Examine individual changes

'{{pp-pending}} {{Infobox person | name = Steve Jobs | image = Steve Jobs Headshot 2010-CROP.jpg | image_size = 200px | caption = Jobs holding an [[iPhone 4]] at [[Worldwide Developers Conference]] 2010 | birth_name = Steven Paul Jobs | birth_date = {{birth date and age|mf=yes|1955|02|24}}<ref name="Smithsonian 1995" /> | birth_place = [[San Francisco, California]], USA<ref name="Smithsonian 1995" /> | residence = Palo Alto, California, USA<ref>Gauvin, P and Arrington, V. (Aug 9, 1996). [http://www.paloaltoonline.com/weekly/morgue/news/1996_Aug_9.CLINTON.html WAVERLEY STREET: Clinton stops by Palo Alto for dinner: Excited residents greet president in front of Steve Jobs' house]. ''Palo Alto Online.'' Retrieved on: 2010-07-19.</ref> | nationality = American | occupation = Chairman and [[Chief executive officer|CEO]], [[Apple Inc.]]<ref name="Apple 2006" /><br />[[Board of Directors]], [[Walt Disney Company]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://corporate.disney.go.com/corporate/board_of_directors.html|title=The Walt Disney Company and Affiliated Companies – Board of Directors|work=[[Walt Disney Company]]|accessdate=October 2, 2009}}</ref> | alma_mater = [[Reed College]] (dropped out in 1972) | salary = [[United States dollar|US$]]1<!-- This is not vandalism, please check all of the sources for details. --><ref name="Salary">{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/packages/flash/business/20070408_EXECPAY_GRAPHIC/index.html|title=Putting Pay for Performance to the Test|date=April 8, 2007|work=New York Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.news.com/2100-1047_3-6049166.html|title=Apple again pays Jobs $1 salary|date=March 13, 2006|publisher=[[CNET News.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.appleinsider.com/articles/06/03/14/jobss_salary_remained_at_1_in_2005.html|title=Jobs' salary remained at $1 in 2005|date=March 14, 2006|work=[[AppleInsider]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/news/steve-jobs-banks-his-1-salary-loses-500m-1232618.html|title=Steve Jobs banks his $1 salary, loses $500m|date=January 8, 2009|accessdate=October 2, 2009|work=[[The Independent]] | location=London}}</ref> | networth = {{gain}}$5.5 billion (2010)<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.forbes.com/lists/2010/10/billionaires-2010_Steven-Jobs_HEDB.html|title=The World's Billionaires|work=[[Forbes (magazine)|Forbes]]|accessdate=March 10, 2010|date=March 10, 2010}}</ref> | religion = [[Buddhism]]<ref name="sjfortune">{{cite news | last = Elkind | first = Peter | authorlink = | title = The trouble with Steve Jobs | work = | publisher = [[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]] | date = March 15, 2008 | url = http://money.cnn.com/2008/03/02/news/companies/elkind_jobs.fortune/index.htm | doi = | accessdate = July 21, 2008}}</ref> | spouse = [[Laurene Powell]] (1991–present) | children = 4 | signature = Steve Jobs signature.svg }} '''Steven Paul "Steve" Jobs''' (born February 24, 1955) is an American [[business magnate]] and [[inventor]]. He is well-known for being the [[co-founder]] and [[chief executive officer]] of [[Apple Inc.|Apple]]. Jobs also previously served as chief executive of [[Pixar Animation Studios]]; he became a member of the [[Board of Directors|board]] of [[The Walt Disney Company]] in 2006, following the acquisition of Pixar by Disney. In the late 1970s, Jobs, with Apple co-founder [[Steve Wozniak]], [[Mike Markkula]],<ref name="Markkula1997">{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/1997/09/01/business/an-unknown-co-founder-leaves-after-20-years-of-glory-and-turmoil.html|title=An 'Unknown' Co-Founder Leaves After 20 Years of Glory and Turmoil|date=September 1, 1997|work=New York Times | first=John | last=Markoff}}</ref> and others, designed, developed, and marketed one of the first commercially successful lines of personal computers, the [[Apple II series]]. In the early 1980s, Jobs was among the first to see the [[commerce|commercial]] potential of the [[computer mouse|mouse]]-driven [[graphical user interface]] which led to the creation of the [[Macintosh]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.wired.com/gadgets/mac/news/2004/01/61730|title=Wired News: We're All Mac Users Now|work=Wired News|accessdate=September 20, 2006|last=Kahney|first=Leander|date=January 6, 2004}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/storysupplement/stevejobs/index.html|title=America's Most Admired Companies: Jobs' journey timeline|work=[[CNNMoney.com]] | accessdate=May 24, 2010}} Jobs and a team of engineers visit Xerox PARC, where they see a demo of mouse and graphical user interface</ref> After losing a power struggle with the board of directors in 1985,<ref name="DNA200905">{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/money/report_what-steve-jobs-did-when-he-was-fired-from-apple_1254757|title=What Steve Jobs did when he was fired from Apple|work=[[DNA (newspaper)]]|author=Vivek Kaul|date=May 11, 2009}}</ref><ref name="commencement" /> Jobs resigned from Apple and founded [[NeXT]], a [[computer platform]] development company specializing in the higher education and business markets. Apple's subsequent 1996 [[buyout]] of NeXT brought Jobs back to the company he co-founded, and he has served as its [[chief executive officer|CEO]] since 1997. In 1986, he acquired the computer graphics division of [[Lucasfilm|Lucasfilm Ltd]] which was spun off as [[Pixar|Pixar Animation Studios]].<ref name="Pixar History 1986">{{cite web|url=http://www.pixar.com/companyinfo/history/1986.html|title=Pixar History – 1986|work=[[Pixar]]|accessdate=April 25, 2008}}</ref> He remained [[CEO]] and majority shareholder until its acquisition by the [[The Walt Disney Company|Walt Disney Company]] in 2006.<ref name="Apple 2006">{{cite web|url=http://www.apple.com/pr/bios/jobs.html|title=Apple&nbsp;— Press Info&nbsp;— Bios&nbsp;— Steve Jobs|work=[[Apple Inc.]]|accessdate=September 20, 2006|year=2006|month=May}}</ref> Jobs is currently a member of Walt Disney Company's [[Board of Directors]].<ref name="DisneyBuysPixar" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://corporate.disney.go.com/corporate/bios/steve_jobs.html|title=The Walt Disney Company&nbsp;— Steve Jobs Biography}}</ref> Jobs' history in business has contributed much to the symbolic image of the idiosyncratic, individualistic [[Silicon Valley]] entrepreneur, emphasizing the importance of [[design]] and understanding the crucial role aesthetics play in public appeal. His work driving forward the development of products that are both functional and elegant has earned him a devoted following.<ref name="inc">{{cite news|url=http://www.inc.com/magazine/20040401/25jobs.html|title=Steve Jobs&nbsp;– Apple Computer, Pixar|work=[[Inc. (magazine)|Inc. Magazine]]|accessdate=September 20, 2006|last=Cringely|first=Robert X.|authorlink=Robert X. Cringely|date=April 1, 2004}}</ref> Jobs is listed as either primary inventor or co-inventor in over 230 both awarded patents and patent applications related to a range from actual computer and portable devices to user interfaces (including touch-based), glass members, speakers, keyboards, power adapters, staircases, clasps, sleeves, lanyards and packages.<ref name="Patents registry database 1">{{cite web|url=http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO2&Sect2=HITOFF&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsearch-adv.htm&r=0&f=S&l=50&d=PTXT&Query=IN%2F%22Jobs%2C+Steven%22 Query "IN/"Jobs, Steven""|title=[[United States Government|Governmental]] patent database|accessdate=June 7, 2010}}</ref><ref name="Patents registry database 2">{{cite web|url=http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO2&Sect2=HITOFF&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsearch-adv.htm&r=0&f=S&l=50&d=PTXT&Query=IN%2F%22Jobs%2C+Steve%22 Query "IN/"Jobs, Steve""|title=[[United States Government|Governmental]] patent database|accessdate=June 7, 2010}}</ref> ==Early years== [[File:Steve Jobs WWDC07.jpg|upright|thumb|left|Steve Jobs at the WWDC 07]] Jobs was born in San Francisco<ref name="Smithsonian 1995">{{cite web|url=http://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/comphist/sj1.html|title=Smithsonian Oral and Video Histories: Steve Jobs|work=[[Smithsonian Institution]]|accessdate=September 20, 2006|date=April 20, 1995}}</ref> and was [[adoption|adopted]] by Paul and Clara Jobs ([[née]] Hagopian<ref>«Mother: Clara Hagopian (adoptive mother, accountant)» — [http://www.nndb.com/people/520/000023451/ Steve Jobs biography] at ''[[NNDB]]''.