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'{{otheruses}} {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2014}}{{Use British English|date=November 2017}} {{Infobox settlement | name = Bali | native_name = {{nobold|{{script|Bali|ᬩᬮᬶ}}}} | native_name_lang = id<!-- ISO 639 code e.g. "id" for Indonesian --> | image_skyline = {{Photomontage | photo1a = Amed banner sunset.jpg | photo2a = GarudaWisnuKencana head.jpg | photo2b = Tanah-Lot Bali Indonesia Pura-Tanah-Lot-01.jpg | photo3a = Panorama of Bali from Besakih - Mother temple.jpg | photo4a = Snorkeling Pemuteran Bali 2.jpg | photo4b = Listening To The Sound of Peace Under The Sunset.jpg | photo5a = Balinese Dancer (Imagicity 1248).jpg | photo5b = Balinese vrouwen in een processie bij een festival in Ubud, -7 Aug. 2009 a.jpg | photo5c = Balinese girl with offering.jpg | size = 280 | spacing = 1 | color = transparent | border = 0 }} | image_alt = | image_caption = From top, left to right:<br/> Sunset over Amed beach with [[Mount Agung]] in the background, [[Garuda Wisnu Kencana]] monument, [[Tanah Lot]] temple, view from top of [[Besakih|Besakih Temple]], scuba diving around Pemuteran, sunset over [[Kuta Beach]], and various traditional Balinese people activities | image_seal = Bali COA.svg | seal_alt = | image_flag = File:Flag of Bali.svg <!-- please don't change or delete this parameter. --> | nickname = ''Pulau [[Devata|Dewata]]'' (Island of Deities), Island of Gods, Island of Peace, Morning of The World, Island of Hinduism, Island of Love<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/news/bali-to-host-2013-miss-world-pageant/514130 |title=Bali to Host 2013 Miss World Pageant |work=Jakarta Globe |date=26 April 2012 |accessdate=30 December 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130112020324/http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/news/bali-to-host-2013-miss-world-pageant/514130 |archivedate=12 January 2013 |df=dmy }}</ref> | motto = {{Script|Bali|ᬩᬮᬶ ᬤ᭄ᬯᬶᬧ ᬚᬬ}}<br />''Bali Dwipa Jaya'' ([[Balinese language|Balinese]])<br />(meaning: Glorious Bali Island) | image_map = Bali in Indonesia (special marker).svg | map_alt = | map_caption = Location of Bali in Indonesia (shown in green) | coordinates = {{coord|8|39|S|115|13|E|region:ID-BA_type:adm1st_scale:1000000|display=inline,title}} | coor_pinpoint = | coordinates_footnotes = | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = Indonesia | established_title = | established_date = | founder = | named_for = | seat_type = Capital<br>{{nobold|(and largest city)}} | seat = [[Denpasar]] | government_footnotes = | leader_party = [[PDI-P]] | leader_title = [[List of Governors of Bali|Governor]] | leader_name = [[I Wayan Koster]] | unit_pref = Metric<!-- or US or UK --> | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = 5780 | area_note = | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = | population_total = 4225384 | population_as_of = 2014 | population_footnotes = | population_density_km2 = auto | population_note = | demographics_type1 = Demographics | demographics1_footnotes = <!-- for references: use<ref> tags --> | demographics1_title1 = [[Ethnic groups]]<ref name=census2010>[http://sp2010.bps.go.id/index.php/site/tabel?tid=321&wid=0 Penduduk Menurut Wilayah dan Agama yang Dianut] (2010 Census). bps.go.id</ref> | timezone1 = [[Time in Indonesia|WITA]] | utc_offset1 = +08 | postal_code_type = | postal_code = | area_code = | area_code_type = | registration_plate = [[Vehicle registration plates of Indonesia|DK]] | blank_name_sec1 = [[Human Development Index|HDI]] | blank_info_sec1 = {{increase}} 0.743 ({{fontcolor|green|High}})|Development Index|<nowiki>5th out of 34]] (2017) province of Indonesia</nowiki> | website = [http://www.baliprov.go.id/ www.baliprov.go.id] | footnotes = | type = [[Provinces of Indonesia|Province]] | leader_title2 = Vice Governor | leader_name2 = Tjokorda Oka A. A. Sukawati | demographics1_info1 = {{ublist|item_style=white-space:nowrap;|[[Balinese people|Balinese]] (90%) |[[Javanese people|Javanese]] (7%) |[[Bali Aga|Baliaga]] (1%) |[[Madurese people|Madurese]] (1%)}} | demographics1_title2 = Religion<ref> {{cite book | publisher = Institute of Southeast Asian Studies | title = Indonesia's Population: Ethnicity and Religion in a Changing Political Landscape | year = 2003|isbn=9812302123|author1=Suryadinata, Leo |author2=Arifin, Evi Nurvidya |author3=Ananta, Aris |lastauthoramp=yes }}</ref> | demographics1_info2 = {{ublist|item_style=white-space:nowrap; |[[Hinduism|Hindu]] (83.5%) |[[Islam|Muslim]] (13.4%) |[[Christianity|Christian]] (2.5%) |[[Buddhist]] (0.5%)}} | demographics1_title3 = Languages<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bali.com/bali-languages-translation.html|title=Languages Spoken in Bali|last=bali.com|website=www.bali.com|language=en|access-date=2018-09-16}}</ref> | demographics1_info3 = {{ublist|item_style=white-space:nowrap; |[[Indonesian language|Indonesian]] {{small|(official)}} |[[Balinese language|Balinese]] |[[Balinese Malay]] |[[English Language|English]]}} }} {{Infobox islands | name = Bali (island) | image name = BaliLandsat001.jpg | image caption = Bali Island, Indonesia | locator map = | native name = {{Script|Bali|ᬧᬸᬮᭁ​ᬩᬮᬶ}} | native name link = Balinese language | coordinates = | archipelago = [[Lesser Sunda Islands]] | area km2 = 5636 |area footnotes=<ref>{{cite web|title=Luas Wilayah dan Letak Geografis Pulau Bali dan Kabupaten/Kota Tahun 2013|url=http://bali.bps.go.id/tabel_detail.php?ed=601001&od=1&id=1|website=BPS Provinsi Bali|accessdate=31 August 2014|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903191238/http://bali.bps.go.id/tabel_detail.php?ed=601001&od=1&id=1|archivedate=3 September 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref> | length km = 145 | length footnotes = | width km = 80 | width footnotes = | highest mount = [[Mount Agung]] | elevation m = 3,148 | country = Indonesia | country admin divisions title = [[Provinces of Indonesia|Province]] | country admin divisions = Bali | country largest city = [[Denpasar]] | country largest city population = 834,881 | population = | population as of = | density km2 = | ethnic groups = [[Balinese people|Balinese]], [[Javanese people|Javanese]], [[Sasak]] }} {{Balinese script}} '''Bali''' ([[Balinese language|Balinese]]: {{script|Bali|ᬩᬮᬶ}}) is a [[Provinces of Indonesia|province]] of [[Indonesia]] and an [[List of islands of Indonesia|island]] on the westernmost of the [[Lesser Sunda Islands]] east of [[Java]] and west of [[Lombok]]. The province includes the island of Bali and a few smaller neighbouring islands, notably [[Nusa Penida]], [[Nusa Lembongan]] and [[Nusa Ceningan]]. Its capital and largest city is [[Denpasar]]. With a population of 4,225,000 as of January 2014,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2012/12/17/bali-faces-population-boom-now-home-42-million-residents.html |title=Bali faces population boom, now home to 4.2 million residents |publisher=Bali Daily via The Jakarta Post |author=Ni Komang Erviani|date=17 December 2012 |accessdate=30 December 2012}}</ref> the province is home to most of [[Hinduism in Indonesia|Indonesia's Hindu minority]]. According to the 2010 Census, 83.5% of Bali's population adhered to [[Balinese Hinduism]],<ref name=census2010/> followed by 13.4% [[Muslim]], [[Christianity]] at 2.5% and [[Buddhism]] 0.5%.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sp2010.bps.go.id/index.php/site/tabel?tid=321&wid=5100000000 |title=Penduduk Menurut Wilayah dan Agama yang Dianut |trans-title=Population by Region and Religion Bali Province |publisher=Badan Pusat Statistik |work=Sensus Penduduk 2010 }}</ref> Bali is Indonesia's main tourist destination, which has seen a significant rise in tourists since the 1980s.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y17MAgAAQBAJ|title=Bali: A Paradise Created|last=Vickers|first=Adrian|date=2013-08-13|publisher=Tuttle Publishing|isbn=9781462900084|language=en}}</ref> Tourism-related business makes up 80% of its economy.<ref name="tourism"/> It is renowned for its highly developed arts, including traditional and modern dance, sculpture, painting, leather, metalworking and music. The Indonesian International Film Festival is held every year in Bali. In March 2017, [[TripAdvisor]] named Bali as the world's top destination in its Traveller's Choice award.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/travel/news/article.cfm?c_id=7&objectid=11823142|title=Bali named as best destination in the world by TripAdvisor|work=Nzherald.co.nz|date=March 22, 2017|accessdate=April 30, 2017}}</ref> Bali is part of the [[Coral Triangle]], the area with the highest biodiversity of marine species.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-wDJBQAAQBAJ|title=Arguments for Protected Areas: Multiple Benefits for Conservation and Use|last=Dudley|first=Nigel|last2=Stolton|first2=Sue|date=2010-08-12|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781136542923|language=en}}</ref> In this area alone, over 500 reef-building coral species can be found. For comparison, this is about seven times as many as in the entire [[Caribbean]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://coralreef.noaa.gov/aboutcorals/facts/coral_species.html |title=Species diversity by ocean basin |publisher=NOAA Coral Reef Conservation Program |date=9 May 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512230756/http://coralreef.noaa.gov/aboutcorals/facts/coral_species.html |archivedate=12 May 2014 |df=dmy }}</ref> Most recently, Bali was the host of the [[Miss World 2013]] and 2018 [[Annual Meetings of the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank Group]]. Bali is the home of the [[Subak (irrigation)|Subak]] irrigation system, a [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2012-06-27/an-balis-subak-world-heritage-listed/4096016|title=World heritage listing for Bali's 'Subak' tradition|last=Evans|first=Kate|date=2012-06-27|work=ABC News|access-date=2017-09-14|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|language=en-AU}}</ref> It is also home to a unified confederation of kingdoms composed of 10 traditional royal Balinese houses, where each house rules a specific geographic area. The confederation is the successor of the [[Bali Kingdom]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CdUjWa2ufOQC|title=Society and Change in Bali Nyonga: Critical Perspectives|last=Fokwang|first=Jude Thaddeus Dingbobga|last2=Langmia|first2=Kehbuma|date=2011|publisher=African Books Collective|year=|isbn=9789956579396|location=|pages=1|language=en|chapter=Introduction:Society and culture in early 21st century Bali}}</ref> The royal houses are not recognised by the government of Indonesia; however, they originate before [[Dutch East Indies|Dutch colonisation]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m3Gfir3Ju70C|title=The Dark Side of Paradise: Political Violence in Bali|last=Robinson|first=Geoffrey|date=1995|publisher=Cornell University Press|isbn=0801481724|language=en}}</ref> ==History== {{main|History of Bali}} ===Ancient=== Bali was inhabited around 2000 BC by [[Austronesian people]] who migrated originally from Southeast Asia and [[Oceania]] through [[Maritime Southeast Asia]].<ref>[[#Taylor|Taylor]], pp. 5, 7</ref><ref name=Hinzler/> Culturally and linguistically, the Balinese are closely related to the people of the Indonesian archipelago, Malaysia, the Philippines and Oceania.<ref name=Hinzler/> Stone tools dating from this time have been found near the village of Cekik in the island's west.<ref>[[#Taylor|Taylor]], p. 12</ref><ref name=Lonely/> In ancient Bali, nine Hindu sects existed, namely [[Pashupata Shaivism|Pasupata]], Bhairawa, Siwa Shidanta, Waisnawa, Bodha, [[Brahma]], Resi, Sora and [[Ganapatya]]. Each sect revered a specific deity as its personal Godhead.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/04/28/the-birthplace-balinese-hinduism.html |title=The birthplace of Balinese Hinduism |work=The Jakarta Post |date=28 April 2011 |accessdate=30 December 2012}}</ref> Inscriptions from 896 and 911 do not mention a king, until 914, when Sri Kesarivarma is mentioned. They also reveal an independent Bali, with a distinct dialect, where [[Buddhism]] and [[Sivaism]] were practiced simultaneously. [[Mpu Sindok]]'s great-granddaughter, [[Mahendradatta]] (Gunapriyadharmapatni), married the Bali king [[Udayana Warmadewa]] (Dharmodayanavarmadeva) around 989, giving birth to [[Airlangga]] around 1001. This marriage also brought more [[Hinduism]] and Javanese culture to Bali. Princess Sakalendukirana appeared in 1098. Suradhipa reigned from 1115 to 1119, and Jayasakti from 1146 until 1150. Jayapangus appears on inscriptions between 1178 and 1181, while Adikuntiketana and his son Paramesvara in 1204.