Examine individual changes

'{{for|the Japanese band|Anti Feminism}} {{undue|date=September 2014}} {{Feminism sidebar|concepts}} {{Masculism sidebar|topics}} '''Antifeminism''' is an [[ideology]] that is broadly defined as an opposition to feminism or some aspect of [[feminist ideology|feminism]]. The meaning of antifeminism has varied across time and cultures and it has attracted both men and women. Antifeminism may be motivated by general hostility towards [[women's rights]],<ref name="Kimmel" /> the belief that feminist theories of [[patriarchy]] and disadvantages suffered by women in society are incorrect or exaggerated,<ref name="flood"/><ref name="bbc"/> or that feminism as a movement encourages [[misandry]] and seeks to harm or oppress men. ==Definition== Sociologist [[Michael Flood]] argues that an antifeminist ideology denies at least one of what he identifies as the three general principles of feminism:<ref name="flood">{{Cite journal | url = http://books.google.com/?id=EUON2SYps-QC&pg=PA21&dq=Michael+Flood+anti-feminism#v=onepage&q&f=false | title = International encyclopedia of men and masculinities | isbn = 978-0-415-33343-6 | author1 = Flood | first1 = Michael | date = 2007-07-18}}</ref> 1. That social arrangements among men and women are neither natural nor divinely determined (see [[sociology of gender]]). 2. That social arrangements among men and women favor men (see [[patriarchy]]), and, 3. That there are collective actions that can and should be taken to transform these arrangements into more just and equitable arrangements (see [[timeline of women's rights (other than voting)]] and [[timeline of women's suffrage]]). [[Michael Kimmel]], a feminist men's studies scholar, defines antifeminism as, "the opposition to women's equality." He says that antifeminists oppose "women's entry into the public sphere, the re-organization of the private sphere, women's control of their bodies, and women's rights generally." Kimmel further writes that antifeminist argumentation relies on, "religious and cultural norms", while, sometimes, proponents of antifeminism advance their cause as a means of, "'saving' [[masculinity]] from pollution and invasion." He argues that antifeminists consider the, "traditional gender division of labor as natural and inevitable, perhaps also divinely sanctioned."<ref name="Kimmel" /> Canadian sociologists, Melissa Blais and Francis Dupuis-Déri, write that antifeminist thought has primarily taken the form of an extreme version [[masculism|masculinism]], in which, "men are in crisis because of the feminization of society".<ref name="Blais & Dupuis-Déri">{{cite journal|last=Blais|first=Melissa|author2=Francis Dupuis-Déri|title=Masculinism and the Antifeminist Countermovement|journal=Journal of Social, Cultural and Political Protest|date=19 Dec 2011|year=2012|volume=11|issue=1|pages=21–39|doi=10.1080/14742837.2012.640532|url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14742837.2012.640532#.UY6D4qLCaSo|accessdate=11 May 2013}}</ref> However, in the same article, they also note that, "little research has been done on antifeminism whether from the perspective of the sociology of [[social movement]]s or even of [[women's studies]]," indicating that an understanding of what the full range of antifeminist ideology consists of is incomplete. "Antifeminist" is also used to describe female authors, some of whom define themselves as feminists, based on their opposition to some or all elements of feminist movements. Other feminists label writers such as [[Camille Paglia]], [[Christina Hoff Sommers]], [[Jean Bethke Elshtain]], [[Katie Roiphe]] and [[Elizabeth Fox-Genovese]] with this term<ref>Judith Stacey, ''Is Academic Feminism an Oxymoron?'', Signs, Vol. 25, No. 4, Feminisms at a Millennium. (Summer, 2000), pp. 1189–1194</ref><ref>Elizabeth Kamarck Minnich, Review: 'Feminist Attacks on Feminisms: Patriarchy's Prodigal Daughters', Feminist Studies, Vol. 24, No. 1. (Spring, 1998), pp. 159–175</ref> because of their positions regarding oppression and lines of thought within feminism.