Time in Spain
Spain has two time zones. Spain mainly uses CET (UTC+01:00) in Peninsular Spain, Ceuta, Melilla and the plazas de soberanía. In the Canary Islands, the time zone is WET (UTC±00:00). In both territories, Ddaylight saving time is observed during summer months, meaning that mainland Spain uses CEST (UTC+02:00), whilst the Canary Islands uses WEST (UTC+01:00) between March and October.
Spain used GMT (UTC±00:00) before the Second World War (except for the Canary Islands which used UTC−01:00 before this date). However, the time zone was changed to Central European Time in 1940 and has remained so since then, meaning that Spain does not use its "natural" time zone under the coordinated time zone system. Some observers believe that this time zone shift plays a role in the country's relatively unusual daily schedule (late meals and sleep times).[1]
History
[edit]Standard time adoption
[edit]Spain, like other parts of the world, used local mean time until 31 December 1900.[2] In San Sebastián on 22 July 1900, the president of the Consejo de Ministros, Francisco Silvela, proposed to the regent of Spain, María Cristina, a royal decree to standardise the time in Spain; thus setting Greenwich Mean Time (UTC±00:00) as the standard time in peninsular Spain, the Balearic Islands and Ceuta and Melilla from 1 January 1901 onwards. The royal decree was sanctioned by María Cristina on 26 July 1900 in San Sebastián, the place where she resided during summer.
The Canary Islands exception
[edit]Before 1 March 1922, the Canary Islands still used mean solar time until it was discovered that the royal decree of 1900 applied only to the Peninsula and Balearic Islands.[2] The Canary Islands then used a time 1 hour behind the rest of Spain; UTC−01:00, until 16 March 1940, and since then, they have used Western European Time (UTC±00:00).
It is very popular in Spanish national media, mainly on the radio and television, to mention the phrase "una hora menos en Canarias" (English: "one hour less in the Canary Islands") when the local time is mentioned. Usage of the phrase dates back to 1969 with the radio program Protagonistas, airing on Radio Nacional de España.[3]
The natural time zone for the Canary Islands is UTC−01:00.
Central European Time
[edit]In 1940, Francisco Franco changed the time zone[4] by changing 16 March 1940 23:00 Greenwich Mean Time to 17 March 1940 00:00 Central European Time during World War II. This was made permanent in 1942 in order to be in line with German-occupied Europe.[5] Several western European countries, including France, Belgium, and the Netherlands stayed on German time after the war in addition to Spain.[6]
Criticism of the use of Central European Time
[edit]
According to the original 24-hour division of the world, the nearest mean solar time zone is Greenwich Mean Time for all of mainland Spain – except the westernmost parts of the autonomous communities of Galicia (about three-quarters of the community), Extremadura and Andalusia – which corresponds with the UTC time zone. However, all of mainland Spain has used Central European Time (UTC+01:00) since 1940. At the time it was considered a temporary wartime decision that would be revoked a few years later, but the revocation never happened.[7]
Some activists believe that the mismatch between Spain's clock time and solar time contributes to the country's unusual daily schedule.[8] They believe that the relatively late sunrises and sunsets shift the average Spaniard's day later than it otherwise would be, and that a return to its original time zone would help boost productivity and bring family and work rhythms into better balance.[9]
Some scientists, such as Jorge Mira of the University of Santiago de Compostela, argue against changing the time zone because it is likely that work schedules will also be regressed by one hour to align with solar time, resulting in no net effect in the long term; they fear disruption in the short term as Spaniards acclimatize to Greenwich time. Other countries at the same latitude as Spain, such as Japan, have similar time uses despite being closer to solar time; while countries in Northern Europe experience fewer hours of daylight and have shorter workdays.[10]
In September 2013, the "Subcommittee to Study the Rationalisation of Hours, the Reconciliation of Personal, Family Life and Professional Life and Responsibility" (subcomisión para el estudio de la Racionalización de Horarios, la Conciliación de la Vida Personal, Familiar y Laboral y la Corresponsabilidad) of the Congress of Deputies made a report to the government of Spain proposing, among other things, a return to Greenwich Mean Time.[11][12] The subcommittee considered that this time zone change would have a favourable effect, allowing more time for family, training, personal life, leisure, and avoiding downtime during the workday. The proposals are aimed at improving Spanish labour productivity as well as better adjusting schedules to family and work life.[9][13]
The Galicia problem
[edit]In Galicia, the westernmost region of mainland Spain, the difference between the official local time and the mean solar time is about two and a half hours during summer time.[14] There have been political pushes to change the official time so that, as in Portugal, it is one hour in advance of the zone standard time. This would involve switching to WET and making the time similar to that in Portugal, with which it shares the same longitude.[15] For example, in Vigo (located 35 time minutes west of Greenwich) it is noon at around 13:40 and sunset is around 21:15 local time,[14] while in Menorca sunset is around 20:20.[16]
IANA time zone database
[edit]The IANA time zone database contains 3 zones for Spain. Columns marked with * are from the file zone.tab from the database.