<ref name=indianized>{{Cite book | last = Cœdès | first = George | authorlink = Georges Coedès | title = The Indianized states of Southeast Asia | publisher = University of Hawaii Press | year = 1968 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=iDyJBFTdiwoC | isbn =9780824803681 }}</ref>{{rp|129,144,168,180}} Balinese culture was strongly influenced by Indian, Chinese, and particularly [[Hindu]] culture, beginning around the 1st century AD. The name ''Bali dwipa'' ("Bali island") has been discovered from various inscriptions, including the Blanjong pillar inscription written by [[Sri Kesari Warmadewa]] in 914 AD and mentioning '''Walidwipa'''. It was during this time that the people developed their complex irrigation system ''[[Subak (irrigation)|subak]]'' to grow rice in [[wet-field cultivation]]. Some religious and cultural traditions still practiced today can be traced to this period. The Hindu [[Majapahit Empire]] (1293–1520 AD) on eastern [[Java (island)|Java]] founded a Balinese colony in 1343. The uncle of [[Hayam Wuruk]] is mentioned in the charters of 1384–86. A mass Javanese immigration to Bali occurred in the next century when the [[Majapahit Empire]] fell in 1520.<ref name=indianized/>{{rp|234,240}} Bali's government then became an independent collection of Hindu kingdoms which led to a Balinese national identity and major enhancements in culture, arts, and economy. The nation with various kingdoms became independent for up to 386 years until 1906, when the Dutch subjugated and repulsed the natives for economic control and took it over.<ref>Barski, p.46</ref> [[File:Semarapura, Bali 1555.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|Kandapat Sari statue in Semarapura, one of the old settlements in Bali. Historically, Balinese art and culture is born and based in this town.]] ===Portuguese contacts=== The first known [[European ethnic groups|European]] contact with Bali is thought to have been made in 1512, when a Portuguese expedition led by Antonio Abreu and [[Francisco Serrão]] sighted its northern shores. It was the first expedition of a series of bi-annual fleets to the Moluccas, that throughout the 16th century usually traveled along the coasts of the Sunda Islands. Bali was also mapped in 1512, in the chart of Francisco Rodrigues, aboard the expedition.<ref>{{cite book | last = Cortesão | first = Jaime | title = Esparsos, Volume III | publisher = Universidade de Coimbra Biblioteca Geral | year = 1975 | location = Coimbra | page = 288 }} "...''passing the island of 'Balle', on whose heights the nau Sabaia, of Francisco Serrão, was lost''" – from Antonio de Abreu, and in [[João de Barros]] and Antonio Galvão's chronicles. [https://books.google.com/books?id=2PbNS0LHn60C&pg=PA288]</ref> In 1585, a ship foundered off the [[Bukit Peninsula]] and left a few Portuguese in the service of [[Dewa Agung]].<ref>Hanna, Willard A. (2004) ''Bali Chronicles''. Periplus, Singapore, {{ISBN|0-7946-0272-X}}, p. 32</ref> ===Dutch East Indies=== [[File:1906 Puputan monument in Denpasar.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|right|Puputan monument]] In 1597, the Dutch explorer [[Cornelis de Houtman]] arrived at Bali, and the [[Dutch East India Company]] was established in 1602. The Dutch government expanded its control across the Indonesian archipelago during the second half of the 19th century (see [[Dutch East Indies]]). Dutch political and economic control over Bali began in the 1840s on the island's north coast, when the Dutch pitted various competing Balinese realms against each other.<ref name="ctpqur"/> In the late 1890s, struggles between Balinese kingdoms in the island's south were exploited by the Dutch to increase their control. In June 1860, the famous Welsh naturalist, [[Alfred Russel Wallace]], travelled to Bali from Singapore, landing at Buleleng on the north coast of the island. Wallace's trip to Bali was instrumental in helping him devise his [[Wallace Line]] theory. The Wallace Line is a faunal boundary that runs through the strait between Bali and [[Lombok]]. It has been found to be a boundary between species. In his travel memoir ''[[The Malay Archipelago]],'' Wallace wrote of his experience in Bali, of which has strong mention of the [[Subak (irrigation)|unique Balinese irrigation methods]]: <blockquote>I was both astonished and delighted; for as my visit to Java was some years later, I had never beheld so beautiful and well-cultivated a district out of Europe. A slightly undulating plain extends from the seacoast about {{convert|10|or|12|mi|km|spell=in|abbr=off}} inland, where it is bounded by a fine range of wooded and cultivated hills. Houses and villages, marked out by dense clumps of [[coconut palms]], [[tamarind]] and other fruit trees, are dotted about in every direction; while between them extend luxurious rice-grounds, watered by an elaborate system of irrigation that would be the pride of the best cultivated parts of Europe.<ref>{{cite book|last=Wallace|first=Alfred Russel|title=The Malay Archipelago|year=1869|isbn=9780794605636|page=116}}</ref> </blockquote> The Dutch mounted large naval and ground [[Dutch intervention in Bali (1906)|assaults at the Sanur region]] in 1906 and were met by the thousands of members of the royal family and their followers who rather than yield to the superior Dutch force committed ritual suicide (''[[puputan]]'') to avoid the humiliation of surrender.<ref name="ctpqur" /> Despite Dutch demands for surrender, an estimated 200 Balinese killed themselves rather than surrender.<ref>[[#Haer|Haer]], p. 38.</ref> In the [[Dutch intervention in Bali (1908)|Dutch intervention in Bali]], a similar mass suicide occurred in the face of a Dutch assault in [[Klungkung]]. Afterward the Dutch governors exercised administrative control over the island, but local control over religion and culture generally remained intact. Dutch rule over Bali came later and was never as well established as in other parts of Indonesia such as Java and [[Maluku Islands|Maluku]]. In the 1930s, anthropologists [[Margaret Mead]] and [[Gregory Bateson]], artists [[Miguel Covarrubias]] and [[Walter Spies]], and musicologist [[Colin McPhee]] all spent time here. Their accounts of the island and its peoples created a western image of Bali as "an enchanted land of [[aesthetes]] at peace with themselves and nature." Western tourists began to visit the island.<ref name=Friend>Friend, Theodore. ''Indonesian Destinies'', Harvard University Press, 2003 {{ISBN|0-674-01137-6}}, p. 111.</ref> The sensuous image of Bali was enhanced in the West by a quasi-pornographic 1932 documentary ''Virgins of Bali'' about a day in the lives of two teenage Balinese girls whom the film's narrator Deane Dickason notes in the first scene "bathe their shamelessly nude bronze bodies".<ref>Doherty, Thomas ''Pre-Code Hollywood: Sex, Immorality, and Insurrection in American Cinema, 1930–1934'', New York: Columbia University Press, 1999 page 134.</ref> Under the looser version of the [[Hays code]] that existed up to 1934, nudity involving "civilised" (i.e. white) women was banned, but permitted with "uncivilised" (i.e. all non-white women), a loophole that was exploited by the producers of ''Virgins of Bali''.<ref>Doherty, Thomas ''Pre-Code Hollywood: Sex, Immorality, and Insurrection in American Cinema, 1930–1934'', New York: Columbia University Press, 1999 page 133.</ref> The film, which mostly consisted of scenes of topless Balinese women was a great success in 1932, and almost single-handedly made Bali into a popular spot for tourists.<ref>Doherty, Thomas ''Pre-Code Hollywood: Sex, Immorality, and Insurrection in American Cinema, 1930–1934'', New York: Columbia University Press, 1999 page 135.</ref> [[File:Bali bomb monument.JPG|thumb|upright=0.9|right|The Bali bombings monument]] [[Imperial Japan]] occupied Bali during World War II. It was not originally a target in their Netherlands East Indies Campaign, but as the airfields on [[Borneo]] were inoperative due to heavy rains, the [[Imperial Japanese Army]] decided to occupy Bali, which did not suffer from comparable weather. The island had no regular [[Royal Netherlands East Indies Army]] (KNIL) troops. There was only a Native Auxiliary Corps ''Prajoda'' (Korps Prajoda) consisting of about 600 native soldiers and several Dutch KNIL officers under the command of KNIL Lieutenant Colonel W.P. Roodenburg. On 19 February 1942 the Japanese forces landed near the town of Senoer [Senur]. The island was quickly captured.<ref>{{cite web|author = Klemen, L |url= http://www.dutcheastindies.webs.com/bali.html |title= The Capture of Bali Island, February 1942 |date=1999–2000 |work=Forgotten Campaign: The Dutch East Indies Campaign 1941–1942}}</ref> During the Japanese occupation, a Balinese military officer, [[I Gusti Ngurah Rai|Gusti Ngurah Rai]], formed a Balinese 'freedom army'. The harshness of Japanese occupation forces made them more resented than the Dutch colonial rulers.<ref>[[#Haer|Haer]], pp.&nbsp;39–40.</ref> ===Independence from the Dutch=== In 1946, the Dutch constituted Bali as one of the 13 administrative districts of the newly proclaimed [[State of East Indonesia]], a rival state to the Republic of Indonesia, which was proclaimed and headed by [[Sukarno]] and [[Mohammad Hatta|Hatta]]. Bali was included in the "Republic of the United States of Indonesia" when the Netherlands recognised Indonesian independence on 29 December 1949.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Andy Barski, Albert Beaucort |author2=Bruce Carpenter, Barski|title=Bali and Lombok|year=2007|publisher=Dorling Kindersley, London|isbn=978-0-7566-2878-9|page=51}}</ref> The first governor of Bali, [[Anak Agung Bagus Suteja]], was appointed by President Sukarno in 1958, when Bali became a province.<ref>[[#Pringle|Pringle]], p. 167</ref> ===Contemporary=== The 1963 eruption of [[Mount Agung]] killed thousands, created economic havoc and forced many displaced Balinese to be [[Transmigration program|transmigrated]] to other parts of Indonesia. Mirroring the widening of social divisions across Indonesia in the 1950s and early 1960s, Bali saw conflict between supporters of the traditional [[caste system]], and those rejecting this system. Politically, the opposition was represented by supporters of the [[Indonesian Communist Party]] (PKI) and the [[Indonesian Nationalist Party]] (PNI), with tensions and ill-feeling further increased by the PKI's land reform programs.<ref name="ctpqur" /> [[30 September Movement|An attempted coup]] in Jakarta was put down by forces led by General Suharto. The army became the dominant power as it instigated [[Indonesian killings of 1965–66|a violent anti-communist purge]], in which the army blamed the PKI for the coup. Most estimates suggest that at least 500,000 people were killed across Indonesia, with an estimated 80,000 killed in Bali, equivalent to 5% of the island's population.<ref name="ctpqur"/><ref name=Friend/><ref name=Ricklefs/> With no Islamic forces involved as in Java and Sumatra, upper-caste PNI landlords led the extermination of PKI members.<ref name=Ricklefs/> As a result of the 1965–66 upheavals, Suharto was able to manoeuvre Sukarno [[Transition to the New Order|out of the presidency]]. His [[New Order (Indonesia)|"New Order"]] government reestablished relations with western countries. The pre-War Bali as "paradise" was revived in a modern form. The resulting large growth in tourism has led to a dramatic increase in Balinese standards of living and significant foreign exchange earned for the country.<ref name="ctpqur" /> [[2002 Bali bombings|A bombing in 2002]] by militant [[Islamist]]s in the tourist area of [[Kuta]] killed 202 people, mostly foreigners. This attack, and [[2005 Bali bombings|another in 2005]], severely reduced tourism, producing much economic hardship to the island. ==Geography== {{See also|List of bodies of water in Bali|List of mountains in Bali}} [[File:Bali's Gunung Agung seen at sunset from Gunung Rinjani.jpg|thumb|upright=1.6|[[Mount Agung]], the highest peak on Bali]] [[File:A small island made of pillow lava near Bali in Indonesia.jpg|thumb|An islet just south of Bali made of [[pillow basalt]]. Much of Bali is made of volcanic rock.