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'{{short description|British Indian Urdu poet}} {{other people|Muhammad Iqbal}} {{EngvarB|date=January 2020}} {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}} {{Infobox philosopher | honorific_prefix =[[Allama]] [[Sir]] | name = Muhammad Iqbal<br />{{Nobold|{{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|محمد اقبال}}}}}} | honorific_suffix = | image = Allama Iqbal.jpg | caption = Iqbal in 1938 | birth_name = Muhammad Iqbal | birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1877|11|9}} | birth_place = [[Sialkot]], [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]], [[British India]] (present-day [[Sialkot]], [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]], [[Pakistan]]) | death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1938|4|21|1877|11|9}} | death_place = [[Lahore]], [[Punjab Province (British India) |Punjab]], [[British India]] (present-day [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]], [[Pakistan]]) | residence = | nationality = [[British India]]n | spouse = | education = [[Scotch Mission College]]<small> ([[Faculty of Arts|F.A.]])</small><br />[[Government College University (Lahore)|Government College]] <small>([[B.A.]], [[M.A.]])</small><br />[[University of Cambridge]] <small>([[B.A.]])</small><br />[[University of Munich]] <small>([[Ph.D.]])</small> | notable_works = ''[[Bang-e-Dara]]'', ''[[The Secrets of the Self]]'', ''[[The Secrets of Selflessness]]'', ''[[Message from the East]]'', ''[[Persian Psalms]]'', ''[[Javid Nama]]'', "[[Sare Jahan se Accha]]" ([[#Literary work|more works]]) | awards = | signature = | signature_alt = | era = [[20th-century philosophy]] | region = [[Islamic philosophy]] | school_tradition = [[Islamic law]] | institutions = | main_interests = [[Islam]], [[Urdu poetry]], [[Persian poetry]], [[law]] | notable_ideas = [[Allahabad Address]] | website = [http://www.allamaiqbal.com/ allamaiqbal.com] | influences = [[Muhammad]] [[Ali Hujwiri]] [[Mir Sayyid Ali Hamadani]], [[Syed Mir Hassan]], [[Rumi]], [[Jami]], [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]], [[Friedrich Nietzsche]], [[Henri Bergson]], [[Thomas Walker Arnold]] | influenced = [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]], [[Pakistan Movement]], [[Muhammad Asad]],[[Islamic Republic of Pakistan]], [[Abul A'la Maududi]], [[Ale Ahmed Suroor]], [[Ali Shariati]], [[Fateh Muhammad Malik]], [[Israr Ahmed]], [[Syed Jawad Naqvi]] }} Sir '''Muhammad Iqbal''' ([[Urdu]]: '''محمد اقبال''') born (9 November 1877 &ndash; 21 April 1938) was a [[Muslim]] [[poet]], [[philosopher]] and [[politician]] from [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]], [[British raj|British India]] (now in [[Pakistan]]), whose poetry in [[Urdu language|Urdu]] and [[Persian language|Persian]] is considered to be among the greatest of the modern era,<ref name="goethezeitportal">{{cite web | last = Bhatti | first = Anil | work = Yearbook of the Goethe Society of India | date = 28 June 2006 | url = http://www.goethezeitportal.de/fileadmin/PDF/db/wiss/goethe/bhatti_iqbal.pdf | title = Iqbal and Goethe | format = PDF | accessdate = 28 June 2006 }}</ref> and whose vision of an independent state for the Muslims of [[British India]] was to inspire the creation of [[Pakistan]]. He is commonly referred to as '''Allama Iqbal''' ({{rtl-lang|fa|'''علامہ اقبال'''}}, ''Allama'' lit. ''Scholar''.) After studying in [[England]] and [[Germany]], Iqbal established a law practice, but concentrated primarily on writing scholarly works on politics, economics, history, philosophy and religion. He is best known for his poetic works, including ''[[Asrar-e-Khudi]]''&mdash;which brought a [[British honours system|knighthood]]&mdash; ''[[Rumuz-e-Bekhudi]]'', and the ''[[Bang-e-Dara]]''. In [[Afghanistan]] and [[Iran]], where he is known as ''Iqbāl-e Lāhorī'' ({{rtl-lang|fa|اقبال لاهوری}} ''Iqbal of [[Lahore]]''), he is highly regarded for his Persian works. Iqbal was a strong proponent of the political and spiritual revival of [[Islamic civilisation]] across the world, but specifically in India; a series of famous lectures he delivered to this effect were published as ''[[The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam]]''. One of the most prominent leaders of the [[All India Muslim League]], Iqbal encouraged the creation of a "state in northwestern India for Indian Muslims" in his 1930 presidential address.<ref name="1930presidentialaddress">{{cite web | url=http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00islamlinks/txt_iqbal_1930.html | title=Sir Muhammad Iqbal’s 1930 Presidential Address | accessdate=19 December 2006 | format=HTML | work=Speeches, Writings, and Statements of Iqbal }}</ref> Iqbal encouraged and worked closely with [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]], and he is known as ''Muffakir-e-Pakistan'' ("The Thinker of Pakistan"), ''Shair-e-Mashriq'' ("The Poet of the East"), and ''Hakeem-ul-Ummat'' ("The Sage of [[Ummah]]"). He is officially recognised as the "[[national poet]]" in Pakistan. The anniversary of his birth ({{rtl-lang|fa|یوم ولادت محمد اقبال}} - ''Yōm-e Welādat-e Muḥammad Iqbāl'') on 9 November is a [[List of holidays in Pakistan|holiday in Pakistan]]. == Early life == Mohammad Iqbal was born on 9 November 1877 in [[Sialkot]], in the [[Punjab region|Punjab province]] of [[British India]] in what is now [[Pakistan]]. During the reign of [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] emperor, [[Shah Jahan]]&mdash;according to scholar [[Bruce Lawrence]]&mdash;Iqbal's [[brahmin]] ancestors from [[Kashmir]] had converted to [[Islam]].<ref name=lawrence151>{{Harvnb|Lawrence|2008|p=151}}</ref> However, according to Iqbal biographer Mustansir Mir, the conversion to Islam took place even earlier, some four and a half centuries before Iqbal's birth.<ref name=mir1/> Much later, around the turn of the nineteenth century, as the Kashmir region was coming under [[Sikh]] rule, his grandfather's family emigrated to the Punjab.<ref name=mir1>{{Harvnb|Mir|2006|p=1}}</ref> According to scholar [[Annemarie Schimmel]], Iqbal often wrote about his being "a son of Kashmiri-Brahmans but (being) acquainted with the wisdom of [[Rûm]] and [[Tabriz]]."<ref name=schimmel35>{{Harvnb|Schimmel|1963|p=35}}</ref> Iqbal's father, Nur Muhammad, was a tailor,<ref name=mir1/> who lacked formal education, but who had great devotion to Islam and a "mystically tinged piety."<ref name=schimmel35/> Iqbal's mother was known in the family as a "wise, generous woman who quietly gave financial help to poor and needy women and arbitrated in neighbor's disputes."<ref name=mir2-3>{{Harvnb|Mir|2006|p=2&ndash;3}}</ref> After his mother's death in 1914, Iqbal wrote an elegy for her: <blockquote> Who would wait for me anxiously in my native place? <br/> Who would display restlessness if my letter fails to arrive <br/> I will visit thy grave with this complaint: <br/> Who will now think of me in midnight prayers?<br/> All thy life thy love served me with devotion&mdash;<br>When I became fit to serve thee, thou hast departed.<ref name=schimmel35/></blockquote> At the age of four, young Iqbal was sent regularly to a mosque, where he learned how to read the [[Quran]] in [[Arabic]].<ref name=mir1/> The following year, and for many years thereafter, Iqbal became a student of [[Syed Mir Hassan]], who was then the head of the [[Madrassa]] in Sialkot, and later to become a widely-known Muslim scholar.<ref name=mir2-3>{{Harvnb|Mir|2006|p=2&ndash;3}}</ref> An advocate of secular European education for the Muslim's of British India&mdash;in the tradition of Sir [[Sayyid Ahmad Khan]]&mdash;Hassan convinced Iqbal's father to send him to Sialkot's Scotch Mission College, where Hassan was professor of Arabic.<ref name=mir2-3/> Two years later, in 1895, Iqbal obtained the Faculty of Arts diploma from the college.<ref name=mir2-3/> That year Iqbal's family arranged for him to be married to Karim Bibi, the daughter of an affluent [[Gujrat]]i physician. The couple had two children: a daughter, Mi'raj Begam (born 1895) and a son, Aftab (born 1899). Iqbal's third child, a son, died soon after birth. Husband and wife were unhappy in their marriage and eventually divorced in 1916. Later the same year, Iqbal entered the [[Government College University|Government College]] in [[Lahore]] where he studied philosophy, [[English literature]] and [[Arabic]] and obtained a [[Bachelor of Arts]] degree, graduating ''[[Wiktionary:cum laude|cum laude]]''. He won a gold medal for placing first in the examination in philosophy. While studying for his masters degree, Iqbal came under the influence of [[Thomas Walker Arnold|Sir Thomas Arnold]], a scholar of Islam and modern philosophy at the college. Arnold exposed the young man to Western culture and ideas, and served as a bridge for Iqbal between the ideas of East and West. Iqbal was appointed to a readership in Arabic at the [[Oriental College]] in Lahore, and he published his first book in Urdu, ''The Knowledge of Economics'' in 1903. In 1905 Iqbal published the patriotic song, ''[[Tarana-e-Hind]]'' (''Song of India''). At Sir Thomas's encouragement, Iqbal travelled to [[Europe]] and spent many years studying there. He obtained a Bachelor of Arts degree from [[Trinity College, Cambridge|Trinity College]] at [[Cambridge University|Cambridge]] in 1907, while simultaneously studying law at [[Lincoln's Inn]], from where he qualified as a [[barrister]] in 1908. Iqbal also met a Muslim student, Atiyah Faizi in 1907, and had a close relationship with her. In Europe, he started writing his poetry in Persian as well. Throughout his life, Iqbal would prefer writing in Persian as he believed it allowed him to fully express philosophical concepts, and it gave him a wider audience.