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David Atlee Phillips

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David Atlee Phillips (October 31, 1922 – July 7, 1988) was an American Central Intelligence Agency officer of 25 years and a recipient of the Career Intelligence Medal. Phillips rose to become the CIA's chief of operations for the Western Hemisphere. In 1975, he founded the Association of Former Intelligence Officers (AFIO), an alumni association comprising intelligence officers from all services.[1]

Phillips was repeatedly accused of involvement in the JFK assassination. He was named by assassination researchers and even by family members of another Agency operative. The House Select Committee on Assassinations (HSCA) investigated a claim made by Cuban exile Antonio Veciana that Phillips (while using an alias) was meeting with Lee Harvey Oswald in the months prior to November 1963. In 1980, Donald Freed and Fred Landis published a book accusing Phillips of being Oswald’s case officer, and of having a hand in the 1976 assassination of Chilean diplomat Orlando Letelier. Phillips sued them for libel. In 1986, they settled for an undisclosed amount and retracted the allegations.[2][3]

Early life and education

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Phillips was born in Fort Worth, Texas.[4] He attended Texas Christian University in Fort Worth as well as the College of William and Mary in Williamsburg, Virginia.[4]

Career

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Phillips was an actor prior to World War II.[4] During the war, he served as a nose gunner in the United States Army Air Forces. He was shot down over Austria and captured by the Germans, but was able to escape and make his way back to Allied lines.[4]

CIA career

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In 1950, Phillips joined the CIA as a part-time agent in Chile, where he owned and edited The South Pacific Mail, an English-language newspaper that circulated throughout South America and several islands in the Pacific. The CIA initially paid him a $50-a-month retainer.[5] One of his first assignments was to pose as a high-level U.S. intelligence agent who might be interested in defecting. He recalled in a 1975 interview: "I was to be a 'dangle'. Sure enough, a KGB agent soon began to cultivate me."[5]

He became a full-time CIA operative in 1954, working as E. Howard Hunt’s deputy in the major psychological warfare effort in Guatemala during the U.S. coup and its aftermath.[6][7] In the weeks prior to the coup, Phillips was credited with devising a brilliant radio disinformation campaign to encourage defections within the Guatemalan military, and to create an impression among the populace that "rebels were everywhere in Guatemala" and that the Liberation forces were arriving imminently.[8]

He attempted a similar radio campaign in the first years of Fidel Castro's rule by broadcasting from tiny Swan Island between the Honduran and Cuban coasts. Phillips reportedly coined the phrase, "Castro betrayed the revolution", which was a key part of the messaging used by the anti-Castro movement.[9] Phillips assisted in planning the ill-fated Bay of Pigs Invasion of Cuba in April 1961.[5] Throughout the 1960s, he was believed to be an important member of the CIA's top-secret counterintelligence group, code-named Operation 40, that sought to destabilize the Castro regime.[10]

Phillips' years in the CIA also included undercover assignments in Mexico City and Beirut. He rose steadily through the ranks to intelligence officer, chief of station, and eventually chief of Western Hemisphere operations, serving primarily in Latin America, with a focus on Cuba, Brazil, and the Dominican Republic.[4][11] He retired from the agency in 1975 and founded the Association of Former Intelligence Officers in the same year.[1]

House Select Committee on Assassinations

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While investigating Lee Harvey Oswald's possible ties to pro- and anti-Castro radical groups prior to the assassination of President John F. Kennedy, an HSCA staff investigator, Gaeton Fonzi, reported hearing a significant anecdote from Antonio Veciana, founder of the anti-Castro paramilitary organization Alpha 66. The latter said his organization's training, funding and planning had been handled by an intelligence agent he knew as "Maurice Bishop". Veciana recalled a meeting with Bishop in a downtown office building in Dallas, Texas in early September 1963.[12] When Veciana arrived at the meeting, he saw Bishop in a corner of the lobby talking to a "pale, slight" young man.[13] The three of them exited the lobby, and Bishop and the young man continued talking out on the sidewalk. Then the young man gestured farewell to Bishop and walked away.[14] On the day of the JFK assassination, Veciana immediately recognized the news photographs and TV images of Lee Harvey Oswald as being the same young man he saw that day with Bishop in downtown Dallas.[15]

After a former CIA officer, who had worked with Phillips at the JM/WAVE station south of Miami, told investigators that Phillips sometimes used the "Bishop" alias,[16] the HSCA subpoenaed Veciana to testify about Phillips as "Bishop". Gaeton Fonzi and Church Committee Senator Richard Schweiker were convinced that Phillips and Bishop were one and the same, but Veciana would not confirm it when shown photos of Phillips.[15] And when Veciana testified to the HSCA, he stated under oath that Phillips was not Bishop although they bore a "physical similarity".[17][18][19] On 25 April 1978, Phillips testified before the HSCA, and he denied ever using the name Maurice Bishop.[20] He insisted he had never met Veciana until a recent encounter arranged by Sen. Schweiker's office.[15] Then, years later at a 2014 conference entitled "The Warren Report and the JFK Assassination: Five Decades of Significant Disclosures", Veciana reversed his HSCA statements and asserted unequivocally, albeit not under oath, that he believed the agent he knew as Bishop was in fact David Atlee Phillips.[2][3]

