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Aminatta Forna

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Aminatta Forna
OBE
Aminatta Forna at the awards ceremony of the LiBeraturpreis 2008 for her book "Ancestor Stones".
Forna in Frankfurt am Main, 2008
Born20 December 1965
Bellshill, Lanarkshire, Scotland
OccupationAuthor, academic, commentator
Alma materUniversity College London
Notable worksThe Devil That Danced on the Water: A Daughter's Quest (2003);
Ancestor Stones (2006);
The Memory of Love (2010);
The Hired Man (2013);
Happiness (2017);
The Window Seat (2021)
Notable awardsCommonwealth Writers' Prize Best Book Award 2011;
2014 Windham–Campbell Literature Prize (Fiction)
SpouseSimon Westcott
Website
aminattaforna.com

Aminatta Forna OBE is a British writer of Scottish and Sierra Leonean ancestry. Her first book was a memoir, The Devil That Danced on the Water: A Daughter's Quest (2002).[1][2] Since then she has written four novels: Ancestor Stones (2006),[3] The Memory of Love (2010),[4] The Hired Man (2013)[5][6] and Happiness (2018). In 2021 she published a collection of essays, The Window Seat: Notes from a Life in Motion. (2021), which was a new genre for her.

She has been widely praised and received numerous awards, in addition to being nominated for others. Her novel The Memory of Love was awarded the Commonwealth Writers' Prize for "Best Book" in 2011,[7][8] and was shortlisted for the Orange Prize for Fiction.[9]

Forna is Professor of Creative Writing at Bath Spa University. She was the Sterling Brown ’22 Visiting Professor of Africana Studies at Williams College in Williamstown, Massachusetts.[10][11]

Since 2012 she has been Director and Lannan Foundation Chair of Poetics of the Lannan Center for Poetics and Social Practice at Georgetown University in Washington, DC.[12]

Forna was among eight writers from seven countries to win the 2014 Windham–Campbell Literature Prize (fiction).[13][14][15]

Forna was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 2017 New Year Honours for services to literature.[16][17][18]

Forna is a fellow of the Royal Society of Literature, and sits on the advisory committee for the Royal Literary Fund and the Caine Prize for African Writing. She has served as a judge on several high-profile prize panels, including the 2017 Baileys Women's Prize for Fiction.[19] She continues to champion the work of up-and-coming diverse authors.[19][20][21][22]

In March 2019, Forna's Happiness was shortlisted for the European Literature Prize. In April 2019 it was shortlisted for the Royal Society of Literature (RSL) Ondaatje Prize and for the Jhalak Prize[23][24][25][26]

Background

[edit]

Aminatta Forna was born c. 1965 in Bellshill, Lanarkshire, Scotland, near Glasgow;[27] the third child of her parents Mohamed Sorie Forna, a Sierra Leonean who had completed his medical training in Scotland and had a practice, and his wife Maureen Christison, who is Scottish.

When Forna was six months old, the family travelled to Sierra Leone, where they lived while Dr. Forna worked in Freetown as a physician and government finance minister. With her family, the girl Aminatta lived in nine homes during six years, also spending time as a child in Iran, Thailand and Zambia. Her parents divorced and her mother remarried, returning to the UK.[28]

After their father gained custody and returned with them to Sierra Leone, the children saw little of their mother.[28]

Dr. Forna had become more deeply involved in politics and entered government after the country achieved independence in 1961, serving as finance minister and working to aid developing countries. He resigned after becoming discouraged by what he said was a growth in political violence and corruption. But political tensions were rising and he was arrested by the secret police. He was imprisoned between 1970 and 1973; Amnesty International designated him as a Prisoner of Conscience. In 1975 Dr. Forna was executed by hanging, on charges of treason.[29][30]

Dr. Forna had married again in Sierra Leone, and the children called their stepmother "Auntie Yabome". As conspiracy endangered Dr. Forna, Yabome smuggled the children from Freetown to England, and made a life for them there.[28] Ten years old when her father was killed,[10] Aminatta Forna finished school in England and studied law at University College London.[28]

Early career

[edit]

Between 1989 and 1999, Forna worked for the BBC, both in radio and television. She worked as a reporter and also made documentaries in the spheres of arts and politics. She is known for her Africa documentaries: Through African Eyes (1995), the first of which she made at the BBC.[31] Others include Africa Unmasked (2002)[32] and The Lost Libraries of Timbuktu (2009), also made for BBC.[33]

