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Main article: United States federal budget
2013 (2013) Budget of the United States federal government
SubmittedFebruary 13, 2012[1]
Submitted byBarack Obama
Submitted to112th Congress
PassedSeptember 28, 2012 (Pub.L. 112-175)
March 26, 2013 (Pub.L. 113-6)
Total revenue$2.902 trillion (requested)[2]
$2.77 trillion (actual)[3][4]
16.7% of GDP (actual)[5]
Total expenditures$3.803 trillion (requested)
$3.45 trillion (actual)[3]
20.8% of GDP (actual)[5]
Deficit$901 billion (requested)
5.5% of GDP
$680 billion (actual)[3]
4.1% of GDP (actual)[5]
Debt$16.72 trillion (at fiscal end)
100.8% of GDP[6]
GDP$16.582 trillion[5]
WebsiteOffice of Management and Budget
‹ 2012
2014›

The 2013 United States federal budget is the budget to fund government operations for the fiscal year 2013, which began on October 1, 2012, and ended on September 30, 2013. The original spending request was issued by President Barack Obama in February 2012.[7]

The Budget Control Act of 2011 mandates caps on discretionary spending, which under current law will be lowered beginning in January 2013 to remove $1.2 trillion of spending over the following ten years. In addition, several temporary tax cuts were scheduled to expire at the beginning of the 2013 calendar year, including the 2001 and 2003 Bush tax cuts on income, capital gains, and estate tax, which had been extended in a 2010 tax deal, as well as a payroll tax cut that began as a result of the 2010 deal and had been most recently extended in an early 2012 tax deal. The combination of sudden spending cuts and tax increases has led to concerns about significant negative effects on the economy in the wake of the weak recovery from the recession that began in 2007.

The government was initially funded through a single temporary continuing resolution. Final funding for the government was enacted on March 26, 2013, as the Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act, 2013, which contained funding bills for the Department of Defense and Department of Veterans Affairs, with a full-year continuing resolution for all other departments and agencies.

Background

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Senator Patty Murray, Democrat of Washington
Representative Jeb Hensarling, Republican of Texas
Senator Patty Murray (D-WA) and Representative Jeb Hensarling (R-TX) were co-chairs of a committee set up by the Budget Control Act of 2011 to identify $1.2 trillion in cuts over ten years. The committee failed to agree on any deficit reduction plan, triggering mandatory across-the-board cuts. Hensarling blamed Democratic committee members for insisting on "a minimum of $1 trillion in higher taxes" and unwillingness to agree to "structural reforms" to health-care entitlement programs,[8] while Murray says Republican committee members "insisted that the wealthiest Americans and biggest corporations be protected from paying a penny more" at the expense of the middle class.[9]

The Budget Control Act of 2011 was passed in August 2011 as a resolution to the debt-ceiling crisis. The fiscal year (abbreviated as FY) 2013 budget is the first to be affected by the second of two rounds of budget cuts specified in the act. (The first round of cuts has already been applied to the ten years beginning in FY2012.) For this second round of cuts, the Budget Control Act had formed the United States Congress Joint Select Committee on Deficit Reduction, sometimes referred to as the "supercommittee", to identify at least $1.2 trillion in cuts over the ten years beginning with FY2013, and specified automatic across-the-board cuts of the same amount, equally split between security and non-security programs, if no such budget reduction legislation was passed by Congress.[10]

On November 21, 2011, the Joint Select Committee on Deficit Reduction announced that it did not reach a deal on the budget-cutting legislation, raising the possibility that the automatic cuts would be activated if the full Congress could not enact its own deficit reduction legislation by December 23, 2011. The supercommittee's lack of an agreement was attributed to the refusal of Republicans to consider any tax increases, combined with Democratic insistence on including these revenue increases such as the expiration of the Bush tax cuts, which under current law expire at the end of 2012.[11]

Budget proposals

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President Obama's February 2012 budget message to Congress addressed themes of economic crisis and response, an updated defense strategy, taxation fairness, income equality, fiscal responsibility, and investments in education and research to help the U.S. compete economically. He wrote: "The way to rebuild our economy and strengthen the middle class is to make sure that everyone in America gets a fair shot at success. Instead of lowering our standards and our sights, we need to win a race to the top for good jobs that pay well and offer security for the middle class. To succeed and thrive in the global, high-tech economy, we need America to be a place with the highest-skilled, highest-educated workers; the most advanced transportation and communication networks; and the strongest commitment to research and technology in the world. This Budget makes investments that can help America win this race, create good jobs, and lead in the world economy."[12]

