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Military history of Bangladesh

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Medieval armor preserved in the Bangladesh Military Museum

Bangladesh's military history is intertwined with the history of a larger region, including present-day India, Pakistan, Nepal, Bhutan and Myanmar. The country was historically part of Bengal – a major power in South Asia and Southeast Asia.

Muslims brought new military technology to the region after the 12th century. According to João de Barros, Bengal enjoyed military supremacy over Arakan and Tripura due to good artillery.[1] Its forces possessed large guns and cannons. It was also a major exporter of gunpowder and saltpeter to Europe.[2][3] Bengal had a cosmopolitan military, including Muslims, Hindus, Buddhists and mercenaries from Africa, Central and West Asia. The Bengal Sultanate was a powerful kingdom between the 14th and 15th centuries. Bengal became an integral part of the Mughal Empire in the 16th century. The Mughal Army built fortifications across the region and expelled Arakanese and Portuguese pirates from the northeastern coastline of the Bay of Bengal. Throughout the late medieval and early modern periods, Bengal was notable for its navy and shipbuilding. Its shipyards produced ships for the Mughal, Ottoman and British navies.

A Bengal Army was established by the British East India Company in 1756, including native and European infantry. The native infantry included Bengalis, Punjabis and Gurkhas. The Bengal Army was merged into the British Indian Army after the Indian Rebellion of 1857. The British Indian Army participated in World War I and World War II. Bengali veterans of the Burma Campaign served in the Pakistan Armed Forces after the partition of India. Amid the Bangladesh Liberation War and a genocide by West Pakistan in 1971, the Bangladeshi military was formed by defecting regiments in East Pakistan, led by the East Bengal Regiment. The guerrilla Mukti Bahini played an important role during the war of independence. In the late 1970s and 1980s, the Bangladeshi military saw several insurrections as the country endured dictatorship. Since the restoration of parliamentary democracy in 1991, the Bangladesh Armed Forces have been subordinate to the civilian governments, including political and technocratic governments.

Since contributing forces to the First Gulf War in 1991, Bangladesh has become a major contributor in UN Peacekeeping. Bangladeshi peacekeepers have served in the Balkans, Africa, the Middle East and the Caribbean. Its recent domestic military history has focused on counter-insurgency, counter-terrorism and maritime security operations.

The 2008 Bangladesh–Myanmar naval standoff was a notable event of modern Bangladeshi military history.

Early history

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Pre-Islamic Era

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The early military history of the Indian subcontinent included Alexander's invasion of India, which was deterred by the might of Gangaridai Kingdom that was located in present-day Bangladesh, according to most historians. Prince Vijaya of the Vanga Kingdom led a naval expedition to conquer Sri Lanka. The Kalinga War was a notable event of the Mauryan Empire in the eastern Indian subcontinent. The ancient Indian armies included chariots.

Pala period

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The Bengal region crystallized as an imperial power during the 8th-11th century Pala Empire. Many of the empire's cities are located in Bangladesh. The Pala military had a large war elephant cavalry, according to Arab historians. The Palas recruited mercenaries from different parts of the Indian subcontinent. Pala conquests extended across North India. The Palas were engaged in a struggle over the Kannauj Triangle with the Gurjara-Pratiharas and Rashtrakutas.

Sultanate period

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The Muslim conquest of the Indian subcontinent heralded new military doctrines and hardware, including well-developed artillery. The Delhi Sultanate conquered Bengal in 1204 under the leadership of Bakhtiar Khilji, who later proceeded with an Islamic invasion of Tibet. In Bengal, the Delhi Sultanate displaced the Sena dynasty. Sultan Iwas Khilji (1212-1227) was responsible for founding the Bengal navy during the sultanate period.[1] The chief of the admiralty had various responsibilities, including shipbuilding, transporting personnel, elephants and equipment; recruitment and collecting tolls at ghats.[1] The sultanate period saw the settlement of many military officers and soldiers from North India, Central and West Asia and the Horn of Africa. The settlers included Rajputs and Pashtuns.

In the 14th century, Sultan Shamsuddin Firoz Shah and Hazrat Shah Jalal conquered Sylhet from Raja Gour Govinda;[4] Sultan Fakhruddin Mubarak Shah conquered Chittagong from the Kingdom of Tripura.[5] Shamsuddin Ilyas Shah became known as the Alexander of the eastern subcontinent after sacking Kathmandu, Varanasi and Cuttack.