In 2013 she assumed a post as Professor of Creative Writing at Bath Spa University.[34]

Forna is a board member of the Royal National Theatre[35] and was a judge for the Man Booker International Prize 2013.[36][37]

Forna founded The Rogbonko Village Project, a charity begun as an initiative to build a school in a village in Sierra Leone.[38][39]

Forna is married to Simon Westcott, a furniture designer. As of 2013, they lived in south-east London.[40]

In 2021 she published a collection of essays, She said in an interview that she had been encouraged by her time at Georgetown University, as there was considerable interest in the United States in the essay form.

Writing

[edit]

Forna's work, both fiction and non-fiction, is concerned with the prelude and aftermath to war, memory, and the conflict between private narratives and official histories. She explores how the gradual accretion of small, seemingly insignificant acts of betrayal find expression in full-scale horror.[41][42] In her fiction she employs multiple voices and shifting timelines.

The Devil that Danced on the Water

[edit]

The Devil that Danced on the Water (2002), Forna's first book, received wide critical acclaim across the UK and the US. It was broadcast on BBC Radio. It was a runner-up for the UK's Samuel Johnson Prize for non-fiction.[22]

Forna had returned to Sierra Leone to try to clear her father's name. With her stepmother's cooperation, she learned more about the conspiracy related to her father's death, and interviewed many people who had testified against him. Her childhood and this investigation, or quest, are the subject of her memoir.[43]

These events contributed to her continued writing about the theme of psychological trauma in many of her subsequent novels. Her memoir expresses her anger and sorrow about her father's arrest, imprisonment and political execution for supposed treason.

She wrote, "It was as though this terrible knowledge, of the lies and the manipulation, the greed and the corruption, the fear and violence had been with me for ever. So this is innocence lost, what it feels like. The country had changed, I had changed - as for the past, it was irrevocably altered."[28]

Ancestor Stones

[edit]

Ancestor Stones, Forna's second book and first novel, won the Hurston/Wright Legacy Award for debut fiction in the US[44] and the LiBeraturpreis[22] in Germany. It was nominated for the International Dublin Literary Award.

The Washington Post selected Ancestor Stones as one of the most important books of 2006. In 2007, Forna was ranked by Vanity Fair magazine as one of Africa's best new writers.[45]

The Memory of Love

[edit]

The Memory of Love, winner of the Commonwealth Writers' Prize Best Book Award 2011,[46] was described by the judges as "a bold, deeply moving and accomplished novel" and Forna as "among the most talented writers in literature today";[8][47] The Memory of Love was also shortlisted for the International Dublin Literary Award 2012,[48] the Orange Prize for Fiction 2011[49] and the Warwick Prize for Writing.[50]

The book was the subject of the BBC Radio 4 programme Bookclub, in discussion between Forna and James Naughtie.[51]

Girl Rising

[edit]

Forna was one of 10 writers contributing to the film 10x10 Girl Rising (2012).[52][53]

The film tells the stories of 10 girls in 10 developing countries. The girls' stories are written by 10 acclaimed writers and narrated by 10 world-class actresses, including Meryl Streep, Anne Hathaway, Freida Pinto and Cate Blanchett.[54] The film premiered at Sundance Film Festival in January 2013.[55]

Forna wrote about Mariama, an intelligent woman who studies engineering in university and strives to extend the opportunity of education to young girls. Her role models are also advocates of education, including Sia Koroma, the First Lady of Sierra Leone.[56]

The Hired Man

[edit]

The Hired Man, Forna's third novel, was published in the UK in March 2013.[57]

Critics praised Forna's forensic research and ability to evoke atmosphere, place, pacing, precision, powerful emotions, characterisations, and atmosphere.[40][42][58][57][59][60][61][62][63][64][65]

In the United States The Boston Globe said that "not since The Remains of the Day has an author so skilfully revealed the way history's layers are often invisible to all but its participants, who do what they must to survive".<[66]

Happiness

[edit]