|upright]] The island of Bali lies {{cvt|3.2|km|abbr=on}} east of [[Java (island)|Java]], and is approximately [[8th parallel south|8 degrees south]] of the [[equator]]. Bali and Java are separated by the Bali Strait. East to west, the island is approximately {{cvt|153|km|mi}} wide and spans approximately {{cvt|112|km|mi}} north to south; administratively it covers {{cvt|5,780|km2}}, or {{cvt|5,577|km2}} without [[Nusa Penida]] District;<ref>http://sp2010.bps.go.id/files/ebook/5105.pdf</ref> its population density is roughly {{cvt|750|/km2|/mi2|disp=preunit|people}}. Bali's central mountains include several peaks over {{convert|2,000|m|ft|abbr=off}} in elevation and active volcanoes such as [[Mount Batur]]. The highest is [[Mount Agung]] ({{convert|3,031|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=comma}}), known as the "mother mountain", which is an active [[volcano]] rated as one of the world's most likely sites for a massive eruption within the next 100 years.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.volcanocafe.org/romantic-paradise-destination-the-new-decade-volcano-program-6-bali/|title=Romantic Paradise Destination – The New Decade Volcano Program #6, Bali|date=10 July 2015|publisher=}}</ref> In late 2017 [[Mount Agung#2017 seismic activity and eruption|Mount Agung started erupting]] and large numbers of people were evacuated, temporarily closing the island's airport.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-42132912|title=Mount Agung: Bali volcano alert raised to highest level|date=27 November 2017|accessdate=8 May 2018|work=BBC News}}</ref> Mountains range from centre to the eastern side, with Mount Agung the easternmost peak. Bali's volcanic nature has contributed to its exceptional fertility and its tall mountain ranges provide the high rainfall that supports the highly productive agriculture sector. South of the mountains is a broad, steadily descending area where most of Bali's large rice crop is grown. The northern side of the mountains slopes more steeply to the sea and is the main coffee producing area of the island, along with rice, vegetables and cattle. The longest river, [[Ayung River]], flows approximately {{cvt|75|km|mi}} (see [[List of rivers of Bali]]). The island is surrounded by [[coral reefs]]. Beaches in the south tend to have white sand while those in the north and west have [[black sand]]. Bali has no major waterways, although the Ho River is navigable by small ''[[sampan]]'' boats. Black sand beaches between Pasut and Klatingdukuh are being developed for tourism, but apart from the seaside temple of [[Tanah Lot]], they are not yet used for significant tourism. [[File:Bali panorama.jpg|thumb|[[Subak (irrigation)|Subak]] irrigation system]] The largest city is the provincial capital, [[Denpasar]], near the southern coast. Its population is around 491,500 (2002). Bali's second-largest city is the old colonial capital, [[Singaraja]], which is located on the north coast and is home to around 100,000 people.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.express.co.uk/travel/beach/829926/Bali-holiday-travel-tips-beach|title=Picture perfect beaches, romantic sunsets and delicious Asian food: Discover Bali|last=Stafford|first=Stephanie|date=2017-07-22|work=Express.co.uk|access-date=2017-09-14|language=en}}</ref> Other important cities include the beach resort, [[Kuta]], which is practically part of Denpasar's urban area, and [[Ubud]], situated at the north of Denpasar, is the island's cultural centre.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2016/apr/09/indonesia-holiday-guide-bali-lombok-java-flores|title=Indonesia beginners’ guide: Bali, Lombok, Java and Flores|last=Sutcliffe|first=Theodora|date=2016-04-09|work=The Guardian|access-date=2017-09-14|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Three small islands lie to the immediate south east and all are administratively part of the [[Klungkung]] regency of Bali: [[Nusa Penida]], [[Nusa Lembongan]] and [[Nusa Ceningan]]. These islands are separated from Bali by the Badung Strait. To the east, the [[Lombok Strait]] separates Bali from [[Lombok]] and marks the [[Biogeography|biogeographical]] division between the fauna of the [[Indomalaya]]n [[ecozone]] and the distinctly different fauna of [[Australasia]]. The transition is known as the [[Wallace Line]], named after [[Alfred Russel Wallace]], who first proposed a transition zone between these two major [[biome]]s. When sea levels dropped during the [[quaternary glaciation|Pleistocene ice age]], Bali was connected to Java and [[Sumatra]] and to the mainland of Asia and shared the Asian fauna, but the deep water of the Lombok Strait continued to keep Lombok Island and the [[Lesser Sunda Islands|Lesser Sunda archipelago]] isolated. ==Climate== Being just 8 degrees south of the equator, Bali has a fairly even climate all year round. Average year-round temperature stands at around {{convert|30|°C}} with a humidity level of about 85%.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.neotravellers.com/exhaustive-guide-romantic-things-to-do-in-bali// |title=Climate of Bali |publisher=neotravellers.com |date= |accessdate=2017-10-10 }}</ref> Day time temperatures at low elevations vary between {{convert|20|to|33|°C|°F}}, but the temperatures decrease significantly with increasing elevation. The west monsoon is in place from approximately October to April, and this can bring significant rain, particularly from December to March. During rainy season there is comparatively fewer tourists seen in Bali. During the Easter and Christmas holidays the weather is very unpredictable. Outside of the monsoon period, humidity is relatively low and any rain is unlikely in lowland areas. ==Ecology== [[File:Bali Mynah - Houston Zoo.jpg|thumb|upright|The [[Bali myna]] is found only on Bali and is critically endangered.]] Bali lies just to the west of the [[Wallace Line]],<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Tänzler|first=Rene|last2=Toussaint|first2=Emmanuel F. A.|last3=Suhardjono|first3=Yayuk R.|last4=Balke|first4=Michael|last5=Riedel|first5=Alexander|date=2014-05-07|title=Multiple transgressions of Wallace's Line explain diversity of flightless Trigonopterus weevils on Bali|journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences|volume=281|issue=1782|doi=10.1098/rspb.2013.2528|issn=0962-8452|pmc=3973253|pmid=24648218}}</ref> and thus has a fauna that is Asian in character, with very little Australasian influence, and has more in common with Java than with Lombok.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Balinese Flora & Fauna|last=Davison|first=Julian|last2=Granquist|first2=Bruce|publisher=Periplus ; North Clarendon, VT|year=1999|isbn=9789625931975|location=Hongkong|pages=}}</ref> An exception is the [[yellow-crested cockatoo]], a member of a primarily Australasian family. There are around 280 species of birds, including the critically endangered [[Bali myna]], which is [[endemism|endemic]]. Others include [[barn swallow]], [[black-naped oriole]], [[black racket-tailed treepie]], [[crested serpent-eagle]], [[crested treeswift]], [[dollarbird]], [[Java sparrow]], [[lesser adjutant]], [[long-tailed shrike]], [[milky stork]], [[Pacific swallow]], [[red-rumped swallow]], [[sacred kingfisher]], [[Sea eagle (bird)|sea eagle]], [[woodswallow]], [[savanna nightjar]], [[stork-billed kingfisher]], [[yellow-vented bulbul]] and [[great egret]]. Until the early 20th century, Bali was home to several large mammals: the wild [[banteng]], [[leopard]] and the endemic [[Bali tiger]]. The banteng still occurs in its domestic form, whereas leopards are found only in neighbouring Java, and the Bali tiger is extinct. The last definite record of a tiger on Bali dates from 1937, when one was shot, though the subspecies may have survived until the 1940s or 1950s.<ref>[http://oldredlist.iucnredlist.org/details/41682/0 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species]. Retrieved 24 June 2010</ref> [[File:Bali – Uluwatu Sunset Temple (2688001517).jpg|thumb|Monkeys in Uluwatu]] [[Squirrel]]s are quite commonly encountered, less often is the [[Asian palm civet]], which is also kept in coffee farms to produce [[Kopi Luwak]]. [[Bat]]s are well represented, perhaps the most famous place to encounter them remaining is the Goa Lawah (Temple of the Bats) where they are worshipped by the locals and also constitute a tourist attraction. They also occur in other cave temples, for instance at Gangga Beach. Two species of [[Old World monkey|monkey]] occur. The [[crab-eating macaque]], known locally as "kera", is quite common around human settlements and temples, where it becomes accustomed to being fed by humans, particularly in any of the three "monkey forest" temples, such as the popular one in the [[Ubud]] area. They are also quite often kept as pets by locals. The second monkey, endemic to Java and some surrounding islands such as Bali, is far rarer and more elusive and is the [[Javan langur]], locally known as "lutung". They occur in few places apart from the [[Bali Barat National Park]]. They are born an orange colour, though by their first year they would have already changed to a more blackish colouration.{{citation needed|date=October 2012}} In Java however, there is more of a tendency for this species to retain its juvenile orange colour into adulthood, and a mixture of black and orange monkeys can be seen together as a family. Other rarer mammals include the [[leopard cat]], [[Sunda pangolin]] and [[black giant squirrel]]. Snakes include the [[king cobra]] and [[reticulated python]]. The [[Asian water monitor|water monitor]] can grow to at least {{convert|1.5|m|ft|abbr=on}} in length and {{convert|50|kg|lb|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Water Monitor (Varanus salvator) |url=http://www.waza.org/en/zoo/choose-a-species/reptiles/lizards-and-tuatara/varanus-salvator |publisher=World Association of Zoos and Aquariums |accessdate=6 October 2012}}</ref> and can move quickly. The rich coral reefs around the coast, particularly around popular diving spots such as [[Tulamben]], [[Amed (Bali)|Amed]], Menjangan or neighbouring [[Nusa Penida]], host a wide range of marine life, for instance [[hawksbill turtle]], [[Mola mola|giant sunfish]], [[Manta ray|giant manta ray]], [[Giant moray|giant moray eel]], [[bumphead parrotfish]], [[hammerhead shark]], [[Grey reef shark|reef shark]], [[barracuda]], and [[sea snake]]s. Dolphins are commonly encountered on the north coast near [[Singaraja]] and [[Lovina]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.asiaholidayretreats.com/bali-wildlife/|title=About Bali's Wildlife|last=|first=|date=2017-09-06|work=Asia Holiday Retreats|access-date=2017-09-14|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|language=en-GB}}</ref> [[File:Selfie with Giant Manta, Bali.jpg|thumb|Giant [[manta ray]] in Bali]] A team of scientists conducted a survey from 29 April 2011 to 11 May 2011 at 33 sea sites around Bali. They discovered 952 species of reef fish of which 8 were new discoveries at [[Pemuteran]], [[Gilimanuk]], [[Nusa Dua]], [[Tulamben]] and [[Candidasa]], and 393 coral species, including two new ones at [[Padangbai]] and between Padangbai and [[Amed (Bali)|Amed]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/05/13/new-fish-coral-species-found.html |title=New fish, coral species found |work=The Jakarta Post |date=13 May 2011 |accessdate=30 December 2012}}</ref> The average coverage level of healthy coral was 36% (better than in [[Raja Ampat]] and [[Halmahera]] by 29% or in [[Fakfak]] and [[Kaimana]] by 25%) with the highest coverage found in [[Gili Selang]] and [[Gili Mimpang]] in [[Candidasa]], [[Karangasem Regency|Karangasem regency]].<ref>Nurhayati, Desy (16 May 2011) [http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/05/16/coral-reefs’-health-‘improves’.html Coral reefs' health 'improves']. The Jakarta Post.