<ref name="goethezeitportal"/> It was while in [[England]] that he first participated in politics. Following the formation of the [[All-India Muslim League]] in 1906, Iqbal was elected to the executive committee of its British chapter in 1908. Together with two other politicians, [[Sayyid Hassan Bilgrami|Syed Hassan Bilgrami]] and [[Syed Ameer Ali]], Iqbal sat on the subcommittee which drafted the constitution of the League. In 1907, Iqbal travelled to [[Germany]] to pursue a [[Doctor of Philosophy|doctorate]] from the Faculty of Philosophy of the [[Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität]] at [[Munich]]. Working under the supervision of Friedrich Hommel, Iqbal published a thesis titled: ''[[The Development of Metaphysics in Persia]]''.<ref name="phdthesis">[http://www.h-net.msu.edu/~bahai/diglib/books/F-J/I/Iqbal/metaphys/iqbfn.pdf Iqbal's "Development of Metaphysics in Persia" PhD thesis]</ref> == Personal life == === Background === Iqbal was born on 9 November 1877 in an ethnic [[Kashmiris|Kashmiri]] family in [[Sialkot]] within the [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab Province of British India]] (now in [[Pakistan]]).<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.iqbal.com.pk/iqbal/life-of-iqbal|title=Life of Allama Iqbal|last=Mushtaq|first=Faraz|work=International Iqbal Society (Formerly DISNA)|access-date=28 March 2018|language=en-gb}}</ref> His family was [[Kashmiri Pandit]] (of the [[Sapru]] clan) that converted to [[Islam]]<ref name="Chitkara1998">{{cite book|author=M. G. Chitkara|title=Converts Do Not Make a Nation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TCzd9tEkPsoC&pg=PA64|year=1998|publisher=APH Publishing|isbn=978-81-7024-982-5|pages=64–}}</ref> in the 15th century<ref>Justice Dr. [[Nasim Hasan Shah]], "Role of Iqbal in the creation of Pakistan" in ''The All-Pakistan Legal Decisions'', Volume 35, Part 1, 1983, p. 208</ref> and which traced its roots back to a south Kashmir village in [[Kulgam]].<ref>Khalid Bashir Ahmad, ''Kashmir: Exposing the Myth behind the Narrative'', SAGE Publishing India, 2017, p. 162</ref> In the 19th century, when the [[Sikh Empire]] was conquering Kashmir, his grandfather's family [[Kashmiris of Punjab|migrated to Punjab]]. Iqbal's grandfather was an eighth cousin of Sir [[Tej Bahadur Sapru]], an important lawyer and freedom fighter who would eventually become an admirer of Iqbal.<ref>TNN (30 May 2015), [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Happy-that-Iqbal-is-revered-here/articleshow/47477315.cms "‘Happy that Iqbal is revered here’"], ''The Times of India''. Retrieved 3 April 2020.</ref> Iqbal often mentioned and commemorated his Kashmiri lineage in his writings.<ref name=":5">{{cite book|last=Sevea|first=Iqbal Singh|title=The Political Philosophy of Muhammad Iqbal: Islam and Nationalism in Late Colonial India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fk8hAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA16|year=2012|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-139-53639-4|page=16}}</ref><ref name="pktoday73">{{cite news|title=Allama Iqbal's 73rd death anniversary observed with reverence|url=http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2011/04/allama-iqbal%E2%80%99s-73rd-death-anniversary-observed-with-reverence/|first=Imran|last=Sharif|work=[[Pakistan Today]]|date=21 April 2011|accessdate=6 August 2012}}</ref> [[File:Mother of Iqbal.jpg|thumb|left|Iqbal's mother, who died on 9 November 1914. Iqbal expressed his feeling of [[pathos]] in a poetic form after her death.]] Iqbal's father, '''Sheikh Noor Muhammad''' (died 1930), was a tailor, not formally educated, but a religious man.<ref name="books.google.co.uk">{{cite book|title=Gabriel's Wing: a study of the religious ideas of Sir Muhammad Iqbal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=goE3AAAAIAAJ|first=Annemarie|last=Schimmel|publisher=Brill Archive|year=1962|pages=34–45}}</ref><ref name="Mustansir Mir">{{cite book|title=Iqbal|first=Mustansir|last=Mir|publisher=I.B. Tauris|year=2006|isbn=1-84511-094-3}}</ref> Iqbal's mother '''Imam Bibi''', from a [[Punjabi people|Punjabi]]<ref>https://www.thefridaytimes.com/allama-iqbals-mother-kashmiri-brahmin-ties/</ref> family long settled in [[Sambrial]] (a town of Sialkot District),<ref>[[Riffat Hassan]], [http://riffathassan.info/writing/Iqbal_Studies/Iqbal's_Ancestry_and_Date.pdf "Iqbal’s Ancestry and Date of Birth"] in ''The Pakistan Review'', Volume 17 (1969), p. 5</ref> was described as a polite and humble woman who helped the poor and her neighbours with their problems. She died on 9 November 1914 in Sialkot.<ref name="Jai Narain Sharma">{{cite book|title=Encyclopædia of eminent thinkers, volume 17|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sKMK9WY9OOsC|first=Jai Narain|last=Sharma|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|page=14|isbn=978-81-7022-684-0|year=2008}}</ref><ref name="allamaiqbal a person">{{cite web|title=Iqbal in years|url=http://www.allamaiqbal.com/person/years/years.htm|format=PHP|accessdate=6 August 2012}}</ref><ref>''The Pakistan Review'', (1969) Volume 17 , p. 5</ref>{{full citation needed|date=February 2020}} Iqbal loved his mother, and on her death he expressed his feelings of pathos in an [[elegy]]:<ref name="books.google.co.uk" /> {{blockquote|Who would wait for me anxiously in my native place?<br /> Who would display restlessness if my letter fails to arrive? <br /> I will visit thy grave with this complaint:<br /> Who will now think of me in midnight prayers?<br /> All thy life thy love served me with devotion—<br /> When I became fit to serve thee, thou hast departed.<ref name="books.google.co.uk" />}} ===Early education=== Iqbal was four years old when he was sent to a [[mosque]] to receive instruction in reading the [[Qur'an]]. He learned the Arabic language from his teacher, [[Syed Mir Hassan]], the head of the [[madrasa]] and professor of [[Arabic]] at [[Murray College|Scotch Mission College]] in Sialkot, where he [[matriculation|matriculated]] in 1893.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.iqbal.com.pk/iqbal/time-line|title=Time line|last=Mushtaq|first=Faraz|work=International Iqbal Society (Formerly DISNA)|access-date=28 March 2018|language=en-gb}}</ref> He received an [[Intermediate 2|Intermediate]] level with the Faculty of Arts diploma in 1895.<ref name="pktoday73" /><ref name="allamaiqbal a person" /><ref name="Taneja and Taneja">{{cite book|title=Educational thinkers|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O6Fp2zaQVVMC&pg=PA151|work=Atlantic Publisher|first1=V.R|last1=Taneja|first2=S.|last2=Taneja|page=151|isbn= 81-7156-112-8|year=2004}}</ref> The same year he enrolled at [[Government College University (Lahore)|Government College University]], where he obtained his Bachelor of Arts in philosophy, [[English literature]] and Arabic in 1897, and won the Khan Bahadurddin F.S. Jalaluddin medal as he performed well in Arabic.<ref name="allamaiqbal a person" /> In 1899, he received his [[Master of Arts]] degree from the same college and had the first place{{clarify|date=July 2018}} in the [[University of the Punjab]].<ref name="pktoday73" /><ref name="allamaiqbal a person" /><ref name="Taneja and Taneja" /> ===Marriages=== [[File:Iqbal and son Javid in 1930.jpg|thumb|Allama Iqbal with his son [[Javed Iqbal (judge)|Javed Iqbal]] in 1930]] Iqbal married three times under different circumstances.<ref name="Rasheeda">{{cite news|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1065249|title=New research on Iqbal|work=Dawn|date=10 November 2003|accessdate=2 December 2018}}</ref> * His first marriage was in 1895, when he was 18 years old. His bride, '''Karim Bibi''', was the daughter of a physician, Khan Bahadur Ata Muhammad Khan. Her sister was the mother of director and music composer [[Khwaja Khurshid Anwar]].<ref>Muḥammad Saʻīd, ''Lahore: A Memoir'', Vanguard Books (1989), p. 175</ref><ref>Harjap Singh Aujla, [http://www.apnaorg.com/articles/aujla-7/ Khurshid Anwar, a prince among the music directors of the sub-continent and his exploits in British and Independent India], Khurshid Anwar Biography, Academy of the Punjab in North America website, Retrieved 29 September 2015</ref> Their families arranged the marriage, and the couple had two children; a daughter, Miraj Begum (1895–1915), and a son, '''Aftab Iqbal''' (1899–1979), who became a barrister.<ref name="Rasheeda"/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://saudigazette.com.sa/article/54660/From-grandfather-to-grandson-The-legacy-of-Mohammed-Iqbal-|title=From grandfather to grandson: The legacy of Mohammed Iqbal|work=[[Saudi Gazette]]|date=31 July 2013|accessdate=2 December 2018|first=Roberta|last=Fedele}}</ref> Another son is said to have died after birth in 1901.<ref name="Sabir">{{cite news|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/65913-justice-javed-iqbal-dies-two-days-before-his-91st-birthday|title=Justice Javed Iqbal dies two days before his 91st birthday|work=The News|date=4 October 2015|accessdate=2 December 2018|first=Sabir|last=Shah}}</ref> * Iqbal's second marriage was with '''Mukhtar Begum''', and it was held in December 1914, shortly after the death of Iqbal's mother the previous November.<ref name="Abida">{{cite book|title=Encyclopaedic dictionary of Urdu literature (2 Vols. Set)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-otQriwQ9z4C|page=304|first=Abida|last=Samiuddin|publisher=Global Vision Publishing House|year=2007|isbn=978-81-8220-191-0}}</ref><ref name="allamaiqbal a person"/> They had a son, but both the mother and son died shortly after birth in 1924.<ref name="Rasheeda"/> * Later, Iqbal married '''Sardar Begum''', and they became the parents of a son, [[Javed Iqbal (judge)|Javed Iqbal]] (1924–2015), who was to become a judge, and a daughter, '''Muneera Bano''' (b. 1930).