Conspiracy allegations and lawsuit

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In their 1980 book Death in Washington, authors Donald Freed and Fred Landis charged that the CIA was involved in the 1973 Chilean coup d'état and the 1976 assassination of Orlando Letelier in Washington, D.C.[21] The authors specifically named Phillips as participating in a coverup of the Letelier assassination, and reiterated Gaeton Fonzi's claim that Phillips served as Oswald's case officer while using the alias "Maurice Bishop".[22] In 1982, Phillips and the AFIO brought a $230 million libel suit against Freed, Landis, and their publisher.[21][22] A settlement was reached in 1986 with Phillips receiving a retraction and an undisclosed amount of money.[23] He donated the proceeds to the AFIO for the purpose of creating a legal defense fund for American intelligence officers who felt they were the victims of libel.[citation needed] In the aftermath of the lawsuit, Phillips wrote an article in Columbia Journalism Review questioning journalistic due process.[24]

Following the death of former CIA agent and Watergate figure E. Howard Hunt in 2007, two of his sons, Saint John Hunt and David Hunt, revealed that their father had recorded several "deathbed" admissions about himself and others being involved in a conspiracy to assassinate John F. Kennedy.[25][26] In the April 5, 2007 issue of Rolling Stone, Saint John Hunt detailed a number of individuals implicated by his father, including David Atlee Phillips along with Lyndon B. Johnson, Cord Meyer, David Sánchez Morales, Frank Sturgis, William Harvey and an assassin he termed "French gunman grassy knoll" who many presume was Lucien Sarti.[26][27] The two sons alleged that their father removed the controversial information from his autobiography, American Spy: My Secret History in the CIA, Watergate and Beyond, in order to avoid possible perjury charges.[25] Hunt's widow and other children told the Los Angeles Times that the two sons took advantage of Hunt's loss of lucidity by coaching and exploiting him for financial gain. The newspaper said it examined the materials offered by the sons to support the story and found them to be "inconclusive."[25]

Later life

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Phillips wrote and lectured frequently on intelligence matters. He authored numerous books, among them his CIA memoir The Night Watch, plus Careers in Secret Operations: How to Be a Federal Intelligence Officer, The Terror Brigade, The Carlos Contract, The Great Texas Murder Trials: A Compelling Account of the Sensational T. Cullen Davis Case, Secret Wars Diary: My Adventures in Combat Espionage Operations and Covert Action, and Writing For Pleasure and Profit in Retirement: How to Enjoy a Second Career as a Professional Writer.

He also compiled the David Atlee Phillips Papers, 1929-1989 and had his wife submit them to the Library of Congress after his death. These papers include manuscripts, correspondence, drafts of books, articles and other material relating to Phillips' career.

Personal life

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Phillips was the brother of writer James Atlee Phillips and the uncle of musician Shawn Phillips.

In 1948, he married Helen Hausman Haasch.[28] They had four children,[5] then divorced in 1967.[28]

In 1969, he married Virginia Pederson Simmons[28] who had three children from a previous marriage. The couple had one child together.[5]

Death

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Phillips died at his home in Bethesda, Maryland from complications of cancer on July 7, 1988, at the age of 65.[4] He was buried in Arlington National Cemetery.[29]