Key elements of the President's budget for fiscal year (FY) 2013 included expiration of a variety of tax cuts for couples earning over $250,000 ($200,000 if single), short-term stimulus measures to support job growth, and targeted tax cuts for families and businesses. The budget included 2013 revenues of $2.9 trillion or 17.8% GDP (up from $2.5 trillion or 15.8% GDP in 2012) and spending of $3.8 trillion or 23.3% GDP (similar to the prior year in dollar terms but below the 24.3% GDP in 2012). The projected 2013 deficit was $900 billion (5.5% GDP), down from the 2012 deficit of $1.3 trillion (8.5% GDP).[13]

Over the 2013-2022 period, the budget essentially freezes defense and non-defense discretionary spending in dollar terms, such that these categories shrink relative to a growing economy, from 8.7% GDP to 5.9% GDP. Mandatory spending (e.g., Medicare, Medicaid, Social Security, and other safety net programs) remain around 14% GDP. Net interest rises from 1.5% GDP to 3.3% GDP. Revenues rise steadily during the period from 17.8% GDP to 20.1% GDP, averaging 19.2% GDP.[14] Debt held by the public rises from $12.6 trillion to $18.7 trillion, but remains flat around 77% GDP during the period.[15]

On May 16, 2012, the United States Senate voted on a 52-page budget amendment billed as a summary of the nearly 2,000 pages in the Obama administration's 2013 budget proposal. The amendment was defeated by a unanimous 99–0 vote, which paralleled the House of Representatives having voted a similar rejection in March by a count of 414–0. Those defeats of the amendments marked the second year in a row such summary bills met unanimous opposition.[16] In explaining their votes against, Congressional Democrats disputed whether the Republican summary accurately represented the Obama budget proposal; by contrast, Congressional Republicans claimed that their amendment included ample data taken directly from said budget.[17]

Legislation

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On July 31, 2012, a tentative deal was announced to fund the government from October 2012 through March 2013 through a continuing resolution, with spending rates slightly higher than the FY2012 levels. The deal was reached because Republicans were eager to avoid a prolonged dispute that could threaten a government shutdown just before the upcoming 2012 general elections.[18] The bill, the Continuing Appropriations Resolution, 2013, was passed in the House 329–91,[19] passed in the Senate 62–30,[20] and signed by President Obama on September 28, 2012.[21]

On August 1, 2012, the House and Senate passed competing bills on the extension of the Bush tax cuts. The House bill would extend all the tax cuts for one year, while the Senate version would allow taxes to rise on incomes over $250,000. The passage of the bills was reported as being intended as political cover; progress on tax legislation was not expected until after the November elections.[22]

In late December, the Republican House leadership proposed legislation that would allow tax cuts to rise relative to 2012 levels only for annual income over $1,000,000. The proposal was known as "Plan B", and was intended to force the Senate and the Obama administration to pass it and delay further negotiations until the following month, when Republicans were expected to use the reaching of the federal debt limit as leverage. However, the House vote on the plan was abruptly cancelled on December 20, 2012, after it became clear that the bill did not have enough support to pass, due to conservative members of the House who would not support any legislation that would raise taxes without also cutting spending.[23]

On December 28, 2012, the Senate passed the Disaster Relief Appropriations Act, 2013 to provide for $60.4 billion in additional spending to cover recovery costs from Hurricane Sandy, which had hit the northeastern United States in late October. The bill passed the Senate 62–32, but faced uncertain prospects in the House.[24] The bill was not passed by the House before the end of the 112th United States Congress, but it was reintroduced in the 113th United States Congress and became first two acts of that Congress. A bill increasing the borrowing authority of FEMA was enacted on January 6, 2013, and the appropriations bill was enacted on January 29, 2013.[21]

At around 2 a.m. on January 1, 2013, the Senate passed a compromise bill, the American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012, by a margin of 89–8. The bill would delay the budget sequestration by two months, and bill includes $600 billion over ten years in new tax revenue relative to extending 2012 levels, which is about one-fifth of the revenue that would have been raised had no legislation been passed. The revenue would come from increased marginal income and capital gains tax rates relative to their 2012 levels for annual income over $400,000 for individuals and $450,000 for couples; a phase-out of certain tax deductions and credits for those with incomes over $250,000 for individuals and $300,000 for couples, an increase in estate taxes relative to 2012 levels on estates over $5 million, and expiration of the two-year-old cut to payroll taxes, which is applied to income under the Social Security Wage Base, which was $110,100 in 2012. All these changes would all be made permanent.[25][26] House Speaker John Boehner promised a prompt vote on the Senate bill, but the prospect of the House passing an amended bill raised the prospect that legislation might not be enacted by the end of the 112th Congress at noon on January 3.[27] The House passed the bill without amendments by a margin of 257–167 at about 11 p. m. EST on January 1, 2013.[28] 85 Republicans and 172 Democrats voted in favor while 151 Republicans and 16 Democrats were opposed.[29][30]