<ref name="Rasheeda"/><ref name="Sabir"/> One of Muneera's sons is the philanthropist-cum-socialite [[Yousuf Salahuddin]].<ref name="Sabir"/> === Higher education in Europe === Iqbal was influenced by the teachings of [[Thomas Walker Arnold|Sir Thomas Arnold]], his philosophy teacher at Government College Lahore, to pursue higher education in the West. In 1905, he travelled to England for that purpose. While already acquainted with [[Friedrich Nietzsche]] and [[Henri Bergson]], Iqbal would discover [[Rumi]] slightly before his departure to England, and he would teach the ''[[Masnavi]]'' to his friend [[Swami Rama Tirtha]], who in return would teach him [[Sanskrit]].<ref>Syed Abdul Vahid, ''Glimpses of Iqbal'', Iqbal Academy Pakistan, 1974, p. 77</ref> Iqbal qualified for a scholarship from [[Trinity College, Cambridge|Trinity College, University of Cambridge]], and obtained a Bachelor of Arts in 1906. In the same year he was [[called to the bar]] as a [[barrister]] at [[Lincoln's Inn]]. In 1907, Iqbal moved to Germany to pursue his doctoral studies, and earned a Doctor of Philosophy degree from the [[Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich]] in 1908. Working under the guidance of [[Fritz Hommel|Friedrich Hommel]], Iqbal's [[doctoral thesis]] was entitled ''[[The Development of Metaphysics in Persia]]''.<ref name="pktoday73" /><ref name="phdthesis">{{cite web|title=The development of metaphysics in persia|url=http://www.h-net.msu.edu/~bahai/diglib/books/F-J/I/Iqbal/metaphys/iqbfn.pdf|work=London Luzac and Company|first1=East|last1=Lansing|first2=Mi.|last2=H-Bahai|origyear=1908|year=2001|accessdate=1 May 2012}}</ref><ref name="Mustansir Mir2">{{cite book|title=Tulip in the desert: A selection of the poetry of Muhammad Iqbal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Okxr1alsVqIC|work=c.Hurts and Company, Publishers Ltd|location=London|first=Mustansir|last=Mir|page=2|isbn=978-967-5-06267-4|year=1990}}</ref><ref name="Roy Jackson">{{cite book|title=Fifty key figures in Islam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w6flsOIT5PsC|work=Routledge|first=Roy|last=Jackso|page=181|isbn=978-0-415-35467-7|year=2006}}</ref> In 1907, he had a close friendship with the writer [[Atiya Fyzee]] in both Britain and Germany. Atiya would later publish their correspondence.<ref>{{Cite ODNB|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-102457;jsessionid=6143EB502C51296A0D3AA532A2B8C1ED|title=Fyzee, Atiya [married name Atiya Fyzee-Rahamin; known as Atiya Begum, and Shahinda] (1877–1967), author, social reformer, and patron of the arts {{!}} Oxford Dictionary of National Biography|language=en|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/102457|access-date=18 February 2019|year=2004|isbn=9780198614111}}</ref> While Iqbal was in [[Heidelberg]] in 1907, his German professor Emma Wegenast taught him about [[Goethe]]'s ''[[Goethe's Faust|Faust]]'', [[Heinrich Heine|Heine]] and Nietzsche.<ref name="A Spiritual Bridge between East and West"/> He mastered [[German language|German]] in three months.<ref>Sheila McDonough, Vito Salierno, ''The Flame of Sinai: Hope and Vision in Iqbal'', Iqbal Academy Pakistan, 2002, p. 45</ref> During his study in Europe, Iqbal began to write poetry in Persian. He preferred to write in this language because doing so made it easier to express his thoughts. He would write continuously in Persian throughout his life.<ref name="pktoday73" /> Iqbal had a great interest in Islamic studies, especially [[Sufism|Sufi]] beliefs. In his poetry, apart from independent ideologies, he also explores concepts of submission to Allah and following the path of Prophet Muhammad. === Academic career === [[File:Iqbal Youth.jpg|thumb|left|Photograph taken during Allama Iqbal's youth in 1899]] Iqbal began his career as a reader of Arabic after completing his Master of Arts degree in 1899, at [[Oriental College, Lahore|Oriental College]] and shortly afterward was selected as a junior professor of philosophy at Government College Lahore, where he had also been a student in the past. He worked there until he left for England in 1905. In 1908, he returned from England and joined the same college again as a professor of philosophy and English literature.<ref name="Brill">{{cite book|title=Gabriel's Wing: a study of the religious ideas of Sir Muhammad Iqbal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=goE3AAAAIAAJ|first=Annemarie|last=Schimmel|publisher=Brill Archive|page=39|year=1963}}</ref> In the same period Iqbal began practising law at the Chief Court of Lahore, but he soon quit law practice and devoted himself to literary works, becoming an active member of ''[[Anjuman-e-Himayat-e-Islam]]''.<ref name="allamaiqbal a person" /> In 1919, he became the general secretary of the same organisation. Iqbal's thoughts in his work primarily focus on the spiritual direction and development of human society, centered around experiences from his travels and stays in Western Europe and the Middle East. He was profoundly influenced by Western philosophers such as Nietzsche, Bergson, and Goethe. He also closely worked with Ibrahim Hisham during his stay at the Aligarh Muslim University.<ref name="books.google.co.uk" /><ref name="A Spiritual Bridge between East and West">{{cite web|title=Muhammad Iqbal|url=http://en.qantara.de/webcom/show_article.php/_c-478/_nr-1044/i.html|first=Stephan|last=Popp|date=6 May 2010|accessdate=6 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110326003050/http://en.qantara.de/webcom/show_article.php/_c-478/_nr-1044/i.html|archive-date=26 March 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> The poetry and philosophy of Rumi strongly influenced Iqbal. Deeply grounded in religion since childhood, Iqbal began concentrating intensely on the study of Islam, the culture and history of Islamic civilisation and its political future, while embracing Rumi as "his guide".<ref name="books.google.co.uk" /> Iqbal would feature Rumi in the role of guide in many of his poems.{{clarify|date=July 2018}} Iqbal's works focus on reminding his readers of the past glories of Islamic civilisation and delivering the message of a pure, spiritual focus on Islam as a source for socio-political liberation and greatness. Iqbal denounced political divisions within and amongst Muslim nations, and frequently alluded to and spoke in terms of the global Muslim community or the [[Ummah]].<ref name="allamaiqbal.com">{{cite web |last=1 in author list|first=Iqbal Academy |date=26 May 2006|url=http://www.allamaiqbal.com/person/biography/biotxtread.html |title=Allama Iqbal – Biography |format=PHP |accessdate=7 January 2011}}</ref><ref name="books.google.co.uk" /> Iqbal's poetry was translated into many European languages in the early part of the 20th century.<ref name="Iqbal Academy Pakistan" /> Iqbal's ''[[Asrar-i-Khudi]]'' and ''[[Javed Nama]]'' were translated into English by [[Reynold A. Nicholson|R. A. Nicholson]] and [[Arthur John Arberry|A. J. Arberry]], respectively.<ref name="Iqbal Academy Pakistan" /><ref name="dailytimes">{{cite news|title=Cam Diary: Oxford remembers the Cam man |url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_28-5-2003_pg3_6 |work=Daily Times |date=28 May 2003 |accessdate=9 November 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050506190825/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_28-5-2003_pg3_6 |archivedate=6 May 2005 }}</ref> === Legal career === [[File:Iqbal as as a Barrister-at-Law.gif|thumb|1500px|left| Iqbal as a barrister-at-law]] Iqbal was not only a prolific writer but was also a known advocate. He appeared before the [[Lahore High Court]] in both civil and criminal matters. There are more than 100 reported judgments to his name.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nawaiwaqt.com.pk/mazamine/11-Nov-2014/339879|title=قانون دان اقبال|date=11 November 2014|website=Nawaiwaqt}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nawaiwaqt.com.pk/letters/14-Oct-2016/518080|title=قانون دان اقبال|date=14 October 2016|website=Nawaiwaqt}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://dailypakistan.com.pk/columns/04-Apr-2014/89210|title=قانون دان اقبال کی دریافت|date=3 April 2014|website=Daily Pakistan}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.minhajsisters.com:443/urdu/tid/40533/%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%81-%DA%88%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%B9%D8%B1-%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84-%D8%A8%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B1-%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%88%D9%88%D9%88%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%B9/|title=علامہ ڈاکٹر محمد اقبال بطور ایڈووکیٹ|first=منہاج القرآن ویمن|last=لیگ|website=منہاج القرآن ویمن لیگ}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://jumhooripublications.com/qanoondan-iqbal|title=Jumhoori Publications - Biographies|website=jumhooripublications.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nation.com.pk/10-Nov-2013/unexplored-aspect-of-iqbal-s-life|title=Unexplored aspect of Iqbal's life|date=6 April 2016|website=The Nation}}</ref> === Final years and death === [[File:Allama Iqbals Tomb East & south walls July 1 2005.jpg|thumb|right|The [[tomb of Muhammad Iqbal]] at the entrance of the Badshahi Mosque in [[Lahore]]]] In 1933, after returning from a trip to [[Spain]] and [[Afghanistan]], Iqbal suffered from a mysterious throat illness.