Bengal Sultanate

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The Bengal Sultanate

The Bengal Sultanate was a medieval great power and conducted a number of notable campaigns, including the Bengal Sultanate-Delhi Sultanate War, the Bengal Sultanate-Jaunpur Sultanate War, the Reconquest of Arakan, the Bengal Sultanate-Kamata Kingdom War and the Bengal Sultanate-Kingdom of Mrauk U War of 1512-1516. The naval strength of Bengal was notable during the Ilyas Shahi dynasty and the Hussain Shahi dynasty.[1]

Invasion of Sher Shah

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The Bibi Mariam Cannon

Sher Shah Suri conquered Bengal in the 16th century and made it part of the Suri Empire. Sher Shah Suri also renovated the Grand Trunk Road around Sonargaon. His successors later revived the Bengal Sultanate.

Isa Khan's campaigns

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After the Bengal Sultanate collapsed in the late 16th-century, the aristocrat Isa Khan led a confederation of zamindars (known as Baro-Bhuyan) to challenge the Mughal invasion of Bengal, often with naval battles on the Padma River, Meghna River and Jangalbari Fort in Egarasindhur. Isa Khan defeated Mughal governors Khan Jahan I in 1578, Shahbaz Khan in 1584 and Man Singh I in 1594. His son and successor Musa Khan continued to lead the confederation until succumbing to the Mughals led by Islam Khan I in 1610.[6]

Mughal period

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During the 17th century, Ottoman navy vessels were built in Bangladesh

Bengal remained relatively stable and prosperous during the 17th century. A key challenge during the early Mughal period was piracy from the Kingdom of Mrauk U and the Portuguese settlement in Chittagong. In 1666, the Mughal Empire-Kingdom of Mrauk U War expelled the Arakanese and Portuguese from Chittagong. The Mughals also engaged in the Ahom-Mughal conflicts. During the 18th century, Bengal endured the invasions by the Maratha Army- the military of the Maratha Confederacy. It fell to the conquest of the British East India Company after the Battle of Plassey.

Forts

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Mud forts were common in Bengal, such as the Ekdala Fort used in the Bengal Sultanate-Delhi Sultanate War. By the 17th century, the Mughals constructed a series of riverside fortifications in the Bengal delta. Some of the surviving forts include the following.[7]

Idrakpur Fort, Munshiganj

Artillery

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Guns preserved in the Lalbagh Fort Museum

The artillery was a vital part of the Bengal military. The Mughal emperor Babur saw it as a very effective part of the Bengal army. Portuguese historian João de Barros opined that the military supremacy of the Bengal army over that of Arakan and Tripura was due to the efficiency of its artillery. The artillery used cannons and guns of various sizes.[8] The Bibi Mariam Cannon and the Jahan Kosha Cannon are examples of early modern Bengali artillery.

Bengal was a major exporter of gunpowder and saltpeter to Europe until the 19th century.[3][2]

Mercenaries

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Foreign mercenaries were an important part of the Bengal Sultanate army. Bengal recruited mercenaries from Abyssinia.[9]

Shipbuilding

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In the 14th century, Ibn Battuta reported of large fleets of war boats in the Bengal Sultanate. According to the traveler Frederick Caesar, Chittagong was a leading shipbuilding center in the 15th century. During the 17th century, the shipyards of Chittagong were reported to have built an entire fleet of warships for the Ottoman navy. During the Mughal Empire, Bengal was the leading producer ships in the subcontinent.[10]

The British Royal Navy had many of its ships built in Chittagong, including vessels used in the Battle of Trafalgar.

Colonial military history

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Commonwealth War Cemetery, Chittagong

The Bengal Army was formed in 1765 by the British East India Company. The first native infantry was formed in 1757.[1] In the 19th century, the Bengal Army was merged into the British Indian Army under the British Raj. The Royal Indian Navy was formed in 1830. The Royal Indian Air Force was formed in 1932. The Bangladesh Armed Forces were raised from the armed forces of the British Raj, which included the Bengal Regiment and major installations such as the Dhaka Cantonment, Chittagong Cantonment and the Bogra Cantonment.The following includes a list of conflicts which occurred within the territory of Bangladesh under British rule.

There was strong opposition to British involvement against the Turkish War of Independence, as both Mustafa Kemal Atatürk and the Ottoman caliphate enjoyed support in Bengal.