The spending bill for the remainder of the fiscal year, the Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act, 2013, was passed by the Senate 73–26 on March 20, 2013,[31] by the House the following day in a 318–109 vote, and signed by President Obama on March 26, 2013.[21] The legislation shifted some money between programs within the previously legislated sequestration caps.[32][33]

Analysis

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Implications of the Budget Control Act

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Main articles: Budget Control Act of 2011 and United States fiscal cliff
Secretary of Defense Leon Panetta, pictured here with Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Mike Mullen, estimated that the Budget Control Act would reduce the base military budget by 23% from the funding levels expected by the Defense Department.

The automatic cuts of $1.2 trillion resulting from the absence of a deal from the supercommittee over ten years would be split equally between security and non-security programs, and include $500 billion in cuts to the Department of Defense. The FY2013 defense budget would be reduced 11%, from $525 billion to $472 billion, after already having been cut from $571 billion in the first installment of cuts in the Budget Control Act. Secretary of Defense Leon Panetta initially gave the total cut figure as 23%.[34] The planned cuts include reductions in troop levels, a modest limit in pay raises for soldiers starting in 2015, an increase in health fees for veterans, delays in the construction of new naval ships and in the purchasing of new fighter aircraft such as the F-35, and the possibility of a round of base closings within the United States, but cuts to special operations, cyberwarfare, and intelligence programs were avoided.[35] Initial reports had also suggested that the number of carrier battle groups might be reduced from 11 to 10,[34] although it was later determined that the number of aircraft carriers would not in fact be cut.[36] Some Republicans in Congress advocated reversing the cuts to the military, citing the effect on national security, and Secretary Panetta has opposed the cuts, calling them "devastating" and raising "substantial risk of not being able to meet our defense needs." President Obama has promised to veto any legislation seeking to avoid the cuts, and House Speaker John Boehner also indicated his commitment to following the cuts in the Budget Control Act.[11][37] According to the Center for American Progress, several Presidents have significantly reduced defense spending after wars, without compromising national security. Defense spending in 2011 remained high by historical standards, adjusted for inflation.[38]

The Budget Control Act also specifies automatic cuts of 7.8% to domestic programs and 2% to Medicare, while Medicaid and Social Security will be unaffected. These entitlement programs were protected from cuts in return for the absence of new revenues in the Budget Control Act.[39]

The automatic cuts to domestic programs would include cuts of up to 11% to science research and development agencies such as the National Institutes of Health, NASA, and the U. S. National Laboratories run by the Department of Energy. It is anticipated that this could cause federal grant acceptance levels to fall into the single digits, a consequence which has been called catastrophic for academic institutions by Michael Lubell of the American Physical Society. The cuts could also endanger politically controversial research such as climate change research programs in NASA and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.[40] Due to the role of scientific research in economic growth and job creation, and given international competition in this field, the cuts have been opposed by professional and academic organizations, and federal support of research and development has been called "an area of U.S. investment too critical to be cut" by the American Association for the Advancement of Science.[41][42]

Ten-year projections

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Annual rates of increase in major revenue categories budgeted for the 2012-2022 period were:

  • Individual income taxes: 8.4%
  • Corporation income taxes: 8.2%
  • Social insurance (mainly payroll) taxes: 6.6%
  • Total tax revenues: 7.6%

Annual rates of increase in major spending categories budgeted for the 2012-2022 period were:

  • Defense: 1.8%
  • Non-defense discretionary: 1.6%
  • Social Security: 5.8%
  • Medicare: 6.6%
  • Medicaid: 8.5%
  • Net interest: 14.2%
  • Total spending: 5.0%[43]

Changes in revenues primarily represent a return to the long-run average. Tax revenues historically have averaged around 18% GDP. The subprime mortgage crisis resulted in significant declines in revenues, with revenue falling to a record low 15% GDP. President Obama's budget preserves the Bush income tax cuts for couples earning below $250,000, while eliminating some tax exemptions and deductions (tax expenditures).[44]

Defense and non-defense discretionary expenses are essentially frozen in real dollar terms for the 2013-2022 period, growing at or below the rate of inflation. Department of Defense spending rose at an annual rate of 8% between 2000 and 2011; this amount includes both the baseline and war spending. Non-defense discretionary spending rose at an annual rate of 6.6% between 2000 and 2011. Mandatory spending is mainly driven by demographic changes (i.e., an aging population, with fewer workers per retiree), healthcare cost increases per capita, and Social Security cost of living adjustments. Interest costs represent a return to more typical interest rates as the economy recovers along with the growing public debt.[44]