<ref>{{cite book|last=Schimmel|first=Annemarie|title=Gabriel's Wing: a study of the religious ideas of Sir Muhammad Iqbal|publisher=Brill Archive|year=1962|page=55|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=goE3AAAAIAAJ}}</ref> He spent his final years helping [[Chaudhry Niaz Ali Khan]] to establish the Dar ul Islam Trust Institute at a Jamalpur estate near [[Pathankot]],<ref>Azam, K.M., ''Hayat-e-Sadeed: Bani-e-Dar ul Islam Chaudhry Niaz Ali (A Righteous Life: Founder of Dar ul Islam Chaudhry Niaz Ali Khan)'', Lahore: Nashriyat, 2010 (583 pp., Urdu) {{ISBN|978-969-8983-58-1}}</ref><ref>[http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2011/04/allama-iqbal%E2%80%99s-73rd-death-anniversary-observed-with-reverence/ Allama Iqbal’s 73rd death anniversary observed with reverence]. ''Pakistan Today''. Retrieved 30 October 2011.</ref> where there were plans to subsidise studies in classical Islam and contemporary social science. He also advocated for an independent Muslim state. Iqbal ceased practising law in 1934 and was granted a pension by the [[Nawab of Bhopal]]. In his final years, he frequently visited the [[Dargah]] of famous Sufi [[Ali Hujwiri]] in [[Lahore]] for spiritual guidance. After suffering for months from his illness, Iqbal died in Lahore on 21 April 1938.<ref name="allamaiqbal.com" /><ref name="pktoday73" /> [[Tomb of Muhammad Iqbal|His tomb]] is located in [[Hazuri Bagh]], the enclosed garden between the entrance of the [[Badshahi Mosque]] and the [[Lahore Fort]], and official guards are provided by the [[Government of Pakistan]]. == Efforts and influences == === Political === {{further|Pakistan Movement}} [[File:Iqbalpolitics.jpg|thumb|250px|Iqbal with Muslim politicians.<br /> (L to R): M. Iqbal (third), [[Syed Zafarul Hasan]] (sixth) at [[Aligarh Muslim University]]]] Iqbal first became interested in national affairs in his youth. He received considerable recognition from the Punjabi elite after his return from [[England]] in 1908, and he was closely associated with [[Mian Muhammad Shafi]]. When the [[All-India Muslim League]] was expanded to the provincial level, and Shafi received a significant role in the structural organisation of the [[Punjab Muslim League]], Iqbal was made one of the first three joint secretaries along with Shaikh Abdul Aziz and Maulvi Mahbub Alam.<ref>{{Cite book|title=A History of the All-India Muslim League (1906–1947)|last=Afzal|first=Rafique M.|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2013|isbn=978-0-19-906735-0|location=Karachi, Pakistan|pages=15}}</ref> While dividing his time between law practice and poetry, Iqbal remained active in the Muslim League. He did not support Indian involvement in [[World War I]] and stayed in close touch with Muslim political leaders such as [[Mohammad Ali Jouhar]] and [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]]. He was a critic of the mainstream [[Indian National Congress]], which he regarded as dominated by [[Hindus]], and was disappointed with the League when, during the 1920s, it was absorbed in factional divides between the pro-British group led by Shafi and the centrist group led by Jinnah.<ref name="brightpk.com" />{{unreliable source?|date=May 2012}} In November 1926, with the encouragement of friends and supporters, Iqbal contested the election for a seat in the [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]] from the Muslim district of Lahore, and defeated his opponent by a margin of 3,177 votes.<ref name="allamaiqbal.com" /> He supported the [[Fourteen Points of Jinnah|constitutional proposals]] presented by Jinnah to guarantee Muslim political rights and influence in a coalition with the Congress and worked with the [[Aga Khan]] and other Muslim leaders to mend the factional divisions and achieve unity in the Muslim League.<ref name="brightpk.com" />{{unreliable source?|date=May 2012}} While in Lahore he was a friend of [[Abdul Sattar Ranjoor]].<ref name="n">''New Age Weekly''. ''[http://www.newageweekly.com/2013/04/in-memory-of-com-ranjoor.html In Memory of Com Ranjoor] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160325184653/http://www.newageweekly.com/2013/04/in-memory-of-com-ranjoor.html |date=25 March 2016 }}''</ref> === Iqbal, Jinnah and the concept of Pakistan === Ideologically separated from Congress Muslim leaders, Iqbal had also been disillusioned with the politicians of the Muslim League, owing to the factional conflict that plagued the League in the 1920s. Discontent with factional leaders like Shafi and Fazl-ur-Rahman, Iqbal came to believe that only Jinnah was a political leader capable of preserving unity and fulfilling the League's objectives of Muslim political empowerment. Building a strong, personal correspondence with Jinnah, Iqbal was influential in convincing Jinnah to end his self-imposed exile in London, return to India and take charge of the League. Iqbal firmly believed that Jinnah was the only leader capable of drawing Indian Muslims to the League and maintaining party unity before the British and the Congress: {{quote|I know you are a busy man, but I do hope you won't mind my writing to you often, as you are the only Muslim in India today to whom the community has right to look up for safe guidance through the storm which is coming to North-West India and, perhaps, to the whole of India.<ref name="iqbalandpakmovement" /> }} While Iqbal espoused the idea of Muslim-majority provinces in 1930, Jinnah would continue to hold talks with the Congress through the decade and only officially embraced the goal of Pakistan in 1940. Some historians postulate that Jinnah always remained hopeful for an agreement with the Congress and never fully desired the partition of India.<ref name="jalal14">Ayesha Jalal, ''The Sole Spokesman'', pp. 14</ref> Iqbal's close correspondence with Jinnah is speculated by some historians as having been responsible for Jinnah's embrace of the idea of Pakistan. Iqbal elucidated to Jinnah his vision of a separate Muslim state in a letter sent on 21 June 1937: {{quote|A separate federation of Muslim Provinces, reformed on the lines I have suggested above, is the only course by which we can secure a peaceful India and save Muslims from the domination of Non-Muslims. Why should not the Muslims of North-West India and [[Bengal]] be considered as nations entitled to self-determination just as other nations in India and outside India are.<ref name="allamaiqbal.com" />}} Iqbal, serving as president of the Punjab Muslim League, criticised Jinnah's political actions, including a political agreement with Punjabi leader [[Sikandar Hayat Khan (Punjabi politician)| Sikandar Hyat Khan]], whom Iqbal saw as a representative of feudal classes and not committed to Islam as the core political philosophy. Nevertheless, Iqbal worked constantly to encourage Muslim leaders and masses to support Jinnah and the League. Speaking about the political future of Muslims in India, Iqbal said: {{quote|There is only one way out. Muslims should strengthen Jinnah's hands. They should join the Muslim League. Indian question, as is now being solved, can be countered by our united front against both the Hindus and the English. Without it, our demands are not going to be accepted. People say our demands smack of communalism, and This is sheer propaganda. These demands relate to the defense of our national existence. The united front can be formed under the leadership of the Muslim League. And the Muslim League can succeed only on account of Jinnah. Now none but Jinnah is capable of leading the Muslims.<ref name="iqbalandpakmovement">{{cite web|url=http://www.allamaiqbal.com/person/movement/move_main.htm |title=Iqbal and Pakistan Movement |publisher=Allamaiqbal.com |date= |accessdate=9 November 2010}}</ref> }} == Revival of Islamic polity == [[File:Iqbal-RahmatAli.jpg|thumb|left|Iqbal with [[Choudhary Rahmat Ali]] and other Muslim leaders]] Iqbal's six English lectures were published in Lahore in 1930, and then by the [[Oxford University Press]] in 1934 in the book ''[[The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam]]''. The lectures had been delivered at [[Madras]], [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]] and [[Aligarh]].<ref name="allamaiqbal.com" /> These lectures dwell on the role of Islam as a religion and as a political and legal philosophy in the modern age.<ref name="allamaiqbal.com" /> In these lectures Iqbal firmly rejects the political attitudes and conduct of Muslim politicians, whom he saw as morally misguided, attached to power and without any standing with the Muslim masses.{{citation needed|date=November 2019}} Iqbal expressed fears that not only would [[secularism]] weaken the spiritual foundations of Islam and Muslim society, but that India's [[Hindu]]-majority population would crowd out Muslim heritage, culture and political influence. In his travels to [[Egypt]], [[Afghanistan]], [[Iran]] and [[Turkey]], he promoted ideas of greater Islamic political co-operation and unity, calling for the shedding of nationalist differences.<ref name="books.google.co.uk" /> He also speculated on different political arrangements to guarantee Muslim political power; in a dialogue with Dr. [[B. R. Ambedkar]], Iqbal expressed his desire to see Indian provinces as autonomous units under the direct control of the British government and with no central Indian government. He envisaged autonomous Muslim regions in India. Under a single Indian union, he feared for Muslims, who would suffer in many respects, especially concerning their existentially separate entity as Muslims.<ref name="allamaiqbal.com" /> Iqbal was elected president of the Muslim League in 1930 at its session in [[Allahabad]] in the [[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh|United Provinces]], as well as for the session in Lahore in 1932. In his [[Allahabad Address|presidential address]] on 29 December 1930 he outlined a vision of an independent state for Muslim-majority provinces in north-western India:<ref name="allamaiqbal.com" /> {{quote|I would like to see the [[Punjab (British India)|Punjab]], [[North-West Frontier Province (1901–1955)|North-West Frontier Province]], [[Sind province (1936–1955)|Sind]] and [[Baluchistan (Chief Commissioners Province)|Baluchistan]] amalgamated into a single state. Self-government within the [[British Empire]], or without the British Empire, the formation of a consolidated Northwest Indian Muslim state appears to me to be the final destiny of the Muslims, at least of Northwest India.