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Real-name reporting is the term used primarily in Japan[1][2] for the practice of mass media, when reporting an event, to clearly state the real names of the persons or organizations involved or providing information. While some consider it essential to improve the accuracy of news reporting and to monitor public authorities, others are against it from the standpoint of privacy, human rights and other issues, and there is a wide range of debate regarding the reporting of real names.[3][4][5]

By Country

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Japan

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In Japan, major news organizations often report under their real names. However, in recent years, police and administrative agencies have been increasingly using "anonymous reporting" in order to protect privacy. The Japan Newspaper Publishers Association (JNPA) has investigated and pointed out this problem. In addition, while the names of suspects and defendants are often reported under their real names in reports on major cases that have a large impact on society, anonymous reports are sometimes used for small cases that have little impact on society. In addition, recently, it is common for TV and newspaper reports to be posted on the Web, and some news organizations may anonymize the names of the victims and perpetrators of cases only for Web-distributed articles.[6]

There is some concern that reporting under real names will lead to damage to the press. In particular, since the 1990s, there have been strong calls for anonymous reporting of crime victims. In response, there is a movement within the government to restrict reporting by real names, but news organizations are opposed to this, arguing that each media outlet, including newspapers, should take responsibility for its own decisions.

There is also debate over the treatment of aliases, including those of foreigners in Japan, and it is up to the mass media companies to decide whether to use only aliases, only real names, or both. In the following cases, the media often report anonymously.

Cases that do not have a major impact on society (e.g., shoplifting and other minor crimes):

  • When the investigating authorities do not release the name of the person to the media (anonymous announcement)
  • When it is necessary to keep the information confidential to ensure the safety of the anonymous informant It is common to interview "acquaintances of suspects" or "former officials of organizations that have caused scandals" without photographing their faces or hiding them with mosaics, or by faxing them. Voices are also sometimes changed using a voice changer. However, it has been pointed out that there is a danger that this could be a breeding ground for fabrication (see ja: TBS不二家捏造報道問題#問題となった報道内容).
  • When there is a risk of reputational damage
  • Cases in which the name of a company, especially a sponsoring company, would be disadvantageous.
  • When the suspect is a minor in the reporting of a crime (Article 61 of the Juvenile Law and reporting of the suspect's real name)
  • In principle, the acts of a person who was insane or of unsound mind at the time of the crime, or suspected to be insane or of unsound mind, shall be reported anonymously, since the legal assumption is that the sentence will be reduced or the person will be acquitted of the crime. (However, in cases where there is a fear of self-inflicted injury or harm, such as when a person is on the run, his or her real name may be reported.)
  • A person who is being interviewed as a suspect or a witness in a separate arrest

Victims of criminal cases (especially sex crime cases) (victim identification matters)

History

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See also: ja:実名報道 § 歴史

The Asahi Shimbun has applied the "Case Reporting and Reporting 2004" as a unified guideline in its reporting since June 5, 2004, which states that "reporting should still start from real names," but also states in "Chapter 4: When Considering Anonymity" that "In principle, we report the juveniles (minors) and insane who caused the incident anonymously. However, if a juvenile is 18 years of age or older at the time of the crime and is sentenced to death, his or her real name will be used in the reporting of the crime at that time, and if a person of unsound mind is prosecuted, his or her real name will be used in the reporting of the crime.[7][8][9]

In a feature article reporting on this guideline, the author explains the reason for allowing the reporting of the real names of juveniles on death row: "While the possibility of rehabilitation and reintegration into society basically disappears (when a death sentence is confirmed), it is customary that cases involving juveniles who are sentenced to death at the time of the crime are extremely serious. In order to monitor the use of power, it must be made clear to the public (regardless of whether the offender was an adult or a juvenile at the time of the crime) to whom the death penalty, which legally deprives a person of life, will be carried out. He also commented, "There have been very few cases so far, and the acquittal of a death-row inmate in a retrial is a significant historical news in itself, which should be recorded in history along with his actual name. The reporting of the names of those who have been executed, not at the time of execution but at the time of confirmation, will open up the possibility of discovering new evidence and of a public movement for retrial, in the event that they are found innocent. In order to clarify the difference between the concepts of the mentally ill and the insane, he added, "The mentally ill do not equal the insane. The treatment of mental illnesses has advanced dramatically, and the easy use of anonymity may preserve prejudice against the mentally disabled in general. In addition to considering the use of real names, we would also like to report on the background of the case, including the signs of the incident and the responses of those around the victim, in an effort to change the prejudice itself.[7][8]