</ref>) of [[Mountain View, California]], who named him Steven Paul. Paul and Clara later adopted a daughter, who they named Patti. Jobs' biological parents – Abdulfattah Jandali, a [[Syrian]] [[Muslim]]<ref name="bombsite.com">http://bombsite.com/issues/20/articles/947</ref> graduate student who later became a political science professor,<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/media/2006/jan/29/citynews.apple | location=London | title=The non-stop revolutionary | date=January 29, 2006 | work=The Guardian}}</ref> and Joanne Simpson<!-- Carole Schieble -->, an American graduate student<ref name="bombsite.com"/> who went on to become a speech therapist<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.nytimes.com/1997/01/12/magazine/creating-jobs.html?pagewanted=5 | title=Creating Jobs | first=Steve | last=Lohr | date=January 12, 1997 | work=The New York Times}}</ref> – later married, giving birth to and raising Jobs' biological sister, the novelist [[Mona Simpson (novelist)|Mona Simpson]].<ref name="vanityfair2005-10-1">Alan Deutschman, Richard Siklos, Heather Halberstadt, John Brodie, Duff McDonald, Craig Offman and Richard Rushfield, [http://www.accessmylibrary.com/article-1G1-138671839/new-establishment-2005-50.html "The New Establishment 2005: The 50 Most Powerful Leaders of the Information Age"], ''[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]]'', October 1, 2005.</ref><ref name="greenbaypressgazette2005-12-4">Andy Behrendt, "Apple Computer mogul's roots tied to Green Bay", ''[[Green Bay Press-Gazette]]'', December 4, 2005.</ref><ref name="observer2006-1-26">David Smith, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/media/2006/jan/29/citynews.apple "The non-stop revolutionary"], ''[[The Observer]]'' (U.K.), January 26, 2006.</ref><ref name="dailymail2008-4-30">Rob Waugh, additional reporting by Paul Henderson, [http://www.dailymail.co.uk/home/moslive/article-1017242/iGod--Apple-went-bad-billions-doing-it.html "iGod—how Apple went bad, and made billions from doing it"], ''[[Daily Mail]]'' (U.K.), April 30, 2008.</ref><ref name="telegraph2009-1-14">[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/apple/4242660/Steve-Jobs-Apples-iGod-Profile.html "Steve Jobs, Apple's iGod: Profile"], ''[[The Daily Telegraph|Telegraph]]'' (U.K.), January 14, 2009.</ref> Jobs attended Cupertino Junior High School and [[Homestead High School (California)|Homestead High School]] in [[Cupertino, California]],<ref name="inc" /> and frequented after-school lectures at the [[Hewlett-Packard Company]] in [[Palo Alto, California]]. He was soon hired there and worked with [[Steve Wozniak]] as a summer employee.<ref name="applemuseum">{{cite web|title=Biography: Steve Jobs|work=The Apple Museum|url=http://www.theapplemuseum.com/index.php?id=49|accessdate=May 18, 2006}}</ref> In 1972, Jobs graduated from high school and enrolled in [[Reed College]] in [[Portland, Oregon]]. Although he [[dropping out|dropped out]] after only one semester,<ref name="guardian2004">{{cite news|first=Duncan|last=Campbell|url=http://arts.guardian.co.uk/features/story/0,11710,1241745,00.html|title=The Guardian Profile: Steve Jobs|work=Guardian Unlimited|date=June 8, 2004|accessdate=March 31, 2006 | location=London}}</ref> he continued [[academic audit|auditing]] classes at Reed, such as one in [[calligraphy]]. Jobs later stated, "If I had never dropped in on that single course in college, the Mac would have never had multiple [[typeface]]s or proportionally spaced fonts", he said.<ref name="commencement">{{cite news|url=http://news-service.stanford.edu/news/2005/june15/jobs-061505.html|title='You've got to find what you love,' Jobs says|work=Stanford Report|date=June 14, 2005|accessdate=March 31, 2006}}"I didn't see it then, but it turned out that getting fired from Apple was the best thing that could have ever happened to me".</ref> In the autumn of 1974, Jobs returned to California and began attending meetings of the [[Homebrew Computer Club]] with [[Steve Wozniak]]. He took a job as a technician at [[Atari]], a manufacturer of popular [[computer and video games|video games]], with the primary intent of saving money for a spiritual retreat to India. Jobs then traveled to India with a Reed College friend (and, later, the first Apple employee), [[Daniel Kottke]], in search of spiritual enlightenment. He came back a [[Buddhist]] with his head shaved and wearing traditional Indian clothing.<ref name="Andrews ">{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/apple/4242660/Steve-Jobs-Apples-iGod-Profile.html|title=Steve Jobs, Apple's iGod: Profile|last=Andrews |first=Amanda|publisher=Telegraph.co.uk|accessdate=October 29, 2009 | location=London | date=January 14, 2009}}</ref><ref name="scotsman">{{cite web|url=http://news.scotsman.com/comment/Steve-Jobs-profile-Apple39s-hard.4863847.jp|title=Steve Jobs profile: Apple's hard core|publisher=News scotsman|accessdate=October 29, 2009}}</ref> During this time, Jobs experimented with [[psychedelic drug|psychedelics]], calling his [[LSD]] experiences "one of the two or three most important things [he had] done in [his] life".<ref name="WhatTheDormouseSaid">{{cite book|last=Markoff|first=John|authorlink=John Markoff|year=2005|title=[[What the Dormouse Said: How the 60s Counterculture Shaped the Personal Computer Industry]]|publisher=The Penguin Group|id=pg. xviii–xix|isbn=0-670-03382-0}}</ref> He has stated that people around him who did not share his countercultural roots could not fully relate to his thinking.<ref name="WhatTheDormouseSaid" /> He returned to his previous job at Atari and was given the task of creating a [[circuit board]] for the game [[Breakout (arcade game)|Breakout]]. According to Atari founder [[Nolan Bushnell]], Atari had offered [[United States dollar|US$]]100 for each chip that was reduced in the machine. Jobs had little interest or knowledge in circuit board design and made a deal with Wozniak to split the bonus evenly between them if Wozniak could minimize the number of chips. Much to the amazement of Atari, Wozniak reduced the number of chips by 50, a design so tight that it was impossible to reproduce on an assembly line. At the time, Jobs told Wozniak that Atari had only given them $700 (instead of the actual $5000) and that Wozniak's share was thus $350.<ref>[http://www.woz.org/letters/general/91.html ''Letters&nbsp;– General Questions Answered''], Woz.org</ref><ref name="iWoz">[[Steve Wozniak|Wozniak, Steven]]: "[[iWoz]]", a: pages 147–148, b: page 180. [[W. W. Norton]], 2006. ISBN 978-0-393-06143-7</ref><ref name="UHVF">Kent, Stevn: "The Ultimate History of Video Games", pages 71–73. Three Rivers, 2001. ISBN 0-7615-3643-4</ref><ref name="DotEaters">{{cite web|url=http://www.thedoteaters.com/p2_stage1.php |title=Player 2 Stage 1: The Coin Eaters |publisher=Thedoteaters.com |date=2007-09-29 |accessdate=2010-04-19}}</ref><ref name="ArcadeHistory">{{cite web|url=http://www.arcade-history.com/index.php?page=detail&id=3397 |title=Breakout |publisher=Arcade History |date=2002-06-25 |accessdate=2010-04-19}}</ref><ref name="ClassicGaming">{{cite web|url=http://classicgaming.gamespy.com/View.php?view=Articles.Detail&id=395 |title=Classic Gaming: A Complete History of Breakout |publisher=Classicgaming.gamespy.com |date= |accessdate=2010-04-19}}</ref> ==Career== ===Beginnings of Apple Computer=== {{See also|History of Apple}} [[File:Steve Jobs and Bill Gates (522695099).jpg|upright|thumb|left|Steve Jobs and [[Bill Gates]] at the fifth {{nowrap|''D: All Things Digital''}} conference (''D5'') in 2007.]] In 1976, Steve Jobs, [[Steve Wozniak]] and [[Ronald Wayne]],<ref name="Wayne01">{{cite web|url=http://extras.denverpost.com/books/chap0411h.htm|title=Apple Confidential: The Real Story of Apple Computer, Inc.