Total revenues and spending

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The Obama administration's February 2012 budget request contained $1 trillion in receipts and $200 billion in outlays, for a deficit of $400 billion.[45] The budget projects a reduction in the deficit to $575 billion by 2018 before rising to $704 billion by 2022.[46]

Total receipts

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2013 Actual Receipts by Source

  Individual income tax (65%)
  Social Security/other payroll tax (15%)
  Corporate income tax (0%)
  Excise tax (5%)
  Deposits of earnings and Federal Reserve System (4%)
  Customs duties (3%)
  Estate and gift taxes (5%)
  Other miscellaneous receipts (3%)

(in billions of dollars)

Source Requested[2] Enacted[47] Actual[4]
Individual income tax 1,359 1,234 1,316
Corporate income tax 348 288 274
Social Security and other payroll tax 959 951 947
Excise tax 88 85 84
Customs duties 33 34 32
Estate and gift taxes 13 13 19
Deposits of earnings and Federal Reserve System 80 83 76
Other miscellaneous receipts 21 24 27
Total 2,902 2,712 2,775

References

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  1. ^ "Congressional Record - S564" (PDF). Government Publishing Office. Retrieved March 20, 2015.
  2. ^ a b "Fiscal Year 2013 Budget of the U.S. Government (Table S-5)" (PDF). United States Office of Management and Budget. Retrieved March 14, 2015.
  3. ^ a b c "Budget Deficit in U.S. Narrows to 5-Year Low on Record Revenue". Bloomberg News. October 30, 2013. Retrieved October 30, 2013.
  4. ^ a b "Fiscal Year 2015 Budget of the U.S. Government (Table S-5)" (PDF). United States Office of Management and Budget. Retrieved March 14, 2015.
  5. ^ a b c d "Table 1.2—SUMMARY OF RECEIPTS, OUTLAYS, AND SURPLUSES OR DEFICITS (–) AS PERCENTAGES OF GDP: 1930–2020" (PDF). Government Publishing Office. Retrieved October 8, 2015.
  6. ^ "Fiscal Year 2016 Budget Historical Tables" (PDF). Office of Management and Budget. Retrieved October 8, 2015.
  7. ^ Riley, Charles (February 13, 2012). "Obama unveils $3.8 trillion budget". CNNMoney. Retrieved February 13, 2012.
  8. ^ Hensarling, Jeb (November 22, 2011). "Why the Super Committee Failed". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved December 9, 2011.
  9. ^ Murray, Patty. "Deficit-reduction chair says she's not done working for compromise". Retrieved December 14, 2011.
  10. ^ Lisa Mascaro; Kathleen Hennessey (July 31, 2011). "U.S. leaders strike debt deal to avoid default". Los Angeles Times.
  11. ^ a b Steinhauer, Jennifer; Cooper, Helene; Pear, Robert (November 22, 2011). "Panel Fails to Reach Deal on Plan for Deficit Reduction". The New York Times. p. A18. Retrieved December 7, 2011.
  12. ^ President Obama-The Budget Message of the President-February 2012
  13. ^ OMB-President Obama's 2013 Budget-Summary Tables S5 and S6
  14. ^ OMB-President Obama's 2013 Budget-Summary Table S-6
  15. ^ OMB-President Obama's 2013 Budget-Summary Table S15
  16. ^ Dinan, Stephen (May 16, 2012). "Obama budget defeated 99-0 in Senate". Washington Times. Retrieved May 16, 2012.
  17. ^ "House and Senate Unanimously Reject Obama Budgets - or do They?".
  18. ^ Steinhauer, Jennifer (August 1, 2012). "Leaders Reach Tentative Deal on Spending to Avoid Fight Before Election Day". The New York Times. p. A11. Retrieved August 1, 2012.
  19. ^ Weisman, Jonathan (September 14, 2012). "House Republicans Welcome Back Ryan, and His Vote, on a Spending Measure". The New York Times. p. A13. Retrieved September 21, 2012.
  20. ^ "U.S. Senate Roll Call Votes 112th Congress - 2nd Session: On the Joint Resolution (H.J.Res. 117)". United States Senate. Retrieved October 1, 2012.
  21. ^ a b c "Status of Appropriations Legislation for Fiscal Year 2013". Library of Congress. Archived from the original on October 16, 2012. Retrieved October 1, 2012.