<ref name="allamaiqbal.com" />}} In his speech, Iqbal emphasised that, unlike Christianity, Islam came with "legal concepts" with "civic significance", with its "religious ideals" considered as inseparable from social order: "Therefore, if it means a displacement of the Islamic principle of solidarity, the construction of a policy on national lines, is simply unthinkable to a Muslim."<ref name="Naipaul">{{cite book |last=Naipaul |first=V. S. |title=Beyond Belief: Islamic Excursions Among the Converted Peoples |pages=250–52}}</ref> Iqbal thus stressed not only the need for the political unity of Muslim communities but the undesirability of blending the Muslim population into a wider society not based on Islamic principles.{{citation needed|date=November 2019}} He thus became the first politician to articulate what would become known as the ''[[Two-nation theory]]''—that Muslims are a distinct nation and thus deserve political independence from other regions and communities of India. Even as he rejected secularism and nationalism he would not elucidate or specify if his ideal Islamic state would be a [[theocracy]], and criticised the "intellectual attitudes" of Islamic scholars ([[ulema]]) as having "reduced the Law of Islam practically to the state of immobility".<ref name=iqbal-2004-1934-131>{{cite book |title=The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam |edition=reprint |orig-year=1934| date=2004 |location=Lahore |publisher=Sang-e-Meel Publications |page=131 }}</ref> The latter part of Iqbal's life was concentrated on political activity. He travelled across Europe and West Asia to garner political and financial support for the League. He reiterated the ideas of his 1932 address, and, during the third [[Round Table Conferences (India)|Round Table Conference]], he opposed the Congress and proposals for transfer of power without considerable autonomy or independence for Muslim provinces.{{citation needed|date=November 2019}} He would serve as president of the Punjab Muslim League, and would deliver speeches and publish articles in an attempt to rally Muslims across India as a single political entity. Iqbal consistently criticised feudal classes in Punjab as well as Muslim politicians opposed to the League. Many accounts of Iqbal's frustration toward Congress leadership were also pivotal in providing a vision for the two-nation theory.{{citation needed|date=November 2019}} === Patron of ''Tolu-e-Islam'' === [[File:TolueIslam1.jpg|thumb|Copy of the first issue of ''Tolu-e-Islam'']] Iqbal was the first patron of ''[[Tolu-e-Islam (magazine)|Tolu-e-Islam]]'', a historical, political, religious and cultural journal of the Muslims of British India. For a long time, Iqbal wanted a journal to propagate his ideas and the aims and objectives of the [[All India Muslim League]]. In 1935, according to his instructions, [[Syed Nazeer Niazi]] initiated and edited the journal,<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.tolueislam.com/Urdu/mag/1935/1935_Oct.djvu| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804120220/http://webcode.ca/docs/1935_Oct.pdf| archivedate=4 August 2017| title=Tolu-e-Islam – Under editorship of Syed Nazeer Niazi}}</ref> named after Iqbal's poem "[[Tulu'i Islam]]". Niazi dedicated the first issue of the journal to Iqbal. The journal would play an important role in the Pakistan movement.<ref name="brightpk.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.brightpk.com/personalities/allama-iqbal/|title=Allama Iqbal – The Great Poet And Philosopher|publisher=Bright PK.com|date=15 February 2012|accessdate=28 May 2012|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120604013142/http://www.brightpk.com/personalities/allama-iqbal/|archivedate=4 June 2012}}</ref> Later, the journal was continued<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tolueislam.com/Urdu/urdu.htm |title=Urdu Articles and Books |publisher=Tolueislam.com |accessdate=22 May 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100208215843/http://www.tolueislam.com/Urdu/urdu.htm |archivedate=8 February 2010 }}</ref> by [[Ghulam Ahmed Pervez]], who had contributed many articles in its early editions. == Literary work == {{Main|Works of Muhammad Iqbal}} === Persian === Iqbal's poetic works are written primarily in [[Persian language|Persian]] rather than [[Urdu]]. Among his 12,000 verses of poetry, about 7,000 verses are in Persian.<ref name="allamaiqbal.com" /> In 1915, he published his first collection of poetry, the ''[[Asrar-i-Khudi]]'' {{nastaliq|اسرارِ خودی}} (''Secrets of the Self'') in Persian. The poems emphasise the spirit and self from a religious perspective. Many critics have called this Iqbal's finest poetic work.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.allamaiqbal.com|title=Asrar-e-Khudi|first=Allama Iqbal Academy |last=Official website|accessdate=30 May 2006}}</ref> In ''Asrar-i-Khudi'', Iqbal explains his philosophy of "Khudi", or "Self".<ref name="allamaiqbal.com" /><ref name="books.google.co.uk" /> Iqbal's use of the term "Khudi" is synonymous with the word [[Ruh|"Rooh"]] used in the Quran for a divine spark which is present in every human being, and was said by Iqbal to be present in [[Adam]], for which God ordered all of the angels to prostrate in front of Adam.<ref name="allamaiqbal.com" /> Iqbal condemns self-destruction. For him, the aim of life is self-realization and self-knowledge. He charts the stages through which the "Self" has to pass before finally arriving at its point of perfection, enabling the knower of the "Self" to become a vice-regent of God.<ref name="allamaiqbal.com" /> In his ''[[Rumuz-i-Bekhudi]]'' {{nastaliq|رموزِ بیخودی}} (''Hints of Selflessness''), Iqbal seeks to prove the Islamic way of life is the best code of conduct for a nation's viability. A person must keep his characteristics intact, he asserts, but once this is achieved, he should sacrifice his ambitions for the needs of the nation. Man cannot realise the "Self" outside of society. Published in 1917, this group of poems has as its main themes the ideal community,<ref name="allamaiqbal.com" /> Islamic ethical and social principles, and the relationship between the individual and society. Although he supports Islam, Iqbal also recognises the positive aspects of other religions. ''Rumuz-i-Bekhudi'' complements the emphasis on the self in ''Asrar-e-Khudi'' and the two collections are often put in the same volume under the title ''Asrar-i-Rumuz'' (''Hinting Secrets''). It is addressed to the world's Muslims.<ref name="allamaiqbal.com" /> Iqbal's 1924 publication, the ''[[Payam-e-Mashriq]]'' {{nastaliq|پیامِ مشرق}} (''The Message of the East''), is closely connected to the ''West-östlicher Diwan'' by the German poet Goethe. Goethe bemoans the West having become too materialistic in outlook, and expects the East will provide a message of hope to resuscitate spiritual values. Iqbal styles his work as a reminder to the West of the importance of morality, religion, and civilisation by underlining the need for cultivating feeling, ardor, and dynamism. He asserts that an individual can never aspire to higher dimensions unless he learns of the nature of spirituality.<ref name="allamaiqbal.com" /> In his first visit to Afghanistan, he presented ''Payam-e Mashreq'' to [[Amanullah Khan|King Amanullah Khan]]. In it, he admired the uprising of Afghanistan against the British Empire. In 1933, he was officially invited to Afghanistan to join the meetings regarding the establishment of [[Kabul University]].<ref name="A Spiritual Bridge between East and West"/> The ''[[Zabur-e-Ajam]]'' {{nastaliq|زبورِ عجم}} (''Persian Psalms''), published in 1927, includes the poems "''Gulshan-e-Raz-e-Jadeed''" ("Garden of New Secrets") and "''[[Bandagi Nama]]''" ("Book of Slavery"). In "''Gulshan-e-Raz-e-Jadeed''", Iqbal first poses questions, then answers them with the help of ancient and modern insight. "''Bandagi Nama''" denounces slavery and attempts to explain the spirit behind the fine arts of enslaved societies. Here, as in other books, Iqbal insists on remembering the past, doing well in the present and preparing for the future, while emphasising love, enthusiasm and energy to fulfill the ideal life.<ref name="allamaiqbal.com" /> Iqbal's 1932 work, the ''[[Javed Nama]]'' {{nastaliq|جاوید نامہ}} (''Book of Javed''), is named after and in a manner addressed to his son, who is featured in the poems. It follows the examples of the works of [[Ibn Arabi]] and [[Dante Alighieri|Dante]]'s ''[[The Divine Comedy]]'', through [[magic realism|mystical and exaggerated depictions]] across time. Iqbal depicts himself as ''[[Zinda Rud]]'' ("A stream full of life") guided by Rumi, "the master", through various heavens and spheres and has the honour of approaching divinity and coming in contact with divine illuminations. In a passage reliving a historical period, Iqbal condemns the Muslims who were instrumental in the defeat and death of Nawab [[Siraj-ud-Daula]] of [[Bengal]] and [[Tipu Sultan]] of [[Mysore]] by betraying them for the benefit of the [[British East India Company|British colonists]], and thus delivering their country to the shackles of slavery. In the end, by addressing his son Javid, he speaks to the young people at large, and guides the "new generation".