|work=The Denver Post|author=Owen W. Linzmayer, No Starch Press}}</ref> with later funding from a then-semi-retired Intel product-marketing manager and engineer [[Mike Markkula|A.C. "Mike" Markkula Jr.]],<ref name="Markkula1997" /> founded Apple. Prior to co-founding Apple, Wozniak was an electronics hacker. Jobs and Wozniak had been friends for several years, having met in 1971, when their mutual friend, Bill Fernandez, introduced 21-year-old Wozniak to 16-year-old Jobs. Steve Jobs managed to interest Wozniak in assembling a computer and selling it. As Apple continued to expand, the company began looking for an experienced executive to help manage its expansion. In 1978, Apple recruited [[Michael Scott (Apple)|Mike Scott]] from [[National Semiconductor]] to serve as CEO for what turned out to be several turbulent years. In 1983, Steve Jobs lured [[John Sculley]] away from [[Pepsi-Cola]] to serve as Apple's CEO, asking, "Do you want to sell sugar water for the rest of your life, or do you want to come with me and change the world?"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.salon.com/tech/feature/1999/09/28/mac_linux/index.html|date=September 28, 1999|title=Do penguins eat apples?|first=Andrew|last=Leonard|work=[[Salon.com]]|accessdate=February 10, 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.actsweb.org/articles/article.php?i=1160&d=2&c=6|title=His Opportunity to Change the World}}</ref> The following year, Apple aired a [[Super Bowl]] television commercial titled "[[1984 (television commercial)|1984]]." At Apple's annual shareholders meeting on January 24, 1984, an emotional Jobs introduced the [[Macintosh]] to a wildly enthusiastic audience; [[Andy Hertzfeld]] described the scene as "pandemonium."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.folklore.org/StoryView.py?project=Macintosh&story=The_Times_They_Are_A-Changin.txt|title=The Times They Are A-Changin'|first=Andy|last=Hertzfeld|authorlink=Andy Hertzfeld|work=folklore.org}}</ref> The Macintosh became the first commercially successful small computer with a [[graphical user interface]]. The development of the Mac was started by [[Jef Raskin]], and eventually taken over by Jobs. While Jobs was a persuasive and charismatic director for Apple, some of his employees from that time had described him as an erratic and temperamental manager. An industry-wide sales slump towards the end of 1984 caused a deterioration in Jobs's working relationship with Sculley, and at the end of May 1985&nbsp;– following an internal power struggle and an announcement of significant layoffs&nbsp;– Sculley relieved Jobs of his duties as head of the Macintosh division.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.folklore.org/StoryView.py?project=Macintosh&story=The_End_Of_An_Era.txt|title=The End Of An Era|first=Andy|last=Hertzfeld|authorlink=Andy Hertzfeld|work=folklore.org}}</ref> ===NeXT Computer=== {{See also|NeXT}} Around the same time, Jobs founded another computer company, [[NeXT|NeXT Computer]]. Like the [[Apple Lisa]], the NeXT workstation was technologically advanced; however, it was largely dismissed by industry as cost-prohibitive. Among those who could afford it, however, the NeXT workstation garnered a strong following because of its technical strengths, chief among them its [[object-oriented]] software development system. Jobs marketed NeXT products to the scientific and academic fields because of the innovative, experimental new technologies it incorporated (such as the [[Mach kernel]], the [[digital signal processor]] chip, and the built-in [[Ethernet]] port). The [[NeXTcube]] was described by Jobs as an "interpersonal" computer, which he believed was the next step after "personal" computing. That is, if computers could allow people to communicate and collaborate together in an easy way, it would solve many of the problems that "personal" computing had come up against. During a time when e-mail for most people was plain text, Jobs loved to demo the NeXT's e-mail system, [[NeXTMail]], as an example of his "interpersonal" philosophy. NeXTMail was one of the first to support universally visible, clickable embedded graphics and audio within e-mail. Jobs ran NeXT with an obsession for aesthetic perfection, as evidenced by such things as the NeXTcube's magnesium case. This put considerable strain on NeXT's hardware division, and in 1993, after having sold only 50,000 machines, NeXT transitioned fully to software development with the release of [[NeXTSTEP]]/[[Intel]]. ===Pixar and Disney=== In 1986, Jobs bought The Graphics Group (later renamed [[Pixar]]) from [[Lucasfilm]]'s computer graphics division for the price of $10 million, $5 million of which was given to the company as capital.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://alvyray.com/Pixar/ |title=Pixar Founding Documents |publisher=Alvyray.com |date= |accessdate=2010-04-19}}</ref> The new company, which was originally based at [[Lucasfilm]]'s Kerner Studios in [[San Rafael, California]], but has since relocated to [[Emeryville, California]], was initially intended to be a high-end graphics hardware developer. After years of unprofitability selling the [[Pixar Image Computer]], it contracted with Disney to produce a number of computer-animated feature films, which Disney would co-finance and distribute. The first film produced by the partnership, ''[[Toy Story]]'', brought fame and critical acclaim to the studio when it was released in 1995. Over the next ten plus years, under Pixar's creative chief [[John Lasseter]], the company would produce the box-office hits ''[[A Bug's Life]]'' (1998), ''[[Toy Story 2]]'' (1999), ''[[Monsters, Inc.]]'' (2001), ''[[Finding Nemo]]'' (2003), ''[[The Incredibles]]'' (2004), ''[[Cars (film)|Cars]]'' (2006), [[Ratatouille (film)|''Ratatouille'']] (2007), ''[[WALL-E]]'' (2008) and ''[[Up (2009 film)|Up]]'' (2009). ''Finding Nemo'', ''The Incredibles'', ''Ratatouille'', ''WALL-E'' and ''Up'' each received the [[Academy Award for Best Animated Feature]], an award introduced in 2001. In the years 2003 and 2004, as Pixar's contract with Disney was running out, Jobs and Disney chief executive [[Michael Eisner]] tried but failed to negotiate a new partnership, and in early 2004 Jobs announced that Pixar would seek a new partner to distribute its films once its contract with Disney expired. In October 2005, [[Bob Iger]] replaced Eisner at Disney, and Iger quickly worked to patch up relations with Jobs and Pixar. On January 24, 2006, Jobs and Iger announced that Disney had agreed to purchase Pixar in an all-stock transaction worth $7.4 billion. Once the deal closed, Jobs became [[The Walt Disney Company]]'s largest single shareholder with approximately 7% of the company's stock.<ref name="DisneyBuysPixar">January 25, 2006 [http://inhome.rediff.com/money/2006/jan/25disney.htm ''Disney buys Pixar for $7.4 bn''], rediff.com</ref> Jobs's holdings in Disney far exceed those of Eisner, who holds 1.7%, and Disney family member [[Roy E. Disney]], who held about 1% of the company's stock and whose criticisms of Eisner included the soured Pixar relationship and accelerated his ousting. Jobs joined the company's board of directors upon completion of the merger.{{wikinews|Disney buys Pixar}} Jobs also helps oversee Disney and Pixar's combined animation businesses with a seat on a special six-man steering committee. ===Return to Apple=== [[File:Stevejobs Macworld2005.jpg|upright|right|thumb|Jobs on stage at [[Macworld Conference & Expo]], San Francisco, January 11, 2005.]] {{See also|Apple Inc.#1998–2005: Return to profitability|l1="1998–2005: Return to profitability" in Apple Inc.}} In 1996, Apple announced that it would buy [[NeXT]] for $429 million. The deal was finalized in late 1996,<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/*/product.info.apple.com/pr/press.releases/1997/q2/970207.pr.rel.next.html Apple Computer, Inc. Finalizes Acquisition of NeXT Software Inc.], ''Apple Inc.'', February 7, 1997. Retrieved on June 25, 2006.