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Great Mosque of al-Nuri, Mosul

Coordinates: 36°20′35″N 43°7′36″E / 36.34306°N 43.12667°E / 36.34306; 43.12667
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Not to be confused with Mosul Grand Mosque.
This article is about the mosque in Mosul. For similarly name mosque in Homs, Syria, see Great Mosque of al-Nuri (Homs).

Great Mosque of al-Nuri
Nouri Mosque
Arabic: جامع النوري, romanized: Jāmiʿ an-Nūrī
The minaret and mosque in 1932
Religion
AffiliationIslam
Ecclesiastical or organisational statusMosque
StatusDestroyed, reconstruction ongoing
Location
LocationMosul, Nineveh Governorate, Iraq
Great Mosque of al-Nuri, Mosul is located in Iraq
Great Mosque of al-Nuri, Mosul
Location in Iraq
Geographic coordinates36°20′35″N 43°7′36″E / 36.34306°N 43.12667°E / 36.34306; 43.12667
Architecture
StyleIslamic architecture
CreatorNur ad-Din Zangi
Completed1172–1173 AD
Destroyed21 June 2017
Specifications
Minaret(s)1 (since destroyed; now under reconstruction)
Minaret height45 metres (148 ft)
Shrine(s)1 (Shrine of Al-Nuri, since destroyed; now under reconstruction)
MaterialsBrick, stone, hazarbaf

The Great Mosque of al-Nuri (Arabic: جامع النوري, romanized: Jāmiʿ an-Nūrī) was a mosque in Mosul, Iraq. It was famous for its leaning minaret, which gave the city its nickname "the hunchback" (Arabic: الحدباء, romanized: al-Ḥadbāˈ). Tradition holds that the mosque was first built in the late 12th century, although it underwent many renovations over the years. The mosque withstood various hostile invading forces over its 850-year history until it was destroyed, along with its distinctive minaret, in the Battle of Mosul in 2017.

Iraqi troops attributed the destruction of the Great Mosque to the Islamic State[1] in a vandalistic move to destroy it rather than let it go from their hold. The mosque had held a symbolic importance to IS and its leader, Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, as it was used in 2014 by the militants to self-declare their "caliphate". IS's black flag had been flying on the 45-metre minaret after their militants surged across Iraq and Syria seizing territory, and they had promised to never let their flag be lowered from it. Contrary to official accounts and local eyewitnesses, IS alleged that U.S. forces destroyed it. IS's claim was not substantiated. The BBC reported that "IS accused the United States-led coalition aircraft of bombing the site, but experts said a video circulated online appeared to show charges inside the structures exploding."[2]

Iraqi Prime Minister Haider al-Abadi stated that the destruction of the mosque by IS was a "declaration of defeat",[3] and that "[b]lowing up the al-Hadba minaret and the al-Nuri mosque amounts to an official acknowledgment of defeat [by ISIS]."[4]

As of 2023, the mosque is being reconstructed with significant funding from UNESCO and the United Arab Emirates.[5]

Construction

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Mihrab from al-Nuri Mosque in Mosul, Iraq, built by Nur al-Din Zengi, 6th century AH, Iraq Museum

Tradition holds that Nur ad-Din Zangi, a Turkoman atabeg of the Great Seljuk Empire and sultan of its Syrian province, built the mosque in 1172–1173, shortly before his death.[6] According to the chronicle of Ibn al-Athir, after Nur ad-Din took control of Mosul he ordered his nephew Fakhr al-Din to build the mosque:

[Nur ad-Din] rode in person to its site and viewed it. He climbed the minaret of the mosque of Abu Hadir, looked down on the site of his mosque and ordered that the neighboring houses and shops should be added to the land that he viewed but that nothing should be taken without the willing agreement of the owners. He put the Sheikh Umar al-Malla in charge of the project, a pious and good man. The properties were purchased from their owners at most substantial prices and the construction began, on which large sums were expended. The building was completed in the year 568 [i.e. AD 1172-3].[7]

Minaret

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The al-Hadba minaret in 2013.

The mosque was well known for its leaning minaret, known as al-Hadba’ ("the hunchback"). Grattan Geary, a 19th-century traveler, described the minaret's appearance:

It is several feet out of the perpendicular, though it starts fair from the ground, and at the top, before putting on its gallery and dome, it regains an erect posture. Its attitude is that of a man bowing.[8]

When the cylindrical minaret was built it stood 45 metres (148 ft) high, with seven bands of decorative brickwork in complex geometric patterns ascending in levels towards the top. By the time the traveler Ibn Battuta visited in the 14th century it was already listing and had acquired its nickname.[9] The design of the minaret follows a form originally developed in neighboring Iran and Central Asia and shares similarities with other minarets in northern Iraq, such as those in Mardin, Sinjar and Arbil.[10] It is depicted on Iraq's 10,000 dinar note.[11]