<ref>''BITCHfest: Ten Years of Cultural Criticism from the Pages of Bitch Magazine'', by Margaret Cho (Foreword), Lisa Jervis (Editor), Andi Zeisler (Editor), 2006</ref> [[Daphne Patai]] and Noreta Koertge argue that by labeling these women antifeminists, the intention is to silence them and prevent any debate on the state of feminism.<ref>Patai and Koertge, ''Professing Feminism: Education and Indoctrination in Women's Studies'', (2003)</ref> The meaning of antifeminism has varied across time and cultures and the antifeminist ideology attracts both men and women. Some women, for example the [[Women's National Anti-Suffrage League]] campaigned against women's suffrage. [[Emma Goldman]], for example, was widely considered antifeminist during her fight [[anti-suffragism|against suffragism]] in the US. Decades later, however, she was heralded as a founder of [[anarcha-feminism]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Marshall|first1=Peter|title=Demanding the impossible : a history of anarchism|date=1992|publisher=HarperCollins|location=London|isbn=0-00-217855-9|pages=409}}</ref> ==Antifeminist stances== Some antifeminists have argued that feminism has resulted in changes to society's previous norms relating to sexuality, which they see as detrimental to traditional values or conservative religious beliefs.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Paradigm of International Social Development: Ideologies, Development Systems and Policy Approaches|publisher=Routledge|page=119|first=Murli|last=Desai}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Continuum Complete International Encyclopedia of Sexuality|page=1163|author1=Robert T. Francoeur|author2= Raymond J. Noonan|publisher=A&C black}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=Alison M.|last=Jaggar|title=Feminist Politics and Human Nature (Philosophy and Society)|page=75|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield}}</ref> For example, the ubiquity of casual sex and the decline of marriage are mentioned as negative consequences of feminism.<ref>Mary A. Kassian, The Feminist Mistake (2005) ISBN 1-58134-570-4</ref><ref>Carrie L. Lukas, The politically incorrect guide to women, sex, and feminism, Regnery Publishing, 2006, ISBN 1-59698-003-6, ISBN 978-1-59698-003-7</ref> Many of these traditionalists oppose women's entry into the workforce, political office, and the voting process, as well as the lessening of male authority in families.<ref>{{cite book|title=Democracy Reconsidered|first=Elizabeth Kaufer|last= Busch|page=242|publisher=Lexington}}</ref> Antifeminists argue that a change of women's roles is a destructive force that endangers the family, or is contrary to religious morals. For example, [[Paul Gottfried]] maintains that the change of women's roles "has been a social disaster that continues to take its toll on the family" and contributed to a "descent by increasingly disconnected individuals into social chaos".<ref name="(Gottfried, Paul 2002)">{{cite web|url=http://www.lewrockwell.com/gottfried/gottfried9.html|title=The Trouble With Feminism|accessdate=2006-09-30|publisher=LewRockwell.com|year=2001|author=Gottfried, Paul| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20060920034558/http://www.lewrockwell.com/gottfried/gottfried9.html| archivedate= 20 September 2006 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref> Some antifeminists view feminism as a denial of innate differences between the genders, and an attempt to reprogram people against their biological tendencies.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Liberation Debate: Rights at Issue|page=10|first=Michael P. T.|last=Leahy|publisher=Psychology Press}}</ref> Antifeminists also frequently argue that feminism, despite espousing equality, ignores rights issues unique to males. Some believe that the [[feminist movement]] has achieved its aims and now seeks higher status for women than for men via special rights and exemptions.<ref name="(Wattenberg, B 1994)">{{cite web|url=http://www.menweb.org/paglsomm.htm|title=Has Feminism Gone Too Far?