| c.c.* | coordinates* | TZ* | comments* | UTC offset | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ES | +4024−00341 | Europe/Madrid | Spain (mainland) and Balearic Islands | +01:00 | |
| ES | +3553−00519 | Africa/Ceuta | Ceuta, Melilla, plazas de soberanía | +01:00 | |
| ES | +2806−01524 | Atlantic/Canary | Canary Islands | +00:00 |
Notation
[edit]Differences with neighbouring countries
[edit]Spain has borders with four countries: Portugal, France, Andorra, and Morocco; as well as with the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar. As Portugal, unlike Spain, uses WET (UTC±00:00) (WEST (UTC±00:00) during the summer), clocks should be set 1 hour earlier after crossing the borders from Spain into Portugal.
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Jones, Jessica (May 8, 2017). "The real reason why Spaniards eat late". BBC Travel. Retrieved May 20, 2021.
- ^ a b "Una hora menos en Canarias: apunte histórico-jurídico" [One hour less in the Canaries: historical and legal note] (in Spanish). University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria. Retrieved 1 January 2013.
- ^ Herrera, Ricardo (28 April 2024). "El verdadero origen de la expresión "Una hora menos en Canarias" en televisión" [The true origin of the expression "Una hora menos en Canarias" on television]. Diario de Avisos (in Spanish). Retrieved 29 October 2024.
- ^ "Orden del 7 de Marzo de 1940 sobre adelanto de la hora legal en 60 minutos a partir del 16 de los corrientes" [Decree of 7 March 1940 about the advancement of legal time by 60 minutes from the 16th of the current month.] (PDF) (in Spanish). Boletín Oficial del Estado. Retrieved 26 April 2017.
- ^ "Franco desfasó el horario español para sintonizar con los nazis". Publico (in Spanish). 2 April 2013. Retrieved 20 February 2014.
- ^ Poulle, Yvonne (1999). "La France à l'heure allemande". Bibliothèque de l'école des chartes. 157 (2): 493–502. doi:10.3406/bec.1999.450989. Retrieved 11 January 2012.
- ^ "Se cumplen 70 años de un cambio de horario que no nos corresponde" [Is the 70th anniversary of a schedule change don't corresponded] (in Spanish). baquia.com. 15 March 2010. Retrieved 7 January 2013.
- ^ Yardley, Jim (17 February 2014). "Spain, Land of 10 P.M. Dinners, Asks if It's Time to Reset Clock". The New York Times. Retrieved 20 February 2014.
- ^ a b Daniele, Laura (19 September 2013). "España quiere poner en hora su reloj" [Spain wants to put in time its watch] (in Spanish). ABC. Retrieved 25 September 2013.
- ^ "Time-zone change in Spain would be madness, say experts". EL PAÍS English. 12 January 2017. Retrieved 23 June 2024.
- ^ Giles, Ciaran (26 September 2013). "Spain Time Zone Change Debated By Spanish Lawmakers". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 8 March 2016. Retrieved 19 February 2014.
- ^ "El Congreso baraja cambiar nuestro horario al británico para conciliar vida laboral y familiar" [Congreso considers changing our schedule to the British to reconcile work and family life] (in Spanish). Público. 19 September 2013. Retrieved 25 September 2013.
- ^ "Time's up for siestas, delayed meetings and late nights, Spaniards told in effort to make them work better". The Daily Telegraph. 23 September 2013. Retrieved 25 September 2013.
- ^ a b "Amanece muy pronto por aquí: mapa de la desviación entre la hora solar y la oficial" [Soon dawns here: map of the deviation between solar time and official] (in Spanish). Wordpress – Fronteras. 10 August 2012. Retrieved 7 January 2013.
- ^ "El BNG vuelve a pedir en el Senado un huso horario gallego" [The BNG turns to request in the Senate a Galician time zone] (in Spanish). La Voz de Galicia. 29 October 2007. Retrieved 7 January 2013.
- ^ Director, Cartas al (28 March 2007). "El cambio horario" [The time change]. El País (in Spanish). Retrieved 7 January 2013.