Era de Francia

Capitainerie générale de Santo Domingo Capitania de Santo Domingo
Captaincy General of France
1795–1815
Flag Seal
Map of the Captaincy of Santo Domingo (1815)
Anthem
Chant du départ ("Song of the Departure") (official) Veillons au salut de l'Empire ("Let's ensure the salvation of the Empire") (unofficial)
Demonym	Dominican
Area
• 1795	76,192 km2 (29,418 sq mi)
• 1804	48,671 km2 (18,792 sq mi)
Population
• 1804	126,000
Government
• Type	Captaincy General
President
• 1795–1799	Jean-François Rewbell
• 1804–1815	Napoleon
Governor-General
• 1801–1802	Toussaint Louverture
• 1808–1809	Jean-Louis Ferrand
History
• Treaty of Basels	1795
• Treaty of Paris	1815
Today part of	Dominican Republic

Seal of the French department of Santo-Domingo

In the history of the Dominican Republic, the period of Era de Francia ("Era of France", "French Era" or "French Period") occurred in 1795 when France acquired the Captaincy General of Santo Domingo, annexed it into Saint-Domingue and briefly came to acquire the whole island of Hispaniola by the way of the Treaty of Basel, allowing Spain to cede the eastern province as a consequence of the French Revolutionary Wars.

During this time, it was also referred to as the French Santo Domingo, the Captaincy General was divided into two separate departments, each with its own governor and autonomy, the Cibao Department and the Ozama Department.

Background

In 1665, French colonization of the western part of the island was officially recognized by Louis XIV. The French colony was given the name Saint-Domingue. In the 1697 Treaty of Ryswick, Spain formally ceded the western third of the island to France. Saint-Domingue quickly came to overshadow the east in both wealth and population. Nicknamed the "Pearl of the Antilles," it became the richest colony in the West Indies and one of the richest in the world. Large sugar cane plantations were established and worked by hundreds of thousands of African slaves who were imported to the island. In 1754, the population numbered 14,000 whites, 4,000 free mulattoes and 172,000 negroes.

The Spanish colony on the other hand sank lower than ever. Practically abandoned by Spain, there was no commerce beyond a little contraband and only the most indispensable agriculture, the inhabitants devoting themselves almost entirely to cattle raising. The ports were the haunts of pirates, and a number of Dominicans also became privateers. The Dominican privateer Lorenzo Daniel became the scourge of the British, from whom he proceeded to plunder 70 merchant ships as well as warships.

The division of Hispaniola between France and Spain in 1697 recognized a reality with which neither the Kings nor their Revolutionary successors were happy. Although the population of Spanish Santo Domingo was perhaps one-fourth that of French Saint-Domingue, this did not prevent Charles IV of Spain from launching an invasion of the French side of the island in 1793, attempting to take advantage of the chaos sparked by the French Revolution (1789–99). Although the Spanish military effort went well on Hispaniola, it did not so in Europe. As a consequence, Spain was forced to cede Santo Domingo to the French under the terms of the Treaty of Basel (July 22, 1795) in order to get the French to withdraw from Spain.

News that the Spanish colony had been ceded to France reached Santo Domingo in October 1795. Those who could not reconcile themselves to the new situation had up to a year to remove themselves to Cuba, Puerto Rico, or Venezuela, where they were to be given facilities to make a fresh start. Between 1795 and 1810 some 125,000 persons are estimated to have left the Spanish sector of the island, leaving its population diminished by two-thirds compared with what it had been before the French Revolution.

Slave insurrections

Just as with the previous centuries against Spain, further slave rebellions erupted, this time against France. In this period, out of the four conspiracies exclusively slaves, three of them on haciendas or mills. These attempts or rebellions had as a note distinctive that transcended the mere act of liberation limited group or search for particular claims characteristics of the palenques or manieles maroons.. These movements had several greater objectives which included the overthrow of colonial rule, the elimination of whites, the implementation of racial equality or a union with Haiti. They occurred at the time of development of the revolution of Saint-Domingue slaves, the influence of the French Revolution that brought new ideas and a liberating speech. With this background, the conspiracies of this first moment

Rebellion in Hincha: 1793

The state of anxiety and fear had remained everpresent since the incidents of El Negro Comegente, which further overwhelmed Dominican slave owners. In addition, rumors about the advances or setbacks of slaves in the French Part were scattered among whites and blacks, free and slaves. In 1793, Don Pedro Vasquez, denounced an alleged rebellion plan by the slaves of Hincha, one of the Spanish towns closest to the French colony of Saint-Domingue. The story began with a free black man named Dimini, who was declared captain of the insurrection of the revolt through a letter written by "San Fransua", as told by Jean Francois, who since 1792 fought against France under the flag of Spain. The slave Thomas, one of the Insurgents involved, affirmed:

"I had spoken with Capt. Dimini, the one who had showed him a piece of paper and had told him that San Fransua had written naming him as captain of all the blacks of the Spanish part and that in it he was arrested that after it finished with all the would he come here to wage war.