According to local tradition (which ignores chronology), the minaret gained its tilt after the Islamic prophet Muhammad passed overhead while ascending to heaven. The minaret bowed itself in reverence but could only regain its balance after its top joint had been kinked in the opposite direction.[12] According to local Christian tradition, however, the mosque's tilt was due to its bowing towards the tomb of the Virgin Mary, reputedly located near Arbil.[8] It is also nicknamed by some as Iraq's "Tower of Pisa", as the mosque's signature tilt was compared to that of the Torre di Pisa in Italy.[13]

Tomb

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There is a tomb present in the mosque complex, which was actually a repurposed room of an unused Madrasah started by the Seljuk vizier Nizam al-Mulk.[14] Local tradition[14] relates the grave belongs to a saint, Ali al-Asghar ibn al-Hanafiyyah. A symbolic wooden sarcophagus is placed atop the grave as well. However, it is said that the association to Ali al-Asghar was not always there; such a thing only happened after the 13th century reconstruction[14] by the Seljuk ruler Badr al-Din Lu'lu. The tomb is also described to be dedicated to an unspecified personality named Shaykh Al-Nuri[15] however it has also been associated with the mosque's founder, Nur al-Din Mahmud Zangi[16] who was instead buried in Damascus. The shrine was demolished in 2014 during the ISIL takeover of Mosul, and a parking lot was built atop it.[14]

Modern history

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The mosque, it's madrasah, and tomb dismantled and reassembled in 1942 in a restoration programme undertaken by the Iraqi government.[9] The minaret remained unrestored, although attempts were made in 1981 by an Italian firm to stabilise it. The bombing of Mosul during the Iran–Iraq War in the 1980s broke underground pipes and caused leaks under the minaret that further undermined it. The lean later worsened by another 40 centimetres (16 in).[17]

The cause of the lean was disputed – some have blamed the prevailing wind – but local officials have attributed it to the effects of thermal expansion caused by the heat of the sun, causing bricks on the sun-facing side to expand and progressively tilt the minaret.[17] In recent years, cracks proliferated along the base of the minaret, which leant nearly 3 metres (9.8 ft) off vertical.[citation needed] It was listed by the World Monuments Fund as a site of concern due to the ongoing risk of collapse.[9]

The structure was targeted by Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant militants who occupied Mosul on 10 June 2014, and had previously destroyed the Tomb of Yunus. However, residents of Mosul, incensed with the destruction of their cultural sites, protected the mosque by forming a human chain and forming a resistance against ISIL.[18] Rather than destroying the site, Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi appeared during a Friday prayer in this mosque on 4 July 2014 to declare the formation of a new caliphate.[19]

Destruction

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See also: Destruction of cultural heritage by the Islamic State and Battle of Mosul (2016–17) § June: Battle for Central Mosul
Minaret base of the Great Mosque of al-Nuri after its destruction in 2017

By June 2017, the Battle of Mosul had progressed to the stage that IS-controlled territory in Mosul was limited to the Old City area, which included the mosque. On 21 June 2017, Iraqi government forces reported that the mosque had been blown up by IS forces at 9:50 PM and that the blast was indicative of bombs being deliberately placed to bring it down.[20]

Amaq, an information wing of IS that often reports news favorable to the terrorist organization, claimed an airstrike by the United States was responsible for the destruction, but this claim was not substantiated by any evidence.[3][6][21]

Iraqi forces were within 50 metres (160 ft) of the mosque before the explosion,[6] and finally captured the site a week later on 29 June.[22][23] Aerial photographs and a video of the destruction were released by the Iraqi military a few hours after the explosion.[3] The video, particularly, clearly showed charges inside the structure exploding.[2]

Iraqi Prime Minister Haider al-Abadi stated that the destruction of the mosque was IS's "declaration of defeat".[20] BBC News journalist Paul Adams interpreted the mosque's destruction as ISIL's "final act of angry defiance before finally losing their grip on Mosul".[3]

Reconstruction

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On 23 April 2018, United Arab Emirates (UAE) pledged to reconstruct the mosque.[24] The UAE will provide US$50.4 million to fund the reconstruction project with a joint collaboration between the UAE, UNESCO, Iraq's culture ministry, and the International Centre for the Study of the Preservation and Restoration of Cultural Property (ICCROM).[25] The project plan is the preservation of the square base of the leaning minaret as a memorial to the victims of ISIS as well as the construction of a replica which would be visible in the Mosul skyline.[26] During the announcement, the UAE minister of Culture and Knowledge Development Noura Al Kaabi spoke at the Chatham House in central London and stated that "This is an initiative that defeats extremism in all its facets" and "[w]e don't want to allow the destruction of the past and the present".[26] She hosted the first meeting of the joint committee in September 2018 in the UAE. The expected completion date of the planned reconstruction is in 2023.[27] A foundation stone for the reconstruction was laid on 17 December 2018.[28]