|accessdate=2006-09-30|publisher=MenWeb |year=1994|author=Wattenberg, B| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20061013145104/http://www.menweb.org/paglsomm.htm| archivedate= 13 October 2006 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref><ref name="(Pizzey, E 1999)">{{cite web|url=http://www.fathersforlife.org/pizzey/how_women_were_taught_to_hate_men.htm|title=How The Women's Movement Taught Women to Hate Men|accessdate=2006-09-30|publisher=Fathers for Life|year=1999|author=Pizzey, Erin| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20060926183932/http://www.fathersforlife.org/pizzey/how_women_were_taught_to_hate_men.htm| archivedate= 26 September 2006 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref><ref name="(JSC 2006)">{{cite web|url=http://www.beverlylahayeinstitute.org/articledisplay.asp?id=10088&department=BLI&categoryid=dotcommentary|title=What Friedan Wrought |accessdate=2006-09-30|publisher=Concerned Women for America |year=2006|author=Janice Shaw Crouse}}</ref> ==History== [[File:Antisuffragists.jpg|thumb|American antisuffragists in the early 20th century]] ===19th century=== {{expand section|date=September 2014}} In the 19th century, the centerpiece of antifeminism was opposition to [[women's suffrage]].<ref name="maddux">Maddux, Kristy. "When patriots protest: The anti-suffrage discursive transformation of 1917." Rhetoric & Public Affairs 7.3 (2004): 283-310.</ref> Opponents of women's entry into institutions of higher learning argued that education was too great a physical burden on women. In ''Sex in Education: or, a Fair Chance for the Girls'' (1873), Harvard professor Edward Clarke predicted that if women went to college, their brains would grow bigger and heavier, and their wombs would atrophy.<ref>{{cite book|last=Clarke|first=Edward H.|title=Sex and Education|year=1873|publisher=Wildside|isbn=978-0-8095-0170-0|pages=29, 55|url=http://books.google.com/?id=_MceYURa3VcC&pg=PA10&dq=Sex+and+Education+1873#}}</ref> Other antifeminists{{dubious|date=August 2014}} opposed women's entry into the labor force, or their right to join unions, to sit on juries, or to obtain birth control and control of their sexuality.<ref name="Kimmel">{{Cite book | last = Kimmel | first = Michael | author-link = Michael Kimmel | contribution = Antifeminism | editor-last = Kimmel | editor-first = Michael | title = Men and Masculinities: A Social, Cultural, and Historical Encyclopedia | pages = 35–7 | publisher = ABC-CLIO | place = Santa Barbara | publication-date = 2004}}</ref> ===20th century=== {{expand section|date=September 2014}} According to historian Landon Storrs, in the years following World War II antifeminism was bolstered by the prevailing [[anti-communism]] of the period. Storrs points to a "striking number" of women in government agencies who were accused of Communist sympathies and to rhetoric appealing to "popular antifeminism" that was often used against them. She concludes that conservative anti-communism harmed the careers of females in government while it "undercut policy goals that many of them shared, and reinforced antifeminism in the wider culture."<ref>Landon Storrs, “Attacking the Washington ‘Femmocracy’:AntiFeminism in the Cold War Campaign Against ‘Communists in Government’” Feminist Studies 33, (Spring, 2007)</ref> In the latter 20th century, the term antifeminist was used to describe various opposing beliefs or attitudes surrounding a contentiously debated legislative movement created by feminists known as the [[Equal Rights Amendment]] or ERA. In 1989, antifeminism was heavily discussed in Canada following the [[École Polytechnique massacre]]. The perpetrator [[Marc Lépine]] targeted and killed 14 female students. Many feminist groups and public officials have characterized it as an anti-feminist attack that was representative of wider societal violence against women.