</ref> Among the larger trees the most common are: [[banyan]] trees, [[jackfruit]], [[coconut]]s, [[bamboo]] species, [[acacia]] trees and also endless rows of coconuts and banana species. Numerous flowers can be seen: [[hibiscus]], [[frangipani]], [[bougainvillea]], [[poinsettia]], [[oleander]], [[jasmine]], [[Nymphaeaceae|water lily]], [[Nelumbo|lotus]], [[rose]]s, [[begonia]]s, orchids and [[hydrangea]]s exist. On higher grounds that receive more moisture, for instance around [[Kintamani, Bali|Kintamani]], certain species of [[fern]] trees, [[mushroom]]s and even [[pine]] trees thrive well. Rice comes in many varieties. Other plants with agricultural value include: [[salak]], [[mangosteen]], [[Maize|corn]], kintamani orange, coffee and [[water spinach]].{{citation needed|date=July 2017}} ==Environment== [[File:1 bali rice terrace 2011.jpg|thumb|Rice terraces in Bali]] Some of the worst erosion has occurred in [[Lebih Beach]], where up to {{convert|7|m|ft|spell=in|abbr=off}} of land is lost every year. Decades ago, this beach was used for holy pilgrimages with more than 10,000 people, but they have now moved to [[Masceti Beach]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/05/05/once-was-a-beach.html |title=Once was a beach |work=The Jakarta Post |date=5 May 2011 |accessdate=30 December 2012}}</ref> From ranked third in previous review, in 2010 Bali got score 99.65 of Indonesia's environmental quality index and the highest of all the 33 provinces. The score measured three water quality parameters: the level of [[total suspended solids]] (TSS), [[dissolved oxygen]] (DO) and [[chemical oxygen demand]] (COD).<ref>Simamora, Adianto P. (15 June 2011) [https://web.archive.org/web/20120118114434/http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/06/15/bali-named-ri%E2%80%99s-cleanest-province.html Bali named RI's cleanest province]. ''The Jakarta Post''.</ref> Because of over-exploitation by the tourist industry which covers a massive land area, 200 out of 400 rivers on the island have dried up and based on research, the southern part of Bali would face a water shortage up to 2,500 litres of clean water per second by 2015.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/09/02/bali-must-stop-over-exploiting-environment-tourism-activists.html |title=Bali must stop over- exploiting environment for tourism: Activists |date=2 September 2011}}</ref> To ease the shortage, the central government plans to build a water catchment and processing facility at Petanu River in Gianyar. The 300 litres capacity of water per second will be channelled to Denpasar, Badung and Gianyar in 2013.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/09/17/govt-build-water-catchment-petanu-river.html |title=Govt to build water catchment at Petanu River |date=17 September 2011}}</ref> ===Plastic pollution=== Last year Bali received nearly 5.7 million tourists, according to the regional government. In late 2017 officials declared a “garbage emergency” in response to the covering of 3.6 mile stretch of coastline in plastic waste brought in by the tide, amid concerns that the pollution could dissuade visitors from returning.<ref name="telegraph plastic">{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2018/03/06/british-diver-exposes-sea-plastic-rubbish-bali-coast/ |title=British diver exposes sea of plastic rubbish off Bali coast |work=The Daily Telegraph |date=6 March 2018 |accessdate=6 March 2018}}</ref> Indonesia is one of the world's worst plastic polluters, with some estimates suggesting that the 260 million-population, 3,000-mile-wide, 17,000-island archipelago is the source of around '''10 per cent''' of the world's plastic waste. Indonesia’s capital city Jakarta features several huge rubbish dumps and it is common to see swaths of plastics bobbing on the city's few waterways.<ref name="telegraph plastic"/> ==Administrative divisions== The province is divided into eight [[Regencies of Indonesia|regencies]] (''kabupaten'') and one [[Cities of Indonesia|city]] (''kota''). These are: {| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin-bottom: 0;" |- ! Name !! Capital !! Area in <br /> km² !! Population <br /> 2000 Census !! Population <br /> 2010 Census !! Population <br /> 2014 estimate !! [[Human Development Index|HDI]]<ref>[http://bappenas.go.id/download.php?id=8975 Indeks-Pembangunan-Manusia-2014]</ref><br>2014 estimate |- | [[Denpasar]] City || [[Denpasar]] ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 127.78}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 532440}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 788589}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 856412}} || 0.816 ({{fontcolor|green|Very High}}) |- | [[Badung Regency]] || [[Mangupura]] ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 418.52}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 345863}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 543332}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 590062}} || 0.779 ({{fontcolor|green|High}}) |- | [[Bangli Regency]] || [[Bangli]] ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 490.71}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 193776}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 215353}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 233875}} || 0.657 ({{fontcolor|#fc0|Medium}}) |- | [[Buleleng Regency]] || [[Singaraja]] ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 1364.73}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 558181}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 624125}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 677803}}|| 0.691 ({{fontcolor|#fc0|Medium}}) |- | [[Gianyar Regency]] || [[Gianyar]] ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 368.00}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 393155}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 469777}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 510180}}|| 0.742 ({{fontcolor|green|High}}) |- | [[Jembrana Regency]] || [[Negara, Bali|Negara]] ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 841.80}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 231806}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 261638}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 284140}}|| 0.686 ({{fontcolor|#fc0|Medium}}) |- | [[Karangasem Regency]] || [[Amlapura]] ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 839.54}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 360486}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 396487}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 430587}}|| 0.640 ({{fontcolor|#fc0|Medium}}) |- | [[Klungkung Regency]] || [[Semarapura]] ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 315.00}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 155262}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 170543}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 185211}}|| 0.683 ({{fontcolor|#fc0|Medium}}) |- | [[Tabanan Regency]] || [[Tabanan]] ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 839.30}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 376030}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 420913}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 457114}}|| 0.726 ({{fontcolor|green|High}}) |- | '''''Totals''''' || ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 5780.06}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 3146999}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 3890757}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 4225384}}|| 0.724 ({{fontcolor|green|High}}) |- |} ==Economy== In 1970s, the Balinese economy was largely agriculture-based in terms of both output and employment.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lfPJAwAAQBAJ|title=The Territories of Indonesia|last=Brown|first=Iem|date=2004-06-17|publisher=Routledge|year=|isbn=9781135355418|location=|pages=149|language=en}}</ref> Tourism is now the largest single industry in terms of income, and as a result, Bali is one of Indonesia's wealthiest regions. In 2003, around 80% of Bali's economy was tourism related.<ref name="tourism">[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,393799,00.html Desperately Seeking Survival] ''Time''. 25 November 2002.</ref> By end of June 2011, [[non-performing loan]] of all banks in Bali were 2.23%, lower than the average of Indonesian banking industry non-performing loan (about 5%).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/07/25/only-223-percent-loans-bali-are-bad.html |title=Only 2.23 percent of loans in Bali are bad |work=The Jakarta Post |date=25 July 2011 |accessdate=30 December 2012}}</ref> The economy, however, suffered significantly as a result of the [[Islamists]]' terrorist bombings [[2002 Bali bombing|2002]] and [[2005 Bali bombing|2005]]. The tourism industry has since recovered from these events. ===Agriculture=== [[File:Wood carving in Bali.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|right|Wood carving in Bali]] Although tourism produces the GDP's largest output, agriculture is still the island's biggest employer.<ref>On history of rice-growing related to museology and the rice terraces as part of Bali's cultural heritage see: Marc-Antonio Barblan, "D'Orient en Occident: histoire de la riziculture et muséologie" in ''ICOFOM Study Series'', Vol.35 (2006), pp.114–131. [https://archive.is/20120805230658/http://www.lrz-muenchen.de/~iims/icofom/press.htm LRZ-Muenchen.de] and "Dans la lumière des terrasses: paysage culturel balinais, ''Subek Museum''et patrimoine mondial (1er volet) "in ''Le Banian'' (Paris), juin 2009, pp.80–101, [http://pasarmalam.free.fr/ Pasarmalam.free.fr]</ref> Fishing also provides a significant number of jobs. Bali is also famous for its [[artisan]]s who produce a vast array of handicrafts, including [[batik]] and [[ikat]] [[Bali Nusra Tangi|cloth and clothing]], [[Woodworking|wooden carvings]], stone carvings, painted art and silverware. Notably, individual villages typically adopt a single product, such as wind chimes or wooden furniture. The Arabica coffee production region is the highland region of Kintamani near [[Mount Batur]]. Generally, Balinese coffee is processed using the wet method. This results in a sweet, soft coffee with good consistency. Typical flavours include lemon and other citrus notes.<ref name="SCAI">{{cite web|url=http://www.sca-indo.org/diverse-coffees-indonesia/ |title=Diverse coffees of Indonesia |work=Specialty Coffee Association of Indonesia |accessdate=8 August 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080802030333/http://www.sca-indo.org/diverse-coffees-indonesia/ |archivedate=2 August 2008 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}</ref> Many coffee farmers in Kintamani are members of a traditional farming system called [[Subak (irrigation)|Subak Abian]], which is based on the [[Hindu]] philosophy of "[[Tri Hita Karana]]". According to this philosophy, the three causes of happiness are good relations with God, other people, and the environment. The Subak Abian system is ideally suited to the production of [[fair trade coffee|fair trade]] and [[organic coffee]] production. Arabica coffee from Kintamani is the first product in Indonesia to request a [[geographical indication]].<ref name="BaliKintamani">"Book of Requirements for Kopi Kintamani Bali", page 12, July 2007</ref> ===Tourism=== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders floatright" |- !scope=col|No. !scope=col|Country !scope=col|Tourists |- |align=center|1 |align=left|{{flag|China}} |align=center|1,366,032 |- |align=center|2 |align=left|{{flag|Australia}} |align=center|1,061,287 |- |align=center|3 |align=left|{{flag|India}} |align=center|265,336 |- |align=center|4 |align=left|{{flag|Japan}} |align=center|252,497 |- |align=center|5 |align=left|{{flag|United Kingdom}} |align=center|240,007 |- |align=center|6 |align=left|{{flag|United States}} |align=center|190,307 |- |align=center|7 |align=left|{{flag|France}} |align=center|179,086 |- |align=center|8 |align=left|{{flag|Germany}} |align=center|177,321 |- |align=center|9 |align=left|{{flag|Malaysia}} |align=center|165,541 |- |align=center|10 |align=left|{{flag|South Korea}} |align=center|162,857 |- | colspan="3" style="border-bottom: none; border-left: none; border-right: none; background: none; font-size:80%; text-align:center"|''As of 2017''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.disparda.baliprov.go.id/en/statistics2|title=Bali – Statistics|publisher=Bali Government Tourism Office|date=17 July 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://jingtravel.com/despite-volcano-woes-chinese-tourism-bali-skyrocketed-2017/|title=Chinese Tourism to Bali Skyrockets Despite Volcano Woes|newspaper=[[Jing Travel]]|date=20 February 2018 }}</ref> |} [[File:Bali canyoning.