Publications

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Books

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  • The Night Watch: 25 Years of Peculiar Service. New York: Atheneum (1977). ISBN 0689107544. OCLC 2424448.
  • The Carlos Contract: A Novel of International Terrorism. New York: Macmillan (1978). ISBN 0025961101. OCLC 4135781.
  • The Great Texas Murder Trials: A Compelling Account of the Sensational T. Cullen Davis Case. New York: Macmillan (1979). ISBN 0025961500. OCLC 4907946.
  • Careers in Secret Operations: How to be a Federal Intelligence Officer. Frederick, MD: University Publications of America (1984). ISBN 0890936536. OCLC 11316169.
  • Writing for Pleasure and Profit in Retirement: How to Enjoy a Second Career as a Professional Writer. Bethesda, MD: Stone Trail Press (1986). ISBN 978-0932123015. OCLC 15354518.
  • The Terror Brigade (novel). New York: Berkeley Publishing Group (1989). ISBN 978-0515099096. OCLC 19099230.
  • Secret Wars Diary: My Adventures in Combat, Espionage Operations and Covert Action. Bethesda, MD: Stone Trail Press (1988).ISBN 9780932123046. OCLC 20936502.
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See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b "About Us". Afio.com. 2009-08-26. Retrieved 2017-05-29.
  2. ^ a b Veciana, Antonio (September 26, 2014). Admissions and Revelations. The Warren Report and the JFK Assassination: Five Decades of Significant Disclosures. Bethesda Hyatt Regency, Bethesda, Maryland: Assassination Archives and Research Center.
  3. ^ a b El-Gingihy, Youssef (22 October 2017). "JFK Files: As Donald Trump Looks to Release Classified Documents, Last Living Link to Assassination Drops Bombshell". The Independent (UK).
  4. ^ a b c d e f Saxon, Wolfgang (July 10, 1988). "David Atlee Phillips Dead at 65; Ex-Agent Was Advocate of C.I.A." The New York Times. Retrieved July 17, 2015.
  5. ^ a b c d e Barnes, Bart (9 July 1988). "CIA Operative, Defender David Phillips, 65, Dies". The Washington Post. Retrieved 29 May 2017.
  6. ^ Max Holland, "Operation PBHISTORY: The Aftermath of SUCCESS", International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence 17(2), 2004, p. 305. "At one time an aspiring actor, David Atlee Phillips was fluent in Spanish and fresh from working under contract to the CIA during PBSuccess. Under the pseudonym 'Paul D. Langevin,' Phillips had been the Agency's chief liaison and advisor to 'La Voz de la Liberación', one of the most effective tools in the psychological warfare waged against Árbenz."
  7. ^ Schlesinger, Stephen; Kinzer, Stephen (1999). Bitter Fruit: The Story of the American Coup in Guatemala. Harvard University Press. p. 114. ISBN 978-0674019300.
  8. ^ Schlesinger & Kinzer 1999, pp. 167–170.
  9. ^ Escalante, Fabián (1995). Muñiz, Mirta (ed.). The Secret War: CIA Covert Operations Against Cuba, 1959-62. Ocean Press. p. 45. ISBN 978-1875284863.
  10. ^ Allard, Jean-Guy (11 May 2005). "Fabián Escalante on Posada and Operation 40". Axis of Logic. Archived from the original on 2 April 2011.
  11. ^ Fonzi 1993, pp. 263–266.
  12. ^ Summers, Anthony. Not in Your Lifetime. New York: Marlowe & Company (1998), pp. 250-251. ISBN 1569247390.
  13. ^ Fonzi, Gaeton (1993). The Last Investigation. New York: Thunder’s Mouth Press. pp. 141–142. ISBN 1560250526.
  14. ^ Fonzi 1993, pp. 141–142.
  15. ^ a b c "Antonio Veciana and "Maurice Bishop": House Select Committee on Assassinations". pp. 37–56 – via jfk-online.com.
  16. ^ Fonzi 1993, pp. 395–396.
  17. ^ "Report of House Select Committee on Assassinations". 1979. p. 136 – via National Archives.
  18. ^ Fonzi 1993, pp. 265–266.
  19. ^ Phillips, David Atlee. The Night Watch: 25 Years of Peculiar Service. New York: Atheneum (1977), p. 113. ISBN 0689107544. OCLC 2424448.
  20. ^ "David Atlee Phillips, Testimony Before the Committee" (PDF). HSCA. 25 April 1978. pp. 89–90.
  21. ^ a b "CIA critic arrested after Cuba visit". UPI. March 5, 1982. Retrieved October 15, 2015.
  22. ^ a b Bugliosi, Vincent (2007). Reclaiming History: The Assassination of President John F. Kennedy. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. p. 1201. ISBN 978-0-393-04525-3.
  23. ^ Bruske, Ed (16 February 1986). "Libel Suit Settled". The Washington Post.
  24. ^ Phillips, David Atlee (January 1987). "The man nobody bothered to call". Columbia Journalism Review. 25 (5): 31–32 – via Internet Archive.
  25. ^ a b c Williams, Carol J. (March 20, 2007). "Watergate plotter may have a last tale". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved December 30, 2012.
  26. ^ a b Hedegaard, Erik (April 5, 2007). "The Last Confessions of E. Howard Hunt". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on June 18, 2008.
  27. ^ McAdams, John (2011). "Too Much Evidence of Conspiracy". JFK Assassination Logic: How to Think About Claims of Conspiracy. Washington, D.C.: Potomac Books. p. 189. ISBN 9781597974899. Retrieved December 30, 2012.
  28. ^ a b c Library of Congress (1 April 2010) [2004]. "David Atlee Phillips Papers; A Finding Aid to the Collection in the Library of Congress" (PDF). Prepared by Bradley E. Gernand (Revised and expanded by Karen Linn Femia). Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress. LCCN mm88075637. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 April 2015. Retrieved 15 October 2015.
  29. ^ "Burial detail: Phillips, David A". ANC Explorer. Retrieved February 24, 2023.

Further reading

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