<ref name=young5961>{{cite book |author=Young, Katherine K.; Nathanson, Paul |title=Legalizing Misandry: From Public Shame to Systematic Discrimination Against Men |publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press |location=Montreal |year=2006 |pages= 59–61|isbn=0-7735-2862-8 |oclc= |url=http://books.google.com/?id=cqKxhhu55SMC&pg=PA59}}</ref><ref name="conway1634">{{cite book|last=Conway|first=John Frederick|title=The Canadian Family in crisis|publisher=James Lorimer and Company|year=2003|pages=163–64|isbn= 978-1-55028-798-1 |url=http://books.google.com/?id=-Spqsukv9aQC&pg=PA163}}</ref><ref name = "Day">{{cite news | last =Fitzpatrick| first =Meagan| title =National day of remembrance pays tribute to victims of Montreal massacre| publisher =CanWest News Service| date = December 6, 2006 | url =http://www.canada.com/topics/news/national/story.html?id=dcb98c06-2c4f-46f1-bc6f-6a147308a252&k=33060| accessdate =December 27, 2006}}</ref> The government of Canada and criminal justice officials feared that extensive public discussion about the killings could lead to further antifeminist violence.<ref>{{cite journal| last =Chun| first =Wendy Hui Kyong| title =Unbearable Witness: towards a Politics of Listening | journal =Journal of Feminist Cultural Studies | volume =11| issue =1| pages =112–149| year =1999}}</ref> As a result, a public inquiry was not held,<ref>{{cite news| last =Malarek| first =Victor| title =More Massacre Details to be Released by Police, but an Inquiry Ruled Out| page =A14|work=Globe and Mail |location=Canada | date = December 12, 1989}}</ref> the perpetrator's suicide letter was not officially released and the resulting police investigation was not made public.<ref>{{cite news | last =Canadian Press| title = Police scour the life of mass killer| page = B9| newspaper = Edmonton Journal| date =January 12, 1990}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| last =Poirier| first =Patricia| title =Police can't find cause for Lepine's rampage on Montreal campus| page =A17|work=Globe and Mail |location=Canada | date = March 1, 1990}}</ref> ===21st century=== [[File:Feminazi STOP!.jpg|thumb|A protest against an [[International Women's Day]] march in [[Warsaw]], Poland in 2010]] {{expand section|date=September 2014}} Contemporary issues surrounding antifeminism include concerns of fairness in matters of family law, regarding things like child custody, paternity liability, and child support payment. Concerns of sex or gender inequality in the criminal justice system, such as fairness in sentencing for like crimes.<ref>{{cite web|last=Mustard|first=David|title=RACIAL, ETHNIC, AND GENDER DISPARITIES IN SENTENCING: EVIDENCE FROM THE U.S. FEDERAL COURTS|url=http://www.terry.uga.edu/~mustard/sentencing}}</ref> [[BBC]] and ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'', among others, have covered a 2014 social media trend "[[Women Against Feminism]]" which consists of young women protesting against feminist ideas. They cite issues like demonizing men ([[misandry]]) and argue against claims such as that women are being oppressed in 21st century Western countries.<ref name="bbc">{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-28446617 |title=#BBCtrending: Meet the 'Women Against Feminism' |last1=Brosnan |first1=Greg |date=July 24, 2014 |website=BBC |publisher= |accessdate=July 24, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://time.com/3028827/women-against-feminism-gets-it-right/ |title=Stop Fem-Splaining: What ‘Women Against Feminism’ Gets Right |last1=Young |first1=Cathy |date=July 24, 2014 |website=Time |publisher= |accessdate=July 24, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Eun Kyung Kim |url=http://www.today.com/news/feminism-still-relevant-some-women-saying-they-dont-need-it-1D79996867 |title=Is feminism still relevant? Some women saying they don't need it - News |publisher=TODAY.com |date=2014-01-08 |accessdate=2014-08-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Cathy Young|url=http://www.newsday.com/opinion/columnists/cathy-young/women-against-feminism-blog-misses-the-mark-cathy-young-1.8909937 |title=Daughters of Feminism strike back |publisher=Newsday |date= |accessdate=2014-08-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Sarah Boesveld|url=http://news.nationalpost.com/2014/07/25/not-all-feminists-how-modern-feminism-has-become-complicated-messy-personal-and-sometimes-alienating/ |title=Not all feminists: How modern feminism has become complicated, messy and sometimes alienating &#124; National Post |publisher=News.nationalpost.com |date= |accessdate=2014-08-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Durgin |first=Celina |url=http://www.nationalreview.com/article/383683/anti-feminists-baffle-feminists-celina-durgin |title=Anti-Feminists Baffle Feminists &#124; National Review Online |publisher=Nationalreview.com |date=2014-07-28 |accessdate=2014-08-01}}</ref> The ''Guardian'' and Jezebel has also reported on an increasing number of women and female celebrities rejecting feminism and instead subscribing to humanism.<ref name="The Guardian">{{cite web|last1=Hardy|first1=Elle|last2=Lehmann|first2=Claire|last3=Jha|first3=Trisha|last4=Matthewson|first4=Paula|title=Am I a feminist? Four women reply (and they're not from the left)|url=http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/apr/14/feminism-liberal-women-australia|website=http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/apr/14/feminism-liberal-women-australia|publisher=The Guardian|accessdate=14 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Dries|first1=Kate|title=The Many Misguided Reasons Famous Ladies Say 'I'm Not a Feminist'|url=http://jezebel.com/the-many-misguided-reasons-famous-ladies-say-im-not-a-1456405014|website=http://jezebel.com/the-many-misguided-reasons-famous-ladies-say-im-not-a-1456405014|publisher=Jezebel|accessdate=14 August 2014}}</ref> Several women who identify as being humanist and anti-feminist have argued in an article for the ''Guardian'' that feminism is a discriminatory ideology and continues to portray women as victims.<ref name="The Guardian"/> This article was written in response to Australian Labor senator, Penny Wong's speech on the 11th of April at the Annual Jessie Street Luncheon where she defended feminism, stating, "Feminism is not an extreme term – it is a mainstream movement that has transformed modern Australia for the better."<ref>{{cite web|last1=Taylor|first1=Lenore|title=‘Feminism is not an extreme term,’ says Penny Wong|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/apr/11/feminism-is-not-an-extreme-term-says-penny-wong|website=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/apr/11/feminism-is-not-an-extreme-term-says-penny-wong|accessdate=14 August 2014}}</ref> However, in retaliation to the social media trend, modern day feminists also began to upload similar pictures to websites such as Twitter and Tumblr in response. Most used the same hashtag, "womenagainstfeminism", but instead made satirical and bluntly parodic comments.<ref>{{cite web|title=#WomenAgainstFeminism goes viral as people explain why they don't need feminism anymore|url=http://www.news.com.au/lifestyle/real-life/womenagainstfeminism-goes-viral-as-people-explain-why-they-dont-need-feminism-anymore/story-fnixwvgh-1227010590106|website=news.com.au|publisher=news.come.au|accessdate=2014-08-13}}</ref> In November 2014, ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine included "feminist" on its annual list of proposed banished words. After initially receiving the majority of votes (51%), a ''Time'' editor apologized for including the word in the poll and removed it from the results.<ref>Steinmetz, Katy, "[http://time.com/3576870/worst-words-poll-2014/#3576870/worst-words-poll-2014/ Which Word Should Be Banned in 2015?]", ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'', 12 November 2014</ref><ref>Rabouin, Dion, "[http://www.ibtimes.com/time-magazine-apologizes-including-feminist-2015-word-banishment-poll-1724372#.VGlJ9TkPlMY.twitter Time Magazine Apologizes For Including 'Feminist' In 2015 Word Banishment Poll]", ''[[International Business Times]]'', 15 November 2014</ref> == Organizations == [[File:STOP ERA.gif|thumb|Symbol used for signs and buttons by ERA opponents]] Founded in the U.S. by [[Phyllis Schlafly]] in 1972, Stop ERA, now known as "[[Eagle Forum]]", lobbied successfully to block the passage of the [[Equal Rights Amendment]] in the U.S.