</ref> bringing Jobs back to the company he co-founded. He soon became Apple's interim CEO after the directors lost confidence in and ousted then-CEO [[Gil Amelio]] in a [[boardroom coup]]. In March 1998, to concentrate Apple's efforts on returning to profitability, Jobs immediately terminated a number of projects such as [[Newton (platform)|Newton]], [[Cyberdog]], and [[OpenDoc]]. In the coming months, many employees developed a fear of encountering Jobs while riding in the elevator, "afraid that they might not have a job when the doors opened. The reality was that Jobs' summary executions were rare, but a handful of victims was enough to terrorize a whole company."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://archive.salon.com/tech/books/2000/10/11/jobs_excerpt/index2.html|title=The once and future Steve Jobs|date=October 11, 2000|work=[[Salon.com]]}}</ref> Jobs also changed the licensing program for [[Macintosh clones]], making it too costly for the manufacturers to continue making machines. With the purchase of NeXT, much of the company's technology found its way into Apple products, most notably [[NeXTSTEP]], which evolved into [[Mac OS X]]. Under Jobs's guidance the company increased sales significantly with the introduction of the [[iMac]] and other new products; since then, appealing designs and powerful branding have worked well for Apple. At the 2000 Macworld Expo, Jobs officially dropped the "interim" modifier from his title at Apple and became permanent CEO. Jobs quipped at the time that he would be using the title 'iCEO.' <ref>{{cite news|url=http://archives.cnn.com/2000/TECH/computing/01/05/macworld.keynote/index.html|title=Jobs announces new MacOS, becomes 'iCEO'|date=January 5, 2000|work=[[cnn.com]]}}</ref> In recent years, the company has branched out, introducing and improving upon other digital appliances. With the introduction of the [[iPod]] portable music player, iTunes digital music software, and the [[iTunes Store]], the company made forays into consumer electronics and music distribution. In 2007, Apple entered the cellular phone business with the introduction of the [[iPhone]], a [[multi-touch]] display cell phone, [[iPod]], and internet device.{{Clarify|date=June 2010}} While stimulating innovation, Jobs also reminds his employees that "real artists ship",<ref>{{cite web|url=http://folklore.org/StoryView.py?project=Macintosh&story=Real_Artists_Ship.txt|title=Real Artists Ship}}</ref> by which he means that delivering working products on time is as important as innovation and attractive design. Jobs is both admired and criticized for his consummate skill at persuasion and salesmanship, which has been dubbed the "[[reality distortion field]]" and is particularly evident during his keynote speeches (colloquially known as "[[Stevenote]]s") at [[Macworld Conference & Expo|Macworld Expos]] and at Apple's own World Wide Developers Conferences. In 2005, Jobs responded to criticism of Apple's poor recycling programs for [[e-waste]] in the U.S. by lashing out at environmental and other advocates at Apple's Annual Meeting in Cupertino in April. However, a few weeks later, Apple announced it would take back iPods for free at its retail stores. The [[Computer TakeBack Campaign]] responded by flying a banner from a plane over the Stanford University graduation at which Jobs was the commencement speaker.<ref name="commencement" /> The banner read "Steve&nbsp;— Don't be a mini-player recycle all e-waste". In 2006, he further expanded Apple's recycling programs to any U.S. customer who buys a new Mac. This program includes shipping and "environmentally friendly disposal" of their old systems.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,1895,1952356,00.asp|title=Apple Improves Recycling Plan|date=April 21, 2006|work=[[PC Magazine]]}}</ref> ==Business life== ===Wealth=== As of October 2009, Jobs owns 5.426 million shares of Apple, most of which was granted in 2003 when Jobs was given 10 million shares. He also owns 138 million shares of Disney, which he received in exchange for Disney's acquisition of Pixar.<ref>[http://tech.fortune.cnn.com/2009/10/21/steve-jobs-is-282-million-richer/ "Steve Jobs is $300 million richer"]. ''Fortune''. Retrieved June 10, 2010.</ref> ===Stock options backdating issue=== In 2001, Steve Jobs was granted stock options in the amount of 7.5 million shares of Apple with an exercise price of $18.30, which allegedly should have been $21.10, thereby incurring taxable income of $20,000,000 that he did not report as income. This indicated [[backdating]]. Apple overstated its earnings by that same amount. If found liable, Jobs might have faced a number of criminal charges and civil penalties. Apple claimed that the options were originally granted at a special board meeting that may never have taken place. Furthermore, the investigation is focusing on false dating of the options resulting in a retroactive $20 million increase in the exercise price. The case is the subject of active criminal and civil government investigations,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.canada.com/topics/finance/story.html?id=e23e0409-6b23-4176-83b6-b42012dd79fd&k=88694|title=New questions raised about Steve Jobs's role in Apple stock options scandal|date=December 28, 2006}}</ref> though an independent internal Apple investigation completed on December 29, 2006 found that Jobs was unaware of these issues and that the options granted to him were returned without being exercised in 2003.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.eetimes.com/news/latest/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=196800077|title=Apple restates, acknowledges faked documents|accessdate=January 1, 2007|date=December 29, 2006|work=[[EE Times]]}}</ref> On July 1, 2008 a $7 billion class action suit was filed against several members of the Apple Board of Directors for revenue lost due to the alleged securities fraud.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailytech.com/Group+Wants+7B+USD+From+Apple+Steve+Jobs+Executives+Over+Securities+Fraud+/article12258.htm|title=Group Wants $7B USD From Apple, Steve Jobs, Executives Over Securities Fraud}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.informationweek.com/news/global-cio/legal/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=208802018|title=Apple, Steve Jobs, Executives, Board, Sued For Securities Fraud}}</ref> ===Management style=== Much has been made of Jobs' aggressive and demanding personality. ''[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]]'' wrote that he "is considered one of Silicon Valley's leading [[egotism|egomaniacs]]."<ref name="egomaniac">Colvin, Geoff. "[http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/2007/03/19/8402325/index.htm?source=yahoo_quote Steve Jobs' Bad Bet.]" ''[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]]'', March 19, 2007.</ref> Commentaries on his temperamental style can be found in [[Michael Moritz|Mike Moritz]]'s ''[[The Little Kingdom]]'', one of the few authorized biographies of Jobs; Jeffrey S. Young's unauthorized ''Steve Jobs: The Journey Is the Reward''{{Citation needed|date=July 2010}}; ''[[The Second Coming of Steve Jobs]],'' by Alan Deutschman; and ''[[iCon: Steve Jobs]]'', by Jeffrey S. Young & William L. Simon. [[Jef Raskin]], a former colleague, once said that Jobs "would have made an excellent king of France," alluding to Jobs' compelling and larger-than-life persona.<ref>[http://technology.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/tech_and_web/article6797859.ece?token=null&offset=12&page=2 ]{{Dead link|date=April 2010}}</ref> Jobs has always aspired to position Apple and its products at the forefront of the [[information technology]] industry by foreseeing and setting trends, at least in innovation and style. He summed up that self-concept at the end of his keynote speech at the [[Macworld Conference & Expo#2007|Macworld Conference and Expo]] in January 2007 by quoting ice hockey legend [[Wayne Gretzky]]:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blog.seattlepi.nwsource.com/microsoft/library/applekeynote.html |title=JOBS MACWORLD 07 |publisher=Blog.seattlepi.nwsource.com |date= |accessdate=2010-04-19}}</ref>{{quote|There's an old Wayne Gretzky quote that I love. 