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1920s in organized crime

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This is a list of organized crime in the 1920s, arranged chronologically.

1920

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Births

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1921

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Arts and literature

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1922

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Events

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  • New Orleans crime family leader Carlo Matranga retires from the organization appointing Sylvestro "Sam" Carolla in his place.
  • Louis Buchalter is sent to prison for burglary.
  • New York crime family founders Joseph Profaci and Vincent Mangano arrive in the United States from Palermo, Sicily.
  • Louis Romano, an associate of Francesco "Frank 'The Enforcer' Nitti" Nitto, is indicted for murder, however is later found acquitted. On Nitti's behalf, Romano would later assume control of the Chicago Bartender and Beverage Dispenser's Union, Local 278.
  • April 9 - Chicago bootlegger Max Miller (brother of Hirschie Miller), along with William "Red" Cohen and James Adelman, are arrested following a saloon shooting in which one man was killed and four others were wounded. The shooting was reported to have been caused by one of the victims having insulted the sister of lightweight boxer Sailor Friedman.[54]
  • May 8 – In a drive-by shooting in the morning, Vincenzo Terranova is hit with a shotgun blast outside his home on 116th St. in New York, and killed, most likely by order of Rocco Valenti.[55] Later that evening, in a similar incident, Valenti's gang attempts to kill Giuseppe "Joe the Boss" Masseria on Grand St., but Masseria and his men return fire. Five people are wounded in the shootout, including some innocent bystanders. The police manage to capture Masseria as he flees from the scene on foot. When they search him, they find a gun permit allegedly issued to him by one of the justices of the New York Supreme Court.[56]
  • May 11 – Timothy D. "Big Tim" Murphy, Cornelius "Con" Shea, and Fred "Frenchy" Mader, along with five other men are indicted for murdering a Chicago policeman early the previous morning.[57] The state withdraws the indictment against Shea and Murphy in August for lack of evidence,[58][59] while Mader's trial ends in a hung jury.[60] Upon retrial in November, Mader is acquitted, while only one of the other men originally charged is given fourteen years.[61]
  • May 21 - Undercover detectives arrest Abe Bernstein, leader of Detroit's Purple Gang, and three others, charging them with running a gambling den on West Columbia St. In November, the four are convicted and sentenced to thirty days in jail.[62]
  • July 8 – Joseph Peter DiCarlo, co-founder and then-boss of the present day Buffalo crime family, dies of natural causes[63] and is succeeded by longtime (1922–1974) boss Stefano Magaddino.
  • August 8 – Umberto Valenti, a leading member of the Morello crime family, attempts to assassinate Joe Masseria after shooting his two bodyguards, and corners Masseria in a Second Avenue millinery shop. Masseria, however, manages to escape with two bullet holes in his straw hat.[64] On August 11, during peace negotiations with Morrello and Masseria, Valenti is killed by Charles Luciano outside a Twelfth Street restaurant while trying to escape an apparent attempt on his life. During the shootout an eleven-year-old girl and a street cleaner are wounded.[65]
  • August 16 - Three gunmen shoot and kill Carmelo Ferraro, a Brooklyn grocery store owner and witness in a Black Hand murder case in Boston. He is killed in a garden at the back of his store, where he is hosting a party.[66][67] Early the following day, Albert Anastasia and Giuseppe Florino, who were released from death row at Sing Sing in April for the 1920 murder of a longshoreman, are arrested for Ferraro's murder.[68]
  • August 29 - In the village of Elk Grove, about twenty miles northwest of Chicago, several gunmen attempt to raid three trucks transporting prohibited beer to Chicago. Four gunmen serving as armed guards for the trucks return fire. In the ensuing shootout, one member of each party is killed, while three others are wounded, including one policeman and an alderman's brother.[69] Two nights later, on August 31, State's Attorney Robert E. Crowe names Terry Druggan and Frank Lake - leaders of the Valley Gang - as well as independent gangster Walter Stevens, as suspects in the raiding party.[70] Druggan and Lake are arrested on September 6, but the two wounded men fail to identify them as being present on the night of the shooting.[71]
  • August 30 - Early in the morning Al Capone, who is apparently driving under the influence, crashes his vehicle into a taxi, injuring the driver. Immediately following the collision, Capone exits his vehicle brandishing a revolver and flashing a deputy sheriff's badge, and even threatens one of the witnesses. Despite his efforts, Capone is arrested, although he threatens the arresting officer with the loss of his job, and boasts that he'll be able to get the charge "fixed." In Chicago newspaper articles the following day, Capone is identified as the owner of the "Four Deuces," a brothel on Wabash Avenue.[72]
  • October 2 - In Codington County Court in Sioux Falls, South Dakota, David Berman, a native of Sioux City, Iowa, and a future Jewish mobster and associate of Meyer Lansky, is sentenced to eight months and eighteen days in the county jail after he pleads guilty to the robbery of a hotel in Watertown in January.[73]
  • October 31 - Louis "Lepke" Buchalter and three of his companions are arrested on a Brooklyn subway when an undercover detective overhears them openly discussing a recent robbery of around $15,000 worth of furs.[74] The arrests prompt the police to charge them with another costly fur robbery in the area, amounting to a total of $45,000. However, on November 3 the magistrate releases the prisoners for lack of evidence.[75]
  • November 25 - Following an argument over a poker game, a railroad foreman named Fortunato Di Pasquale is fatally shot on Biddle St. in St. Louis,[76] dying three days later. On December 2, a coroner's jury finds Paul and Nicholas Giambroni, brothers of St. Louis Mafia boss Dominick Giambroni, responsible for Di Pasquale's murder, while naming Dominick and his son, Joseph, as accessories.[77] (At a preliminary hearing on January 26, 1923, the presiding judge drops the charges.)[78]
  • December 5 - Irish-American gangster William "Wild Bill" Lovett turns himself in to the Brooklyn police, who have been looking for him since the murder of rival gangster Dennis "Dinny" Meehan in March 1920. He is wanted for both the Meehan murder, as well as the murder of a black man six months later.[79] However, on December 15, Lovett is freed from custody for lack of evidence.[80]
  • December 5 - Labor racketeer Benjamin Levinsky is shot and killed just as he enters a building on Broadway where he is employed. Following the shooting, police arrest rival gangster William Lipschitz (a.k.a. "William Levine") as a suspect, and hold Benjamin "Bushwah" Massauer as a material witness.[81]