Name of Conflict Belligerents Outcome
Allies Opponent(s)
Second Opium War
(1856–1860)
United Kingdom British Empire

France French Empire

 Qing dynasty Victory
Ambela Campaign
(1863–1864)
 India Afghan Pashtuns
Yusufzai tribes
Victory
  • Bunerwals surrender.
  • Malka burned.
Bhutan War
(1864–1865)
 India Bhutan Victory
  • Bhutanese territorial cessions to India.
British Expedition to Abyssinia
(1867–1868)
United Kingdom United Kingdom Ethiopian Empire Victory
  • British victory at the Battle of Magdala, Theodore II commits suicide.
Second Anglo-Afghan War
(1878–1880)
United Kingdom United Kingdom Afghanistan Victory
  • Treaty of Gandamak, British objectives attained.
  • Afghanistan's tribal frontier areas annexed into British India.
  • Afghanistan becomes a British Protectorate.
Mahdist War
(1881–1899)
United Kingdom United Kingdom

 Egypt
Ethiopia

Mahdist Sudan Victory
Anglo-Egyptian War
(1882)
United Kingdom United Kingdom

Tewfik Pasha

Ahmed Orabi Victory
Third Anglo-Burmese War
(1885)
 India Burmese Empire Victory
Third Black Mountain Expedition
(1888)
 India Yousafzai Afghans Victory
  • Allaiwal village of Pokal occupied and destroyed.
Sikkim Expedition
(1888)
 India Tibet Tibet Victory
  • Tibetan forces expelled from Sikkim.
Hunza-Nagar Campaign
(1891)
 India Hunza
Nagar
Victory
Chitral Expedition
(1895)
 India Chitrali
Bajauri
Afghan Tribesmen
Victory
  • Fort of Chitral relieved.
Anglo-Zanzibar War
(1896)
 Britain Zanzibar Sultanate Victory
Tochi Expedition
(1896)
 India Waziris Victory
  • Rebellion put down.
Siege of Malakand
(1897)
 India پشتون Pashtun tribes Victory
  • Siege successful.
First Mohmand Campaign
(1897–1898)
 India Mohmand Victory
Tirah Campaign
(1897–1898)
 India Afridi
Orakzai
Tsamkani
Victory
  • Negotiations for peace were then begun with the Afridi
Boxer Rebellion
(1899–1901)
Empire of Japan Empire of Japan
Russian Empire Russia
British Empire United Kingdom

France France
 United States
German Empire Germany
 Austria-Hungary
Kingdom of Italy Italy

Yihetuan Movement
 Qing dynasty
Victory
  • The rebellion was suppressed.
  • Signing of the Boxer Protocol.
  • Provisions for foreign troops to be stationed in Beijing.
Second Boer War
(1899–1902)
 United Kingdom  Orange Free State
 South African Republic
Victory
British expedition to Tibet
(1903–1904)
 India  Tibet Victory
Bambatha Rebellion
(1906)
United Kingdom United Kingdom Zulu people Victory
  • Rebellion suppressed
Bazar Valley Campaign
(1908)
 India Zakka Khel clan of the Afridi Victory
  • Rebellion suppressed
World War I
(1914–1918)
 France
 United Kingdom

 Russian Empire
 Italy
 United States
 Serbia
 Japan
 Belgium
 Greece
 Romania
 Portugal
 Brazil

 Germany  Austria-Hungary
 Ottoman Empire
 Bulgaria
South African Republic South African Republic
Victory
Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War
(1918–1920)
Russia White movement
United Kingdom British Empire

 Japan
 Czechoslovakia
 Greece
 Poland
 United States
France France
 Romania
 Serbia
 Italy
Beiyang government China

 Russian SFSR
 Far Eastern Republic
Latvian SSR
Ukrainian SSR
Commune of Estonia
Mongolian communists
Withdrawal
  • Allied withdrawal from Russia.
  • Bolshevik victory over White Army.
Turkish War of Independence
(1919–1923)
 Greece

France France

Armenia Armenia
 United Kingdom

Georgia

Turkey Ankara Government
Turkey Kuva-yi Milliye
Armistice

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Third Anglo-Afghan War
(1919)
United Kingdom United Kingdom Afghanistan Armistice
  • Treaty of Rawalpindi
  • Afghan invasion repelled.
  • Afghanistan regains control of external affairs.
  • Reaffirmation of the Durand Line.
First Waziristan Campaign
(1919)
 India Waziristan Victory
  • Suppression of insurrection by independent Wazir tribes.
Kuwait–Najd War
(1919–1920)
British Empire United Kingdom

Kuwait

Sultanate of Nejd Victory
  • Ikhawan retreat.
Iraqi revolt
(1920)
United Kingdom United Kingdom Iraqi rebels Victory
Malabar rebellion
(1921)
 India Mappila Muslims Victory
  • Rebellion suppressed.
Pink's War
(1925)
 India Mahsud tribesmen Victory
  • Tribal leaders accept terms.
Second Mohmand Campaign
(1935)
 India Mohmand Victory
Second Waziristan Campaign
(1936–1939)
 India Waziri tribesmen Victory
  • Suppression of insurrection by independent Wazir tribes.
World War II
(1939–1945)
 Soviet Union