'I skate to where the puck is going to be, not where it has been.' And we've always tried to do that at Apple. Since the very very beginning. And we always will.|Steve Jobs}} [[Floyd Norman]] said that at Pixar, Jobs was a "mature, mellow individual" and never interfered with the creative process of the filmmakers.<ref>{{cite news|author=[[Floyd Norman]]|title= Steve Jobs: A Tough Act to Follow|work=Jim Hill Media|date=January 19, 2009|url=http://jimhillmedia.com/blogs/floyd_norman/archive/2009/01/19/steve-jobs-a-tough-act-to-follow.aspx|accessdate=January 19, 2009}}</ref> ==Personal life== Jobs married [[Laurene Powell]], on March 18, 1991. Presiding over the wedding was the [[Zen|Zen Buddhist]] monk [[Kobun Chino Otogowa]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Elkind |first=Peter |url=http://money.cnn.com/2008/03/02/news/companies/elkind_jobs.fortune/index2.htm |title=Steve Jobs (pg 2) – Mar. 4, 2008 |publisher=Money.cnn.com |date= March 4, 2008|accessdate=2010-04-19}}</ref> The couple have a son, Reed Paul Jobs,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-8495483285864450495&ei=0S48SvvLGYvr-Aaukuy4Cg |title=At 04:24 a picture is displayed |publisher=Video.google.com |date= |accessdate=2010-04-19}}</ref> and two other children; Xavier and Ignatius. Jobs also has a daughter, [[Lisa Brennan-Jobs]] (born 1978), from his relationship with Bay Area painter Chrisann Brennan.<ref name="sjfortune-pg2">{{cite news|last=Elkind|first=Peter|title=The trouble with Steve Jobs|publisher=[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]]|date = March 15, 2008|url=http://money.cnn.com/2008/03/02/news/companies/elkind_jobs.fortune/index2.htm|accessdate=January 6, 2009}}</ref> She briefly raised their daughter on welfare when Jobs denied paternity, claiming that he was sterile; he later acknowledged paternity.<ref name="sjfortune-pg2" /> In the unauthorized [[biography]], ''[[The Second Coming of Steve Jobs]],'' author Alan Deutschman reports that Jobs once dated [[Joan Baez]]. Deutschman quotes Elizabeth Holmes, a friend of Jobs from his time at Reed College, as saying she "believed that Steve became the lover of [[Joan Baez]] in large measure because Baez had been the lover of [[Bob Dylan]]." In another unauthorized biography, ''[[iCon: Steve Jobs]]'' by Jeffrey S. Young & William L. Simon, the authors suggest that Jobs might have married Baez, but her age at the time (41) meant it was unlikely the couple could have children. Baez included a mention of Jobs in the acknowledgments of her 1987 memoir ''And A Voice To Sing With''.{{Citation needed|date=July 2010}} Steve Jobs is also a [[Beatles]] fan. He has referenced them on more than one occasion at Keynotes and also was interviewed on a showing of a [[Paul McCartney]] concert. When asked about his [[business model]] on ''[[60 Minutes]]'', he replied:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cnettv.cnet.com/60-minutes-steve-jobs/9742-1_53-50004696.html |title=Videos – Free video downloads and streaming video – CNET TV |publisher=Cnettv.cnet.com |date= |accessdate=2010-04-19}}</ref>{{quote|My model for business is The Beatles: They were four guys that kept each other's negative tendencies in check; they balanced each other. And the total was greater than the sum of the parts. Great things in business are not done by one person, they are done by a team of people.}} In 1982, Jobs bought an apartment in [[The San Remo]], an apartment building in New York City with a politically progressive reputation, where [[Demi Moore]], [[Steven Spielberg]], [[Steve Martin]], and Princess [[Yasmin Aga Khan]], daughter of [[Rita Hayworth]], also had apartments. With the help of [[I.M. Pei]], Jobs spent years renovating his apartment in the top two floors of the building's north tower, only to sell it almost two decades later to [[U2]] frontman [[Bono (U2)|Bono]]. Jobs had never moved in.<ref>{{cite news|work=[[Forbes (magazine)|Forbes]]|date=December 28, 1987|accessdate=April 30, 2007|last=Morgenson|first=Gretchen|title=At home with Steve Jobs}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Tallant|first=Nicola|title=Bono's E11.5M 'Bargain Buy'|date=May 1, 2005|accessdate=April 30, 2007|work=[[The Sunday People]]}}</ref> In 1984, Jobs purchased a {{convert|17000|sqft|m2|sing=on}}, 14 bedroom [[Spanish Colonial]] mansion, designed by [[George Washington Smith (architect)|George Washington Smith]] in [[Woodside, California]], also known as [[Jackling House]]. Although it reportedly remained in an almost unfurnished state, Jobs lived in the mansion for almost ten years. According to reports, he kept an old [[BMW]] motorcycle in the living room, and let [[Bill Clinton]] use it in 1998. Since the early 1990s, Jobs has lived in a house in the Old Palo Alto neighborhood of Palo Alto. President Clinton dined with Jobs and 14 Silicon Valley CEOs there August 7, 1996.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.siliconvalleycurious.com/2010/06/do-you-know-steve-jobs/|work=[[Silicon Valley Curious]]|title=Do You Know Steve Jobs?|date=June 20, 2010|first=Quinn|last=Aguilar}}</ref> He allowed the mansion to fall into a state of disrepair, planning to demolish the house and build a smaller home on the property; but he met with complaints from local preservationists over his plans. In June 2004, the Woodside Town Council gave Jobs approval to demolish the mansion, on the condition that he advertise the property for a year to see if someone would move it to another location and restore it. A number of people expressed interest, including several with experience in restoring old property, but no agreements to that effect were reached. Later that same year, a local preservationist group began seeking legal action to prevent demolition. In January 2007 Jobs was denied the right to demolish the property, by a court decision.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/c/a/2007/01/10/BAGFNNGE216.DTL|work=[[San Francisco Chronicle]]|title=Appeals court says Jobs can't raze Woodside mansion | first=Bob | last=Egelko | date=January 10, 2007}}</ref> He usually wears a black long-sleeved [[mock turtleneck]] made by [[St. Croix (clothing)|St. Croix]], [[Levi's]] 501 blue jeans, and [[New Balance|New Balance 991]] sneakers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gizmodo.com/gadgets/pcs/wear-the-exact-outfit-of-steve-jobs-for-458-157402.php |title=Gizmodo on Steve Jobs' attire |publisher=Gizmodo.com |date=2006-02-28 |accessdate=2010-04-19}}</ref> He is a [[pescetarian]].<ref>{{cite news|date=May 9, 2006|accessdate=2010-06-23|publisher=[[ZDNet]]|title=Jobs gets out of the Happy Meal business|url=http://blogs.zdnet.com/Apple/?p=192}}</ref> Jobs had a public war of words with [[Dell, Inc.|Dell Computer]] CEO [[Michael Dell]], starting when Jobs first criticized Dell for making "un-innovative beige boxes."<ref>[http://news.cnet.com/8301-10787_3-9940589-60.html "If Apple can go home again, why not Dell?"] CNET News. May 19, 2008.</ref> On October 6, 1997, in a [[Gartner]] Symposium, when Michael Dell was asked what he would do if he owned then-troubled Apple Computer, he said "I'd shut it down and give the money back to the shareholders."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.news.com/Dell-Apple-should-close-shop/2100-1001_3-203937.html|work=[[CNET]]|title=Dell: Apple should close shop}}</ref> In 2006, Steve Jobs sent an email to all employees when Apple's [[market capitalization]] rose above Dell's. The email read:<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2006/01/16/technology/16apple.html|work=The New York Times|title=Michael Dell Should Eat His Words, Apple Chief Suggests | first=John | last=Markoff | date=January 16, 2006 | accessdate=May 24, 2010}}</ref>{{quote|Team, it turned out that Michael Dell wasn't perfect at predicting the future. Based on today's stock market close, Apple is worth more than Dell. Stocks go up and down, and things may be different tomorrow, but I thought it was worth a moment of reflection today. Steve.}} In 2005, Steve Jobs banned all books published by [[John Wiley & Sons]] from [[Apple Store]]s in response to their publishing an unauthorized biography, ''[[iCon: Steve Jobs]]''.