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Canyoning]] in [[Gitgit Waterfall]], Bali, Indonesia]] [[File:1 tirtha empul temple.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Tirta Empul|Tirta Empul Temple]] draws tourists who seek its [[holy water]]s.]] [[File:Taman Ayun, Bali, Indonesia.jpg|thumb|left|[[Pura Taman Ayun]], another temple which is a popular tourist destination]] [[File:Ulun Temple at blue hour (7750197798).jpg|thumb|left|[[Pura Ulun Danu Bratan|Ulun Danu Temple]], located in [[Bratan Lake]]]] In 1963 the Bali Beach Hotel in [[Sanur, Bali|Sanur]] was built by [[Sukarno]], and boosted tourism in Bali. Prior to it, there were only three hotels on the island.<ref name="Vickers89">Adrian Vickers: Bali. A Paradise Created, Periplus 1989, {{ISBN|0-945971-28-1}}</ref> Construction of hotels and restaurants began to spread throughout Bali. Tourism further increased on Bali after the [[Ngurah Rai International Airport]] opened in 1970. The Buleleng regency government encouraged the tourism sector as one of the mainstays for economic progress and social welfare. The [[tourism industry]] is primarily focused in the south, while also significant in the other parts of the island. The main tourist locations are the town of [[Kuta]] (with its beach), and its outer suburbs of Legian and [[Seminyak]] (which were once independent townships), the east coast town of [[Sanur (Bali)|Sanur]] (once the only tourist hub), [[Ubud]] towards the centre of the island, to the south of the [[Ngurah Rai International Airport]], [[Jimbaran]] and the newer developments of [[Nusa Dua]] and [[Pecatu]]. The United States government lifted its travel warnings in 2008. The Australian government issued an advisory on Friday, 4 May 2012, with the overall level of this advisory lowered to 'Exercise a high degree of caution'. The Swedish government issued a new warning on Sunday, 10 June 2012 because of one tourist who died from methanol poisoning.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thelocal.se/41748/20120630/ |publisher=thelocal.se |title=Young Swede dies on paradise island |date=30 June 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120904131521/http://www.thelocal.se/41748/20120630/ |archivedate=4 September 2012 |df= }}</ref> Australia last issued an advisory on Monday, 5 January 2015 due to new terrorist threats.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www2.smartraveller.gov.au/siteassets/indonesia/index.htm |publisher=Australian Government |title=Smart Traveller |date=15 January 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150115201907/http://www2.smartraveller.gov.au/siteassets/indonesia/index.htm |archivedate=15 January 2015 |df=dmy }}</ref> [[File:Bali – Kuta (2692344570).jpg|thumb|[[Kuta Beach]] is a popular tourist spot in Bali.]] An offshoot of tourism is the growing real estate industry. Bali's real estate has been rapidly developing in the main tourist areas of Kuta, Legian, Seminyak and Oberoi. Most recently, high-end 5-star projects are under development on the Bukit peninsula, on the south side of the island. Expensive villas are being developed along the cliff sides of south Bali, with commanding panoramic ocean views. Foreign and domestic, many Jakarta individuals and companies are fairly active, investment into other areas of the island also continues to grow. Land prices, despite the worldwide economic crisis, have remained stable. In the last half of 2008, Indonesia's currency had dropped approximately 30% against the US dollar, providing many overseas visitors improved value for their currencies. Bali's tourism economy survived the [[Islamists]] terrorist bombings of 2002 and 2005, and the tourism industry has slowly recovered and surpassed its pre-terrorist bombing levels; the longterm trend has been a steady increase of visitor arrivals. In 2010, Bali received 2.57 million foreign tourists, which surpassed the target of 2.0–2.3 million tourists. The average occupancy of starred hotels achieved 65%, so the island still should be able to accommodate tourists for some years without any addition of new rooms/hotels,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thebalitimes.com/2011/02/17/up-to-2-8m-foreign-tourists-this-year/ |title=Up to 2.8m Foreign Tourists This Year |publisher=Thebalitimes.com |date=17 February 2011 |accessdate=30 December 2012}}</ref> although at the peak season some of them are fully booked. Bali received the Best Island award from [[Travel and Leisure]] in 2010.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://amarigepanache.com/2010/10/16/travel-all-we-want-for-christmas-a-spa-voucher/ |title=The Best Search Links on the Net |publisher=amarigepanache.com |date=16 October 2010 |accessdate=30 December 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426061733/http://amarigepanache.com/2010/10/16/travel-all-we-want-for-christmas-a-spa-voucher/ |archivedate=26 April 2012 |df=dmy }}</ref> Bali won because of its attractive surroundings (both mountain and coastal areas), diverse tourist attractions, excellent international and local restaurants, and the friendliness of the local people. The Balinese culture and its religion are also considered as the main factor of the award. One of the most prestigious events that symbolizes a strong relationship between a god and its followers is Kecak Dance. According to BBC Travel released in 2011, Bali is one of the World's Best Islands, ranking second after [[Santorini]], Greece.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://beatmag.com/daily/latest-news/bali-named-as-one-of-the-five-best-islands-in-the-world.html |title=Bali Named as One of the Five Best Islands in the World |work=The Beat Magazine (Jakarta) |date=1 December 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111204030756/http://beatmag.com/daily/latest-news/bali-named-as-one-of-the-five-best-islands-in-the-world.html |archivedate=4 December 2011 }}</ref> In August 2010, the film ''[[Eat Pray Love]]'' was released. The film was based on [[Elizabeth Gilbert]]'s best-selling memoir ''[[Eat, Pray, Love]]''. It took place at Ubud and Padang-Padang Beach at Bali. The 2006 book, which spent 57 weeks at the No. 1 spot on the ''New York Times'' paperback nonfiction best-seller list, had already fuelled a boom in ''Eat, Pray, Love''-related tourism in Ubud, the hill town and cultural and tourist centre that was the focus of Gilbert's quest for balance through traditional spirituality and healing that leads to love.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Southeast_Asia/LH18Ae01.html |title=Southeast Asia news and business from Indonesia, Philippines, Thailand, Malaysia and Vietnam |work=Asia Times |date=18 August 2010 |accessdate=30 December 2012}}</ref> In January 2016, after musician [[David Bowie]] died, it was revealed that in his [[will and testament|will]], Bowie asked for his ashes to be scattered in Bali, conforming to [[Buddhist]] rituals. He had visited and performed in a number of [[Southeast Asian]] cities early in his career, including [[Bangkok]] and [[Singapore]].<ref>[http://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/music/ashes-to-ashes-david-bowie-rests-in-bali-as-details-of-will-revealed-20160130-gmhm9y.html David Bowie rests in Bali], date:Jan 31, 2016</ref> Since 2011, China has displaced Japan as the second-largest supplier of tourists to Bali, while Australia still tops the list while India has also emerged as a greater supply of tourists. Chinese tourists increased by 17% from last year due to the impact of [[ACFTA]] and new direct flights to Bali.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2012/01/06/china-now-2nd-largest-source-isle-tourists.html |title=China now 2nd-largest source of isle tourists|work=The Jakarta Post |date=6 January 2012}}</ref> In January 2012, Chinese tourists year on year (yoy) increased by 222.18% compared to January 2011, while Japanese tourists declined by 23.54% yoy.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.antaranews.com/en/news/80355/chinese-tourist-arrivals-in-bali-up-222 |title=Chinese tourist arrivals in Bali up 222% |work=Antara News |date=3 March 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120304203358/http://www.antaranews.com/en/news/80355/chinese-tourist-arrivals-in-bali-up-222 |archivedate=4 March 2012 }}</ref> Bali authorities reported the island had 2.88 million foreign tourists and 5 million domestic tourists in 2012, marginally surpassing the expectations of 2.8 million foreign tourists.<ref name=balitourism> {{Cite news | title = Bali seeks cleanup amid high arrivals | publisher = Investvine.com | date = 24 January 2013 | url= http://investvine.com/bali-seeks-cleanup-amid-high-arrivals/ | accessdate =24 January 2013}} </ref> Based on a [[Bank Indonesia]] survey in May 2013, 34.39 per cent of tourists are upper-middle class, spending between $1,286 to $5,592, and are dominated by Australia, India, France, China, Germany and the UK. Some Chinese tourists have increased their levels of spending from previous years. 30.26 percent of tourists are middle class, spending between $662 to $1,285.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/bali-daily/2013-09-12/upper-middle-class-dominates-bali-s-foreign-tourists.html |title=Upper-middle class dominates Bali's foreign tourists |date=12 September 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131003082025/http://www.thejakartapost.com/bali-daily/2013-09-12/upper-middle-class-dominates-bali-s-foreign-tourists.html |archivedate=3 October 2013 |df=dmy }}</ref> In 2017 it was expected that [[Chinese people|Chinese]] tourists would outnumber [[Australian people|Australian]] tourists. ==Transportation== [[File:A best architectural mix (26004445313).jpg|thumb|left|[[I Gusti Ngurah Rai International Airport]]]] [[File:Bali moped col.jpg|thumb|One of the major forms of transport in Bali is the [[Scooter (motorcycle)|scooter]].]] [[File:Trans Sarbagita bus.JPG|thumb|left|''Trans Sarbagita'' bus, Denpasar and its outskirt areas main transportation]] The [[Ngurah Rai Airport|Ngurah Rai International Airport]] is located near Jimbaran, on the [[isthmus]] at the southernmost part of the island. [[Lt.Col. Wisnu Airfield]] is on the north-west Bali. A coastal road circles the island, and three major two-lane arteries cross the central mountains at passes reaching to 1,750 m in height (at Penelokan). The Ngurah Rai Bypass is a four-lane expressway that partly encircles Denpasar. Bali has no railway lines. In December 2010 the Government of Indonesia invited investors to build a new Tanah Ampo Cruise Terminal at [[Karangasem Regency|Karangasem]], Bali with a projected worth of $30&nbsp;million.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/business/infrastructure-projects-in-indonesia-thrown-open-for-bids/412805 |title=Infrastructure Projects in Indonesia Thrown Open for Bids |work=Jakarta Globe |date=20 December 2010 |accessdate=30 December 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110922045049/http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/business/infrastructure-projects-in-indonesia-thrown-open-for-bids/412805 |archivedate=22 September 2011 |df=dmy }}</ref> On 17 July 2011 the first cruise ship ([[Sun Princess]]) anchored about {{convert|400|m|ft|abbr=off}} away from the wharf of Tanah Ampo harbour. The current pier is only {{convert|154|m|ft|abbr=off}} but will eventually be extended to {{convert|300|to(-)|350|m|ft|abbr=off}} to accommodate international cruise ships. The harbour is safer than the existing facility at Benoa and has a scenic backdrop of east Bali mountains and green rice fields.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/07/11/tanah-ampo-prepares-welcome-first-cruise-ship.html |title=Tanah Ampo prepares to welcome first cruise ship |work=The Jakarta Post |date=11 July 2011 |accessdate=30 December 2012}}</ref> The tender for improvement was subject to delays, and as of July 2013 the situation was unclear with cruise line operators complaining and even refusing to use the existing facility at Tanah Ampo.