Persian Wars''' or '''Ottoman–Iranian Wars''' were a series of wars between [[Ottoman Empire]] and the [[Safavid dynasty|Safavid]], [[Afsharid dynasty|Afsharid]], [[Zand dynasty|Zand]], and [[Qajar dynasty|Qajar]] dynasties of Iran ([[Name of Iran|Persia]]) through the 16th–19th centuries. The Ottomans consolidated their control of what is today [[Turkey]] in the 15th century, and gradually came into conflict with the emerging neighboring Iranian state, led by [[Ismail I]] of the [[Safavid dynasty]]. The two states were arch rivals, and were also divided by religious grounds, the Ottomans being staunchly [[Sunni]] and the Safavids being [[Shia]]. A series of military conflicts ensued for centuries during which the two empires competed for control over eastern [[Anatolia]], the [[Caucasus]], and [[Iraq]]. {{short description|16th century war between the Ottoman Empire and the Safavid Empire}} {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}} {{Infobox military conflict | conflict = Ottoman–Persian Wars | image = | caption = <!--Map showing Ottoman conquests in [[Azerbaijan]] and the [[Caucasus]] as far as the [[Caspian sea]] during the Ottoman–Safavid War (1578–1590).---> | partof = the [[Ottoman–Persian Wars]] | date = 1514-1918 | place = [[Mesopotamia]] ([[Iraq]]), [[Caucasus]] ([[North Caucasus|North]] and [[South Caucasus]]) | result = Inconclusive | territory = After the [[Euphrates-Tigris Expedition]], the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottomans]] conquer most of [[eastern Anatolia]]. After the [[Ottoman-Safavid War (1532-1555)]], [[Ottoman Empire|Ottomans]] conquer [[Mesopotamia]] & [[Western Caucasus]]. After the [[Ottoman–Safavid War (1578–1590) ]]<nowiki> The [Ottoman Empire|Ottomans]] conquered the entire </nowiki>[[Caucasus]] & [[Northwestern Iran]] | combatant1 = {{flag|Safavid Empire}}<br>[[File:Coat_of_arms_of_Kartli_Georgia.png|22px]] [[Kingdom of Kartli]] (1578-1588)<br>{{Flag|Kingdom of Kakheti}} (1578)<br>{{Flag|Principality of Samtskhe}} (1578, 1582-1587)<br>{{flagicon image|Banner of Guria.svg}} [[Principality of Guria]] (1583–1587) | combatant2 = {{flagicon image|Ottoman red flag.svg}} [[Ottoman Empire]]<br>{{flagicon|Crimea|tatar}} [[Crimean Khanate]]<br>[[File:Kingdom of Imereti coat of arms.svg|22px]] [[Kingdom of Imereti]]<br>{{flagicon image|Banner of Guria.svg}} [[Principality of Guria]] (1578-1583, after 1587)<br>{{flagicon image|Flag of The Principality of Mingrelia (Portolan 1560).svg}} [[Principality of Mingrelia]]<br>{{flag|Principality of Samtskhe}} (1578-1582)<br>[[Shaybanids]] | commander1 = | commander2 = | strength1 = | strength2 = | casualties1 = | casualties2 = }} {{Campaignbox Ottoman–Safavid War (1578–1590)}} {{Campaignbox Ottoman–Persian Wars}} The '''Ottoman–Safavid War (1578–1590)''' or '''Ottoman–Iranian War of 1532–1555''' ({{lang-fa|جنگ ایران و عثمانی ۱۵۹۰–۱۵۷۸|translit=Jange Irân va Osmânī 1578–1590}}) was one of the many wars between the neighboring arch rivals of [[Safavid Empire]] and the [[Ottoman Empire]].