 United States
 United Kingdom

 Republic of China
 South Africa
 Australia
 Canada
 New Zealand
 France
 Poland
 Yugoslavia
 Greece
 Denmark
 Norway
 Netherlands
 Belgium
 Luxembourg
 Czechoslovakia

 Germany

 Italy
 Japan

 Hungary
 Romania
 Bulgaria

Victory
Indonesian National Revolution
(1945–1947)
Netherlands Netherlands
United Kingdom United Kingdom
Indonesia Indonesia Withdrawal
  • Indian withdrawal after independence in 1947.
  • The Netherlands recognises Indonesian independence.
Operation Masterdom
(1945–1946)
United Kingdom United Kingdom

France France
Japan Japan

Viet Minh Withdrawal

Eastern wing of Pakistan

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With the partition of India on 15 August 1947 the territory constituting modern Bangladesh was partitioned from the province of Bengal as East Bengal, joining the newly created state of Pakistan. Ethnic and sectional discrimination hampered the role and function of the Pakistani military. Bengalis were under-represented in the Pakistan military. Officers of Bengali origin in the different wings of the armed forces made up just 5% of overall force by 1965.[12] West Pakistanis believed that Bengalis were not "martially inclined" unlike Pashtuns and Punjabis; the "Martial Races" notion was dismissed as ridiculous and humiliating by Bengalis.[12] Moreover, despite huge defence spending, East Pakistan received none of the benefits, such as contracts, purchasing and military support jobs. The Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 over Kashmir also highlighted the sense of military insecurity among Bengalis as only an under-strength infantry division and 15 combat aircraft without tank support were in East Pakistan to thwart any Indian retaliations during the conflict.[13][14]

Khwaja Wasiuddin was the most senior Bengali officer in the Pakistani military.

Bangladesh Liberation War

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Location of Bengali and Pakistani military units in March 1971
QF 3.7-inch mountain howitzers used by the Mukti Bahini

Following the victory of the Awami League in the 1970 elections, then-president General Yahya Khan refused to appoint its leader Sheikh Mujibur Rahman as the prime minister and launched a brutal attack named Operation Searchlight on the civilians of the then East Pakistan, using the Pakistani army to repress political movements.[15] Figures of people killed by Pakistani forces vary from a minimum of around 300,000 to a maximum of around 3 million.[16][17] Responding to Mujib's call for rebellion, many students, workers and other civilians mutinied against Pakistan and raised the Mukti Bahini, a guerrilla force. Later on, many Bengali officers and units from Pakistan Army and East Pakistan Rifles mutinied against their West Pakistani counterparts and joined the Mukti bahini.[18][19][20] On 17 April 1971, Muhammad Ataul Gani Osmani took oath as the commander-in-chief of Mukti bahini. While the war raged on, the necessity of a well-trained armed force was always felt. During the first Bangladesh Sector Commanders Conference, held from 11 to 17 July 1971, the Bangladesh Forces was formed from the revolting Bengali members of the Pakistan Army and EPR.[21] In this historic conference the field command structure, sector reorganization, reinforcement, appointment of field commanders and tactics of warfare were decided upon and carried out. On 21 November 1971, the Bangladesh Forces was divided into three separate services as Bangladesh Army, Bangladesh Navy and Bangladesh Air Force.

The Bangladesh Forces received modest assistance from the Indian Government soon after the start of the war.[22] On 3 December 1971, India-Pakistan war broke out and Indian troops enter Bangladesh allied with the Bangladesh Armed Forces.[23] On 16 December 1971 the Pakistani Military force in Bangladesh surrender to a joint force of Indian and Bangladesh forces.[24]

Post-independence

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The newly formed Bangladeshi armed forces incorporated some of the units and guerrillas of the Mukti Bahini.[25] Gen. Osmani, who had led the Mukti Bahini was appointed the General of the Bangladesh armed forces.[26] For many years, there was active discrimination in favour of the inductees from the Mukti Bahini against those Bengali officers who had continued service in the Pakistani armed forces or had been detained in West Pakistan.[25][27] A group of angered officers assassinated the president Sheikh Mujib on 15 August 1975 and established a regime with politician Khondaker Mostaq Ahmed as President of Bangladesh and new army chief Maj. Gen. Ziaur Rahman.[27] The military itself was subject of divisions as Mujib's assassins were overthrown by the pro-Mujib Brig. Gen. Khaled Mosharraf on 3 November, who himself was soon overthrown by a socialist group of officers under Col. Abu Taher on 7 November who returned Ziaur Rahman to power—an event now called the Sipoy-Janata Biplob (Soldiers and People's Coup).[28] Under the presidency of Ziaur Rahman, the military was reorganised to remove conflicts between rival factions and discontented cadre.[29] However, Ziaur Rahman was himself overthrown in a 1981 coup attempt,[30] and a year later, Lt. Gen. Hossain Mohammad Ershad took power from the elected government of president Abdus Sattar. The military remained the most important force in national politics under the regimes of Ziaur Rahman and later Hossain Mohammad Ershad until democracy was restored in 1991.[29]