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2013/07/04/tender-tanah-ampo-set-next-month.html |title=Tender for Tanah Ampo set for next month |work=The Jakarta Post |date=4 July 2013 |accessdate=14 July 2015}}</ref> A Memorandum of Understanding has been signed by two ministers, Bali's Governor and [[PT Kereta Api|Indonesian Train Company]] to build {{convert|565|km|mi|abbr=off}} of railway along the coast around the island. As of July 2015, no details of this proposed railways have been released.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110107075258/http://goodnewsfromindonesia.org/2011/01/05/what-train-bali/ What? Train? Bali?] goodnewsfromindonesia.org (5 January 2011).</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mybaliguide.com/#!NEW-ROADS-AND-RAIL-SYSTEM-FOR-BALI-/cdn5/54eee8a50cf25209802c7359|title=My Bali Guide – Your Ultimate Connection With Bali|publisher=}}</ref> On 16 March 2011 (Tanjung) Benoa port received the "Best Port Welcome 2010" award from London's "Dream World Cruise Destination" magazine.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.kompas.com/read/2011/03/21/15463549/.Best.Port.Welcome.Awarded.to.Balis.Benoa.Port |title="Best Port Welcome" Awarded to Bali's Benoa Port |publisher=KOMPAS.com |date=16 March 2011 |accessdate=30 December 2012}}</ref> Government plans to expand the role of Benoa port as export-import port to boost Bali's trade and industry sector.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/06/20/government-mulls-plan-expand-benoa.html |title=Government mulls plan to expand Benoa |work=The Jakarta Post |date=20 June 2011 |accessdate=30 December 2012}}</ref> In 2013, The Tourism and Creative Economy Ministry advised that 306 cruise liners were scheduled visit Indonesia, an increase of 43 per cent compared to the previous year.<ref>Jakarta Post (25 January 2013) [http://www.jakpost.travel/news/cruise-ship-fever-hits-bali-82mTkgNqYIewXK4f.html Cruise ship fever hits Bali] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402105332/http://www.jakpost.travel/news/cruise-ship-fever-hits-bali-82mTkgNqYIewXK4f.html |date=2 April 2015 }}</ref> [[File:Seminyak Motorbikes.jpg|thumb|right|A day-rent motorbike in Denpasar, mainly used by tourist]] In May 2011, an integrated Aerial Traffic Control System (ATCS) was implemented to reduce traffic jams at four crossing points: Ngurah Rai statue, Dewa Ruci Kuta crossing, Jimbaran crossing and Sanur crossing. ATCS is an integrated system connecting all [[traffic lights]], CCTVs and other traffic signals with a monitoring office at the police headquarters. It has successfully been implemented in other ASEAN countries and will be implemented at other crossings in Bali.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://komisikepolisianindonesia.com/kasus/read/3013/pemprov-bali-gunakan-teknologi-baru-atasi-kemacetan.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221232915/http://komisikepolisianindonesia.com/kasus/read/3013/pemprov-bali-gunakan-teknologi-baru-atasi-kemacetan.html |dead-url=yes |archive-date=21 December 2016 |title=Pemprov Bali Gunakan Teknologi Baru Atasi Kemacetan |publisher=Media Indonesia |date=12 May 2011 |author=Dhae, Arnold |accessdate=30 December 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/05/25/new-traffic-control-system-buses-hoped-ease-congestion.html |title=New traffic control system, buses hoped to ease congestion |work=The Jakarta Post |date=25 May 2011 |accessdate=30 December 2012}}</ref> [[File:Kuta Bali Indonesia Tol-Station-Nusa-Dua-01.jpg|thumb|left|[[Bali Mandara Toll Road|Bali Mandara]] toll plaza]] On 21 December 2011 construction started on the Nusa Dua-Benoa-[[Ngurah Rai International Airport]] toll road which will also provide a special lane for motorcycles. This has been done by seven state-owned enterprises led by PT Jasa Marga with 60% of shares. PT Jasa Marga Bali Tol will construct the {{convert|9.91|km|mi|2|adj=mid|abbr=off|-long}} toll road (totally {{convert|12.7|km|mi|2|abbr=off}} with access road). The construction is estimated to cost Rp.2.49 trillion ($273.9 million). The project goes through {{convert|2|km|mi|0|abbr=off}} of mangrove forest and through {{convert|2.3|km|mi|1|abbr=off}} of beach, both within {{convert|5.4|ha|abbr=off}} area. The elevated toll road is built over the mangrove forest on 18,000 concrete pillars which occupied 2 hectares of mangroves forest. This was compensated by the planting of 300,000 mangrove trees along the road. On 21 December 2011 the Dewa Ruci {{convert|450|m|ft|adj=mid|abbr=off}} underpass has also started on the busy Dewa Ruci junction near Bali Kuta Galeria with an estimated cost of Rp136 billion ($14.9 million) from the state budget.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/09/05/new-toll-road-ease-congestion-increase-tourists.html |work=The Jakarta Post|title=New toll road to ease congestion, increase tourists |date=5 September 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indopos.co.id/index.php/arsip-berita-nasional/75-nasional-reviews/15994-tol-di-atas-laut-mulai-dikonstruksi.html |publisher=indopos.co.id |title=Tol di Atas Laut Mulai Dikonstruksi |accessdate=4 October 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007000802/http://www.indopos.co.id/index.php/arsip-berita-nasional/75-nasional-reviews/15994-tol-di-atas-laut-mulai-dikonstruksi.html |archivedate=7 October 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/12/22/bali-starts-construction-crucial-toll-road-underpass.html |work=The Jakarta Post |title=Bali starts construction on crucial toll road, underpass |date=22 December 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114051111/http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/12/22/bali-starts-construction-crucial-toll-road-underpass.html |archivedate=14 January 2012 }}</ref> On 23 September 2013, the [[Bali Mandara Toll Road]] was opened, with the Dewa Ruci Junction (Simpang Siur) underpass being opened previously.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.antara.co.id/en/news/90837/president-officially-opens-bali-toll-road |title=President officially opens Bali toll road |date=23 September 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130925175139/http://www.antara.co.id/en/news/90837/president-officially-opens-bali-toll-road |archivedate=25 September 2013 |df=dmy }}</ref> To solve chronic traffic problems, the province will also build a toll road connecting Serangan with Tohpati, a toll road connecting Kuta, Denpasar and Tohpati and a flyover connecting Kuta and Ngurah Rai Airport.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/02/07/toll-road-cost-island-2-hectares-mangrove.html |title=Toll road to cost island 2 hectares of mangrove |work=The Jakarta Post |date=7 February 2011 |accessdate=30 December 2012}}</ref> ==Demographics== {{Historical populations |1971 | 2120322 |1980 | 2469930 |1990 | 2777811 |1995 | 2895649 |2000 | 3146999 |2005 | 3378092 |2010 | 3890757 |2014 | 4225384 |footnote=sources:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bps.go.id/tab_sub/view.php?kat%3D1%26tabel%3D1%26daftar%3D1%26id_subyek%3D12%26notab%3D1 |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2013-07-17 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130701144756/http://www.bps.go.id/tab_sub/view.php?kat=1&tabel=1&daftar=1&id_subyek=12&notab=1 |archivedate=1 July 2013 |df= }}</ref> }} The population of Bali was 3,890,757 as of the 2010 Census; the latest estimate (for January 2014) is 4,225,384. There are an estimated 30,000 [[expatriate]]s living in Bali.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/cifamerica/2008/oct/30/barack-obama-absentee-voting-bali Ballots in paradise]. ''The Guardian''. 30 October 2008.</ref> ===Ethnic origins=== A DNA study in 2005 by Karafet et al.<ref>Karafet, Tatiana M.; Lansing, J S.; Redd, Alan J.; and Reznikova, Svetlana (2005) "Balinese Y-Chromosome Perspective on the Peopling of Indonesia: Genetic Contributions from Pre-Neolithic Hunter- Gatherers, Austronesian Farmers, and Indian Traders," Human Biology: Vol. 77: Iss. 1, Article 8. Available at: http://digitalcommons.wayne.edu/humbiol/vol77/iss1/8</ref> found that 12% of Balinese [[Y-chromosome]]s are of likely Indian origin, while 84% are of likely [[Austronesian]] origin, and 2% of likely [[Melanesian]] origin. The study does not correlate the DNA samples to the Balinese caste system. ===Caste system=== {{main|Balinese caste system}} Pre-modern Bali had four castes, as Jeff Lewis and Belinda Lewis state, but with a "very strong tradition of communal decision-making and interdependence".<ref>{{cite book|author1=Jeff Lewis|author2=Belinda Lewis|title=Bali's silent crisis: desire, tragedy, and transition|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=yuNMcfJHeyUC |year= 2009|publisher= Lexington Books|isbn=978-0-7391-3243-2|pages=56, 83–86}}</ref> The four castes have been classified as Soedra ([[Shudra]]), Wesia ([[Vaishya]]s), [[Balinese Kshatriya|Satrias]] ([[Kshatriya]]s) and Brahmana ([[Brahmin]]).<ref>{{cite book|author= Geoffrey Robinson|title= The Dark Side of Paradise: Political Violence in Bali|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=m3Gfir3Ju70C |year=1995| publisher= Cornell University Press|isbn= 0-8014-8172-4|page=32}}</ref> The 19th-century scholars such as Crawfurd and Friederich suggested that Balinese caste had Indian origins, but Helen Creese states that scholars such as Brumund who had visited and stayed on the island of Bali suggested that his field observations conflicted with the "received understandings concerning its Indian origins".<ref name="Creese2016p305">{{cite book|author=Helen M. Creese|title=Bali in the Early Nineteenth Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tQpRDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA305 |year=2016|publisher=BRILL Academic|isbn=978-90-04-31583-9|pages=305 with footnotes}}</ref> In Bali, the Shudra (locally spelled ''Soedra'') have typically been the temple priests, though depending on the demographics, a temple priest may also be from the other three castes.<ref name=belo4/> In most regions, it has been the Shudra who typically make offerings to the gods on behalf of the Hindu devotees, chant prayers, recite ''meweda'' (Vedas), and set the course of Balinese temple festivals.<ref name=belo4>Jane Belo (1953), Bali: Temple Festival, Monograph 22, American Ethnological Society, University of Washington Press, pages 4-5</ref> ===Religion=== {{main|Balinese Hinduism}} {{see also|Hinduism in Indonesia}} {{bar box |title=Religion in Bali (2010 census)<ref name="BPS̠Religion̠2010">{{cite web| title = Population by Region and Religion in Indonesia | work = [[Badan Pusat Statistik|BPS]] | year = 2010 | url = http://sp2010.bps.go.id/index.php/site/tabel?tid=321&wid=0}}</ref> |titlebar=#ddd |left1=Religion |right1=Per cent |float=right |bars= {{bar percent|Hinduism|orange|83.46}} {{bar percent|Islam|Green|13.37}} {{bar percent|Christianity|Blue|2.47}} {{bar percent|Buddhism|yellow|0.54}} {{bar percent|Other, not stated or not asked|grey|0.15}} {{bar percent|Confucianism|magenta|0.01}} }} [[File:Besakih Bali Indonesia Pura-Besakih-02.jpg|thumb|The [[Mother Temple of Besakih]], one of Bali's most significant [[Hindu]] temples]] [[File:Bali – Cremation Ceremony (2688341694).jpg|thumb|A [[Ngaben]] procession for the cremation ceremony<ref name="williams193">{{cite book|author=Victoria Williams |title=Celebrating Life Customs around the World: From Baby Showers to Funerals |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t_58DQAAQBAJ |year=2016|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-4408-3659-6|pages=193–194}}</ref><ref name="Galvan2014p217">{{cite book|author=Javier A. Galván |title= A Cultural Encyclopedia of Extraordinary and Exotic Customs from around the World; They Do What?|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=e2RyBAAAQBAJ |year= 2014|publisher= ABC-CLIO|isbn= 978-1-61069-342-4|pages= 217–219}}</ref>]] Unlike most of Muslim-majority Indonesia, about 83.5% of Bali's population adheres to [[Balinese Hinduism]], formed as a combination of existing [[Balinese mythology|local beliefs]] and [[Hindu]] influences from mainland Southeast Asia and South Asia. Minority religions include Islam (13.37%), Christianity (2.47%), and [[Buddhism]] (0.5%).