<ref name="allamaiqbal.com" /> ''[[What should then be done O people of the East|Pas Chih Bayed Kard Ay Aqwam-e-Sharq]]'' {{nastaliq|پس چہ باید کرد اے اقوامِ شرق}} includes the poem "''Musafir''" {{nastaliq|مسافر}} ("The Traveller"). Again, Iqbal depicts Rumi as a character and gives an exposition of the mysteries of [[Shariah|Islamic laws]] and Sufi perceptions. Iqbal laments the dissension and disunity among the Indian Muslims as well as Muslim nations. "''Musafir''" is an account of one of Iqbal's journeys to Afghanistan, in which the [[Pashtun people]] are counselled to learn the "secret of Islam" and to "build up the self" within themselves.<ref name="allamaiqbal.com" /> His love of the Persian language is evident in his works and poetry. He says in one of his poems:<ref>'' Kuliyat Iqbal'', Iqbal Academy Publications, 1990, Lahore, Pakistan</ref> {{blockquote|{{nastaliq|گرچہ ہندی در عذوبت شکر است}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.allamaiqbal.com/works/poetry/persian/asrar/text/01.htm|title=1|publisher=}}</ref> ''garchi Hindi dar uzūbat <u>sh</u>akkar ast'' {{nastaliq|طرز گفتار دري شيرين تر است}} ''tarz-i guftar-i Dari <u>sh</u>irin tar ast''}} Translation: ''Even though in sweetness [[Hindi]]* is sugar'' – ''(but) speech method in [[Dari language|Dari]] [the variety of Persian in Afghanistan ] is sweeter *'' === Urdu === Iqbal's ''[[Bang-e-Dara]]'' {{nastaliq|بانگِ درا}} (''The Call of the Marching Bell''), his first collection of Urdu poetry, was published in 1924. It was written in three distinct phases of his life.<ref name="allamaiqbal.com" /> The poems he wrote up to 1905—the year he left for England—reflect patriotism and the imagery of nature, including the "''[[Tarana-e-Hindi]]''" ("The Song of India"),<ref name="A Spiritual Bridge between East and West"/> and "''[[Tarana-e-Milli]]''" ("The Song of the Community"). The second set of poems date from 1905–1908, when Iqbal studied in Europe, and dwell upon the nature of [[European culture|European society]], which he emphasised had lost spiritual and religious values. This inspired Iqbal to write poems on the historical and cultural heritage of Islam and the Muslim community, with a global perspective. Iqbal urges the entire Muslim community, addressed as the ''[[Ummah]]'', to define personal, social and political existence by the values and teachings of Islam.<ref name="allamaiqbal.com" /> Iqbal's works were in Persian for most of his career, but after 1930 his works were mainly in Urdu. His works in this period were often specifically directed at the Muslim masses of India, with an even stronger emphasis on Islam and Muslim spiritual and political reawakening. Published in 1935, ''[[Gabriel's Wing|Bal-e-Jibril]]'' {{nastaliq|بالِ جبریل}} (''Wings of [[Gabriel]]'') is considered by many critics as his finest Urdu poetry and was inspired by his visit to Spain, where he visited the monuments and legacy of the [[Al-Andalus|kingdom of the Moors]]. It consists of [[ghazals]], poems, [[quatrains]] and [[epigrams]] and carries a strong sense of religious passion.<ref name="allamaiqbal.com" /> ''[[Zarb-i-Kalim]]'' {{nastaliq|ضربِ کلیم}} (or ''The Rod of Moses'') is another philosophical poetry book of [[Allama Iqbal]] in [[Urdu]], it was published in [[1936 in poetry|1936]], two years before his death. In which he described as his political manifesto. It was published with the subtitle "A Declaration of War Against the Present Times. Muhammad Iqbal argues that modern problems are due to the godlessness, materialism and injustice of modern civilisation, which feeds on the subjugation and exploitation of weak nations, especially the Indian Muslims. <ref>{{cite web|title=Introduction "Zarb i Kalim"|url=http://www.allamaiqbal.com/poet/poetry/urdu/poet_introzarb.html|publisher=Iqbal Academy Pakistan|accessdate=22 July 2020}}</ref> Iqbal's final work was ''[[Gift from Hijaz|Armughan-e-Hijaz]]'' {{nastaliq|ارمغانِ حجاز}} (''The Gift of Hijaz''), published posthumously in 1938. The first part contains quatrains in Persian, and the second part contains some poems and epigrams in Urdu. The Persian quatrains convey the impression that the poet is travelling through the [[Hijaz]] in his imagination. The profundity of ideas and intensity of passion are the salient features of these short poems.<ref name="allamaiqbal.com" /> Iqbal's vision of mystical experience is clear in one of his Urdu ghazals, which was written in London during his student days. Some verses of that ghazal are:<ref name="allamaiqbal.com" /> {{blockquote|At last, the silent tongue of Hijaz has<br /> announced to the ardent ear the tiding<br /> That the covenant which had been given to the<br /> desert-[dwellers] is going to be renewed<br /> vigorously:<br /> The lion who had emerged from the desert and<br /> had toppled the Roman Empire is<br /> As I am told by the angels, about to get up<br /> again (from his slumbers.)<br /> You the [dwellers] of the West, should know that<br /> the world of God is not a shop (of yours).<br /> Your imagined pure gold is about to lose it's <br /> standard value (as fixed by you).<br /> Your civilization will commit suicide with its own daggers.<br /> For a house built on a fragile bark of wood is not longlasting<ref name="allamaiqbal.com" />}} === English === Iqbal wrote two books, ''[[The Development of Metaphysics in Persia]]'' (1908) and ''[[The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam]]'' (1930), and many letters in the English language. In these, he revealed his thoughts regarding Persian ideology and Islamic Sufism – in particular, his beliefs that Islamic Sufism activates the searching soul to a superior perception of life. He also discussed philosophy, God and the meaning of prayer, human spirit and Muslim culture, as well as other political, social and religious problems.<ref name="allamaiqbal.com" /> Iqbal was invited to Cambridge to participate in a conference in 1931, where he expressed his views, including those on the [[separation of church and state]], to students and other participants:<ref name="allamaiqbal.com" /> {{quote|I would like to offer a few pieces of advice to the young men who are at present studying at Cambridge. ... I advise you to guard against atheism and materialism. The biggest blunder made by Europe was the separation of Church and State. This deprived their culture of moral soul and diverted it to the atheistic materialism. I had twenty-five years ago seen through the drawbacks of this civilization and, therefore, had made some prophecies. They had been delivered by my tongue, although I did not quite understand them. This happened in 1907. ... After six or seven years, my prophecies came true, word by word. The European war of 1914 was an outcome of the mistakes mentioned above made by the European nations in the separation of the Church and the State.<ref name="allamaiqbal.com" />}} === Punjabi === Iqbal also wrote some poems in [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], such as "''Piyaara Jedi''" and "''Baba Bakri Wala''", which he penned in 1929 on the occasion of his son Javid's birthday. A collection of his Punjabi poetry was put on display at the [[Iqbal Manzil]] in Sialkot.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://nation.com.pk/05-Oct-2016/iqbal-s-punjabi-poetry-put-on-display|title=Iqbal's Punjabi poetry put on display|work=[[The Nation (Pakistan)|The Nation]]|date=5 October 2016|accessdate=1 December 2018}}</ref> == Modern reputation == === "Poet of the East" === [[File:Pic iqbal 004.jpg|thumb|right|Allama Iqbal after the conferment of a Doctorate of Literature by the University of the Punjab in 1933]] Iqbal has been referred to as the "Poet of the East" by academics, institutions and the media.<ref name="dailytimes" /><ref name="thenews">{{cite news|url=http://www.thenewstribe.com/2012/04/21/nation-observes-allama-iqbals-74th-death-anniversary/#.UCjm36EaN0x|title=Nation observes Allama Iqbal's 74th death anniversary|newspaper= The Newstribe newspaper|date=21 April 2012|accessdate=13 November 2015}}</ref><ref name="dawn">{{cite news|url=http://archives.dawn.com/weekly/yworld/archive/031108/yworld6.htm|title=Feature: Allama Iqbal—the spiritual father of Pakistan|newspaper=Daily Dawn|date=8 November 2003|accessdate=13 August 2012}}</ref><ref name=Taus-Bolstad>{{cite book|last=Taus-Bolstad|first=Stacy|title=Pakistan in Pictures|year=2008|publisher=Lerner|isbn=978-1-58013-452-1|page=70}}</ref><ref name=Sheikh>{{cite book|last=Sheikh|first=Naveed Shahzad|title=The New Politics of Islam: Pan-Islamic Foreign Policy in a World of States|year=2007|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-44453-8|page=83}}</ref><ref name=Jalal>{{cite book|last=Jalal|first=Ayesha|title=Self and Sovereignty: Individual and Community in South Asian Islam Since 1850|url=https://archive.org/details/selfsovereigntyi1850jala|url-access=limited|year=2000|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-22078-1|page=[https://archive.org/details/selfsovereigntyi1850jala/page/n587 565]}}</ref><ref name=YAHYA>{{cite journal|last=Yahya|first=MD|title=Traditions of Patriotism in Urdu Poetry: A Critical Study with Special Reference to the Poet of the East Allama Iqbal and His Poetry|journal=Journal of Contemporary Research|year=2013|volume=1|issue=2|url=http://scholarsworld.net/english/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/Paper-7.pdf|issn=2319-5789|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150715111050/http://scholarsworld.net/english/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/Paper-7.pdf|archivedate=15 July 2015}}</ref> The Vice-Chancellor of [[Quaid-e-Azam University]], Dr. Masoom Yasinzai, stated in a seminar addressing a distinguished gathering of educators and intellectuals that Iqbal is not only a poet of the East but is a universal poet. Moreover, Iqbal is not restricted to any specific segment of the world community, but he is for all humanity.