Modern period

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Bangladeshi peacekeepers in Darfur, Sudan

Having relied primarily on Soviet Union for military aid, Bangladesh has also developed military ties with the People's Republic of China and the United States. The Bangladesh Army has been actively involved in United Nations Peace Support Operations (UNPSO). During the first Gulf War in 1991, the Bangladesh Army sent a 2,193 member team to monitor peace in Saudi Arabia and Kuwait. The Bangladesh Army also participated in peace keeping activities in Namibia, Cambodia, Somalia, Uganda, Rwanda, Mozambique, former Yugoslavia, Liberia, Haiti, Tajikistan, Western Sahara, Sierra Leone, Kosovo, Georgia, East Timor, Congo, Côte d'Ivoire and Ethiopia. As of October 2008, Bangladesh remained the second largest contributor with 9,800 troops in the UN Peacekeeping forces.

Until a peace accord was signed in 1997, the Bangladeshi military engaged in counterinsurgency operations in the Chittagong Hill Tracts fighting the Shanti Bahini separatist group. In 2001, Bangladeshi military units engaged in clashes with the Indian Border Security Force (BSF) along the northern border.[31] Controversy also emerged over possible links maintained by the Bangladeshi military and intelligence agencies with Islamic terrorist groups and anti-India secessionist outfits.[32][33][34] Several projects and schemes aiming to expand and modernize the Bangladeshi armed forces were launched by the government of former Prime Minister Begum Khaleda Zia.

Forces Goal 2030 was launched by the government of Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina to secure new equipment for the Bangladeshi military.

Bangladesh-Myanmar border

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Standoffs have occasionally occurred at the Bangladesh-Myanmar border, including in 1991 and 2008. Most of the standoffs took place when Myanmar attempted to force Rohingyas into Bangladesh. In 2008, the two countries deployed warships after Myanmar attempted to explore a disputed Bay of Bengal seabed for oil and gas. The dispute was resolved at an international tribunal in 2012. Bangladesh and Myanmar have also conducted counter-insurgency operations on the border.

See also

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References

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Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. Country Studies. Federal Research Division.

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  2. ^ a b "Gunpowder plots | Dhaka Tribune". Archived from the original on 29 September 2017. Retrieved 29 September 2017.
  3. ^ a b Saltpetre - Banglapedia
  4. ^ Muhammad Mojlum Khan (21 October 2013). The Muslim Heritage of Bengal: The Lives, Thoughts and Achievements of Great Muslim Scholars, Writers and Reformers of Bangladesh and West Bengal. Kube Publishing Limited. pp. 25. ISBN 978-1-84774-062-5.
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  8. ^ Military - Banglapedia
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  11. ^ Chester Neal Tate, Governments of the world: a global guide to citizens' rights and responsibilities, Macmillan Reference USA/Thomson Gale, 2006, p. 205.
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  13. ^ Demons of December — Road from East Pakistan to Bangladesh
  14. ^ Jahan, Rounaq (1972). Pakistan: Failure in National Integration. Columbia University Press. pp. 166–167. ISBN 0-231-03625-6.
  15. ^ Bose, Sarmila (8 October 2005). "Anatomy of Violence: Analysis of Civil War in East Pakistan in 1971". Economic and Political Weekly. Archived from the original on 1 March 2007.
  16. ^ Matthew White's Death Tolls for the Major Wars and Atrocities of the Twentieth Century
  17. ^ Virtual Bangladesh : History : The Bangali Genocide, 1971 Archived 23 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine
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  28. ^ Islam, Syed Serajul (May 1984). "The State in Bangladesh under Zia (1975–81)". Asian Survey. 24 (5). University of California Press: 556–573. doi:10.2307/2644413. JSTOR 2644413.
  29. ^ a b Heitzman, James; Worden, Robert, eds. (1989). "Restoration of Military Rule". Bangladesh: A Country Study. Washington, D.C.: Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. pp. 36–37.
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  32. ^ Saikia, Jaideep (July 2003). "Terror Sans Frontiers: Islamic Militancy in North East India" (PDF). The Program in Arms Control & Domestic and International Security at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 April 2015.
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