In April 2021, it was announced that a group of eight Egyptian architects have won a competition to reconstruct the mosque, from among 123 entries.[29] The winning entry has been criticized as resembling Persian Gulf architecture more than traditional architecture in Mosul.[11]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Hamdi Alkhshali, Barbara Starr and Phil Gast (21 June 2017). "US, Iraq say ISIS blew up famous Mosul mosque". CNN. Retrieved 22 June 2017.
  2. ^ a b "Battle for Mosul: Ruins of Great Mosque of al-Nuri retaken". BBC News. 29 June 2017. Retrieved 29 June 2017.
  3. ^ a b c d "Battle for Mosul: Destruction of al-Nuri mosque 'shows IS defeated'". BBC. 22 June 2017. Retrieved 22 June 2017.
  4. ^ "Anger after 800-year-old mosque is demolished by Islamic State". news.com.au. 23 June 2017. Retrieved 23 June 2017.
  5. ^ "The river that birthed civilisation". www.bbc.com. Retrieved 17 June 2024.
  6. ^ a b c "Iconic Grand al-Nuri mosque in Iraq's Mosul 'blown up'". Al Jazeera. 21 June 2017. Retrieved 21 June 2017.
  7. ^ Richards, Donald Sidney (2008). The chronicle of Ibn al-Athı̄r for the crusading period from al-Kamil fi'l-Ta'rikh: The years 541-589/1146-1193, Volume 2. Aldershot, Hants: Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 193.
  8. ^ a b Geary, Grattan (1878). Through Asiatic Turkey: narrative of a journey from Bombay to the Bosphorus, Volume 2. London: Sampson Low, Marston, Searle & Rivington. p. 88.
  9. ^ a b c "Al-Hadba' Minaret". World Monuments Fund. Retrieved 27 June 2011.
  10. ^ Petersen, Andrew (1996). Dictionary of Islamic Architecture (Pbk. 1999. ed.). London: Routledge. p. 189. ISBN 978-0-203-20387-3.
  11. ^ a b Arraf, Jane (27 June 2021). "'A Fiasco': Redesign Around Mosul Landmark Prompts Outcry". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 20 July 2021.
  12. ^ Luke, H. C. (1925). Mosul and its minorities. London: Martin Hopkinson & Co. p. 19.
  13. ^ "Heartbreak over ISIS destruction of Mosul mosque and iconic minaret, Iraq's 'Tower of Pisa'". Straits Times. Retrieved 22 June 2017.
  14. ^ a b c d "Remembering Mosul". Retrieved 11 November 2023.
  15. ^ Aboelhassan, Mohamed Gamal; Tarabia, Ahmed Mokhtar; Hassan, Sherif Farag (12 September 2023). "Reconstruction and rehabilitation of the Grand Al-Nouri Mosque dated to the twelfth century: a case of study". Journal of Engineering and Applied Science. 70 (1): 108. doi:10.1186/s44147-023-00281-x. ISSN 2536-9512.
  16. ^ "Architecture Classic: al-Nouri Mosque / Nur ad-Din Zangi". ArchDaily. 5 October 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2023.
  17. ^ a b Sami, Mariam (3 October 1998). "Is tower bowing or tumbling?". The Associated Press. Archived from the original on 23 October 2012.
  18. ^ Kariml, Ammar; Mojon, Jean-Marc. 'In Mosul, resistance against ISIS rises from city’s rubble' Archived 8 December 2015 at the Wayback Machine. 31 July 2014. The Daily Star: Lebanon, retrieved 31 July 2014
  19. ^ Strange, Hannah. 'Islamic State leader Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi addresses Muslims in Mosul'. 5 July 2014. The Daily Telegraph, retrieved 2 March 2017
  20. ^ a b Chulov, Martin; Shaheen, Kareem (22 June 2017). "Destroying Great Mosque of al-Nuri 'is Isis declaring defeat'". The Guardian. Retrieved 22 June 2017.
  21. ^ "Battle for Mosul: IS 'blows up' al-Nuri mosque". BBC. 21 June 2017. Retrieved 21 June 2017.
  22. ^ "Iraqi forces take landmark Mosul mosque blown up by IS". Times of Malta. 29 June 2017. Retrieved 29 June 2017.
  23. ^ "Iraq declares end of caliphate after capture of Mosul mosque". Reuters. 29 June 2017.
  24. ^ Melissa Gronlund.'UAE funds rebuilding of Mosul’s Al Nuri Mosque and historic minaret'. 23 April 2018. The National, retrieved 23 April 2018
  25. ^ "UAE to fund $50.4 million project to rebuild Mosul's Grand al-Nuri Mosque". Reuters. 23 April 2018.
  26. ^ a b "UAE rebuilding of Mosul mosque 'defeats extremism'". The National. 9 July 2018.
  27. ^ "Rebuilding Mosul: committee holds first UAE meeting for restoration of Al Nuri Mosque". The National. 14 September 2018.
  28. ^ "Iraq begins rebuilding of Mosul landmark Great Mosque of al-Nuri". BBC. 17 December 2018.
  29. ^ "Mosul landmark mosque to be rebuilt by Egyptian architects". BBC News. 15 April 2021. Retrieved 15 April 2021.
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