<ref>{{cite news|title=Steve Jobs' Review of His Biography: Ban It|last=Hafner|first=Katie|work=The New York Times|date=April 30, 2005|page=Technology|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2005/04/30/technology/30apple.html?ex=1272513600&en=7cc0ad54117bc197&ei=5090&partner=rssuserland&emc=rss|accessdate=October 16, 2006}}</ref> ===Health concerns=== In mid-2004, Jobs announced to his employees that he had been diagnosed with a cancerous [[tumor]] in his [[pancreas]].<ref name="www-sfgate-MNGMJ816F41">{{cite news|title=Apple's Jobs has cancerous tumor removed|last=Evangelista|first=Benny|work=[[San Francisco Chronicle]]|date=August 2, 2004|page=A1|url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/c/a/2004/08/02/MNGMJ816F41.DTL|accessdate=August 9, 2006}}</ref> The prognosis for [[pancreatic cancer]] is usually very grim; Jobs, however, stated that he had a rare, far less aggressive type known as [[islet cell carcinoma|islet cell]] [[neuroendocrine tumor]].<ref name="www-sfgate-MNGMJ816F41"/> After initially resisting the idea of conventional medical intervention and embarking on a special diet to thwart the disease, Jobs underwent a [[pancreaticoduodenectomy]] (or "Whipple procedure") in July 2004 that appeared to successfully remove the tumor.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mayoclinic.org/pancreatic-cancer/treatment.html |title=Pancreatic Cancer Treatment |publisher=Mayo Clinic |date= |accessdate=2010-04-19}}</ref><ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/23/technology/23apple.html?bl&ex=1216958400&en=0d31b1999828e3cc&ei=5087%0A NY Times]</ref> Jobs apparently did not require nor receive [[chemotherapy]] or [[radiation therapy]].<ref name="www-sfgate-MNGMJ816F41" /><ref>{{cite web|last=Elmer |first=Philip |url=http://apple20.blogs.fortune.cnn.com/2008/06/13/steve-jobs-life-after-the-whipple/?source=yahoo_quote |title=Steve Jobs and Whipple |publisher=Apple20.blogs.fortune.cnn.com |date=2008-06-13 |accessdate=2010-04-19}}</ref> During Jobs' absence, [[Timothy D. Cook]], head of worldwide sales and operations at Apple, ran the company.<ref name="www-sfgate-MNGMJ816F41" /> [[File:Steve Jobs.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Jobs at the 2008 [[Worldwide Developers Conference]].]] In early August 2006, Jobs delivered the keynote for Apple's annual [[Worldwide Developers Conference]]. His "thin, almost gaunt" appearance and unusually "listless" delivery,<ref>"Looking very thin, almost gaunt":{{cite web|url=http://www.wired.com/gadgets/mac/commentary/cultofmac/2006/08/71557|title=Has Steve Jobs Lost His Magic?|last=Kahney|first=Leander|publisher=Wired News|work=Cult of Mac|accessdate=August 8, 2006}}</ref><ref>"[The audience was] uninspired (and concerned) by Jobs' relatively listless delivery":{{cite news|title=Jobs speech wasn’t very Jobs-like|last=Meyers|first=Michelle|url=http://www.news.com/8301-10784_3-6103427-7.html|publisher=[[CNET|CNET News.com]]|work=BLOGMA|accessdate=August 8, 2006}}</ref> together with his choice to delegate significant portions of his keynote to other presenters, inspired a flurry of media and internet speculation about his health.<ref>{{cite news|title=Where's Jobs' Mojo?|last=Saracevic|first=Al|work=[[San Francisco Chronicle]]|date=August 9, 2006|page=C1|url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2006/08/09/BUGTEKDE6M1.DTL|accessdate=August 9, 2006}}</ref> In contrast, according to an ''[[Ars Technica]]'' journal report, [[Worldwide Developers Conference|WWDC]] attendees who saw Jobs in person said he "looked fine";<ref>{{cite web|title=What happened to The Steve we know and love?|url=http://arstechnica.com/journals/apple.ars/2006/8/8/4913|last=Cheng|first=Jacqui|publisher=Ars Technica|work=Infinite Loop|accessdate=August 8, 2006}}</ref> following the keynote, an Apple spokesperson said that "Steve's health is robust."<ref>{{cite web | last = Claburn | first = Thomas | title = Steve Jobs Lives! | publisher = [[InformationWeek]] | date = August 11, 2006 | url = http://www.informationweek.com/blog/main/archives/2006/08/steve_jobs_live.html | accessdate = October 9, 2007 }}</ref> Two years later, similar concerns followed Jobs' 2008 WWDC keynote address;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blogs.wsj.com/biztech/2008/06/10/steve-jobss-appearance-grabs-notice-not-just-the-iphone/ |title=Business Technology: Steve Jobs' Appearance Grabs Notice, Not Just the IPhone |publisher=Blogs.wsj.com |date= |accessdate=2010-04-19}}</ref> Apple officials stated Jobs was victim to a "common bug" and that he was taking [[antibiotics]],<ref>[http://www.appleinsider.com/articles/08/06/10/apple_says_steve_jobs_feeling_a_little_under_the_weather_recently.html "Apple says Steve Jobs feeling a little under the weather"] in ''[[AppleInsider]].''</ref> while others surmised his [[cachexia|cachectic appearance]] was due to the [[Whipple procedure]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Elmer |first=Philip |url=http://apple20.blogs.fortune.cnn.com/2008/06/13/steve-jobs-life-after-the-whipple/ |title=Fortune Magazine Article |publisher=Apple20.blogs.fortune.cnn.com |date=2008-06-13 |accessdate=2010-04-19}}</ref> During a July conference call discussing Apple earnings, participants responded to repeated questions about Steve Jobs' health by insisting that it was a "private matter." Others, however, opined that shareholders had a right to know more, given Jobs' hands-on approach to running his company.<ref>[http://blog.marketingdoctor.tv/2008/07/24/brand-advisory.aspx "Steve Jobs and Apple"] Marketing Doctor Blog. July 24, 2008.</ref> The ''New York Times'' published an article based on an [[journalism sourcing#Using confidential information|off-the-record]] phone conversation with Jobs, noting that "while his health issues have amounted to a good deal more than 'a common bug,' they weren’t life-threatening and he doesn’t have a recurrence of cancer."<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/26/business/26nocera.html Talking Business: Apple’s Culture of Secrecy] ''The New York Times'' (July 26, 2008).</ref> On August 28, 2008, [[Bloomberg News|Bloomberg]] [[list of premature obituaries|mistakenly]] published a 2500-word [[obituary]] of Jobs in its corporate news service, containing blank spaces for his age and cause of death. (News carriers customarily stockpile up-to-date obituaries to facilitate news delivery in the event of a well-known figure's untimely death.) Although the error was promptly rectified, many news carriers and blogs reported on it,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://gawker.com/5042795/bloomberg-runs-steve-jobs-obituary |title=Steve Jobs' Obituary, As Run By Bloomberg |accessdate=August 28, 2008 |work= |publisher=[[Gawker Media]] |date=August 27, 2008 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/howaboutthat/2638481/Steve-Jobs-obituary-published-by-Bloomberg.html |title=Steve Jobs Obituary Published By Bloomberg |accessdate=August 28, 2008 |work= |publisher=The Daily Telegraph |date=August 28, 2008 | location=London | first=Matthew | last=Moore}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.yahoo.com/s/cnet/20080828/tc_cnet/83011357931002788637 |title= Bloomberg mistakenly publishes Steve Jobs obituary |accessdate=August 28, 2008 |publisher=[[Yahoo!]] |work=[[Yahoo! News]] |date=August 28, 2008 }}</ref> intensifying rumors concerning Jobs' health.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://blogs.zdnet.com/BTL/?p=9825 |work=Zdnet Blogs|publisher=[[ZDnet]] |accessdate=August 29, 2008 |title=Bloomberg publishes Jobs obit but why? |date=August 28, 2008 }}</ref> Jobs responded at Apple's September 2008 ''Let's Rock'' keynote by quoting [[Mark Twain]]: "Reports of my death are greatly exaggerated";<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.macworld.com/article/135466/2008/09/september.html |work=Macworld |accessdate=September 11, 2008 |title=Apple posts 'Lets Rock' event video |date=September 10, 2008}}</ref> at a subsequent media event, Jobs concluded his presentation with a slide reading "110 / 70", referring to his [[blood pressure]], stating he would not address further questions about his health.