Happiness, Forna's fourth novel, was published in the US in March 2018, and in the UK in April 2018. It explores themes of love, trauma, migration and belonging, the conflict between nature and civilisation, and how multi-layered experiences can grow resilience. Psychiatrist Dr. Attila Asara of Ghana and Jean Turane of America meet by chance and grow from their newfound relationship. Asara suggests that people try to live a "wrinkle-free" life, although he argues that one must live in discomfort to live a full life. Asara compares trauma survivors and Turane's foxes: the foxes try to outsmart humans while trauma survivors outsmart the damage they went through to try to maintain a normal life.[67]

Happiness has been featured on several recommended reading lists, including BBC Culture,[68] The Root,[69] The Guardian,[70] The Irish Times,[71] and i News.[72]

The Star Tribune described Happiness as "a tightly focused two-hander".[73] The Financial Times review of Happiness said: "Forna is a risk-taker, a writer who doesn't hold back from tackling big themes".[74] The Washington Post described Forna as a "subtle and knowing" writer able to fold "weighty matter into her buoyant creation with a sublimely delicate touch".[75] The Seattle Times wrote: "Forna's prose is precise ... stunning in its clarity".[76]

Kirkus Reviews, featuring the author on its cover, wrote: "Low-key yet piercingly empathetic, Forna's latest explores instinct, resilience, and the complexity of human coexistence, reaffirming her reputation for exceptional ability and perspective."[77] The Sunday Times review notes: "Forna circles ... Her path is never straight, she doubles back, crisscrosses ... she approaches the thought from elliptical angles, bringing moments of startling clarity. This walk is never dull."[78] The Observer's Alex Preston wrote of Happiness: "It is as if the author has privileged access into multiple spheres of existence, learning the secret languages of each".[79] Reviewing Happiness in The Guardian, Diana Evans wrote that it "builds in resonance beyond the final page".[80] In The Spectator, Kate Webb wrote of Happiness: "Forna's piercingly intelligent and interrogative novel ... registers tectonic shifts taking place in the world and provokes us to think anew about war, and what we take for peace and happiness."[81]

Happiness was featured on numerous international end-of-2018 round-ups as one of the best books of the year, including Kirkus Reviews,[82] the UK's The Guardian,[83] and South Africa's Sunday Times.[84]

Happiness was longlisted for the European Literature Prize in March 2019, and shortlisted for both the Royal Society of Literature (RSL) Ondaatje Prize, and the Jhalak Prize in April 2019.[23][24][25][26]

The Window Seat: Notes from a Life in Motion

[edit]

In December 2020, in a conversation with Maaza Mengiste published by Literary Hub, Forna announced that her essay collection named The Window Seat would be published in May 2021.[85]

In January 2021, LitHub listed The Window Seat as one of the most anticipated books of 2021,[86] Harper's Magazine's reviewer wrote: "With this collection, she proves a compelling essayist too, her voice direct, lucid, and fearless. All the pieces are enjoyable and often surprising, even when rather slight. But the most substantial ones are memorable—even unforgettable. They deftly straddle the personal and the political."[87] The Boston Globe singled out Forna's "fine command over both language and life", also noting "her vivid, keenly observed anecdotes [which] make her tendency toward hope all the more reassuring."[88]

Time magazine selected The Window Seat as one of twelve "must read" books in May 2021.[89] The Washington Independent Review of Books described The Window Seat as "a collection that defies convention. It may just be the perfect post-pandemic read, and Forna the ideal post-pandemic writer."[90] The Los Angeles Times noted Forna's ability to weave in "experiences that are so individual another essayist would make them the centre of a piece, like the time she flew a plane on a loop-de-loop or when she had an audience with the Queen. Here they are part of the texture of her understanding of the world". It described The Window Seat as "intelligent, curious and broad."[91] The New York Times review commented that "Forna's ruminations are deeply felt yet unsentimental ... whose wide-ranging subjects chart a path toward a kind of freedom, to be at home, always elsewhere."[92]

Mother of All Myths

[edit]

Mother of all myths is a Novel written by Aminatta Forna,it was Released in july 1998 and published by HarperCollins.[93]