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1923

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  • The Chicago Crime Commission releases its first published report of those "who are constantly in conflict with the law" naming over 28 underworld figures as public enemies including James "Mad Bomber" Belcastro, Edward O'Donnell, James "Fur" Sammons, William "Three Fingers" White, Jake Guzik, and Al Capone.
  • Al Capone, assisted by longtime Cook County racketeer Edward Vogel, establishes his headquarters in the Chicago suburb of Cicero, Illinois.
  • Owney Madden is released from Sing Sing prison.
  • Ragen's Colts member Harry Madigan is arrested and charged with kidnapping and extortion.
  • Joseph Lanza, member of the Masseria crime family (evolves later to Luciano, then Genovese crime family) organizes the United Seafood Workers (USW) of New York City's Fulton Fish Market.
  • January 3 – William J. "Wild Bill" Lovett, leader of Brooklyn's White Hand Gang, is shot three times in the chest on Front St. and left for dead in a nearby shanty. Although he eventually recovers from his wounds, he refuses to identify his attackers. The authorities believe the shooting to be revenge for the murder of "Dinny" Meehan in March 1920 (erroneously reported as occurring in 1921 in the Brooklyn papers).[83][84]
  • March 10 - Just before midnight a gunman arrives in a taxicab and enters the Home Brew Social Club on Gold St. in Brooklyn, where members of the White Hand Gang are gathered for a party. The gunman opens fire, seriously wounding four men, including Richard "Peg Leg" Lonergan, before he flees on foot. All four victims are taken to the hospital.[85]
  • May 10 - Salvatore Sabella, boss of the Philadelphia crime family is arrested on suspicion of having bombed a wholesale grocery store earlier in the morning.[86]
  • May 13 - While horseback riding with friends, including Dean O'Bannion and his wife, on North Clark Street near Lincoln Park, Jewish bootlegger and O'Bannion partner Samuel "Nails" Morton is thrown from his horse and killed when the animal kicks Morton in the head.[87] In retaliation for Morton's death, several members of O'Bannion's North Side Gang reportedly later rent the same horse, shooting it dead in revenge, a scene recreated in the gangster film The Public Enemy (1931).
  • July 14 - Albert Anastasia and Giuseppe Florino are sentenced to three years in prison for the illegal possession of firearms.[88]
  • August 1 – The third New York City Labor Slugger War (with thugs hired by both sides to do battle in strikebreaker situations) begins after Jacob "Little Augie" Orgen and his "Little Augies" ally with Solomon Schapiro against Nathan "Kid Dropper" Kaplan's "Rough Riders" during a gun battle between the gangs on Essex Street resulting in the wounding of Jacob "Gurrah" Shapiro, partner of Louis "Lepke" Buchalter, and William "Footsy" Weissman, as well as Weissman's female companion.[89] Though Shapiro and Weissman are critically wounded, Shapiro makes a full recovery. Nathan Kaplan and fourteen others are later arrested and charged with attempted murder.[90]
  • August 28 – Nathan Kaplan is killed when gunman Louis Cohen, a member of the Little Augies, shoots Kaplan while he is being transported from Essex Market Court following his acquittal for extortion. Following the assassination, Cohen is immediately arrested while freely admitting his guilt. In the wake of the killing, police conduct multiple raids around the city, and manage to arrest several suspects, including Jacob Orgen and Samuel Weiss.[91][92] Although Orgen and Weiss are arraigned on charges of having been involved in Kaplan's murder,[93] the magistrate dismisses the charges in Manhattan Homicide Court on September 7.[94]
  • September 7 – In a continuing bootlegger war in South Side, Chicago, between the Southside O'Donnell Brothers and an alliance of the Saltis-McErlane Gang and the Chicago Outfit, Saltis-McErlane leader Frank McErlane kills Jerry O'Connor, a member of the Southside O'Donnell Brothers, in a driveby shooting. McErlane is the first to use a Thompson submachine gun, which becomes popularly known as a "Tommy Gun".[95]
  • September 17 – Frank McErlane kills again, gunning down George "Georgia" Meegan and George "Spot" Bucher of the Southside O'Donnell Brothers. In a drive-by shooting, McErlane and his men fire shotguns and pistols at the two victims as the pair are seated in a parked automobile at the intersection of Laflin St. and Garfield Blvd.[96]
  • October 2 - Ignacio Antinori, boss of the Tampa Mafia family, is arrested on a charge of human smuggling for illegally bringing Chinese people into the United States from Cuba. He is released from the county jail the following morning on a $2,500 bond. He is also reported to be under a $7,500 bond for the same activities in Richmond, Virginia.[97]
  • November 1 – Having survived the January 3 assassination attempt, White Hand Gang leader William "Wild Bill" Lovett is killed by an unknown person or persons as he sleeps off a night of drinking in the back of an abandoned store on Bridge St. in Brooklyn. Lovett is shot several times in the head, and his head is bashed in with a heavy object.[98] A few days later, on November 5, Lovett is buried in the Cypress Hills National Cemetery with full military honors, for having fought bravely during World War I.[99]
  • November 5 - Michael Izzo, a Nineteenth Ward bootlegger, is shot dead at close range as he pumps a leaky tire on South Throop St. in Chicago. The assassin then flees on foot.[100]
  • December 1 – Frank McErlane strikes again, kidnapping Thomas "Morrie" Keane and William "Shorty" Egan, two beer-runners for the Southside O'Donnell Brothers, on the Lemont Highway to the southwest of Chicago. McErlane shoots both men multiple times with a shotgun before throwing them out of a moving car. Keane is killed, and Egan is left for dead, although he recovers and is able to provide an eyewitness account of the incident.[101]
  • December 3 - Manhattan police arrest Owney Madden, George "Big Frenchy" DeMange, and Henry Jacobs as suspects in the theft of twenty cases of whiskey (valued at $16,000) from a warehouse on West Sixty-Fourth St. the previous afternoon.[102][103]

