Carex pensylvanica
| Pennsylvania sedge | |
|---|---|
| |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Monocots |
| Clade: | Commelinids |
| Order: | Poales |
| Family: | Cyperaceae |
| Genus: | Carex |
| Subgenus: | Carex subg. Carex |
| Section: | Carex sect. Acrocystis |
| Species: | C. pensylvanica
|
| Binomial name | |
| Carex pensylvanica | |
| Synonyms[2] | |
| |
Carex pensylvanica is a species of flowering plant in the sedge family commonly called Pennsylvania sedge (sometimes shortened to Penn sedge).[3] Other common names include early sedge, common oak sedge, and yellow sedge.[4]
Distribution
[edit]This plant is native to North America, especially eastern Canada and the eastern United States. Based on a census of the literature, herbaria specimens, and confirmed sightings, C. pensylvanica is found in Manitoba, Ontario, and Quebec in Canada; and in the United States it is most widely distributed in Connecticut, Illinois, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, New Hampshire, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, mainland Rhode Island, Virginia and Wisconsin. it is also known from northern Alabama, the western Carolinas, the mostly eastern Dakotas, northern and southern Delaware, northern Georgia, western Iowa, mostly northern Indiana, northern and eastern Missouri, mostly central and eastern Ohio, and mostly central Tennessee. It is also found in Arkansas, Kentucky, Maine, Maryland and the District of Columbia, New York, West Virginia, and Vermont. It has been reported from just one county, Lee, in the far northeastern portion of the state of Mississippi.[2]
Description
[edit]
Pennsylvania sedge produces leaves up to 2 ft (0.6 m) long and 1 to 3 mm (0.04 to 0.12 in) wide that become arching at maturity.[5] It has culms (stems) 10 to 45 cm (4 to 18 in) long.[6]
Pennsylvania sedge blooms early in the spring, from April to June.[6][4] Each flower cluster contains one slender staminate (male) spike 10 to 25 mm (3⁄8 to 1 in) long above one to three shorter pistillate (female) spikes each with 4 to 12 florets. During the blooming period, the staminate spike produces slender cream-colored anthers, aging to light brown, and each pistillate floret produces three long white, thread-like styles. The scales underneath the florets are dark purple.[3][5]
Ecology
[edit]This competitive species is often found in large monotypic stands. It is mainly vegetative, spreading via systems of cordlike rhizomes. Shorter rhizomes produce tufts, clumps, and mats, and longer rhizomes form wide, matted colonies.[4]
In order to assess the dynamics of three stress factors on Carex pensylvanica development on forest beds, researchers conducted an experiment consisting of even-aged silvicultural systems.[7] Combinations of deer herbivory, invasive earthworm activity, and forest management (human activity) were managed as the stressors. The study's findings demonstrated a direct correlation between elevated C. pensylvanica coverage and high disturbance levels, notably invasive earthworm-management-deer interactions, and invasive earthworm density.[8]
In hardwood forests in northern Minnesota, Carex pensylvanica were found to have a greater dominance in comparison to other understory plant species in areas where invasive earthworms were present for two decades or more. It is hypothesized that since Carex pensylvanica is a non-mycorrhizal plant species, it gains a comparative competitive advantage against other understory plant species when earthworms disrupt and sever mycorrhizal networks.[9][10]
References
[edit]- ^ C. pensylvanica was first described and published in Encyclopedie Methodique. Botanique ... (Lamarck) 3(2): 388. 1792. Paris.
"Carex pensylvanica". International Plant Names Index (IPNI). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Harvard University Herbaria & Libraries; Australian National Botanic Gardens. Retrieved August 22, 2010. - ^ a b NRCS. "Carex pensylvanica". PLANTS Database. United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Retrieved February 7, 2010.
- ^ a b Hilty, John (2020). "Pennsylvania Sedge (Carex pensylvanica)". Illinois Wildflowers. Retrieved August 22, 2010.
- ^ a b c Cope, A. B. (1992). "Carex pensylvanica". Fire Effects Information System (FEIS). US Department of Agriculture (USDA), Forest Service (USFS), Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory.
- ^ a b Chayka, Katy; Dziuk, Peter (2016). "Carex pensylvanica (Pennsylvania Sedge)". Minnesota Wildflowers.
- ^ a b Ball, Peter W.; Reznicek, A. A. (2002). "Carex pensylvanica". In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.). Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA). Vol. 23. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press – via eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA.
- ^ Kern, Christel C.; Palik, Brian J.; Strong, Terry F. (July 2006). "Ground-layer plant community responses to even-age and uneven-age silvicultural treatments in Wisconsin northern hardwood forests". Forest Ecology and Management. 230 (1–3): 162–170. doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2006.03.034.
- ^ Powers, Matthew D.; Nagel, Linda M. (July 2008). "Disturbance dynamics influence Carex pensylvanica abundance in a northern hardwood forest1". The Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society. 135 (3): 317–327. doi:10.3159/08-RA-034.1. ISSN 1095-5674. S2CID 86531642.
- ^ Powers, Matthew D.; Nagel, Linda M. (2008). "Disturbance dynamics influence Carex pensylvanica abundance in a northern hardwood forest1". The Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society. 135 (3): 317. doi:10.3159/08-RA-034.1. ISSN 1095-5674.
- ^ Alexander, G.; Almendinger, J.; White, P. (2022). "Access Electronic Resources". Plant-Environment Interactions (Hoboken, N.j.). 3 (2): 89–102. doi:10.1002/pei3.10075. PMC 10168095. PMID 37284009.
External links
[edit]- Carex pensylvanica in the CalPhotos photo database, University of California, Berkeley
- "Flora of Wisconsin", Wisconsin State Herbarium, University of Wisconsin–Madison