Awards and honours

[edit]
Year Work Award Category Result Ref
2003 The Devil That Danced on the Water Samuel Johnson Prize — Shortlisted
2007 Ancestor Stones Hurston/Wright Legacy Award — Won
International Dublin Literary Award — Longlisted
LiBeraturpreis Won
2010 Aidoo-Snyder Book Prize
BBC National Short Story Award — Shortlisted
2011 The Memory of Love Commonwealth Writers' Prize Best Book, Africa Won
Orange Prize for Fiction — Shortlisted
Warwick Prize for Writing — Shortlisted
2012 International Dublin Literary Award — Shortlisted
2019 Happiness Ondaatje Prize — Shortlisted
Jhalak Prize — Shortlisted

Honours

[edit]

Bibliography

[edit]
  • —— (2003). The Devil That Danced on the Water: A Daughter's Quest. Grove Press. ISBN 9780802140487.
  • —— (2006). Ancestor Stones. Atlantic Monthly Press. ISBN 9780871139443.
  • —— (2010). The Memory of Love. Bloomsbury. ISBN 9781408808139.
  • —— (2013). The Hired Man. Bloomsbury. ISBN 9781408818770.
  • —— (2018). Happiness. Atlantic Monthly Press. ISBN 9780802127556.
  • —— (2021). The Window Seat: Notes from a Life in Motion. Grove Press. ISBN 9780802158581.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Brittain, Victoria (18 May 2002). "The Truth About Daddy". The Guardian. London.
  2. ^ "Aminatta Forna: 'My country had a war. It would be extraordinary not to want to write about that'", The Independent, 4 June 2011.
  3. ^ Renee Montagne,"'Ancestor Stones:' Life and War in Sierra Leone", NPR Books, 2 July 2007.
  4. ^ Sam Kiley (20 March 2010). "The Memory of Love by Aminatta Forna". The Times. London. Archived from the original on 15 June 2011.
  5. ^ "The Independent Bath Literature Festival". Archived from the original on 23 April 2013. Retrieved 4 March 2013.
  6. ^ The Hired Man, Aminattaforna.com
  7. ^ Commonwealth Prize. Archived 3 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine
  8. ^ a b "Aminatta Forna wins Commonwealth Writers' honour", BBC News, 22 May 2011.
  9. ^ Orange Prize for Fiction 2011 shortlist.
  10. ^ a b Feature Stories: "Reading Africa", Williams College, nda, c. 2021.
  11. ^ "Aminatta Forna page at Bloomsbury". Archived from the original on 10 September 2017. Retrieved 4 March 2013.
  12. ^ "Aminatta Forna", Georgetown University.
  13. ^ "Writers from seven countries awarded $150,000 Yale prize", Yale News, 7 March 2014.
  14. ^ "Aminatta Forna – Fiction 2014" Archived 17 November 2018 at the Wayback Machine, Windham Campbell Prizes.
  15. ^ Richard Lea, "Eight authors surprised by $150,000 Windham Campbell books prizes", The Guardian, 7 March 2014.
  16. ^ "No. 61803". The London Gazette (Supplement). 31 December 2016. p. N11.
  17. ^ a b "New Year's Honours 2017: CSV", Cabinet Office, 30 December 2016.
  18. ^ Ben Glaze, Nina Massey, Dan Bloom, Sally Wardle, "New Year's Honours 2017: Full list of great and good awarded for services to Britain", Daily Mirror, 31 December 2016.
  19. ^ a b "Judges", Baileys Women's Prize for Fiction, 2016.
  20. ^ "Writing the Future: Black and Asian Authors and Publishers in the UK Marketplace", The Royal Society of Literature, 16 April 2015.
  21. ^ Aminatta Forna, "Aminatta Forna: don't judge a book by its author", The Guardian, 13 February 2015.
  22. ^ a b c "Aminatta Forna", British Council – Literature. Retrieved 9 September 2023.
  23. ^ a b "Longlist 2019", Europese Literatuurprijs.
  24. ^ a b Mark Chandler, "Forna and Abouzeid up for RSL Ondaatje Prize 2019", The Bookseller, 17 April 2019.
  25. ^ a b "Shortlist announced for 2019 Jhalak Prize for BAME writers", Books+Publishing, 8 April 2019.
  26. ^ a b Jhalak Prize, 2019.
  27. ^ Maggie Barry (8 May 2011). "Acclaimed author reveals secret Scottish roots in moving tribute". Daily Record. Scotland.