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1924

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  • Joseph Amato takes over as head of the Milwaukee crime family, a subordinate family to the Chicago Outfit
  • Thomas Joseph McGinty, a Cleveland bootlegger and fight promoter, is indicted with two other family members by a federal grand jury and charged with operating "a gigantic wholesale and retail conspiracy" through his saloon. After serving eighteen months at Atlanta Federal Penitentiary, he resumes his bootlegging activities.
  • Walter Stevens, a long-time Chicago gangster and labor slugger credited with the deaths of over 60 men, retires as a gunman for the Torrio-Capone organization where he lives peacefully until his death in 1939.
  • Joseph Bonanno, future founder of the Bonanno crime family, arrives in New York from Sicily.
  • A tong war breaks out between the On Leong and Hip Sing tongs after several members of the On Leongs defect to the Hip Sings with a large amount of money.
  • February 13 - William "Dinty" Colbeck, boss of Egan's Rats, and several of his men shoot and kill Eddie Linehan, another member of the gang and a suspect in a mail robbery the previous year. They then dump Linehan's body on Goodfellow Ave., where St. Louis police later discover it.[104]
  • February 22 - The murdered body of John Duffy, an associate of the North Side Gang, is discovered on a prairie in the snow on the southwestern edge of Chicago. That evening, police search Duffy's apparent, where they find the body of Duffy's wife or live-in girlfriend, Maybelle Exley, who had also been shot dead.[105] During the course of the investigation, it is learned that Duffy himself had killed Exley,[106] and had then reached out in a panic to North Side boss Dean O'Bannion to help him get rid of Exley's body. Rather than helping him, however, O'Bannion had instead shot Duffy in the head, and disposed of his body on the outskirts of town.[107]
  • March 13 - Five men attempt to assassinate Chicago bootlegger and racketeer Hirschie Miller as the latter is driving his car on Racine Ave., near North Clark St. Miller notices the gunmen, however, and is able to duck down into his vehicle to avoid being hit. That night, around midnight, Miller's cleaning and dyeing business on North Clark St. is bombed. While police believe that rival bootleggers, including Dean O'Bannion, are likely behind these attacks on Miller,[108] Hirschie himself blames the Cleaners and Dyers' Association and its war on independent business owners.[109]
  • April 1 – Frank Capone, brother of Al Capone, is killed by police during the fighting which broke out while leading around 200 gunmen into Cicero, Illinois during the 1924 Chicago Elections in support of Mafia backed Republican politicians.[110]
  • April 11 - Michael Bossomo, a criminal associate of the Russo Gang in St. Louis, is fatally shot as he sits in his parked car in front of a grocery store on North Seventh Street. Taken to City Hospital, Bossomo names Anthony "Shorty" Russo and Vincent Spicuzza as the men who shot him, before he dies of his wounds.[111]
  • April 25 - As a bank cashier is carrying two mail bags containing a $63,000 payroll across the street from the post office to the Granite City National Bank in Granite City, Illinois (a suburb of St. Louis), several members of Egan's Rats in two automobiles pull up and rob the cashier at gunpoint. Although the cashier is armed with a shotgun, the weapon jams, but armed men at both the post office and the bank manage to fire at the vehicles, and a shootout takes place for a few moments before the gangsters make away with the money, abandoning one of the vehicles, which turned out to be stolen, in a village near East St. Louis.[112]