<ref name="Preston">{{cite web|url=http://www.preston.edu.pk/allama_iqbal.php|title=Seminar on Allama Iqbal held at Preston University|publisher=Preston.Edu.PK|accessdate=19 May 2019 }}</ref> {{quote|Yet it should also be born in mind that while dedicating his Eastern Divan to Goethe, the cultural icon par excellence, Iqbal's Payam-i-Mashriq constituted both a reply as well as a corrective to the Western Divan of Goethe. For by stylizing himself as the representative of the East, Iqbal endeavored to talk on equal terms to Goethe as the representative of West.<ref name="orient" />}} Iqbal's revolutionary works through his poetry affected the Muslims of the [[Indian subcontinent|subcontinent]]. Iqbal thought that Muslims had long been suppressed by the colonial enlargement and growth of the West. For this concept, Iqbal is recognised as the "Poet of the East".<ref name="dawn" /><ref name="academia">{{cite book|url=https://amu-in.academia.edu/TauseefAhmadParray/Papers/400725/Democracy_in_Islam_The_Views_of_Several_Modern_Muslim_Scholars|title=Democracy in Islam: The Views of Several Modern Muslim Scholars|publisher=Amu-In Academia.Edu|accessdate=14 August 2012|page=143|last1=Parray|first1=Tauseef Ahmad}}</ref><ref name="urdu">{{cite book|url=http://www.urdustudies.com/pdf/20/03FaruqiIqbal.pdf|title=How to Read Iqbal|publisher=Urdu Studies.com|accessdate=14 August 2012|page=2}}</ref> {{quote|So to conclude, let me cite [[Annemarie Schimmel]] in ''Gabriel's Wing'' who lauds Iqbal's "unique way of weaving a grand tapestry of thought from eastern and western yarns" (p. xv), a creative activity which, to cite my own volume Revisioning Iqbal, endows Muhammad Iqbal with the stature of a "''universalist poet''" and thinker whose principal aim was to explore mitigating alternative discourses to construct a bridge between the "East" and the "West."<ref name="orient">{{cite book|url=https://www.scribd.com/document/66941478/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B1-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D9%81%D9%83%D8%B1-%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%A5%D9%82%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84|title=This document contains both interventions from Prof. Dharampal-Frick and Mrs. Al Sanyoura Baasiri- Gita Dharampal-Frick – (South Asia Institute, University of Heidelberg)|publisher=Orient Institut.Org|accessdate=15 August 2012|pages=5–12}} }}</ref>}} The Urdu world is very familiar with Iqbal as the "Poet of the East".<ref name="urdu" /> Iqbal is also called ''Muffakir-e-Pakistan'', "The Thinker of Pakistan") and ''Hakeem-ul-Ummat'' ("The Sage of the [[Ummah]]"). The Pakistan government officially named him Pakistan’s "[[List of national poets|national poet]]".<ref name="Iqbal Academy Pakistan"/> ===Iran === In Iran, Iqbal is known as ''Iqbāl-e Lāhorī'' ({{lang-fa|اقبال لاهوری}}) (Iqbal of Lahore). Iqbal's ''Asrare-i-Khudi'' and ''Bal-i-Jibreel'' are particularly popular in Iran. At the same time, many scholars in Iran have recognised the importance of Iqbal's poetry in inspiring and sustaining the [[Iranian Revolution]] of 1979.<ref name="Iqbal-Iran1">{{cite web|title=The Political Philosophy of Muhammad Iqbal|url=http://blogs.tribune.com.pk/story/19455/137th-birthday-what-allama-iqbals-poetry-has-taught-me-so-far/|work=Osama Sajid|date=25 March 2011|accessdate=25 October 2014}}</ref><ref name="the Friday" /> During the early phases of the revolutionary movement, it was common to see people gathering in a park or corner to listen to someone reciting Iqbal's Persian poetry, which is why people of all ages in Iran today are familiar with at least some of his poetry, notably ''Zabur-i-Ajam''.<ref name="Iqbal-Iran2">{{cite web|title=Iqbal and the Iranians Iqbal|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/656464/heritage-eghbal-i-lahuri-and-the-iranians|work=Nasir Riaz|date=25 March 2011|accessdate=25 October 2014}}</ref><ref name="the Friday" /> [[Ayatollah Ali Khamenei]] has stated, "We have a large number of non-Persian-speaking poets in the history of our literature, but I cannot point out any of them whose poetry possesses the qualities of Iqbal's Persian poetry. Iqbal was not acquainted with Persian idiom, as he spoke Urdu at home and talked to his friends in Urdu or English. He did not know the rules of Persian prose writing. [...] In spite of not having tasted the Persian way of life, never living in the cradle of Persian culture, and never having any direct association with it, he cast with great mastery the most delicate, the most subtle and radically new philosophical themes into the mould of Persian poetry, some of which are unsurpassable yet."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.khamenei.de/books/iqbal.htm |title=Iqbal |publisher=Khamenei.de |accessdate=19 June 2009 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090618081641/http://www.khamenei.de/books/iqbal.htm |archivedate=18 June 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref> By the early 1950s, Iqbal became known among the intelligentsia of Iran. Iranian poet laureate [[Muhammad Taqi Bahar]] universalised Iqbal in Iran. He highly praised the work of Iqbal in Persian.{{citation needed|date=November 2019}} In 1952, Iranian Prime Minister [[Mohammad Mossadeq]], a national hero because of his oil nationalisation policy, broadcast a special radio message on Iqbal Day and praised his role in the struggle of the Indian Muslims against British imperialism. At the end of the 1950s, Iranians published the complete Persian works. In the 1960s, Iqbal's thesis on Persian philosophy was translated from English to Persian. Ali Shariati, a Sorbonne-educated sociologist, supported Iqbal as his role model as Iqbal had Rumi. An example of the admiration and appreciation of Iran for Iqbal is that he received the place of honour in the pantheon of the Persian elegy writers.{{citation needed|date=November 2019}} Iqbal became even more popular in Iran in the 1970s. His verses appeared on banners, and his poetry was recited at meetings of intellectuals. Iqbal inspired many intellectuals, including [[Ali Shariati]], [[Mehdi Bazargan]] and [[Abdulkarim Soroush]]. His book ''The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam'' was translated by Mohammad Masud Noruzi.<ref name="the Friday">{{cite news|url=http://www.thefridaytimes.com/tft/love-letter-to-persia/|title=Love letter to Persia|newspaper=The Friday Times|date=25 April 2014|accessdate=13 September 2016}}</ref> Key Iranian thinkers and leaders who were influenced by Iqbal's poetry during the rise of the Iranian revolution include Khamenei, Shariati and Soroush, although much of the revolutionary guard was familiar with Iqbal's poetry.<ref name="Iqbal-Iran3">{{cite book|title=The Political Philosophy of Muhammad Iqbal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fk8hAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA201&lpg=PA201&dq=Iqbal+lahori+iranian+revolution#v=onepage|work=Iqbal Singh Sevea|date=25 March 2011|accessdate=25 October 2014|isbn = 9781139536394|last1 = Sevea|first1 = Iqbal Singh}}</ref> At the inauguration of the First Iqbal Summit in Tehran (1986), Khamenei stated that in its "conviction that the Quran and Islam are to be made the basis of all revolutions and movements", Iran was "exactly following the path that was shown to us by Iqbal".<ref name="Iqbal-Iran3" /> Shariati, who has been described as a core ideologue for the Iranian Revolution, described Iqbal as a figure who brought a message of "rejuvenation", "awakening" and "power" to the Muslim world.<ref name="Iqbal-Iran5">{{cite book|title=Iqbal: Manifestation of the Islamic Spirit|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ivogAAAACAAJ|work=Iqbal Singh Sevea|date=25 March 2011|accessdate=25 October 2014|isbn = 9781871031201|last1 = Khamenei|first1 = Ali|last2 = Shariati|first2 = Ali|last3 = Sharīʻatī|first3 = ʻalī}}</ref> === The West === [[File:Iqbal Street in Heidelberg Germany.jpg|thumb|Sign for the street ''Iqbal-Ufer'' in [[Heidelberg]], Germany, honouring Iqbal<ref name="Iqbal-West1">{{cite web|title=Luxury edition of works by poet Muhammad Iqbal|url=http://www.uni-heidelberg.de/presse/news2011/pm20110325_sai_raritaet_en.html|work=[[University of Heidelberg]]|date=25 March 2011|accessdate=26 April 2012}}</ref>]] Iqbal's views on the Western world have been applauded by Westerners, including [[United States Supreme Court]] Associate Justice [[William O. Douglas]], who said that Iqbal's beliefs had "universal appeal".<ref name="allamaiqbal review 1985" /> Soviet biographer N. P. Anikoy wrote: {{quote|[Iqbal is] great for his passionate condemnation of weak will and passiveness, his angry protest against inequality, discrimination and oppression in all forms, i.e., economic, social, political, national, racial, religious, etc., his preaching of optimism, an active attitude towards life and man's high purpose in the world, in a word, he is great for his assertion of the noble ideals and principles of humanism, democracy, peace and friendship among peoples.<ref name="allamaiqbal review 1985" />}} Others, including [[Wilfred Cantwell Smith]], stated that with Iqbal's anti-capitalist holdings, he was "anti-intellect", because "capitalism fosters intellect".<ref name="allamaiqbal review 1985" /> [[Freeland Abbott]] objected to Iqbal's views of the West, saying that they were based on the role of imperialism and that Iqbal was not immersed enough in Western culture to learn about the various benefits of the modern democracies, economic practices and science.