  28. ^ a b c d e Brittain, Victoria (18 May 2002). "The truth about Daddy". The Guardian. Retrieved 2 March 2024.
  29. ^ Sekou Daouda Bangura, "34 years after the execution of Mohamed Sorie Fornah and 14 others", The Patriotic Vanguard, 21 July 2009.
  30. ^ "Ex-officials on trial for treason in Africa", Washington Afro-American, 15 October 1974.
  31. ^ Through African Eyes (videorecording), written and directed by Aminatta Forna; a BBC/RM Arts co-production; Smithsonian Institution Libraries.
  32. ^ Africa Unmasked: The Black Man's Burden (2002) Archived 18 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine BFI.
  33. ^ The Lost Libraries of Timbuktu, BBC Four.
  34. ^ Katie Allen (28 September 2012). "Weldon and Hensher head to Bath Spa". The Bookseller. Retrieved 9 November 2012.
  35. ^ "National Theatre website". Archived from the original on 19 April 2012. Retrieved 10 April 2012.
  36. ^ Aminatta Fora profile, The Man Booker Prize.
  37. ^ "The Man Booker International Prize 2013 – Judging Panel Announced", 2 December 2011.
  38. ^ "The Rogbonko Village Project in Sierra Leone", Aminatta Forna website.
  39. ^ "Aminatta Forna" Archived 21 October 2021 at the Wayback Machine, OkayAfrica.
  40. ^ a b Nigel Farndale, "Aminatta Forna interview: unsilent witness", The Telegraph, 24 March 2013.
  41. ^ E. Ethelbert Miller (edited by John Feffer), "Interview with R. Victoria Arana", Foreign Policy in Focus, 10 April 2008.
  42. ^ a b Alfred Hickling, "The Hired Man by Aminatta Forna – review", The Guardian, 27 March 2013.
  43. ^ Anna Metcalfe (26 April 2010). "Small Talk: Aminatta Forna". Financial Times.
  44. ^ Thompson, Bob (3 November 2007). "New Chapters in the Story of Africa's People Are Honored". The Washington Post.
  45. ^ Akbar, Arifa (2 April 2010). "Wartime loves and betrayals: Aminatta Forna's new novel casts a fresh light on old war wounds". The Independent. London. Archived from the original on 4 April 2010.
  46. ^ Commonwealth Foundation website. Archived 3 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine
  47. ^ "Commonwealth Writers' Prize 2011 winners revealed", 21 May 2011.
  48. ^ "Shortlist 2012 – International IMPAC DUBLIN Literary Award", 12 April 2012.
  49. ^ "Orange prize for fiction, Books, Fiction (Books genre), Culture, Emma Donoghue". The Guardian. London. 12 April 2011.
  50. ^ Warwick Prize for Writing, 2011 shortlist.
  51. ^ "Aminatta Forna - The Memory of Love", Bookclub, BBC Sounds, 1 September 2019.
  52. ^ "10 Writers, 10x10". Archived from the original on 14 August 2012. Retrieved 19 July 2012.
  53. ^ "Quality learning shouldn't be a pipe dream" Archived 12 July 2012 at the Wayback Machine, 10x10, 19 June 2012.
  54. ^ Vanessa Thorpe (3 March 2013). "A-list stars support unique project to highlight need to educate girls". The Observer.
  55. ^ 10x10 Presents "Girl Rising".
  56. ^ "Girl Rising - Meet The Girls". Girl Rising. Archived from the original on 21 October 2021. Retrieved 6 May 2020.
  57. ^ a b Helen Dunmore, "The Hired Man by Aminatta Forna", The Times, 23 March 2013.
  58. ^ Adrian Turpin, "We chip away at the past", Financial Times, 19 April 2013.
  59. ^ Hannah McGill, Book review: The Hired Man – Aminatta Forna, The Scotsman, 27 March 2013.
  60. ^ "The Hired Man" (review), Kirkus Reviews, 28 August 2013.
  61. ^ "The Hired Man" (review), Publishers Weekly, 2 September 2013.
  62. ^ Manasi Subramaniam, "Burying the ghosts of the past, brick by brick" (review) Archived 20 October 2021 at the Wayback Machine, The Sunday Guardian, 31 August 2013.
  63. ^ Nigel Featherstone, "Eking beauty from the decay", Sydney Morning Herald, 3 August 2013.