Although Thomas could not read, the presence of a document supposedly written by Jean Frangois, convinced him to join the plot. In an illiterate society the legitimacy of the written or printed letter was significant. Asked in the judgment that was made that since so few proposed such an undertaking, he answered that "they were confident that starting with them, everyone had to continue". The plan, apparently, was to start a revolt at the Chamuscadillas Hacienda of Pedro Vasquez, kill all the white people in it, seize the weapons and then continue like this with all the whites of the Spanish Part. The slaves involved demonstrated shrewd handling of politics of the moment, for example, Dimini, to defend himself, stated that Jean Franqois could not be part of said plan because he was an ally of the Spanish and, on the contrary, said: "that San Fransua, as you hear it said, has generally been behaved very well with the Spanish and did not want to admit no Spanish black, rather has handed over to his masters how many have gone to the colony." Slaves had become aware of the strategic alliance of Jean Francois and the Spanish, which prevented any unity with the slaves of Spanish Santo Domingo. In other words, although Jean Franqois was a source of inspiration, he could not really support.

Samana slave rebellion: 1795

The signing of the Peace of Basel in 1795 and the delivery of the colony to France through Spain brought new concerns and readings of the revolution in progress. The regent of the Royal Hearing in Santo Domingo, Jose Antonio de Urizar, in November 1795, indicated his concern about the presence of French commissioners who:

"(...) have scattered various printed papers, and have also tried to extend by word of mouth that the slaves that are found in the Spanish possessions since the present Those owned by the Republic must be free without any distinction, and these propositions have made them spread by themselves, and through other French people so that they understand them our slaves.”

From this international agreement the revolutionary influence of France, to the free blacks or slaves, it difficult to contain and its effects did not take long to be felt. In that same year, there was news that slaves from Samana tried to carry out an uprising, encouraged by three white Frenchmen who had arrived clandestinely.As in Hincha, this attempt was revealed before it could be carried out and could have been a simple rumor.

Boca de Nigua Rebellion: 1796

In 1796, there was the largest slave rebellion in the history of the Dominican Republic, when two hundred slaves of the Ingenio Boca de Nigua took up arms. This farm was considered as "the best established, richest and well governed of the entire Spanish Part and even of the entire island at the time."1 That is to say, the sugar producing company functioned as was desirable for slave interests. The high concentration of slaves and intensive exploitation provided the ideal conditions for a resistance movement. Unfortunately, in the documents of this rebellion, the voice of the slaves cannot be found because the governor Joaquin Garcia speaks for them. He said that the rebels intended initially attack his master to continue with all the targets and take over the estate, killing all slaves who did not take up arms on their behalf. They were counting on adding "the black ones that would fly from the neighboring Haciendas upon hearing the sound of Liberty and the extirpation of the whites.”

The rebellious slaves intended to establish a government "like that of Guarico and others of the French Part."12 These words, in the governor's voice, clearly reflected way or another the influence of the liberating discourse that existed in the colony and that was a direct influence of the events in the French colony of Saint-Domingue. The authorities assumed that these were the ideas that inspired the slaves. In addition, the rebels had come into contact with three subordinates of Jean Franqois with whom they had obtained information about the way in which the insurrection had occurred in the neighboring colony.13 The reference to Jean Franqois appears again. Demonstrating great organizational capacity, they established a "commander of artillery, dragoons, and infantry."14 Copying the Haitian Revolution, the slaves of Boca de Nigua established a king and queen. Ana Maria, a black slave woman "More attended and distinguished by her lord, she offered herself to be the murderer and was the constituted Queen in the disorder, corresponding with entertainment and gifts."

Once the revolt was subdued, Garcia expressed his satisfaction "since it did not seem possible in a country like this that such disorder could be ended so quickly."16 Furthermore, he suggested that the rebellion had a lot of sympathy, since there were sectors among the slaves, naturally, and among the French people who left in defense of the accused. can be interpreted in his description of the day the sentence was handed down:

"The day of justice was frightening and not taking measures capable of containing so many black people, both free and slave, and so many foreigners adhering to freedom and equality, closing the doors, establishing patrols, putting on weapons all the Guards and czen cattlemen For the execution, the troops were all ready in the barracks with the officers and in a word alert the entire garrison, we could having experienced a shock of the kind that has the island has been theater in its vicinity and feasible in a city that counts one year and four months of cessation to the French Republic.