<ref>Ga ́bor A ́goston,Bruce Alan Masters. [https://books.google.com/books?id=QjzYdCxumFcC&dq=ottomans+and+safavid+arch+rivals&pg=PA282 ''Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire''] Infobase Publishing, 1 January 2009 {{ISBN|1438110251}} p 282</ref> {| class="wikitable" border="1" ! Name of the war ! Sultan of Ottoman Empire ! Shah of Persian Empire ! Treaty at the end of the war !Victorious Empire |- | [[Battle of Chaldiran]] (1514)<ref>Prof.Yaşar Yücel-Prof Ali Sevim:''Türkiye tarihi II'', AKDTYKTTK Yayınları, 1991, pp 339-340</ref> |[[Selim I]] |[[Ismail I]] |None |The Ottoman Empire |- | [[Ottoman–Safavid War (1532–1555)|War of 1532–1555]]<ref>Prof.Yaşar Yücel-Prof Ali Sevim:''Türkiye tarihi II'', AKDTYKTTK Yayınları, 1991, pp 277-281</ref> |[[Suleiman the Magnificent|Suleiman I]] |[[Tahmasp I]] |[[Treaty of Amasya]] (1555) |The Ottoman Empire <ref>Gábor Ágoston-Bruce Masters:Encyclopaedia of the Ottoman Empire, {{ISBN|978-0-8160-6259-1}}, p.280</ref> |- | [[Ottoman–Safavid War (1578–1590)|War of 1578–1590]]<ref>Prof.Yaşar Yücel-Prof Ali Sevim:''Türkiye tarihi III'', AKDTYKTTK Yayınları, 1991, pp 21-25</ref> |[[Murad III]] |[[Mohammad Khodabanda]], [[Abbas I of Persia|Abbas I]] |[[Treaty of Constantinople (1590)|Treaty of Constantinople]] (1590) |The Ottoman Empire |- |[[Ottoman–Safavid War (1603–1612)|War of 1603–1612]], first stage<br /> |[[Ahmed I]] |[[Abbas the Great|Abbas I]] |[[Treaty of Nasuh Pasha]] (1612) |The Persian Empire |- | [[Ottoman–Safavid War (1603–1612)|War of 1603–1612]], second stage<ref>Prof.Yaşar Yücel-Prof Ali Sevim:''Türkiye tarihi III'', AKDTYKTTK Yayınları, 1991, pp 43-45</ref> ''[[Shah Abbas' invasions of Georgia]]'' (1614–1617) |[[Ahmed I]], [[Mustafa I]], [[Osman II]] |[[Abbas the Great|Abbas I]] |[[Treaty of Serav]] (1618) |The Persian Empire |- | [[Ottoman–Safavid War (1623–1639)|War of 1623–1639]]<ref>Prof.Yaşar Yücel-Prof Ali Sevim:''Türkiye tarihi III'', AKDTYKTTK Yayınları, 1991, pp 78-82</ref> |[[Murad IV]] |[[Abbas I of Persia|Abbas I]], [[Safi of Persia|Safi]] |[[Treaty of Zuhab]] (1639) |The Ottoman Empire |- | [[Ottoman–Persian War (1730–1735)|War of 1730–1735]], first stage<br />''[[Western Persia campaign of 1730]]'' ''[[Tahmasp's campaign of 1731]]'' |[[Ahmed III]], [[Mahmud I]] |[[Tahmasp II]] |[[Treaty of Ahmet Pasha]] (1732) |The Ottoman Empire<ref>{{cite book|last1=Erewantsʻi|first1=Abraham|last2=Bournoutian|first2=George|title=History of the wars: (1721-1736)|date=1999|publisher=Mazda Publishers|isbn=978-1568590851|page=2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FpugAAAAMAAJ&q=tahmasp+1731+lost+war|quote=(...) against Nader's advice, Shah Tahmasp marched against the Turks to force their withdrawal from Transcaucasia. The Ottomans routed the Persian forces in 1731, and in January 1732, the Shah concluded an agreement that left eastern Armenia, eastern Georgia, Shirvan, and Hamadan in Turkish hands.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Tucker|first1=Spencer C.|title=A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East [6 volumes]: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East|date=23 December 2009|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1851096725|page=729|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h5_tSnygvbIC&q=treaty+of+ahmet+pasha+1732|quote=Pursued by the Turks, Tahmasp is decisively defeated in the second Battle of Hamadan. In order to prevent a general Turkish invasion, he agrees to cede the territory conquered by Nadir in 1730 and recognizes all Turkish acquisitions}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=A ́goston|first1=Ga ́bor|last2=Masters|first2=Bruce Alan|title=Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire|date=2010|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-1438110257|pages=415–416|quote=But while Nadir pursued conquests in the east, Shah Tahmasp reopened hostilities with the Ottomans in an effort to regain his lost territories. He was defeated and agreed to a treaty that restored Tabriz but left Kermanshah and Hamadan in Ottoman hands. Nadir was incensed at the treaty (...)