  • May 8 - Following an altercation in a saloon on Wabash Ave. in Chicago, Al Capone kills independent beer runner and criminal Joseph L. "Ragtime Joe" Howard, shooting him several times at close range.[113] According to some sources, the killing of Howard is in retaliation for his having assaulted Capone's bagman, Jake "Greasy Thumb" Guzik, as it is apparently Guzik who accompanies Capone to the saloon at the time of the shooting.
  • May 12 - Angelo "Buffalo Bill" Palmeri, former boss and current consigliere of the Buffalo crime family, is indicted in federal court for making false claims concerning his citizenship in order to obtain a gun permit.[114]
  • May 19 - In the morning, Chicago policemen raid the Sieben brewery on Larrabee St., and arrest Johnny Torrio and Dean O'Bannion, the two main owners of the brewery, as well as Louis Alterie and 28 others. Three policemen who had been assigned to guard the supposedly shutdown brewery are also arrested and jailed. Because this arrest marks Torrio's second violation of the Volstead Act, he will face mandatory prison time.[115]
  • May 22 - Just before midnight, Jewish mobster Joseph "Joey" Amberg is shot and critically wounded in a shootout with rival gangsters at the intersection of Broadway and Roebling Streets in Brooklyn. In the hospital, Amberg refuses to identify his shooters, and says that he will "settle it" himself.[116]
  • July 18 - John L. "Johnny Jack" Nounes, leader of the Downtown Gang of Galveston, Texas, is sentenced to two years in Leavenworth Penitentiary for violation of the national Prohibition laws. Nounes remains free on bond pending his appeal.[117]
  • August 24 - Jewish mobster Joseph "Doc" Stacher, currently living in New Jersey, is charged in an Asbury Park court with having passed a bad check to some girls inside a restaurant on August 18.[118]
  • September 21 - In a drive-by shooting on Essex St. in Manhattan, three unidentified gangsters riding in a taxicab allegedly shoot and kill Harry "Kid Portchester" Marks, a member of "Little Augie" Orgen's gang, in front of his former home. The driver of the taxi is Benjamin "Bugsy" Siegel, who police do manage to apprehend, although Siegel feigns ignorance as to the shooters' identities.[119] Despite this, Siegel is charged as an accessory,[120] but he is freed when a magistrate dismisses the charges in homicide court on October 7.[121]
  • November 9 - Mike Merlo, Chicago politician and President of the Unione Siciliana, a Scilian-American fraternal organization that has also become a front for Italian-American organized crime in recent years, dies at his home of complications from cancer.[122]
  • November 10 – Chicago North Side Gang leader Dean O'Banion is killed when three unidentified men - believed to be New York crime boss Frankie Yale, along with Albert Anselmi and John Scalise, members of the local Genna gang - enter his flower shop and shoot him several times.[123] This begins a five-year gang war between the North Side Gang, under Hymie Weiss, against Al Capone's Chicago Outfit that would end with the St. Valentine's Day Massacre, in 1929.
  • November 15 - In Quincy, Illinois, gang leader William "Dinty" Colbeck and eight other members of Egan's Rats are convicted of a 1923 mail robbery in Staunton, Illinois in which $54,000 was stolen. Upon their conviction, all of the men are sentenced to 25 years in federal prison, and are immediately shipped to Leavenworth Federal Prison to await trial in a mail robbery in St. Louis that netted $260,000.[124]