In 2011, the death sentences were confirmed for the three main suspects in the Osaka, Aichi, and Gifu serial lynching murders, all of whom were 18 or 19 years old at the time of the crimes. The media reported their real names. NHK stated that "the four victims were killed one after another, a heinous and serious crime that is of great public interest," and that "with the death sentences for the former juveniles now confirmed, the possibility of their rehabilitation and reintegration into society has virtually disappeared," while the Asahi Shimbun stated that "those sentenced to death should be clear about who they are taking their lives. In response, Kenji Utsunomiya, president of the Japan Federation of Bar Associations, issued a statement saying, "This is a violation of the Juvenile Law and is extremely regrettable.[10][11][12]

In 2012, the Supreme Court of Japan sentenced the defendant, who was a juvenile (18 years old) at the time of the Hikari City mother and child murders, to death. The majority of the major mass media reported the real names of the condemned. The reasons for this:

  • The Japan Broadcasting Corporation (NHK) cited "the high public interest in this heinous and serious crime in which a housewife and her young child were murdered" and "the fact that the former juvenile's death sentence has been confirmed by the verdict, which means that the possibility of his rehabilitation and reintegration into society has virtually disappeared.[13]
  • Jiji Press stated that the decision was the result of a "comprehensive judgment based on the fact that the possibility of rehabilitation has been eliminated by the death penalty becoming final, the seriousness of the case, and other factors.[14]
  • The Asahi Shimbun said the decision was "based on the judgment that the subjects of the punishment, whose lives will be taken by the state, should be made clear.[15]
  • The Yomiuri Shimbun stated that the reason was that "once a person is sentenced to death, there is no chance for rehabilitation (reintegration into society), but it is a matter of grave social concern as to who is the target of the death penalty for taking a person's life by the state.[16]
  • The Sankei Shimbun stated that "the death penalty is effectively fixed, and the opportunity for rehabilitation based on reintegration into society will be lost," and that this was the result of "taking into consideration the seriousness of the case.[17]
  • The Nihon Keizai Shimbun stated that the court took into consideration "the seriousness of the death sentence for the defendant, who was a juvenile at the time of the crime, as well as the fact that the defendant will lose his chance for rehabilitation.

According to the revision of the Juvenile Law, as of April 1, 2022, if an 18- or 19-year-old (specified juvenile) commits a crime punishable by death, life, or imprisonment for one year or more, his or her real name and photo can be reported once the case is sent back from the family court and prosecution is completed. It is up to each company to decide whether or not to report the actual names of the offenders. For example, when the 19-year-old defendant in the Kofu City murder and arson case in October 2021 was indicted on April 8 of the following year, NHK and the five major newspapers reported his real name, but the Chunichi Shimbun did not.[18][19]

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Privacy Act

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Relevant Japanese Laws and Regulations

Therefore, even if the reporting of real names by these media organizations appears to constitute a violation of the obligations, etc. of business operators handling personal information, it is generally considered that no violation of the Personal Information Protection Law will arise.[20]

Juvenile Law Article 61 and Real Name Reporting

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In addition, there is a precedent that "the person's identity can be inferred" means "something that is inferable to an unspecified number of members of the public" and does not mean "something that is inferable to the people involved in the case or to the neighbors. A similar concept can be found in the United Nations Minimum Standards for the Administration of Juvenile Justice (Beijing Regulations) and the Convention on the Rights of the Child.[21]

Since these provisions also relate to the public's right to know and freedom of expression (freedom of the press), mutual accommodation among the fundamental human rights is important. In general, both are important rights guaranteed under the Constitution, and it is not possible to assert that one takes absolute precedence over the other.[22]

In the case of the 1998 Sakai City street riot incident, a lawsuit seeking damages and an apology advertisement from Shinchosha, which reported the male assailant whose real name was reported in the monthly magazine "Shincho 45," was won by Shinchosha at the Osaka High Court in 2000 and became a final judgment after the plaintiff did not appeal the decision.