"17

The atrocious compliance with the sentence brought some peace of mind to the authorities. The rumor had been partially quelled and certainly over the next five years, conspiracies or slave rebellions had been halted.

French occupation

Uprising of Camba Abajo and Camba Arriba: 1802

In 1801, Toussaint Louverture carried out the unification of the island that meant the abolition of slavery in Santo Domingo. A year later, in 1802, the invasion of the Napoleonic army led by Charles Leclerc gave way to a new French dominion of the Spanish Part. Historian José Gabriel García described a fairly complex situation in which the Dominicans, according to their interests, sometimes took sides favor of Toussaint, others of France and, from 1804, in favor or against Haiti. An illustrative example of this situation occurred at the beginning of 1802 when residents of the city of Santo Domingo organized under the direction of Juan Baron to assault the fort of San Gil and facilitate the French landing that sought to remove Toussaint from power. Other Dominican sectors who supported Toussaint denounced the movement.18 Toussaint's military in the Spanish Part tried take advantage of the support of the black people and mobilized them in his favor. Garcia noted that: "Commander Marquis, who had the Haitians as chief in the stronghold of Haina, he made efforts to agitate the slaves of Los Ingenios, in order to increase their numbers and would allow him to become strong."20

Perhaps as a result of these efforts, in that year of 1802, recently Once slavery was reestablished, there was an uprising of slaves in the Haciendas Camba Abajo and Camba Arriba in San Cristobal, area of ​​sugar mills and haciendas, close to where the rebellion of Boca de Nigua had taken place five years earlier, once again, as a result of high concentration of slaves. The slaves of these estates took up arms and tried to join those of the Hacienda Fundacion.21 Some of those involved died in the persecution unleashed against them and others were eventually captured.22 This uprising closed the cycle of conspiracies and slave rebellions. Finally the French were able to secure their dominance and the subjugation of the former slaves of the Spanish Part.

Failed invasion from Haiti: 1805

In 1805, after crowning himself Emperor, Jean-Jacques Dessalines invaded, reaching Santo Domingo before retreating in the face of a French naval squadron. The Haitians fell back through the settled area of the interior, sacking the towns of Monte Plata, Cotui and La Vega, and slaughtering the citizens of Moca and Santiago. They left the fields laid waste, the cities ablaze and the churches in ashes behind them.In Moca only two people survived, thanks to corpses having been piled up on those still living in the church where the principal massacre took place.

Reconquest by Spain

The French invasion of Spain in March 1808 had great consequences throughout America and Santo Domingo no was an exception, since in that same year various sectors proposed the separation of France and began to work to this. In the south and Cibao, under the initiative of Ciriaco Ramirez, and in the east, from the rancher Juan Sánchez Ramírez. During the War of Reconquest, there were important contacts between Dominican and Haitian leaders in view of the fact that Haiti had been divided into two parts in 1806: Alexandre Petion in the South and East Departments and Henri Christophe in the North. From Petion, the Dominicans received 40 boxes of cartridges, four thousand flint stones and one hundred halberds that were used by the men under the direction of Ciriaco Ramirez. On the other hand, negotiations were made with Cristobal who provided supplies in April 1809. These were brought by Brigadier Jose Campos Tavares who expressed that he wanted do this service to the King((Juan Sanchez Ramirez. Diario de La Reconquista. Ciudad Trujillo, Editora Montalvo, 1957, p. 279.)) "desiring for trade to be opened between the two colonies, regarding the peace and union that reigns between the Spanish and the Haitians".

Sanchez Ramirez successfully led the Dominican troops against the French in the Battle of Palo Hincado and finally, after an extended siege of the city of Santo Domingo and significant collaboration from the English, in 1809, the French surrendered and began the period of España Boba. The Reconquista did not reflect the unanimous feeling of the majority of Dominicans and in the first four years at least one conspiracy occurred annually and this points out the complexity of interests, influences and expectations of the moment.

Santo Domingo would be de jure returned to Spain in the Treaty of Paris (1815).

Ironically, the Dominicans had gone to war against the French to restore Spanish rule to Santo Domingo just as the rest of Hispanic America was preparing to renounce Spanish colonialism. Moreover, the so-called War of Reconquest, following two invasions by the Haitians, had left the colony completely devastated.

Governors (1801–1809)

• 1801–1802 Toussaint Louverture
• 1802–1803 Antoine Nicolas Kerverseau
• 1803–1808 Jean-Louis Ferrand
• 1808–1809 Joseph-David de Barquier

See also

• Spanish reconquest of Santo Domingo
• Siege of Santo Domingo (1805)