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1925

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  • Italian dictator Benito Mussolini's campaign against the Sicilian Mafia causes many Sicilian mafiosi, organized by Don Vito Cascio Ferro, to flee Italy. Ferro would later prepare to move his criminal operations to the United States before his arrest the following year.
  • Carlo Matranga leaves New Orleans to establish the Los Angeles crime syndicate.
  • John Barry, a member of the Sheldon Gang, is sentenced to two years for violation of the Volstead Act (Prohibition).
  • January 12 – North Side Gang members Hymie Weiss, Bugs Moran, and Vincent Drucci, attempt to kill Al Capone at a South Side, Chicago restaurant. They fire at Capone's car, injuring his chauffeur but missing Capone.[125]
  • January 12 - Cleveland boxing promoter and bootlegger Thomas J. "Blackjack" McGinty pleads guilty to violating the national Phohibition law, and is sentenced to eighteen months in the federal penitentiary in Atlanta, and a fine of $8300.[126]
  • January 24 – Weiss, Moran, Drucci, and Frank Gusenberg ambush Chicago Outfit leader Johnny Torrio as he returns from shopping with his wife, shooting him and his chauffeur, Robert Barton, several times. As Moran is about to kill Torrio, the gun misfires. The gunmen are forced to flee as the police arrive.[127] Soon after this attack, Torrio would retire to Italy, giving leadership of The Outfit to his lieutenant, Capone.
  • February 9 – Johnny Torrio is sentenced by Judge Adam Cliffe to nine months in the Lake County Jail, in Waukegan, Illinois, a short distance north of Chicago.[128] Torrio's lawyers ostensibly choose this facility because Torrio can receive proper medical treatment there; however, the real reason is for Torrio's protection as the Sheriff Edwin Ahlstrom is on Torrio's payroll. After his release, Torrio would be escorted by Capone out of Lake County.
  • February 24 - Ralph Sheldon, leader of the Sheldon Gang, and George "Rabbit" Connell are among those arrested for various acts of election day violence and sabotage arising from Chicago's aldermanic elections. The criminal acts mostly center on the Fourteenth, Fifteenth, and Forty-Third Wards, and include kidnappings, shootings, and ballot thefts. Sheldon's brother, Stanley, is himself hospitalized after he shoots it out with a policeman during one attempted kidnapping in the Fifteenth Ward.[129]
  • March 16 - During an altercation outside a boxing venue on Springfield Ave. in Newark, New Jersey bootlegger Joseph Reinfeld knocks former Prohibition agent Louis "Lone Wolf" La Fera to the pavement, fracturing his skull. La Fera dies at the hospital early the following morning, and Reinfeld is arrested and charged with his murder.[130]
  • March 26 - During an early morning altercation on Cadillac Ave., Detroit mobster Mike Dipisa shoots and fatally wounds Earl Maher, who dies while en route to the hospital.[131] That evening, after Dipisa is arrested, he confesses to the killing, but claims he shot the man is self defense.[132]
  • April 7 - Chicago bootlegger Joseph Larson is shot dead in an alley near the corner of Grand Ave. and Halsted St.[133]
  • April 9 - Galveston gang boss John L. "Johnny Jack" Nounes and four others are acquitted in federal court in Houston of charges of conspiracy to violate the national Prohibition laws.[134] (Nounes is already under a two-year sentence for a previous conviction in June 1924, which he will begin serving in July.)[135]
  • May 11 - During a party at the Durant Social Club located in the Village Inn in the neighborhood of Bath Beach in Brooklyn, three gunmen enter the ballroom and shoot Henry "Doggie" Ginsberg, brother of labor racketeer Abe "Little Doggie" Ginsberg, five times, killing him. As the killers leave, Hyman "Hymie" Jacobson pursues them, and is shot dead outside.[136] Two nights later, the police arrest Hyman Amberg,[137] but witnesses fail to identify him as one of the shooters. Then, on June 13, police arrest Abraham "Curley" Aaronson, a rival labor racketeer, and indict him for the double murder.[138] However, on November 10, New York Supreme Court Justice James C. Cropsey directs that Aaronson be acquitted after the assistant D.A. fails to prove the charges.[139]