The revised Juvenile Law enacted on May 21, 2021 (in the 204th session of the Diet), along with the Civil Code revision that raised the age of adulthood to 18, defines 18- and 19-year-olds as "specified juveniles" and lifts the ban on reporting their real names after prosecution (to take effect on April 1, 2022). The revised law also includes "cases in which there is a high public demand for publicity and the impact on the defendant's sound upbringing and rehabilitation is relatively small," even in cases other than those subject to jury trial. In the Kofu City murder and arson case that occurred in October 2021, the public prosecutor's office publicly announced the name of the defendant, a specific juvenile, for the first time.[23][24][25][26][27]

UK and US

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The United Kingdom and the United States are active in reporting real names. In the U.K., although contempt of court laws prohibit reporting that could prejudice a jury, real names are allowed. For example, in a serial murder case involving prostitutes, the victim, as well as the victim's family and friends, are all reported by name. Even in juvenile cases, the real names of the victims are reported. Even in cases where the suspects are arrested but denied charges and not prosecuted, their real names are reported. In addition to the emphasis on "making the story about human beings," the distinction is made that while there is a "right to know" that a person has been a suspect or has a criminal record, there is no right to discriminate against such a person.[28]

In the U.S., freedom of speech is strongly guaranteed by the First Amendment to the Constitution, and real-name reporting is the rule.

This idea stems from the principle of "Open Justice," which states that citizens can be monitored by revealing the process by which power is exercised. It is also considered a violation of human rights to conceal information about arrests and detentions. In general, however, the emphasis tends to be placed on court reports rather than news coverage of arrests.

In addition, individual claims for compensation for damages are also popular, and if the damage is obvious, the mass media is held responsible for compensation or punished by the licensing authority. In the case of the U.S., a punitive damages system exists, and it is possible to be ordered to pay huge amounts of compensation that far exceed the actual damages.

There are restrictions on media coverage of juvenile cases. In the U.K., as a rule, cases involving juveniles under the age of 18 are anonymous, while in the U.S., it varies from state to state. However, in major cases, real names are often published due to public opinion.

In recent years, crime reporting has become increasingly overheated in both countries, and sensationalist coverage by the tabloids can be controversial.

In the U.S., the names of presidents, voters, presidents of publicly traded companies, employees, etc. are all reported under the same real names, even those of high school students and other minors. Anonymity or pseudonymity is not used unless there is a good reason for it, as it undermines the credibility of the article.[29]

In the U.S. in the 2010s, reporting the real name of a suspect in a shooting incident has raised concerns about the possibility of copycats and glorification of the perpetrator; in the Midland shooting in 2019, there were instances where the local police chief refused to release the name of the perpetrator at a press conference.[30]

In June 2021, the Associated Press outlets will no longer name juvenile suspects for minor offences.[31][32]

Australia

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Section 11 of the New South Wales (Children (Criminal Proceedings) Act 1987) prohibits the publication of the names of children involved in criminal proceedings (accused, perpetrator, victim, victim's brother or sister, witness or other person mentioned), also, the Northern Territory has legislated a presumption against reporting the real names of juveniles under 18 involved in criminal proceedings. [33][34][35][36]

In May 2017, serval reports said Victoria Police named or disclosed significant information about those who were suspected of, rather than charged with committing serious criminal offences in media.[37]

In May 2020, South Australia made a change to their Evidence Act which now allows the media to publish identifying information about a defendant after the accused person’s first court appearance.[38][39]

From October 2023, accused rapists and adults charged with sexual offences can be named by the media before they go to trial under Queensland law change.[40][41][42][43]

China

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In China, the name of suspect will not be published before court trials unless the offender has committed serious crimes such as sexual abuse against child or other type of felony offense, which can be reported by the media before the trial. [44][45]

South Korea

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Nearly anonymous reporting with "only the first name (surname)", e.g. "a certain Mr Lee", "a certain suspect Lee" (in South Korea, many people have the same surname, so it is nearly anonymous). [46] However, the same applies to unusual surnames, such as two-letter surnames (e.g. Nangu), which some consider to be less anonymous in general.As a consideration against this, surnames are often given as initials or pseudonyms. Suspects are worn hats and masks when being taken away and during on-site inspections. [46] Also, real names are reported on political and business scandals.