<ref name="BPS̠Religion̠2010"/> The general beliefs and practices of ''Agama Hindu Dharma'' are a mixture of ancient traditions and contemporary pressures placed by Indonesian laws that permit only monotheist belief under the national ideology of [[Pancasila (politics)|''panca sila'']].<ref name=junemcdaniel>{{cite journal|last=McDaniel|first=June|title=Agama Hindu Dharma Indonesia as a New Religious Movement: Hinduism Recreated in the Image of Islam| journal= Nova Religio|year= 2010|volume= 14|issue= 1|pages= 93–111|doi=10.1525/nr.2010.14.1.93}}</ref><ref name=syamashita>Shinji Yamashita (2002), Bali and Beyond: Explorations in the Anthropology of Tourism, Berghahn, {{ISBN|978-1571813275}}, pp. 57-65</ref> Traditionally, Hinduism in Indonesia had a pantheon of deities and that tradition of belief continues in practice; further, Hinduism in Indonesia granted freedom and flexibility to Hindus as to when, how and where to pray.<ref name=syamashita/> However, officially, Indonesian government considers and advertises Indonesian Hinduism as a monotheistic religion with certain officially recognised beliefs that comply with its national ideology.<ref name=junemcdaniel/><ref name=syamashita/><ref>Michel Picard (2003), in Hinduism in Modern Indonesia (Editor: Martin Ramstedt), Routledge, {{ISBN|978-0700715336}}, pp. 56-72</ref> Indonesian school text books describe Hinduism as having one supreme being, Hindus offering three daily mandatory prayers, and Hinduism as having certain common beliefs that in part parallel those of Islam.<ref name=syamashita/><ref name=jmcdaniel2013>June McDaniel (2013), A Modern Hindu Monotheism: Indonesian Hindus as ‘People of the Book’, Journal of Hindu Studies, Oxford University Press, Volume 6, Issue 1, {{doi|10.1093/jhs/hit030}}</ref> Scholars<ref name=syamashita/><ref>Anthony Forge (1980), Balinese Religion and Indonesian Identity, in Indonesia: The Making of a Culture (Editor: James Fox), Australian National University, {{ISBN|978-0909596590}}</ref><ref>Putu Setia (1992), Cendekiawan Hindu Bicara, Denpasar: Yayasan Dharma Naradha, {{ISBN|978-9798357008}}, pp. 217-229</ref> contest whether these Indonesian government recognised and assigned beliefs reflect the traditional beliefs and practices of Hindus in Indonesia before Indonesia gained independence from Dutch colonial rule. Balinese Hinduism has roots in Indian Hinduism and Buddhism, that arrived through [[Java]].<ref>{{cite book | last=Becker | first=J. | title=The Study of Time IV | chapter=Hindu-Buddhist Time in Javanese Gamelan Music | publisher=Springer | year=1981 | isbn=978-1-4612-5949-7 | doi=10.1007/978-1-4612-5947-3_13 | pages=161–172}}</ref> Hindu influences reached the [[List of islands of Indonesia|Indonesian Archipelago]] as early as the first century.<ref name=jgonda>[[Jan Gonda]], The Indian Religions in Pre-Islamic Indonesia and their survival in Bali, in {{Google books|X7YfAAAAIAAJ|Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section 3 Southeast Asia, Religions|page=1}}, pp. 1-54</ref> Historical evidence is unclear about the diffusion process of cultural and spiritual ideas from India. Java legends refer to Saka-era, traced to [[78 AD]]. Stories from the [[Mahabharata]] Epic have been traced in Indonesian islands to the 1st century; however, the versions mirror those found in southeast Indian peninsular region (now [[Tamil Nadu]] and southern [[Karnataka]] [[Andhra Pradesh]]).<ref name=jgonda/> The Bali tradition adopted the pre-existing animistic traditions of the indigenous people. This influence strengthened the belief that the gods and goddesses are present in all things. Every element of nature, therefore, possesses its own power, which reflects the power of the gods. A rock, tree, dagger, or woven cloth is a potential home for spirits whose energy can be directed for good or evil. Balinese Hinduism is deeply interwoven with art and ritual. Ritualising states of self-control are a notable feature of religious expression among the people, who for this reason have become famous for their graceful and decorous behaviour.<ref>Slattum, J. (2003) ''Balinese Masks: Spirits of an Ancient Drama. Indonesia, Asia Pacific, Japan, North America, Latin America and Europe'' Periplus Editions (H) Ltd</ref> Apart from the majority of Balinese Hindus, there also exist [[Chinese Indonesian|Chinese]] immigrants whose traditions have melded with that of the locals. As a result, these Sino-Balinese not only embrace their original religion, which is a mixture of Buddhism, Christianity, Taoism and Confucianism, but also find a way to harmonise it with the local traditions. Hence, it is not uncommon to find local Sino-Balinese during the local temple's ''[[odalan]]''. Moreover, Balinese Hindu priests are invited to perform rites alongside a Chinese priest in the event of the death of a Sino-Balinese.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://voiceoftheshadows.blogspot.com/2009/04/short-post.html |title=Short Post |publisher=Voiceoftheshadows.blogspot.com |date=24 April 2009 |accessdate=30 December 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708072104/http://voiceoftheshadows.blogspot.com/2009/04/short-post.html |archivedate=8 July 2011 }}</ref> Nevertheless, the Sino-Balinese claim to embrace Buddhism for administrative purposes, such as their Identity Cards.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://voiceoftheshadows.blogspot.com/2009/05/hectic-yet-void-week.html |title=Hectic, yet void, week |publisher=Voiceoftheshadows.blogspot.com |date=7 May 2009 |accessdate=30 December 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708072220/http://voiceoftheshadows.blogspot.com/2009/05/hectic-yet-void-week.html |archivedate=8 July 2011 }}</ref> ===Language=== [[Balinese language|Balinese]] and [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]] are the most widely spoken languages in Bali, and the vast majority of [[Balinese people]] are [[bilingual]] or [[trilingual]]. The most common spoken language around the tourist areas is Indonesian, as many people in the tourist sector are not solely Balinese, but migrants from [[Java]], [[Lombok]], [[Sumatra]], and other parts of Indonesia. There are several indigenous Balinese languages, but most Balinese can also use the most widely spoken option: modern common Balinese. The usage of different Balinese languages was traditionally determined by the [[Balinese caste system]] and by clan membership, but this tradition is diminishing. [[Kawi language|Kawi]] and [[Sanskrit]] are also commonly used by some Hindu priests in Bali, as Hindu literature was mostly written in Sanskrit. [[English language|English]] and Chinese are the next most common languages (and the primary foreign languages) of many Balinese, owing to the requirements of the [[tourism industry]], as well as the English-speaking community and huge Chinese-Indonesian population. Other foreign languages, such as [[Japanese language|Japanese]], [[Korean language|Korean]], [[French language|French]], [[Russian language|Russian]] or [[German language|German]] are often used in multilingual signs for foreign tourists. ==Culture== {{See also|Balinese art|Music of Bali|Balinese cuisine}} [[File:Kecak.JPG|thumb|left|A ''[[kecak]]'' dance being performed at [[Uluwatu Temple]], in Bali]] [[File:Bali-Danse 0729a.jpg|thumb|upright|Dancer, Bali, c. 2007]] Bali is renowned for its diverse and sophisticated art forms, such as painting, sculpture, woodcarving, handcrafts, and performing arts. [[Balinese cuisine]] is also distinctive. Balinese percussion orchestra music, known as ''[[gamelan]]'', is highly developed and varied. Balinese performing arts often portray stories from Hindu epics such as the [[Ramayana]] but with heavy Balinese influence. Famous [[Balinese dance]]s include ''[[pendet]]'', ''[[legong]]'', ''[[baris (dance)|baris]]'', ''[[topeng]]'', ''[[barong (mythology)|barong]]'', ''[[Gamelan gong kebyar|gong keybar]]'', and ''[[kecak]]'' (the monkey dance). Bali boasts one of the most diverse and innovative performing arts cultures in the world, with paid performances at thousands of temple festivals, private ceremonies, or public shows.<ref>{{cite book|title=Masked Performance: The Play of Self and Other in Ritual and Theatre|last=Emigh|first=John|authorlink=John Emigh|year=1996|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|isbn=0-8122-1336-X}} The author is a Western theatre professor who has become a performer in Balinese [[topeng]] theater himself.</ref> ===Festivals=== [[File:Sanur Beach.JPG|thumb|A scene in Bali on ''Nyepi'', the Hindu festival of silence. Everything is deserted, human footprint minimised.<ref>{{cite book|author1=James Lyon|author2=Paul Greenway|author3=Tony Wheeler|title=Bali and Lombok|year=2001| isbn=978-1-86450-252-7|page =109}}; Quote: "Nyepi - The Day of Silence The major festival for the Hindu Balinese is Nyepi, usually held around the end of March or early April."</ref>]] Throughout the year, there are a number of festivals celebrated locally or island-wide according to the traditional calendars.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FaTTAAAAQBAJ&pg=PT25|title= Rough Guide to Bali & Lombok|isbn=978-1405381352|publisher=[[Rough Guides]]|year=2011|page=}}</ref> The Hindu New Year, ''[[Nyepi]]'', is celebrated in the spring by a day of silence. On this day everyone stays at home and tourists are encouraged (or required) to remain in their hotels. On the day before New Year, large and colourful sculptures of ''ogoh-ogoh'' monsters are paraded and finally burned in the evening to drive away evil spirits. Other festivals throughout the year are specified by the Balinese ''[[pawukon]]'' [[calendar|calendrical]] system. Celebrations are held for many occasions such as a tooth-filing (coming-of-age ritual), [[Ngaben|cremation]] or ''odalan'' (temple festival). One of the most important concepts that Balinese ceremonies have in common is that of ''désa kala patra'', which refers to how ritual performances must be appropriate in both the specific and general social context.<ref name=Herbst/> Many of the ceremonial art forms such as ''[[wayang|wayang kulit]]'' and ''[[topeng]]'' are highly improvisatory, providing flexibility for the performer to adapt the performance to the current situation.<ref name=Foley/> Many celebrations call for a loud, boisterous atmosphere with lots of activity and the resulting aesthetic, ''ramé'', is distinctively Balinese. Often two or more ''[[Music of Bali|gamelan]]'' ensembles will be performing well within earshot, and sometimes compete with each other to be heard. Likewise, the audience members talk amongst themselves, get up and walk around, or even cheer on the performance, which adds to the many layers of activity and the liveliness typical of ''ramé''.<ref>[[#Gold|Gold]], p. 8.</ref> [[File:Ubud Cremation 4.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Ngaben|Cremation]] in [[Ubud]]]] ''Kaja'' and ''kelod'' are the Balinese equivalents of North and South, which refer to ones orientation between the island's largest mountain Gunung Agung (''kaja''), and the sea (''kelod''). In addition to spatial orientation, ''kaja'' and ''kelod'' have the connotation of good and evil; gods and ancestors are believed to live on the mountain whereas demons live in the sea. Buildings such as temples and residential homes are spatially oriented by having the most sacred spaces closest to the mountain and the unclean places nearest to the sea.<ref name=Herbst/><ref>[[#Gold|Gold]], p. 19.</ref> Most temples have an inner courtyard and an outer courtyard which are arranged with the inner courtyard furthest ''kaja''. These spaces serve as performance venues since most Balinese rituals are accompanied by any combination of music, dance and drama. The performances that take place in the inner courtyard are classified as ''wali'', the most sacred rituals which are offerings exclusively for the gods, while the outer courtyard is where ''bebali'' ceremonies are held, which are intended for gods and people. Lastly, performances meant solely for the entertainment of humans take place outside the walls of the temple and are called ''bali-balihan''. This three-tiered system of classification was standardised in 1971 by a committee of Balinese officials and artists to better protect the sanctity of the oldest and most sacred Balinese rituals from being performed for a paying audience.