<ref name="allamaiqbal review 1985">{{cite web|last=Review|first=Iqbal|year=1985|url=http://www.allamaiqbal.com/publications/journals/review/oct85/index.htm |title=American, West European and Soviet Attitudes to Iqbal |format=PHP|accessdate=16 February 2012}}</ref> Critics of Abbot's viewpoint note that Iqbal was raised and educated in the European way of life, and spent enough time there to grasp the general concepts of Western civilisation.<ref name="allamaiqbal review 1985" /> ==Legacy== Iqbal is widely commemorated in Pakistan, where he is regarded as the ideological founder of the state. His birthday is annually commemorated in Pakistan as [[Iqbal Day]], and until 2018 it was also a public holiday. Iqbal is the [[namesake]] of many public institutions, including the Allama Iqbal Campus Punjab University in Lahore, the [[Allama Iqbal Medical College]] in Lahore, [[Iqbal Stadium]] in [[Faisalabad]], [[Allama Iqbal Open University]] in Pakistan, Iqbal Memorial Institute in Srinagar, Allama Iqbal Library in University of Kashmir, the [[Allama Iqbal International Airport]] in [[Lahore]], Iqbal Hostel in [[Government College University, Lahore]], the Allama Iqbal Hall at [[Nishtar Medical College]] in [[Multan]], [[Gulshan-e-Iqbal Town]] in Karachi, Allama Iqbal Town in Lahore, Allama Iqbal Hall at [[Aligarh Muslim University]], Allama Iqbal Hostel at Jamia Millia Islamia in New Delhi and Iqbal Hall at the [[University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Flight operation partially resumed at Pakistan's Lahore airport |url=http://chinaplus.cri.cn/news/world/10/20190303/256429.html |accessdate=4 March 2019 |publisher=Xinhua / CRI News |date=3 March 2019}}</ref> In India, his song "[[Tarana-e-Hind]]" is frequently played as a patriotic song speaking of communal harmony. The Pakistani government and public organisations have sponsored the establishment of educational institutions, colleges, and schools dedicated to Iqbal and have established the [[Iqbal Academy Pakistan]] to research, teach and preserve his works, literature and philosophy. The Allama Iqbal Stamps Society was established for the promotion of Iqbal in [[philately]] and in other hobbies. His son [[Javed Iqbal (judge, born 1924)|Javid Iqbal]] served as a justice of the [[Supreme Court of Pakistan]]. Javaid Manzil was Iqbal's last residence.<ref>[http://www.ilmkidunya.com/student_articles/javaid-manzil-last-residence-of-allama-iqbal-looking-for-visitors.aspx Javaid Manzil last residence of Allama Iqbal looking for visitors By M Abid Ayub] {{webarchive|url=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20110826055259/http://www.ilmkidunya.com/student_articles/javaid-manzil-last-residence-of-allama-iqbal-looking-for-visitors.aspx |date=26 August 2011 }}. Ilmkidunya.com. Retrieved 30 October 2011.</ref> Iqbal Academy Lahore has published magazines on Iqbal in [https://www.punjnud.com/BookList.aspx?CategoryId=9&SubcategoryId=39&Title=Iqbaliyat%20Persian–Punjnud.com Persian], [https://www.punjnud.com/BookList.aspx?CategoryId=9&SubcategoryId=36&Title=Iqbal%20Review–Punjnud.com English] and [https://www.punjnud.com/BookList.aspx?CategoryId=9&SubcategoryId=33&Title=Iqbaliat%20Urdu–Punjnud.com Urdu]. == Gallery == <gallery> File:Father of Allama Iqbal.jpg|Father of Iqbal (Shaikh Noor Muhammad) File:Iqbal in 1931.jpg|Iqbal in London in 1931 File:Iqbal Second Round Table Conference.jpeg|At a party during the 2nd Round Table Conference in London in 1931 File:Pic iqbal 006.jpg|A view of the conference in West Jerusalem. Iqbal is seen sitting on the extreme right in the first row (1931) File:Pic Iqbal 07.jpg|Iqbal reception given by the National League, London, in 1932 File:Iqbal in 1933.jpg|Iqbal in 1933 File:Iqbal11.jpg|Iqbal in a reception given by citizens of Lahore in 1933 File:Iqbal in 1934.gif|Iqbal in 1934 File:Iqbal in Afghanistan.jpg|Iqbal in Afghanistan with Sulmain Nadavi and Ross Masood File:Allama muhammad iqbal.jpg|alt=Poet of East|Iqbal </gallery> == Bibliography == {{Main|Muhammad Iqbal bibliography}} ;Prose book in Urdu * ''[[Ilm ul Iqtisad]]'' (1903)<ref name="allamaiqbal.com" /> ;Prose books in English * ''[[The Development of Metaphysics in Persia]]'' (1908)<ref name="Iqbal Academy Pakistan">{{cite web|url=http://www.allamaiqbal.com|title=Welcome to Allama Iqbal Site|publisher=}}</ref><ref name="allamaiqbal.com" /> * ''[[The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam]]'' (1930)<ref name="Iqbal Academy Pakistan" /><ref name="allamaiqbal.com" /> ;Poetic books in Persian * ''[[Asrar-i-Khudi]]'' (1915)<ref name="allamaiqbal.com" /> * ''[[Rumuz-i-Bekhudi]]'' (1917)<ref name="allamaiqbal.com" /> * ''[[Payam-i-Mashriq]]'' (1923)<ref name="allamaiqbal.com" /> * ''[[Zabur-i-Ajam]]'' (1927)<ref name="allamaiqbal.com" /> * ''[[Javid Nama]]'' (1932)<ref name="allamaiqbal.com" /> * ''[[What should then be done O people of the East|Pas Cheh Bayed Kard ai Aqwam-e-Sharq]]'' (1936)<ref name="allamaiqbal.com" /> * ''[[Gift from Hijaz|Armughan-e-Hijaz]]'' (1938)<ref name="Iqbal Academy Pakistan" /><ref name="allamaiqbal.com" /><ref name="brightpk.com" /> (in Persian and Urdu) ;Poetic books in Urdu * ''[[Bang-i-Dara]]'' (1924)<ref name="allamaiqbal.com" /> * ''[[Bal-i-Jibril]]'' (1935)<ref name="allamaiqbal.com" /> * ''[[The Rod of Moses|Zarb-i Kalim]]'' (1936)<ref name="allamaiqbal.com" /> == See also == * "[[Iblees Ki Majlis-e-Shura]]" – a poem by Iqbal * [[List of Pakistani poets]] * [[List of Urdu-language poets]] * [[List of Muslim philosophers]] * [http://www.allamaiqbal.com Official Website] * [http://www.iap.gov.pk Iqbal Academy Pakistan] * [http://www.iqbalcyberlibrary.net Iqbal Cyber Library] * [https://www.facebook.com/AllamaIqbal Facebook Page] * [https://www.twitter.com/DrAllamaIqbal Twitter Account] * [https://www.youtube.com/iqbalacademy YouTube Channel] ==References== {{reflist|30em}} == Further reading == * {{Cite book| first=Khurram Ali|last=Shafique| title=Iqbal: His Life and Our Times| publisher=ECO Cultural Institute & Iqbal Academy Pakistan| year=2014| isbn=978-0-9571416-6-7}} * {{Cite book| first=Kak|last=Ram Nath| authorlink=Ram Nath Kak| title=Autumn Leaves: Kashmiri Reminiscences|url=http://www.koausa.org/Books/AutumnLeaves| publisher=Vitasta| place=India| year=1995| isbn=81-86588-00-0}} * {{Citation| first=Mir|last=Mustansir| title=Iqbal| publisher=I.B. Tauris| year=2006| isbn=1-84511-094-3}} * {{Cite book| first=Munawwar|last=Muhammad| authorlink=Muhammad Munawwar| title=Iqbal-Poet Philosopher of Islam| isbn=969-416-061-8|year=2003}} * {{cite book|first=Debnath|last=Sailen|title=Secularism: Western and Indian|isbn=978-81-269-1366-4|publisher=Atlantic Publishers| place=New Delhi|date=January 2010}} * {{Cite book| first=Naipaul|last=V.S.| authorlink=V. S. Naipaul| title=Beyond Belief: Islamic Excursions Among the Converted Peoples| publisher=Random House| place=USA| year=1998| isbn=0-375-50118-5}} * {{Citation| first=Schimmel|last=Annemarie| authorlink=Annemarie Schimmel| title=Gabriel's Wing: a study of the religious ideas of Sir Muhammad Iqbal| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=goE3AAAAIAAJ | publisher=E. J. Brill| place=Leiden, Netherlands| year=1963}} * {{cite news|title=Special report: The enduring vision of Iqbal 1877-1938|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1368130/special-report-the-enduring-vision-of-iqbal-1877-1938|accessdate=9 November 2017|work=DAWN|date=9 November 2017}} *{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Muhammad-Iqbal |title=Sir Muhammad Iqbal |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]}} == External links == {{Commons category|Muhammad Iqbal}} {{Wikiquote}} * [http://www.allamaiqbal.com/ Official Website] * [http://www.iqbalcyberlibrary.net/ Iqbal Cyber Library] * [https://poetryurdu.net/allama-iqbal// Allama Iqbal Poetry] * [http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00urdu/iqbal The collection of Urdu poems: Columbia University] * {{Britannica|293320}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20190328042935/https://www.urdupoetrynetwork.com/category/allama-iqbal-poetry/ Allama Iqbal Urdu Poetry Collection] * [http://iqbal.wiki Allama Iqbal Searchable Books (iqbal.wiki)] * {{Gutenberg author|id=41313}} * {{Internet Archive author |name=Allama Iqbal |sopt=t}} * [https://www.rekhta.org/Poets/allama-iqbal/ebooks E-Books of Allama Iqbal on Rekhta] {{Muhammad Iqbal}} {{Islamic philosophy}} {{Pakistan Movement}} {{National symbols of Pakistan}} {{Persian literature}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Iqbal, Allama Muhammad}} [[Category:Muhammad Iqbal| ]] [[Category:Leaders of the Pakistan Movement]] [[Category:Urdu poets]] [[Category:Indian male poets]] [[Category:Knights Bachelor]] [[Category:Indian knights]] [[Category:20th-century Muslim scholars of Islam]] [[Category:Government College University, Lahore alumni]] [[Category:Heidelberg University alumni]] [[Category:Persian-language poets]] [[Category:Persian-language writers]] [[Category:Islamic philosophers]] [[Category:Contemporary Indian philosophers]] [[Category:Kashmiri people]] [[Category:Punjabi people]] [[Category:Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge]] [[Category:Alumni of the Inns of Court School of Law]] [[Category:Members of Lincoln's Inn]] [[Category:Muhammad Iqbal family|Muhammad]] [[Category:20th-century philosophers]] [[Category:1877 births]] [[Category:1938 deaths]] [[Category:People from Sialkot]] [[Category:Writers from Lahore]] [[Category:Urdu theologians]] [[Category:Urdu children's writers]] [[Category:Urdu letter writers]] [[Category:Urdu writers from British India]] [[Category:Urdu religious writers]] [[Category:20th-century Urdu writers]] [[Category:Pakistan Movement]] [[Category:National symbols of Pakistan]] [[Category:Government College University, Lahore faculty]] [[Category:Oriental College alumni]] [[Category:Murray College alumni]] [[Category:Nondenominational Muslims]] [[Category:20th-century Indian poets]] [[Category:Indian Arabic-language poets]]'