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Geophilus

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Geophilus
Geophilus sp.
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Subphylum: Myriapoda
Class: Chilopoda
Order: Geophilomorpha
Family: Geophilidae
Genus: Geophilus
Leach, 1814

Geophilus is a large, heterogeneous genus of soil centipedes in the family Geophilidae[1][2] largely considered to be synonymous with Brachygeophilus.[3] The generic name first appeared in Brewster's Edinburgh Encyclopaedia in 1814 as Geophilus electricus.[4] This genus has a Holarctic distribution.[5]

Description

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This genus is characterized by a claw-shaped ultimate pretarsus, complete or nearly complete coxo-pleural sutures at the prosternum, and incomplete chitin-lines.[6] Centipedes in this genus feature slightly elongate heads and labral intermediate parts with tubercles, the forcipules are usually poorly elongate with a single small tubercle at the base of each tarsungulum, and the anterior trunk metasternites usually have an anterior medial socket and a posterior transversally elongate pore-field.[5]

Centipedes in this genus range from about 1 cm to about 8 cm in length.[5] Several species in this genus are notable for their small sizes, including G. minimus (measuring 9.5 mm in length),[7] G. pinivagus (10 mm),[7] G. richardi (10 mm),[8] G. pusillus (11 mm),[7] and G. piae (11 mm).[9] Other species are notable for their large sizes, including G. procerus (measuring 72 mm in length)[7] and G. piedus (75 mm).[10]

Although centipedes in this genus can have as many as 89 pairs of legs (in G. caucasicus,[11] with 57 to 89 leg pairs[12]), most species in this genus have a much smaller number of legs.[2] For example, two species in this genus include centipedes with only 29 leg pairs, the lowest number recorded in the family Geophilidae: G. persephones (29 in the only specimen, a male) and G. richardi (29 or 31 in males and 33 in females).[13] Several other species in this genus are known from specimens with notably few leg pairs in each sex, including G. ribauti (as few as 31 in males and 33 in females),[14] G. hadesi (33 in both sexes),[8] G. piae (as few as 35 in males and 37 in females),[15] G. bipartitus (35 in males and 39 in females),[16] and G. oligopus (37 or 39 in both sexes).[17]

Species

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This genus is the largest in the family Geophilidae, with about 140 species:[5][1][3]

References

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  1. ^ a b "Geophilus Leach, 1814". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 2 November 2021.
  2. ^ a b Bonato, Lucio; Zapparoli, Marzio; Drago, Leandro; Minelli, Alessandro (2016). "An unusually elongate endogeic centipede from Sardinia (Chilopoda: Geophilidae)". European Journal of Taxonomy (231): 1–19. doi:10.5852/EJT.2016.231. hdl:11577/3189380. S2CID 58911978.
  3. ^ a b "Geophilus Leach, 1814". ChiloBase 2.0. Retrieved 1 February 2022.
  4. ^ Brewster, David (1814). "Crustaceology". Edinburgh Encyclopaedia. 7 (2): 409. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.30911. Retrieved 16 December 2021.
  5. ^ a b c d Bonato, Lucio; Edgecombe, Gregory D.; Zapparoli, Marzio (2011). "Chilopoda – Taxonomic overview". In Minelli, Alessandro (ed.). The Myriapoda. Volume 1. Leiden: Brill. pp. 363–443 [414]. ISBN 978-90-04-18826-6. OCLC 812207443.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  6. ^ Crabill, Ralph E. (1954). "A conspectus of the northeastern North American species of Geophilus (Chilopoda Geophilomorpha Geophilidae)". Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington. 56: 172–188. Retrieved 24 October 2021 – via Biodiversity Heritage Library.
  7. ^ a b c d Attems, Carl (1929). Attems, Karl (ed.). Lfg. 52 Myriapoda, 1: Geophilomorpha (in German). De Gruyter. pp. 200, 325, 355. doi:10.1515/9783111430638. ISBN 978-3-11-143063-8.
  8. ^ a b Stoev, Pavel; Akkari, Nesrine; Komericki, Ana; Edgecombe, Gregory; Bonato, Lucio (2015-06-30). "At the end of the rope: Geophilus hadesi sp. n. – the world's deepest cave-dwelling centipede (Chilopoda, Geophilomorpha, Geophilidae)". ZooKeys (510): 95–114. doi:10.3897/zookeys.510.9614. PMC 4523767. PMID 26257537.
  9. ^ Bonato, Lucio; Minelli, Alessandro; Drago, Leandro; Pereira, Luis Alberto (2015-09-25). "The phylogenetic position of Dinogeophilus and a new evolutionary framework for the smallest epimorphic centipedes (Chilopoda: Epimorpha)". Contributions to Zoology. 84 (3): 237–253 [249]. doi:10.1163/18759866-08403004. hdl:11577/3146565. ISSN 1875-9866.
  10. ^ Chamberlin, Ralph V. (1930). "On some centipeds and millipeds from Utah and Arizona". Pan-Pacific Entomologist. 6 (3): 111-121 [114] – via Biodiversity Heritage Library.
  11. ^ Bonato, L.; Chagas Junior, A.; Edgecombe, G.D.; Lewis, J.G.E.; Minelli, A.; Pereira, L.A.; Shelley, R.M.; Stoev, P.; Zapparoli, M. (2016). "Geophilus caucasicus Sseliwanoff, 1884". ChiloBase 2.0 - A World Catalogue of Centipedes (Chilopoda). Retrieved 2024-01-20.
  12. ^ Bonato, Lucio; Iorio, Étienne; Minelli, Alessandro (2011). "The centipede genus Clinopodes C. L. Koch, 1847 (Chilopoda, Geophilomorpha, Geophilidae): reassessment of species diversity and distribution, with a new species from the Maritime Alps (France)" (PDF). Zoosystema. 33 (2): 175–205 [184]. doi:10.5252/z2011n2a3. ISSN 1280-9551.
  13. ^ Pereira, Luis Alberto (2013-01-01). "Discovery of a second geophilomorph species (Myriapoda: Chilopoda) having twenty-seven leg-bearing segments, the lowest number recorded up to the present in the centipede order Geophilomorpha". Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia. 53 (13): 163–185. doi:10.1590/S0031-10492013001300001. hdl:11336/3449.
  14. ^ Iorio, Etienne; Labroche, Aurélien (2015). "Les chilopodes (Chilopoda) de la moitié nord de la France: toutes les bases pour débuter l'étude de ce groupe et identifier facilement les espèces" (PDF). Invertébrés Armoricains (in French). 13: 1–108 [65].
  15. ^ Minelli, Alessandro (1982). "On Sardinian centipedes (Chilopoda)". Bolletino di Zoologia. 49 (1–2): 1–16. doi:10.1080/11250008209439365.
  16. ^ Takakuwa, Yosioki (1937). "The Geophilus-species of Japan". Zoological Magazine, Tokyo (in Japanese). 49 (8): 282–286. Retrieved 1 February 2022 – via NDL Digital Collections.
  17. ^ Stojanović, Dalibor Z.; Mitić, Bojan M.; Gedged, Amna M.; Antić, Dragan Ž; Makarov, Slobodan E. (2019-08-23). "Geophilus serbicus sp. nov., a new species from the Balkan Peninsula (Chilopoda: Geophilomorpha: Geophilidae)". Zootaxa. 4658 (3): 556–570 [561]. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4658.3.7. ISSN 1175-5334.
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