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.engadget.com/2008/10/14/live-from-apples-spotlight-turns-to-notebooks-event/ |publisher=[[Engadget]] |accessdate=October 14, 2008 |title=Live from Apple's "spotlight turns to notebooks" event |date=2008-10-14}}</ref> On December 16, 2008, Apple announced that marketing vice-president [[Philip W. Schiller|Phil Schiller]] would deliver the company's final keynote address at the [[Macworld Conference and Expo]] 2009, again reviving questions about Jobs' health.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/17/technology/companies/17apple.html?ref=technology | work=The New York Times | title=Apple's Chief to Skip Macworld, Fueling Speculation | first=Brad | last=Stone | date=December 17, 2008 | accessdate=May 24, 2010}}</ref><ref>[http://www.gq-magazine.co.uk/Daily_News/default.aspx?sid=53882 Apple abandons Macworld amid Jobs illness rumours] Daily Headlines – GQ.com UK]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://gizmodo.com/5120687/steve-jobs-health-declining-rapidly-reason-for-macworld-cancellation?skyline=true&s=x |title=Steve Jobs' Health Declining Rapidly, Reason for Macworld Cancellation – Steve Jobs' health |publisher=Gizmodo |date=2008-12-30 |accessdate=2010-04-19}}</ref> In a statement given on January 5, 2009 on [[Apple.com]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2009/01/05sjletter.html|title=Letter from Apple CEO Steve Jobs|date=January 5, 2009|accessdate=January 20, 2009|last=Jobs|first=Steve|publisher=[[Apple Inc.]]|work=[[Apple.com]]}}</ref> Jobs said that he had been suffering from a "[[hormone]] imbalance" for several months.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/7811857.stm| title=Apple's Jobs admits poor health| accessdate=January 5, 2009| date=January 5, 2009| work=BBC News}}</ref> On January 14, 2009, in an internal Apple [[memo]], Jobs wrote that in the previous week he had "learned that my health-related issues are more complex than I originally thought" and announced a six-month [[leave of absence]] until the end of June 2009 to allow him to better focus on his health. [[Timothy D. Cook|Tim Cook]], who had previously acted as CEO in Jobs' 2004 absence, became acting CEO of Apple,<ref name="absence">{{cite web| url=http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2009/01/14advisory.html|title=Apple Media Advisory| accessdate=January 14, 2009| date=January 14, 2009| work=[[Apple Inc.]]}}</ref> with Jobs still involved with "major strategic decisions."<ref name="absence" /> In April 2009, Jobs underwent a [[liver transplant]] at Methodist University Hospital Transplant Institute in [[Memphis, Tennessee|Memphis]], [[Tennessee]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://methodisthealth.org/methodist/About+Us/Newsroom/News/Steve+Jobs+Receives+Liver+Transplant |title=Steve Jobs Receives Liver Transplant – Methodist Le Bonheur Healthcare |publisher=Methodisthealth.org |date=2009-06-23 |accessdate=2010-04-19}}</ref><ref name="cnntrans">{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2009/US/06/23/steve.jobs.liver.transplant/index.html |title=Steve Jobs recovering after liver transplant |publisher=Cnn.com |date=2009-06-23 |accessdate=2010-04-19}}</ref> Jobs' prognosis was "excellent".<ref name="cnntrans"/> ==Honors== He was awarded the [[National Medal of Technology]] from President [[Ronald Reagan]] in 1985 with [[Steve Wozniak]] (the first people to ever receive the honor),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uspto.gov/nmti/recipients_85.html |title=THE NATIONAL MEDAL OF TECHNOLOGY RECIPIENTS 1985 Laureates |publisher=Uspto.gov |date= |accessdate=2010-04-19}}</ref> and a [[Jefferson Award for Public Service]] in the category "Greatest Public Service by an Individual 35 Years or Under" (aka the ''[[Samuel S. Beard Award]]'') in 1987.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jeffersonawards.org/pastwinners/national |title=National Winners &#124; public service awards |publisher=Jefferson Awards.org |date= |accessdate=2010-04-19}}</ref> On November 27, 2007, Jobs was named the most powerful person in business by ''[[Fortune Magazine]]''.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://money.cnn.com/galleries/2007/fortune/0711/gallery.power_25.fortune/ |title=25 most powerful people in business 1. Steve Jobs |publisher=Money.cnn.com |date= |accessdate=2010-04-19}}</ref> On December 5, 2007, [[Governor of California|California Governor]] [[Arnold Schwarzenegger]] and First Lady [[Maria Shriver]] inducted Jobs into the [[California Hall of Fame]], located at [[The California Museum for History, Women and the Arts]].<ref>[http://www.californiamuseum.org/Exhibits/Hall-of-Fame/inductees.html Jobs inducted into California Hall of Fame], [[The California Museum for History, Women and the Arts|California Museum]]. Retrieved 2007.</ref> In August 2009, Jobs was selected the most admired entrepreneur among teenagers on a survey by [[Junior Achievement]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ja.org/files/polls/Teens-Entrepreneurship-Part-2.pdf |title=Steve Jobs bigger than Oprah! |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=2010-04-19}}</ref> On November 5, 2009, Jobs was named the CEO of the [[decade]] by ''Fortune Magazine''.<ref>{{cite news|last=Lashinsky |first=Adam |url=http://money.cnn.com/2009/11/04/technology/steve_jobs_ceo_decade.fortune/index.htm/ |title=Steve Jobs: CEO of the decade |publisher=Money.cnn.com |date=2009-11-05 |accessdate=2010-04-19}}</ref> In November 2009 Jobs was ranked #57 on [[Forbes]]: The World's Most Powerful People.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.forbes.com/2009/11/11/worlds-most-powerful-leadership-power-09-people_land.html|title= The World's Most Powerful People|last=Noer |first=Michael |publisher=forbes.com}}</ref> ==In popular culture== Jobs was prominently featured in three films about the history of the personal computing industry: *''[[Triumph of the Nerds]]''&nbsp;— a 1996 three-part documentary for [[PBS]], about the rise of the [[home computer]]/[[personal computer]]. *''[[Nerds 2.0.1]]''&nbsp;— a 1998 three-part documentary for [[PBS]], (and sequel to ''Triumph of the Nerds'') which chronicles the development of the Internet. *''[[Pirates of Silicon Valley]]''&nbsp;— a 1999 [[docudrama]] which chronicles the rise of Apple and [[Microsoft]]. He was portrayed by [[Noah Wyle]]. Jobs has also been frequently [[parody|parodied]]: *''[[Mad (magazine)|Mad Magazine]]''&nbsp;— a feature called ''Calvin and Jobs'', a parody of ''[[Calvin and Hobbes]]'', starring Steve in the role of [[Hobbes (Calvin and Hobbes)|Hobbes]] and his attempts to explain to [[Calvin (Calvin and Hobbes)|Calvin]] his job. *Jobs was also parodied in "[[Mypods and Boomsticks]]", a 2008 ''[[The Simpsons]]'' episode which features an adventure into the 'world' of [[Apple Inc.|Mapple]], [[iPod|MyPods]], and "Steve Mobbs". *''[[30 Rock]]'' parodied Jobs's keynote presentation style, turtleneck and all in the episode "Cutbacks". *''[[The Onion]]'' featured a parody article titled "Apple Unveils New Product-Unveiling Product," which contained a picture showing Jobs introducing what appears to be another Steve Jobs.<ref>"Apple Unveils New Product-Unveiling Product. ''[[The Onion]]''. http://www.theonion.com/content/news/apple_unveils_new_product</ref> *[[Fake steve jobs|Daniel Lyons]] writes a popular blog called ''The Secret Diary of Steve Jobs'', and a book, ''Options: The Secret Life of Steve Jobs''. *''[[The Cleveland Show]]'' shows Cleveland as Steve Jobs giving a keynote of a cracker phone. *''[[Mad TV]]'' had a skit where Steve Jobs introduces the iRack. ==Notes== {{Reflist|colwidth=30em}} ==References== {{refbegin}} *{{cite book|author= Caddes, Carolyn |year=1986|title=Portraits of Success: Impressions of Silicon Valley Pioneers|publisher=Tioga Publishing Co.|isbn=0-935382-56-9}} *{{cite book|author=Cringely, Robert X.|authorlink=Robert X. Cringely|year=1996|title=[[Accidental Empires]]|publisher=HarperBusiness|isbn=0-88730-855-4}} *{{cite book|author=Denning, Peter J. & Frenkel, Karen A.