  • May 18 - In Chicago a squad of detectives arrest a drunken Ralph Sheldon and Carl C. Ausburger following a car chase lasting for over a mile, in which Sheldon and his companion exchange gunfire with the lawmen. Upon their arrest, the gunmen are said to be "so drunk...they could not be questioned."[140]
  • May 26 – Shortly after claiming the presidency of the Unione Siciliana, Angelo "Bloody Angelo" Genna, boss of the Genna crime family, is shot over a dozen times while driving his car in Chicago's Little Italy, possibly by members of the North Side Gang. He later dies at the hospital after refusing to tell the police who had shot him.[141]
  • June 13 - While patrolling on Western Ave. in Chicago, a car load of detectives spot another vehicle containing four suspicious characters, including Mike "the Devil" Genna, and Genna Gang enforcers John Scalise and Albert Anselmi, and decide to give chase. After a high-speed chase, the car full of gangsters is forced off the street and onto a curb, where it crashes into a lamp post. The gangsters, armed with shotguns, begin firing at the policemen, killing Detectives Charles Walsh and Harold Olson, and wounding Detective Michael Conway. As the gangsters are fleeing the scene of the shootout, Genna is hit in the leg, severing his femoral artery. Genna is finally cornered while taking refuge in a nearby basement, where he is subdued. Although an ambulance is summoned, Genna bleeds to death before he can be taken to the hospital. Scalise and Anselmi are eventually arrested after boarding a streetcar on Western Ave.[142]
  • July 8 - After being lured to a meeting at Grand Ave. and Curtis St., Tony "the Gentleman" Genna is ambushed and fatally shot. Before he dies at the hospital, Genna reveals to his brother Sam that it was a supposed friend, Antonio "Cavalero" (or "the Cavalier") Spano, who had set up the meeting at which he was shot. It is believed that members of the North Side Gang may have also been involved. Tony Genna is the third of the once-powerful Genna Brothers to die in just over a month's time.[143]
  • July 14 – James Russo, an independent bootlegger in Chicago's "Little Italy", is fatally shot in front of his bakery on South Racine Ave. by Al Capone's gunmen, and dies moments after being taken to a nearby hospital.[144]
  • July 18 - At the intersection of Wells and 29th Streets in Chicago, a gunfight breaks out between labor racketeers resulting in the deaths of James "Jimmy" Vinci and Joseph "Machine Gun Joe" Granata. A third man is seen shooting one of the downed men several times before fleeing on foot.[145]
  • July 23 - George "Big Bates" Karl, a Sheldon Gang hitman, goes missing.[146] On November 27, Karl's bullet-riddled body is found in a ditch in the village of Stickney, Illinois to the southwest of Cicero. He is believed to have been a victim of the Joe Saltis-Frank McErlane Gang.[147]
  • August 18 - Joseph "Joe" Bruno (born Joseph LoCascio, and no known relation to the future Philadelphia crime family boss of the same name, who was born Giuseppe Dovi), a Philadelphia bootlegger and drug trafficker, is fatally shot near his home on Catherine St. That evening, Ignatius Lanzetta, a member of the rival Lanzetta Brothers gang, is arrested following an attempted drive-by shooting of several other rival drug peddlers, followed by a shootout with Philadelphia police.[148] However, Bruno dies at Howard Hospital the following morning without revealing the identity of his killers. On August 22, Ignatius Lanzetta is charged with Bruno's murder.[149]
  • August 22 – Five masked gunmen shoot and kill Leo Lanzetta, brother of Ignatius Lanzetta as well as a member of the Lanzetta Brothers gang, outside his saloon on Seventh and Bainbridge Streets in Philadelphia.[150] (Although it is not certain who killed Lanzetta, it is believed to have been carried out on the orders of Philadelphia crime family boss Salvatore Sabella.)
  • September 16 - Angelo Acquisto, future underboss of the Buffalo crime family, is arrested along with four others at a Pittston, Pennsylvania polling place, and charged with carrying a concealed firearm.[151]
  • September 23 - In raids on two separate buildings in Manhattan, thirty Prohibition agents arrest Max "Big Maxie" Greenberg and Waxey Gordon (Irving Wexler) along with eleven other members of their bootlegging ring.[152]