In recent years, the increase in violent crime has led to a growing public demand for real-name reporting. [46] In early 2009, a series of major newspapers published the real names of suspects in a series of controversial serial murder cases. [47][48]

Then, at a Cabinet meeting on 14 July, the Cabinet discussed and voted on a draft amendment to the Special Act on Punishment of Certain Powerful Crimes, which would make public the real names of suspects only for crimes whose means of perpetration are brutal. [46][47][48]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Watamura, Eiichiro; Tomohiro Ioku (September 2023). "Reporting the real names of juvenile offenders: A study of Japanese perspectives through the lens of symbolic discrimination". International Journal of Law, Crime and Justice. 74. doi:10.1016/j.ijlcj.2023.100603. Retrieved 14 May 2024.
  2. ^ Watamura, Eiichiro; Tomohiro Ioku (July 2023). "Japanese public opinion on reporting the real names of juvenile criminals: An examination from the perspective of justification preferences". Children and Youth Services Review. 150. doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2023.107015. Retrieved 14 May 2024.
  3. ^ 「開かれた新聞」委員会 (2009-01-05). "「開かれた新聞」委員会 座談会（その1） 情報出所、明示に努力". 特集 「開かれた新聞」. 毎日新聞. Retrieved 2009-06-10.
  4. ^ 浅野健一 (1984). 犯罪報道の犯罪 (in Japanese). 学陽書房. p. 180. ISBN 4313830499.
  5. ^ "Should suspects in criminal cases be publicly named?". 26 July 2017. Retrieved June 1, 2024.
  6. ^ "「匿名発表」の問題点を指摘 新聞協会が冊子「実名と報道」刊行". NHK放送文化研究所. February 2007. Retrieved 2017-12-31.
  7. ^ a b 朝日新聞出版 (2005-03-25). 事件の取材と報道. 朝日新聞社. p. 58. ISBN 978-4022199010.
  8. ^ a b 『朝日新聞』2004年6月21日朝刊30面「朝日新聞指針『事件の取材と報道2004』 4年ぶり全面改訂」
  9. ^ 朝日新聞出版 (2012-02-29). 事件の取材と報道2012. 朝日新聞社. pp. 76–77. ISBN 978-4022508638.
  10. ^ "4人殺害 元少年ら死刑確定へ". NHKニュース. 日本放送協会. 2011-03-10. Retrieved 2011-03-11.
  11. ^ "犯行時少年の3被告、死刑確定へ リンチ殺人、上告棄却". asahi.com. 朝日新聞社. 2011-03-10. Retrieved 2011-03-11.
  12. ^ "少年の実名報道を受けての会長声明" (Press release). 日本弁護士連合会. 2011-03-10. Retrieved 2011-03-11.
  13. ^ "光市母子殺害 元少年の死刑確定へ". NHKニュース. 日本放送協会. 2012-02-20. Retrieved 2012-02-20.
  14. ^ "母子殺害、元少年の死刑確定へ＝犯行時１８歳、上告棄却－「責任あまりに重大」". jiji.com. 時事通信社. 2012-02-20. Retrieved 2011-02-20.
  15. ^ "光市母子殺害の元少年、死刑確定へ 最高裁、上告棄却". asahi.com. 朝日新聞社. 2012-02-20. Archived from the original on 2012-02-20. Retrieved 2011-02-20.
  16. ^ "光母子殺害事件、元少年の死刑確定へ…上告棄却". yomiuri.co.jp. 読売新聞社. 2012-02-20. Retrieved 2012-02-20.
  17. ^ "【光市母子殺害】最高裁が上告棄却 元少年の死刑確定へ". sankei.com. 産経新聞社. 2012-02-20. Retrieved 2012-02-20.
  18. ^ "18、19歳の実名報道可能に 改正少年法きょう施行". 日本経済新聞. April 2022. Retrieved 2022-04-01.
  19. ^ "甲府夫婦殺害事件 19歳被告起訴改正少年法施行で氏名初公表". NHK 首都圏のニュース｜NHK News Web. Archived from the original on 2022-04-08. Retrieved 2022-05-06.
  20. ^ "『個人情報保護法等 ＦＡＱ よくある質問（個人向け）』". 個人情報保護委員会. Retrieved 2021-10-06.