|year=1989|title= A Conversation with Steve Jobs|publisher=[[Comm. ACM]]|id=Vol. 32, No. 4, pp. 437–443}} *{{cite book|author=Deutschman, Alan|year=2001|title=[[The Second Coming of Steve Jobs]]|publisher=Broadway|isbn=0-7679-0433-8}} *{{cite book|author=Freiberger, Paul & Swaine, Michael|year=1999|title=Fire in the Valley: The Making of The Personal Computer|publisher=[[McGraw-Hill]] Trade|isbn=0-07-135892-7}} *{{cite book|author=Hertzfeld, Andy|authorlink=Andy Hertzfeld|year=2004|title=Revolution in the Valley|publisher=[[O'Reilly Media|O'Reilly Books]]|isbn=0-596-00719-1}} *{{cite book|author=Kahney, Leander|authorlink=Leander Kahney|year=2004|title=[[The Cult of Mac]]|publisher=[[No Starch Press]]|isbn=1-886411-83-2}} *{{cite book|author=Levy, Steven|authorlink=Steven Levy|year=1984|title=[[Hackers: Heroes of the Computer Revolution]]|publisher=Anchor Press, [[Doubleday (publisher)|Doubleday]]|isbn=0-385-19195-2}} *{{cite book|author=Levy, Steven|authorlink=Steven Levy|year=1994|title=Insanely Great: The Life and Times of Macintosh, the Computer that Changed Everything|publisher=[[Penguin Books]]|isbn=0-670-85244-9}} *{{cite book|author=Malone, Michael S.|authorlink=Michael S. Malone|year=1999|title=Infinite Loop|publisher=Aurum Press|isbn=1-85410-638-4}} [[Bantam Doubleday Dell]]. ISBN 0-385-48684-7. *{{cite book|author=Markoff, John|authorlink=John Markoff|year=2005|title=[[What the Dormouse Said: How the 60s Counterculture Shaped the Personal Computer Industry]]|publisher=Viking|isbn=0-670-03382-0|location=New York}} *{{cite book|author=Simon, William L. & Young, Jeffrey S.|year=2005|title=[[iCon: Steve Jobs]], The Greatest Second Act in the History of Business|publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]]|isbn=0-471-72083-6}} *{{cite book|author=Stross, Randall E.|year=1993|title=Steve Jobs and The NeXT Big Thing|publisher=Atheneum Books|isbn=0-689-12135-0}} *{{cite book|author=Slater, Robert|authorlink=Robert Slater|year=1987|title=Portraits in Silicon|publisher=[[MIT Press]]|isbn=0-262-19262-4}} Chapter 28 *{{cite book|author=Young, Jeffrey S.|year=1988|title=Steve Jobs: The Journey is the Reward|publisher=Scott, Foresman & Co.|isbn=0-673-18864-7}} *{{cite book|author=Wozniak, Steve|authorlink=Steve Wozniak|year=2006|title='''iWoz''' Computer Geek to Cult Icon: How I invented the personal computer, co-founded Apple and had fun doing it|publisher=W. W. Norton & Co.|isbn=0-393-06143-4}} {{refend}} ==External links== {{Wikipedia-Books|Apple Inc.}} {{Sister project links|Steve Jobs}} *[http://www.time.com/time/photoessays/2007/steve_jobs/ "Thirty Years of Innovation at Apple: Jobs on the Job"]. ''Time''. 2007. *[http://www.apple.com/pr/bios/jobs.html Steve Jobs' executive profile at Apple]. *[http://youtube.com/watch?v=PEHNrqPkefI YouTube video of first Jobs' Macworld keynote in 1997, when he returned to Apple], where he announced partnership with Microsoft. *[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UF8uR6Z6KLc Jobs’s commencement address] at [[Stanford University]], June 12, 2005 (YouTube video). *{{imdb name|0423418|Steve Jobs}} *[http://www.apple.com/hotnews/thoughtsonmusic/ "Thoughts on Music"] by Steve Jobs, February 6, 2007. ===Articles=== *[http://folklore.org/ProjectView.py?project=Macintosh&characters=Steve%20Jobs&detail=medium Anecdotes] from Steve Jobs' early days in Apple as reported by [[Andy Hertzfeld]]. [[Folklore.org]]. *{{cite news|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F04EED71139F931A25752C0A961958260|title=Creating Jobs|date=January 12, 1997|accessdate=October 27, 2007|first=Steve|last=Lohr|work=[[New York Times Magazine]]}} *{{cite news|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,986849,00.html|title=Steve's job: restart Apple|first=Cathy|last=Booth|date=August 18, 1997|accessdate=October 27, 2007|work=Time}} *{{cite news|url=http://money.cnn.com/2008/03/02/news/companies/elkind_jobs.fortune/index.htm?postversion=2008030513|title=The trouble with Steve Jobs|first=Peter|last=Elkind|date=March 5, 2008|accessdate=March 5, 2008|work=[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]]}} ===Interviews=== *{{PDFlink|[http://www.cwheroes.org/archives/histories/jobs.pdf Smithsonian Institution Oral History Interview]|143&nbsp;KB}}&nbsp;— April 20, 1995. *[http://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/5939600/steve_jobs_the_rolling_stone_interview Steve Jobs: The Rolling Stone Interview], ''Rolling Stone''&nbsp;– December 3, 2003. *[http://www.businessweek.com/bwdaily/dnflash/oct2004/nf20041012_4018_db083.htm The Seed of Apple's Innovation], ''BusinessWeek''&nbsp;— October 12, 2004. *[http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/2005/02/21/8251769/index.htm How Big Can Apple Get?], ''[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]]''&nbsp;— February 21, 2005. *{{waybackdate|site=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/15262121/site/newsweek/|title=‘Good for the Soul’|date=20061022014411}}, ''Newsweek''&nbsp;— October 15, 2006. *[http://d5.allthingsd.com/20070530/d5-gates-jobs-interview/ Bill Gates and Steve Jobs (video and transcript of on stage interview)], ''[[All Things D]]''&nbsp;– May 30, 2007. * [http://images.forbes.com/media/2009/04/24/jobs-deposition.pdf Videotaped Deposition of Steven P. Jobs in front of the Securities and Exchange Commission] &nbsp;– March 18, 2008 {{S-start}} {{s-bus}} {{Succession box|before=[[Gil Amelio]]|title=[[Apple Inc.#CEOs|CEO of Apple]]|years=1997–present|after=Incumbent}} {{End box}} {{Pixar Animation Studios}} {{Disney}} {{Apple celeb}} {{Apple}} {{HP}} {{use mdy dates}} {{Persondata |NAME=Jobs, Steve |ALTERNATIVE NAMES=Jobs, Steven Paul |SHORT DESCRIPTION=CEO and Co-Founder of [[Apple Inc.]] |DATE OF BIRTH=February 24, 1955 |PLACE OF BIRTH=San Francisco, California, U.S. |DATE OF DEATH= |PLACE OF DEATH= }} {{DEFAULTSORT:Jobs, Steve}} [[Category:American billionaires]] [[Category:American Buddhists]] [[Category:American chief executives]] [[Category:American vegetarians]] [[Category:Businesspeople in software]] [[Category:Businesspeople from California]] [[Category:Computer designers]] [[Category:Computer pioneers]] [[Category:Directors of Apple Inc.]] [[Category:Disney people]] [[Category:Internet history]] [[Category:National Medal of Technology recipients]] [[Category:NeXT]] [[Category:Organ transplant recipients]] [[Category:Pancreatic cancer survivors]] [[Category:People from the San Francisco Bay Area]]<!-- [[Category:Pescetarians]]{{fact|date=January 2009}}--> [[Category:Pixar people]] [[Category:Reed College alumni]] [[Category:Steve Jobs| ]] [[Category:American people of Syrian descent]] [[Category:American adoptees]] [[Category:1955 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[af:Steve Jobs]] [[ar:ستيف جوبز]] [[ast:Steve Jobs]] [[bn:স্টিভ জবস]] [[zh-min-nan:Steve Jobs]] [[bs:Steve Jobs]] [[bg:Стив Джобс]] [[ca:Steve Jobs]] [[cs:Steve Jobs]] [[cy:Steve Jobs]] [[da:Steve Jobs]] [[de:Steve Jobs]] [[el:Στηβ Τζομπς]] [[es:Steve Jobs]] [[eo:Steve Jobs]] [[eu:Steve Jobs]] [[fa:استیو جابز]] [[fr:Steve Jobs]] [[ga:Steve Jobs]] [[gl:Steven Paul Jobs]] [[ko:스티브 잡스]] [[hi:स्टीव जाब्स]] [[hr:Steve Jobs]] [[io:Steve Jobs]] [[id:Steve Jobs]] [[is:Steve Jobs]] [[it:Steve Jobs]] [[he:סטיב ג'ובס]] [[jv:Steve Jobs]] [[kn:ಸ್ಟೀವ್ ಜಾಬ್ಸ್]] [[ka:სტივ ჯობსი]] [[la:Stephanus Jobs]] [[lv:Stīvs Džobss]] [[lt:Steve Jobs]] [[li:Steve Jobs]] [[hu:Steve Jobs]] [[mk:Стив Џобс]] [[ml:സ്റ്റീവ് ജോബ്സ്]] [[mr:स्टीव्ह जॉब्स]] [[ms:Steve Jobs]] [[my:Steve Jobs]] [[nl:Steve Jobs]] [[new:स्टीभ जब्स]] [[ja:スティーブ・ジョブズ]] [[no:Steve Jobs]] [[nn:Steve Jobs]] [[oc:Steve Jobs]] [[uz:Steve Jobs]] [[pl:Steve Jobs]] [[pt:Steve Jobs]] [[ro:Steve Jobs]] [[ru:Джобс, Стив]] [[sa:स्टीव जाब्स]] [[simple:Steve Jobs]] [[sk:Steve Jobs]] [[sl:Steve Jobs]] [[sr:Стив Џобс]] [[sh:Steve Jobs]] [[fi:Steve Jobs]] [[sv:Steve Jobs]] [[tl:Steve Jobs]] [[ta:ஸ்டீவ் ஜொப்ஸ்]] [[te:స్టీవ్ జాబ్స్]] [[th:สตีฟ จอบส์]] [[tr:Steve Jobs]] [[uk:Стів Джобс]] [[vi:Steve Jobs]] [[war:Steve Jobs]] [[yi:סטיוו זשאבס]] [[yo:Steve Jobs]] [[zh-yue:喬布斯]] [[zh:史蒂夫·乔布斯]]'