  • October 31 - In Indianapolis, a federal grand jury returns four indictments against 39 individuals believed to be involved in the 1923 theft of 893 barrels of whiskey from the Jack Daniel's warehouse in St. Louis.[153] The following day, Allen Curry, the Federal District Attorney for the Eastern District of Missouri, publicizes the names of those indicted, including Imogene Remus, the estranged wife of Cincinnati bootlegger George Remus, and future Chicago Outfit associate Edward J. "Easy Eddie" O'Hare, as well as numerous politicians and criminals based in St. Louis.[154]
  • November 10 – Samuzzo "Samoots" Amatuna, an associate of the Genna crime family, is fatally shot inside a West Side, Chicago barber shop by members of the North Side Gang. Although friends manage to get Amatuna to the hospital,[155] he dies early on the morning of the 13th.[156]
  • November 18 – Amatuna associate and bodyguard Edward "Eddie Zine" Zion is shot and killed in Willow Springs, Illinois, to the southwest of Cicero, shortly after returning from Amatuna's funeral.[157]
  • November 20 – Amatuna associate and bodyguard Abraham "Pete the Peddler" Goldstein is shot and killed by unidentified gunmen while in a drug store on Blue Island Avenue in Chicago, although witnesses, including Goldstein's 14-year-old sister, later stated that they saw several members and associates of the West Side O'Donnell Gang in the vicinity both before and after the shooting.[158]
  • November 26 - In Brooklyn, two bandits hold up a butcher shop belonging to Irving Lippman, and rob Lippman of $1,200 before tying him up and leaving him suspended from a meat hook in a locked walk-in refrigerator. Lippman survives the ordeal and is able to identify one of the suspects as Vincenzo Cappiello, a member of Frankie Yale's gang. After a two-week search, Cappiello is arrested on December 15 and charged with assault and robbery, with his bail set at $50,000.[159]
  • November 27 - Joseph Sangerman, leader of Sangerman's Bombers, is arrested,[160] and later imprisoned. His death the following year while still awaiting trial would lead to that organization's eventual breakup.
  • December 3 - In raids conducted in Manhattan, Brooklyn, and Long Island, as well as New London, Connecticut, federal agents arrest 16 out of 43 men wanted for the operation of an illegal rum-running ring that has operated for the past two years with the cooperation of members of the United States Coast Guard. Among those arrested and immediately taken to federal court to be arraigned are William V. "Big Bill" Dwyer, the alleged mastermind of the operation, and rising Mafioso Frank Costello. Others are arrested in the following days.[161][162]
  • December 22 – Joseph "Dynamite Joe" Brooks, believed to be a member of Ragen's Colts, is shot and killed along with Edward Harmening, an off-duty sheriff's deputy, their bodies left in the back seat of Harmening's automobile.[163] The following day, a coroner's jury theorizes that the two were likely the victims of the Saltis-McErlane Gang.[164]
  • December 26 - In the early morning hours, as a Christmas party is winding to a close at the Adonis Social Club on 20th St. in Brooklyn, Richard "Peg Leg" Lonergan and two of his men are shot and killed, essentially bringing the Irish-American White Hand Gang to an end. Lonergan, last boss of the White Hand Gang, had arrived at the club with five of his men to celebrate the Christmas holidays, as well as to harass any Italians they saw there. Just after 3:00 a.m., as those in attendance at the party are dwindling, someone turns the lights off, and the shooting begins, leaving Lonergan and fellow gang members Aaron Harms and Cornelius "Needles" Ferry dead. While Lonergan and Ferry drop dead inside the club, Harms makes it to the street before someone finishes him off with a blow to the head with a sharp object, believed to be a meat cleaver or a similar instrument. Another member, James Hart, is wounded, while the others get away unharmed.[165][166] Among those arrested in the days following the shootings is Al Capone, who has recently become boss of the Chicago Outfit, and who is in New York to obtain medical treatment for his son.[167]