  64. ^ Geordie Williamson, "Brutal past bleeds into the present", The Australian, 11 May 2013.
  65. ^ "Alternative Booker: Lindsey Hilsum on The Hired Man – video", Channel 4 News, 11 October 2013.
  66. ^ Freeman, John (8 November 2013). "'The Hired Man' by Aminatta Forna". The Boston Globe.
  67. ^ Finn, Melanie (20 April 2018). "When a Young Immigrant Vanishes in London, Can a Wildlife Biologist Help?". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 6 May 2020.
  68. ^ Jane Ciabattari, "Ten books to read in 2018", BBC Culture, 19 December 2017.
  69. ^ Hope Wabuke, "These New and Upcoming Books by Black Authors Will Give You Life in These Perilous Times", The Root, 11 February 2018.
  70. ^ Alex Preston (31 December 2017). "Julian Barnes, Sebastian Faulks, Leïla Slimani … the best fiction for 2018"". The Guardian.
  71. ^ Arminta Wallace (30 December 2017). "Books to look out for in 2018". Irish Times.
  72. ^ Anita Sethi (2 January 2018). "The biggest books of 2018". i News.
  73. ^ Forbes, Malcolm (9 March 2018). "Review: 'Happiness,' by Aminatta Forna". Star Tribune. Retrieved 8 September 2024.
  74. ^ "Happiness by Aminatta Forna — the London that foxes know". Financial Times.
  75. ^ Anna Mundow, "'Happiness': An exquisite novel about how chance and love connect us", The Washington Post, 8 March 2018.
  76. ^ David Takami, "Aminatta Forna's novel 'Happiness' begins as a mystery, becomes a romance", The Seattle Times, 17 March 2018.
  77. ^ HAPPINESS | Kirkus Reviews.
  78. ^ Atkins, Lucy (25 March 2018). "Book review: Happiness by Aminatta Forna". The Times. Retrieved 8 September 2024.
  79. ^ Alex Preston (3 April 2018). "Happiness by Aminatta Forna review – in search of somewhere special". The Observer.
  80. ^ Diana Evans (5 April 2018). "Happiness by Aminatta Forna review – love in the urban wilderness". The Guardian.
  81. ^ Kate Webb, "Our sheltered lives have made us overly fearful: Aminatta Forna's Happiness reviewed", The Spectator, 21 April 2018.
  82. ^ "Best Fiction of 2018 To Get Your Book Club Talking" Archived 16 April 2019 at the Wayback Machine. Kirkus, December 2018.
  83. ^ Aminatta Forna (31 December 2018). "Love, hate and hypocrisy: the best books about animals and humans". The Guardian.
  84. ^ "Books of the year 2018". Sunday Times. 10 December 2018.
  85. ^ "Aminatta Forna and Maaza Mengiste: A Conversation and Cover Reveal". LitHub. 4 December 2020.
  86. ^ "Lit Hub's Most Anticipated Books of 2021". LitHub. 6 January 2021. Retrieved 15 June 2021.
  87. ^ Claire Messud (May 2021). "New Books". Harper's Magazine. Retrieved 15 June 2021.
  88. ^ Daneet Steffens (13 May 2021). "Aminatta Forna's essays about people and place and motion". Boston Globe.
  89. ^ Annabel Gutterman (30 April 2020). "Here Are the 12 New Books You Should Read in May". Time.
  90. ^ Gretchen Lida (19 May 2021). "The Window Seat: Notes from a Life in Motion".
  91. ^ Carolyn Kellogg (18 May 2021). "Review: These powerful, far-flung essays never stop moving". Los Angeles Times.
  92. ^ Leah Mirakhor (18 May 2021). "Personal Escapes From Daily Anxiety, Political Strife and Childhood Trauma". The New York Times.
  93. ^ ThriftBooks. "Mother of All Myths: How Society Moulds... book by Aminatta Forna". ThriftBooks. Retrieved 25 April 2024.
  94. ^ "Prize Citation for Aminatta Forna". Windham–Campbell Literature Prize. 7 March 2014. Archived from the original on 17 November 2018. Retrieved 8 March 2014.
  95. ^ "Finalists for the 2016 Neustadt International Prize for Literature", The Neustadt Prizes.
  96. ^ "The Women" Archived 23 November 2020 at the Wayback Machine, OkayAfrica.
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