<ref name="wse2">{{cite book | title=Women's Studies Encyclopedia| url=http://site.ebrary.com/lib/unisouthernqld/Doc?id=10017897&ppg=106| last=Tierney| first=Helen|year=1999| publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group, Incorporated| location=Westport, CT, USA| page=95}}</ref> It was also Schlafly who forged links between Stop ERA and other conservative organizations, as well as single-issue groups against abortion, pornography, gun control, and unions. By integrating Stop ERA with the thus-dubbed "[[new right]]" she was able to leverage a wider range of technological, organizational and political resources, successfully targeting pro-feminist candidates for defeat.<ref name="wse2"/> In India, the [[Save Indian Family Foundation]] is an antifeminist organization<ref>52 J. Legal Pluralism & Unofficial L. 49 (2006) Playing off Courts: The Negotiation of Divorce and Violence in Plural Legal Settings in Kolkata; Basu, Srimati</ref> opposed to a number of laws that they claimed to have been used against men.<ref>{{cite book|title=Masculinity and Its Challenges in India: Essays on Changing Perceptions|author1=Rohit K. Dasgupta|author2=K. Moti Gokulsing|publisher=McFarland|year=2013|page=65}}</ref> [[REAL Women of Canada]] was unsuccessful when it came to preventing decriminalisation of [[abortion in Canada]] and [[same-sex marriage in Canada]].{{citation needed|date=November 2014}} == See also == {{columns-list|2| * [[Anti-suffragism]] * [[Feminazi]] * [[Matriarchy]] * [[Men and feminism]] * [[Men's rights]] * [[Philogyny]] * [[Sexism]] * [[Timeline of feminism in the United States]] * [[War on Women]] * [[Who Needs Feminism]] * [[Women Against Feminism]] * [[Women's National Anti-Suffrage League]] }} ==Further reading== ===Literature about antifeminism=== * {{cite book|last1=Nielsen|first1=Kim E.|title=Un-American womanhood : antiradicalism, antifeminism, and the first Red Scare|date=2001|publisher=Ohio State University Press|location=Columbus|isbn=978-0814250808}} * ''Redefining the New Woman, 1920-1963 (Antifeminism in America: A Collection of Readings from the Literature of the Opponents to U.S. Feminism, 1848 to the Present)'', Howard-Zophy * {{cite book|author=[[Susan Faludi|Faludi, Susan]]|title=Backlash: The Undeclared War Against American Women|year=1991|publisher=Crown Publishers, Inc.|isbn=0-517-57698-8}} * Kampwirth, Karen. 2006. "Resisting the Feminist Threat: Antifeminist Politics in Post-Sandinista Nicaragua" NWSA Journal. Vol. 18, No 2. (Summer). pp.&nbsp;73–100. * Kampwirth, Karen. 2003. "Arnoldo Alemán Takes on the NGOs: Antifeminism and the New Populism in Nicaragua" Latin American Politics and Society. Vol. 45. No. 2. (Summer) 2003. pp.&nbsp;133–158. * Kampwirth, Karen. 1998. "Feminism, Antifeminism, and Electoral Politics in Post-War Nicaragua and El Salvador" Political Science Quarterly Vol. 113, No. 2. (Summer) pp.&nbsp;259–279. * Cynthia D. Kinnard, ''Antifeminism in American Thought: An Annotated Bibliography'' (Boston: G. K. Hall & Co., 1986, ISBN 0-8161-8122-5) * [[Laura Kipnis|Kipnis, Laura]], ''The Female Thing: Dirt, Sex, Envy, Vulnerability '' (Pantheon, 2006). * [[Jane Mansbridge|Mansbridge, Jane]]: ''Why We Lost the ERA,'' Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1986 * Nielsen, Kim E. ''Un-American Womanhood: Antiradicalism, Antifeminism, and the First Red Scare'' *{{cite book|author=Schreiber, Ronnee|title=Righting Feminism|year=2008|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-533181-3}} * Swanson, G. ''Antifeminism in America: A Historical Reader'' (2000) ISBN 0-8153-3437-0 ===Antifeminist literature=== * [[Helen Andelin]], ''[[Fascinating Womanhood]]'' (1963; reprint 2007) ISBN 0-553-38427-9 * Alan J. Barron, ''The Death of Eve: Women, Liberation, Disintegration'' (1986) ISBN 0-949667-36-6 * [[Alan Carlson]], ''The Family in America: Searching for Social Harmony in the Industrial Age'' (2003) ISBN 0-7658-0536-7 * [[Alan Carlson]], ''Family Questions: Reflections on the American Social Crisis'' (1991) ISBN 1-56000-555-6 * [[G. K. Chesterton|Gilbert K. Chesterton]], ''Brave New Family'' (1990; essay collection) ISBN 0-89870-314-X * [[Danielle Crittenden]], ''What Our Mothers Didn't