  21. ^ 最高裁判所第二小法廷判決 2003年3月14日 、平成12(受)1335、『損害賠償請求事件』。
  22. ^ 柴田憲司. "少年事件の実名報道と憲法". Chuo Online. 中央大学. Retrieved 2021-10-06.
  23. ^ "１８歳・１９歳でも起訴後は実名報道解禁へ、少年法改正…来年４月施行". 読売新聞オンライン. 読売新聞社. 2021-05-21. Retrieved 2021-05-21.
  24. ^ "改正少年法 成立 18歳と19歳は「特定少年」と位置づけ". NHKニュース. 日本放送協会. 2021-05-21. Retrieved 2021-05-21.
  25. ^ "【速報】改正少年法が成立 18、19歳厳罰化 起訴で実名報道も". TBS NEWS. 株式会社TBSテレビ. 2021-05-21. Retrieved 2021-05-21.
  26. ^ "改正少年法が成立 18・19歳を厳罰化、来春施行". 日本経済新聞. 日本経済新聞社. 2021-05-21. Retrieved 2021-05-21.
  27. ^ "１８～１９歳も実名報道 １日から、裁判員裁判など". 産経新聞. 2022-03-31. Retrieved 2021-04-09.
  28. ^ 澤康臣 (2010). 英国式事件報道 なぜ実名にこだわるのか. 文藝春秋. ISBN 978-4-16-373120-9.
  29. ^ 牧野洋 [in Japanese] (2012). 官報複合体 権力と一体化する新聞の大罪 (in Japanese). 講談社. p. 347. ISBN 9784062174824.
  30. ^ "テキサス銃乱射事件、警察はテレビ中継で容疑者の名前を公表せず「彼の行為に、悪名を与えない」". huffingtonpost. 2019-09-02. Retrieved 2019-09-03.
  31. ^ "AP says it will no longer name suspects in minor crimes". Associated Press News. 15 June 2021. Retrieved May 16, 2024.
  32. ^ "Why we're no longer naming suspects in minor crime stories". Retrieved May 16, 2024.
  33. ^ "The prohibition on the publication of names of children involved in criminal proceedings" (PDF). Retrieved March 12, 2024.
  34. ^ "Naming young offenders: Implications of research for reform" (PDF). Retrieved May 16, 2024.
  35. ^ "Naming and shaming juvenile offenders in the Northern Territory" (PDF). Retrieved May 16, 2024.
  36. ^ "'Naming and shaming' juvenile offenders or open justice? A new battle over press freedom". 13 June 2019. Retrieved March 12, 2024.
  37. ^ "Naming suspects in criminal cases opens up ethical minefield". May 9, 2017.
  38. ^ "Explainer: QLD law change allowing media to ID accused sex offenders". 28 November 2023. Retrieved May 16, 2024.
  39. ^ "Changes to Sex Offenders Anonymity". 11 May 2020. Retrieved May 16, 2024.
  40. ^ "Queensland Government updates justice legislation, removing prohibition on naming alleged sex offenders". Sep 13, 2023.
  41. ^ "From today, accused rapists in Queensland can be named by the media before they go to trial. Here's what's changing". ABC News. Oct 3, 2023.
  42. ^ "Accused rapists, sex offenders to be named from today under Queensland law change". Oct 3, 2023.
  43. ^ "Queensland scraps "outdated" law prohibiting the naming of accused rapists". Sep 13, 2023.
  44. ^ "罪犯的可以公开吗" (in Chinese). Retrieved Sep 27, 2024.
  45. ^ "公布违法犯罪人信息是否侵权". Retrieved Sep 27, 2024.
  46. ^ a b c d "凶悪事件の容疑者、顔写真公開可能に 韓国が法改正へ". 日本経済新聞. 2009-07-14. Retrieved 2009-08-03.
  47. ^ a b "凶悪犯の顔と実名の公開を推進". 中央日報. 2009-07-15. Retrieved 2009-08-03.
  48. ^ a b "韓国、容疑者顔写真を一部公開へ 凶悪事件で、名前や年齢も". 共同通信社. 2009-07-14. Archived from the original on 2009-07-17. Retrieved 2009-08-03.
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