  22. ^ Weisman, Jonathan (August 2, 2012). "House Approves One-Year Extension of the Bush-Era Tax Cuts". The New York Times. p. A12. Retrieved September 21, 2012.
  23. ^ Weisman, Jonathat (December 21, 2012). "Boehner Cancels Tax Vote in Face of G.O.P. Revolt". The New York Times. p. A1. Retrieved January 1, 2013.
  24. ^ Hernandez, Raymond (December 29, 2012). "Senate Passes $60.4 Billion for Storm Aid; Bill's Fate in House Is Unclear". The New York Times. p. A15. Retrieved January 1, 2013.
  25. ^ Weisman, Jonathan (January 1, 2013). "Senate Passes Legislation to Allow Taxes on Affluent to Rise". The New York Times. Retrieved January 1, 2013.
  26. ^ Hook, Janet; Hughes, Siobhan (January 1, 2013). "Fiscal-Cliff Focus Moves to House". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved January 1, 2013.
  27. ^ Steinhauer, Jennifer; Weisman, Jonathan (January 1, 2013). "G.O.P. Anger Over Tax Deal Endangers Final Passage". The New York Times. Retrieved January 1, 2013.
  28. ^ Steinhauer, Jennifer; Weisman, Jonathan (January 1, 2013). "House Nears Vote on Senate Deal, Despite Objections". The New York Times.
  29. ^ "Final Vote Results for Roll Call 659". Clerk of the United States House of Representatives. Retrieved January 1, 2013.
  30. ^ Ferrechio, Susan (January 1, 2013). "House moves to avoid tumble over fiscal cliff". The Washington Examiner.
  31. ^ Peters, Jeremy W.; Weisman, Jonathan (March 21, 2013). "As Senate Passes Spending Measure, Stark Budget Views Are on Display in House". The New York Times. p. A19. Retrieved March 23, 2013.
  32. ^ Khimm, Suzy (March 22, 2013). "The losers of the latest budget deal: the FBI, the rural poor, the environment". The Washington Post. Retrieved March 23, 2013.
  33. ^ Mervis, Jeffrey. "Congress Completes Work on 2013 Spending Bill". ScienceInsider. American Association for the Advancement of Science. Archived from the original on March 23, 2013. Retrieved March 23, 2013.
  34. ^ a b Bumiller, Elisabeth (November 23, 2011). "Despite Threat of Cuts, Pentagon Officials Made No Contingency Plans". The New York Times. p. A20. Retrieved December 7, 2011.
  35. ^ Bumiller, Elisabeth; Shanker, Thom (January 27, 2012). "Defense Budget Cuts Would Limit Raises and Close Bases". The New York Times. p. A12. Retrieved February 3, 2012.
  36. ^ Stewart, Phil (January 21, 2012). "U.S. won't cut carrier fleet to fix budget, Panetta says". Reuters. Retrieved February 3, 2012.
  37. ^ Steinhauer, Jennifer (November 23, 2011). "Automatic Military Cuts May Stand in Congress". The New York Times. p. A20. Retrieved December 7, 2011.
  38. ^ Center on American Progress-A Historical Perspective on Defense Spending-July 2011
  39. ^ Bendavid, Naftali (November 21, 2011). "Congress's Deficit 'Bomb': Scary or Not?". Washington Wire. The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved December 7, 2011.
  40. ^ Hand, E. (2011). "Debt deal sets day of reckoning". Nature. 476 (7359): 133–134. Bibcode:2011Natur.476..133H. doi:10.1038/476133a. PMID 21833060.
  41. ^ Ham, Becky (November 25, 2011). "Science, Engineering Groups Urge Lawmakers to Protect R&D". Science. 334 (6059): 1079. doi:10.1126/science.334.6059.1079.
  42. ^ "Open Letter to the United States Congress Joint Select Committee on Deficit Reduction". Stand With Science. Retrieved December 7, 2011.
  43. ^ OMB-President Obama's 2013 Budget-Summary Table S4 and S5
  44. ^ a b CBO-Long Term Economic Outlook-January 2012
  45. ^ "Fiscal Year 2013 Budget of the U.S. Government". United States Office of Management and Budget. Retrieved February 13, 2012.
  46. ^ Weisman, Jonathan (February 10, 2012). "Obama Budget Bets Other Concerns Will Trump the Deficit". New York Times. Retrieved April 22, 2012.
  47. ^ "Fiscal Year 2014 Budget of the U.S. Government (Table S-5)" (PDF). United States Office of Management and Budget. Retrieved March 14, 2015.

Further reading

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