Tell Us'' (2000) ISBN 0-684-85959-9 * [[Midge Decter]], ''The New Chastity and Other Arguments Against Women's Liberation'' (1974) ISBN 0-399-50307-2 * Thomas Ellis, ''The Rantings of a Single Male'' (2005) ISBN 0-9762613-1-6 * [[Thomas Fleming (political writer)|Thomas Fleming]], ''The Politics of Human Nature'' (1988) ISBN 1-56000-693-5 * [[Elizabeth Fox-Genovese]], ''Feminism is Not the Story of My Life'' (1996) ISBN 0-385-46790-7 * [[George Gilder]], ''Men and Marriage'' (1992) ISBN 0-88289-444-7 * [[Steven Goldberg]], ''[[The Inevitability of Patriarchy]]'' (1973) ISBN 0-8126-9237-3 * F. Carolyn Graglia, ''Domestic Tranquility: A Brief Against Feminism'' (1998) ISBN 0-9653208-6-3 * [[Gertrude Himmelfarb]], ''The De-moralization Of Society'' (1996) ISBN 0-679-76490-9 * Richard T. Hise, ''The War Against Men'' (2004) ISBN 1-930859-61-9 * Thomas P. James, ''Domestic Violence: The 12 Things You Aren't Supposed to Know'' (2003) ISBN 1-59330-122-7 * Mary A. Kassian, ''The Feminist Mistake'' (2005) ISBN 1-58134-570-4 * Linda Kelly, ''Disabusing the Definition of Domestic Abuse: How Women Batter Men and the Role of the Feminist State'' (2003) * Karen Lehrman, ''The Lipstick Proviso: Women, Sex & Power in the Real World'' (1997) ISBN 0-385-47481-4 * [[Myron Magnet]], ''Modern Sex: Liberation and Its Discontents'' (2001) ISBN 1-56663-384-2 * [[Harvey Mansfield]], ''[[Manliness (book)|Manliness]]'' (2006) ISBN 0-300-10664-5 * Diane Medved and [[Dan Quayle]], ''The American Family: Discovering the Values That Make Us Strong'' (1997) ISBN 0-06-092810-7 * [[Paul Nathanson]] and [[Katherine K. Young]] ''Spreading Misandry: The Teaching of Contempt for Men in Popular Culture'' (2001) ISBN 0-7735-2272-7 * [[Paul Nathanson]] and [[Katherine K. Young]], ''Legalizing Misandry: From Public Shame to Systemic Discrimination Against Men'' (2006) ISBN 0-7735-2862-8 * [[Kate O'Beirne]], ''Women Who Make the World Worse'' (2005) ISBN 1-59523-009-2 * [[Daphne Patai]] and Noreta Koertge, ''Professing Feminism: Cautionary Tales from the Strange World of Women's Studies'' (1995) ISBN 0-465-09827-4 * [[John Piper (theologian)|John Piper]] and [[Wayne Grudem]], ''[[Recovering Biblical Manhood and Womanhood]]'' (1991) ISBN 0-89107-586-0 * [[Erin Pizzey]], ''Prone to Violence'' (Hamlyn, 1982; ISBN 0-600-20551-7) * [[Mary Pride]], ''The Way Home: Beyond Feminism, Back to Reality'' (1985) ISBN 0-89107-345-0 * [[Phyllis Schlafly]], ''The Power of the Positive Woman'' (1977) ISBN 0-87000-373-9 * [[Phyllis Schlafly]], ''Feminist Fantasies'' (2003) ISBN 1-890626-46-5 * [[Christina Hoff Sommers]], ''[[Who Stole Feminism?]]'' (1995) ISBN 0-684-80156-6 * [[Christina Hoff Sommers]], ''The War Against Boys: How Misguided Feminism is Harming Our Young Men'' (2001) ISBN 0-684-84957-7 * Howard Schwartz, ''The Revolt of the Primitive: An Inquiry into the Roots of Political Correctness'' (2003) ISBN 0-7658-0537-5 * [[Lionel Tiger]], ''The Decline of Males'' (2000) ISBN 0-312-26311-2 * [[Esther Vilar]], ''[[The Manipulated Man]]'' (1972) ISBN 0-9530964-2-4 * [[Philip Gordon Wylie]], ''A Generation of Vipers'' (1942) ISBN 1-56478-146-1 * [[Éric Zemmour]], ''Le Premier sexe'' (2006) ISBN 2-20725-744-4 * [[Clarke EH]]. [[Sex in Education: Or, A Fair Chance for the Girls.]] Boston: J.R. Osgood; 1873. * [[Faraut M]]. [[Women resisting the vote: A case of anti-feminism?]] [[WOMENS HISTORY REVIEW]]. 2003;12:605-621. ==References== {{Reflist|30em| <ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com.au/books/about/The_myth_of_male_power.html?id=G-SfPwAACAAJ |title=Warren Farrell "The Myth of Male Power," Berkeley Publishing Group, 1996 |publisher=Books.google.com.au |date= |accessdate=2014-08-01}}</ref> }} ==External links== {{commons category|Anti-feminism}} *{{wiktionary-inline|antifeminism}} *{{Dmoz|Society/People/Women/Feminism/Opposing_Views/}} {{Feminism}} {{Masculism}} [[Category:Articles with inconsistent citation formats]] [[Category:Criticism of feminism| ]] [[Category:Discrimination]] [[Category:Feminism]] [[Category:Men and feminism]] [[Category:Social movements]] [[Category:Women in history]]'