<ref>[[#Gold|Gold]], pp.&nbsp;18–26.</ref> [[File:A collage of scenes from Barong dance of Bali Indonesia.jpg|thumb|left|Barong dance]] Tourism, Bali's chief industry, has provided the island with a foreign audience that is eager to pay for entertainment, thus creating new performance opportunities and more demand for performers. The impact of [[tourism in indonesia|tourism]] is controversial since before it became integrated into the economy, the Balinese performing arts did not exist as a capitalist venture, and were not performed for entertainment outside of their respective ritual context. Since the 1930s sacred rituals such as the ''[[barong (mythology)|barong]]'' [[Balinese dance|dance]] have been performed both in their original contexts, as well as exclusively for paying tourists. This has led to new versions of many of these performances which have developed according to the preferences of foreign audiences; some villages have a ''barong'' mask specifically for non-ritual performances as well as an older mask which is only used for sacred performances.<ref name=Sanger/> Balinese society continues to revolve around each family's ancestral village, to which the cycle of life and religion is closely tied.<ref name="NYT">{{cite news|last=Belford|first=Aubrey|title=Customary Law Revival Neglects Some Balinese|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/13/world/asia/13iht-bali.html|accessdate=12 October 2010|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=12 October 2010| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20130207064353/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/13/world/asia/13iht-bali.html| archivedate=7 February 2013<!-- Bot retrieved archive -->| deadurl= no}}</ref> Coercive aspects of traditional society, such as [[customary law]] sanctions imposed by traditional authorities such as village councils (including "[[kasepekang]]", or [[shunning]]) have risen in importance as a consequence of the democratisation and decentralisation of Indonesia since 1998.<ref name="NYT" /> Other than Balinese sacred rituals and festivals, the government presents Bali Arts Festival to showcase Bali’s performing arts and various artworks produced by the local talents that they have. It is held once a year, from second week of June until end of July. Southeast Asia’s biggest annual festival of words and ideas [[Ubud Writers and Readers Festival]] is held at [[Ubud]] in October, which is participated by the world’s most celebrated writers, artists, thinkers and performers.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://asiancorrespondent.com/2018/10/ubud-writers-readers-festival-2018-what-to-expect/ |title=What to expect at Southeast Asia’s biggest festival of words and ideas|newspaper=Asian Correspondent|accessdate=26 October 2018}}</ref> ==Sports== [[File:Stadion Dipta.jpg|thumb|[[Kapten I Wayan Dipta Stadium]], the home of [[Bali United F.C.]]]] Bali is a major world [[surfing]] destination with popular breaks dotted across the southern coastline and around the offshore island of [[Nusa Lembongan]].<ref>{{cite web|title=About Bali + Lombok|url=http://magicseaweed.com/Bali-Lombok-Surf-Forecast/55/|accessdate=14 July 2015|publisher=magicseaweed.com}}.</ref> As part of the [[Coral Triangle]], Bali, including [[Nusa Penida]], offers a wide range of dive sites with varying types of reefs, and tropical aquatic life. Bali was the host of [[2008 Asian Beach Games]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Olympic Council of Asia : Games|url=http://ocasia.org/Game/GameParticular.aspx?VKZk7uGbk/Bst5Hhk+WoCw==|accessdate=8 April 2013|publisher=ocasia.org}}</ref> It was the second time Indonesia hosted an Asia-level [[multi-sport event]], after [[Jakarta]] held the [[1962 Asian Games]]. In [[association football|football]], Bali is home to the football club [[Bali United]], which plays in the [[Liga 1 (Indonesia)|Liga 1]]. The team was relocated from [[Samarinda]], [[East Kalimantan]] to [[Gianyar]], Bali. Harbiansyah Hanafiah, the main commissioner of Bali United explained that he changed the name and moved the homebase because there were no representative from Bali in the highest football tier in Indonesia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tribunnews.com/superball/2014/12/17/putra-samarinda-berubah-jadi-bali-united-pusam|title=Putra Samarinda Berubah Jadi Bali United Pusam|accessdate= 14 April 2017}}</ref> Another reason was due to local fans in Samarinda prefer to support [[Pusamania Borneo F.C.]] more than Persisam. ==Heritage sites== In June 2012, [[Subak (irrigation)|Subak]], the irrigation system for [[paddy field]]s in [[Jatiluwih]], central Bali was enlisted as a Natural [[UNESCO world heritage site]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1194|title=Cultural Landscape of Bali Province |publisher=[[UNESCO]] |accessdate=1 July 2012}}</ref> ==Beauty pageant== Bali was the host of [[Miss World 2013]] (63rd edition of the Miss World pageant). It was the first time Indonesia hosted an international beauty pageant. ==International partnerships== *{{flagicon|MYS}} [[Penang]], [[Malaysia]] ==Gallery== <gallery> File:Besakih Bali Indonesia Pura-Besakih-01.jpg|Pura Besakih File:Kecak dancers cliffside Uluwatu.jpg|Kecak dancers File:Garuda Wisnu Kencana.jpg|The uncompleted [[Garuda Wisnu Kencana]] park File:Detailed relief of a pura, near Kuta, Bali.JPG|Detailed relief of a pura, near [[Kuta]], Bali File:Pura Bratan Bali.jpg|Pura Bratan File:Balinese Stone Carvings.jpg|Stone carvings in Ubud File:Nusa-Dua Bali Indonesia Statue-of-Bhima-01.jpg|Statue of [[Bhima]], Nusa Dua File:Singapadu Bali Temple-janitors-01.jpg|Singapadu Bali Temple File:Bali dancer, Ramayana.JPG|Bali dancer, [[Ramayana]] 2014 File:Balinese stone guardian.jpg|Balinese stone guardian at [[Ubud Palace]] File:Kuta Bali Indonesia Pura-Batu-Belig-01.jpg|Hand-carved temple guard File:Temple detail in bali.jpg|Sculptural detail from the Temple at Lake Batur File:Ogoh-Ogoh---Ubud Football Field-Red one with kids.jpeg|The Ogoh-Ogoh Festival at Ubud File:Nusa Lembongan Mushroom Beach.JPG|Mushroom Beach, Nusa Lembongan File:Bali Zoo.jpg|Bali Zoo entrance at Sukawati File:Pura Luhur Uluwatu, Uluwatu, Bali (492079830).jpg|Pura Luhur Uluwatu File:The Rock Bar Bali (7188376333).jpg|Sunset view from The Rock Bar at Ayana Resort, Jimbaran Bay File:The View of Kuta Beach, Bali.jpg|Boardwalk at Kuta Beach, Bali </gallery> ==See also== {{portal|Indonesia}} * [[Balinese Hinduism]] * [[Balinese architecture]] * [[Balinese temple]] * [[Balinese dance]] * [[Tourism in Indonesia]] * [[Culture of Indonesia]] ==References== {{reflist|30em|refs= <ref name=Foley>{{Cite journal | last = Foley | first = Kathy | last2 = Sedana | first2 = I Nyoman | last3 = Sedana | first3 = I Nyoman | title = Mask Dance from the Perspective of a Master Artist: I Ketut Kodi on "Topeng" | journal = Asian Theatre Journal | volume = 22 | issue = 2 | pages = 199–213 (208) | publisher = University of Hawai'i Press | date = Autumn 2005 | doi =10.1353/atj.2005.0031 }}</ref> <ref name=Lonely>{{cite book | last = Greenway | first = Paul | last2=Lyon|first2=James |last3=Wheeler|first3=Tony | title = Bali and Lombok | publisher = Lonely Planet | year = 1999 | location = Melbourne | isbn = 0-86442-606-2|page=15}}</ref> <ref name=Herbst>{{cite book |last=Herbst |first=Edward |title= Voices in Bali: Energes and Perceptions in Vocal Music and Dance Theater |publisher= University Press of New England |year=1997 | location = Hanover |isbn=0-8195-6316-1|pages=1–2}}</ref> <ref name=Hinzler>Hinzler, Heidi (1995) ''Artifacts and Early Foreign Influences''. From {{cite book | last = Oey | first = Eric (Editor) | title = Bali | publisher = Periplus Editions | year = 1995 | location = Singapore | pages = 24–25 | isbn = 9625930280}}</ref> <ref name=Ricklefs>{{cite book | last = Ricklefs | first = M. C. | authorlink = M. C. Ricklefs | title = A History of Modern Indonesia Since C. 1300, Second Edition | publisher = MacMillan | year = 1993 | isbn = 978-0-333-57689-2 |page=289 }}</ref> <ref name=Sanger>{{Cite journal | last1 = Sanger | first1 = Annette | title = Blessing or Blight? The Effects of Touristic Dance-Drama on village Life in Singapadu, Bali | journal = Come Mek Me Hol' Yu Han': the Impact of Tourism on Traditional Music | pages = 89–104 (90–93) | publisher = Jamaica Memory Bank | location = Berlin | year = 1988}}</ref> <ref name="ctpqur">Vickers, Adrian (1995), From {{cite book | last = Oey | first = Eric (Editor) | title = Bali | publisher = Periplus Editions | year = 1995 | location = Singapore | pages = 26–35 | isbn = 9625930280}}</ref> }} ==Bibliography== * {{cite book|author1=Haer, Debbie Guthrie |author2=Morillot, Juliette |authorlink2=Juliette Morillot |author3=Toh, Irene |lastauthoramp=yes |ref=Haer|title=Bali, a traveller's companion|publisher=Editions Didier Millet|year= 2001|isbn=978-981-4217-35-4}} * {{cite book |ref=Gold|last=Gold |first=Lisa |title=Music in Bali: Experiencing Music, Expressing Culture |publisher= [[Oxford University Press]] |year=2005 |location = New York |isbn=0-19-514149-0}} * {{cite book|ref=Taylor |last=Taylor |first=Jean Gelman |title=Indonesia: Peoples and Histories |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2003 |location= New Haven and London |isbn=0-300-10518-5}} * {{cite book |ref=Pringle| last = Pringle | first = Robert | title = Bali: Indonesia's Hindu Realm; A short history of | publisher = [[Allen & Unwin]] | series = Short History of Asia Series | year = 2004 | isbn = 1-86508-863-3 }} ==Further reading== * {{cite book | last = Black | first = Robert | title = Bali Fungus | year = 2012 | publisher = Snake Scorpion Press | isbn = 978-1-477-508-244 }} * {{cite book | last = Copeland | first = Jonathan | title = Secrets of Bali: Fresh Light on the Morning of the World | publisher = Orchid Press | year = 2010 | isbn = 978-974-524-118-3 }} * Cotterell, Arthur (2015). ''Bali: A cultural history'', Signal Books {{ISBN|9781909930179}} * [[Miguel Covarrubias|Covarrubias, Miguel]] (1946). ''Island of Bali''. {{ISBN|9625930604}} * {{cite web|author=Klemen, L |url=http://www.dutcheastindies.webs.com/index.html |title=Forgotten Campaign: The Dutch East Indies Campaign 1941–1942 |date=1999–2000 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726053035/http://www.dutcheastindies.webs.com/index.html |archivedate=26 July 2011 |df= }} * {{cite book | last = McPhee | first = Colin | authorlink = Colin McPhee | title = A House in Bali | publisher = Tuttle Publishing; New edition, 2000 (first published in 1946 by J. Day Co) | year = 2003 | isbn = 978-962-593-629-1 }} * {{cite book | last = Shavit | first = David | title = Bali and the Tourist Industry: A History, 1906–1942 | publisher = McFarland & Co Inc | year = 2006 | isbn = 978-0-7864-1572-4 }} * {{cite book | last = Vickers | first = Adrian | title = Travelling to Bali: Four Hundred Years of Journeys | publisher = Oxford University Press | year = 1994 | isbn = 978-967-65-3081-3 }} * {{cite book | last = Vickers | first = Adrian | title = Bali: A Paradise Created | publisher = Tuttle | year = 2012 | isbn = 978-0-8048-4260-0 }} * {{cite book<!-- there's a second volume to this... --> | last = Whitten | first = Anthony J. |author2=Roehayat Emon Soeriaatmadja |author3=Suraya A. Afiff | title = The Ecology of Java and Bali | publisher = Periplus Editions Ltd | year = 1997 | location = Hong Kong | isbn = 978-962-593-072-5 }} * {{cite book | last = Wijaya | first = Made | title = Architecture of Bali: A Source Book of Traditional and Modern Forms | year = 2003 | publisher = Thames & Hudson Ltd | isbn = 978-0-500-34192-6 }} ==External links== {{Prone to spam|date=December 2012}} {{Z148}} {{Sister project links|wikt=no |commons=Bali |b=no |n=no |q=no |s=no |v=no |voy=Bali}} *{{cite EB1911|wstitle=Bali|volume=3 |short=x}} *{{osmrelation-inline|1615621}} * {{official website|http://www.baliprov.go.id/|Bali provincial government official website}} {{Bali|state=uncollapsed}} {{Provinces of Indonesia}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Bali| ]] [[Category:Islands of Indonesia]] [[Category:Lesser Sunda Islands]] [[Category:Provinces of Indonesia]] [[Category:Maritime Southeast Asia]]'