}}</ref> |- | [[Ottoman–Persian War (1730–1735)|War of 1730–1735]], second stage<ref>Prof.Yaşar Yücel-Prof Ali Sevim:''Türkiye tarihi IV'', AKDTYKTTK Yayınları, 1991, pp 1-8</ref> |[[Mahmud I]] |[[Abbas III]] |[[Treaty of Constantinople (1736)|Treaty of Constantinople]] (1736) |The Persian Empire |- | [[Ottoman–Persian War (1743–1746)|War of 1743–1746]]<ref>Prof.Yaşar Yücel-Prof Ali Sevim:''Türkiye tarihi IV'', AKDTYKTTK Yayınları, 1991, pp 22-25</ref> |[[Mahmud I]] |[[Nader Shah]] |[[Treaty of Kerden]] (1746) |Indecisive<ref>Selcuk Aksin Somel (2010), ''The A to Z of the Ottoman Empire'', quote: "''This indecisive military conflict resulted in the preservation of the existing borders.''", The Scarecrow Press Inc., p. 170</ref> |- | [[Ottoman–Persian War (1775–1776)|War of 1775–1776]]<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/karim-khan-zand |title = KARIM KHAN ZAND – Encyclopaedia Iranica}}</ref> | [[Abdulhamid I]] | [[Karim Khan Zand]] |None |The Persian Empire. [[Basra]] captured by Persia.<ref name=HMF>{{cite book|last=Fattah|first=Hala Mundhir|title=The Politics of Regional Trade in Iraq, Arabia, and the Gulf: 1745-1900|year=1997|publisher=[[SUNY Press]]|isbn=9781438402376|page=34}}</ref> |- | [[Ottoman–Persian War (1821–1823)|War of 1821–1823]]<ref>Prof.Yaşar Yücel-Prof Ali Sevim:''Türkiye tarihi IV'', AKDTYKTTK Yayınları, 1991, pp 193-195</ref> |[[Mahmud II]] |[[Fat′h-Ali Shah Qajar]] |[[Treaty of Erzurum]] (1823) |The Persian Empire |} Among the numerous treaties, the [[Treaty of Zuhab]] of 1639 is usually considered as the most significant, as it fixed present [[Turkey]]–[[Iran]] and [[Iraq]]–[[Iran]] borders. In later treaties, there were frequent references to the Treaty of Zuhab.{{citation needed|date=December 2016}} ==See also== *[[Ottoman–Safavid relations]] *[[Habsburg–Persian alliance]] *[[Franco-Ottoman alliance]] *[[Ottoman–Hotaki War (1726–1727)]] *[[Persian campaign (World War I)]] *[[Russo-Persian Wars]] *[[Russo-Turkish Wars]] ==References== {{reflist}} ==Sources== {{commons category|Ottoman-Persian Wars}} * Yves Bomati and Houchang Nahavandi,''Shah Abbas, Emperor of Persia, 1587–1629'', 2017, ed. Ketab Corporation, Los Angeles, {{ISBN|978-1595845672}}, English translation by Azizeh Azodi. * {{cite book | last = Sicker | first = Martin | title = The Islamic World in Decline: From the Treaty of Karlowitz to the Disintegration of the Ottoman Empire | publisher = Greenwood Publishing Group | year = 2001 | isbn = 027596891X }} {{Safavids}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ottoman-Persian Wars}} [[Category:Ottoman–Persian Wars| ]] [[Category:Iran–Ottoman Empire relations]] [[Category:Geopolitical rivalry]] [[Category:Ottoman period in Armenia]] [[Category:Early modern history of Georgia (country)]] [[Category:Military operations involving the Crimean Khanate]] [[Category:Early modern history of Iraq]] [[Category:History of Anatolia]] [[Category:History of the Caucasus]] [[Category:History of West Asia]] [[Category:History of Europe]]'