Births

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Deaths

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1926

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Events

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  • Sicilian Mafia Don Vito Cascio Ferro is arrested by Benito Mussolini and imprisoned. Casio Ferro would remain in prison until his death in 1945.
  • January 10 – Henry J. Spingola, Chicago politician and brother-in-law to the six Genna Brothers, is shot multiple times as he gets in his automobile parked in front of a restaurant on South Halsted St. Although some friends drive Spingola to the hospital, he soon dies. Although it is believed that members of the Chicago Outfit killed Spingola, Spingola's brother, Peter Spingola, blames Hymie Weiss, boss of the North Side Gang.[168]
  • January 20 - In Charleston, South Carolina bootlegger Manley S. Sullivan is convicted in federal court of income tax evasion.[169] On January 26, Sullivan is sentenced to six months in jail.[170] Sullivan's appeal of his sentence will go on to be argued the following year in the United States Supreme Court in the case of United States v. Sullivan. The first bootlegger to be tried and convicted using federal income tax law, Sullivan's case is a test case that will open the way for notorious Prohibition bootleggers such as Chicago's Al Capone to be tried for their various crimes using the charge of income tax evasion.
  • February 5 - Around noon, someone sets off a bomb in front of Ralph Sheldon's home on South Rockwell St., destroying his automobile which is parked at the curb.[171]
  • February 5 - On a farm near Horseshoe Lake in Madison County, Illinois, about four miles east of St. Louis, the bodies of two Edwardsville men missing since January 29, are discovered in a shallow grave. The men are Constable Ohmer Hockett, a member of the Ku Klux Klan, and John Balke, a friend of Hockett's who is known to have spent time in a reformatory. They had gone to the area with the intention of raiding a large moonshining operation thought to be running on the farm. Both men have been shot, and Hockett's skull has been crushed.[172] The Prohibition agents who find the bodies also find several concrete vats for storing the moonshine, but the still has been removed. The evening after the discovery, the sheriff issues an arrest warrant for John Giannola, brother of St. Louis Mafia boss Vito Giannola, who police learn had a stolen automobile towed from the farm on the very same day the murder victims went missing.[173] On February 8, a federal warrant is also issued for John Giannola for transporting a stolen vehicle across state lines.[174] Giannola, however, is able to evade arrest until March, when he makes a deal with the feds to turn himself in, which happens on March 29.[175] The case is later dismissed for lack of evidence.[176]
  • February 10 - While still awaiting trial on multiple bombing indictments, Chicago labor racketeer and bomber Joseph M. Sangerman falls ill of intestinal problems resulting from an old shooting injury, and has to undergo emergency surgery at Grant Hospital. Following the surgery, Sangerman remains in critical condition,[177] and he dies at the hospital on the night of February 12.[178]
  • February 10 - Following a machine gun shooting at a saloon on South Halsted St., in which Sheldon Gang members William Wilson and John "Mitters" Foley are seriously wounded, police begin searching for rival gang bosses Frank McErlane and Joseph "Polack Joe" Saltis.[179]
  • February 15 – Urazio "The Scourge" Tropea, an associate of the Genna crime family, is gunned down in a drive-by shooting by unidentified gunmen.[180]
  • February 21 – A boy walking to Sunday School in the Chicago suburb of Oak Lawn discovers the body of Genna crime family ally Vito Bascone, a West Side bootlegger. Bascone has been "taken for a ride" and shot in the head, his corpse dumped in Oak Park, while his vehicle is discovered at the bottom of a quarry between Summit and Lyons.[181]
  • February 23 – Another Genna Gang member, Ecola Edward "the Eagle" Baldelli, is "taken for a ride", his body dumped in an alley behind a factory on North Curtis St.[182]
  • March 7 - As four members of the ever-shrinking Genna Gang are riding in a car, men in a second vehicle fire sawed-off shotguns at them, killing John Calabriese, and wounding the others.[183]
  • March 29 - Ralph Sheldon is arrested once again when he and two of his associates are pulled over. The detectives search the men, and find that each one is carrying two revolvers.[184]
  • April 3 - In a saloon on South Loomis St. in Chicago, John "Paddy the Fox" Ryan, the son of former Valley Gang boss Patrick "Paddy the Bear" Ryan, who currently sells bootlegged beer for the Sheldon Gang, shoots and kills Walter "Runt" Quinlan, the man who killed Ryan's father, who currently runs beer for the rival West Side O'Donnell Gang.[185]
  • April 6 - Just after midnight at the Wethersfield State Prison in Connecticut, bootlegger and robbery gang leader Gerald Chapman is executed for the October 1925 murder of Police Officer James Skelly in New Britain. Chapman is hanged using an upright jerker.[186]
  • April 10 - As Sheldon Gang members John Tuccello and Frank De Laurentis are delivering bootlegged alcohol to a saloon on West 51st St. in Chicago, four members of the rival Saltis-McErlane Gang enter the saloon and kidnap the two men, and carry them away in their own automobile. Tuccello and De Laurentis are reported missing the following morning, but it is not until around noon on April 15 that their bullet-riddled bodies are discovered in their own vehicle, which is placed in front of Ralph Sheldon's home at 65th and Rockwell Streets.[187]
  • April 17 - The murdered body of William "Rags" McCue, a member of Chicago's West Side O'Donnell Gang, is discovered in a ditch near Hinsdale.[188]
  • April 22 - In a police raid on a saloon on West 50th St. in Chicago, Joe Saltis and Frank McErlane are arrested along with several members of their gang, as well as Walter Stevens. McErlane, in particular is held on warrants for crimes committed in Indiana, including one charging him with the May 1924 murder of a Crown Point attorney, Thad S. Fancher.[189] (McErlane would not be extradited back to Indiana for trial until August,[190] where he would eventually be acquitted.[191])
  • April 27 - As several members of the West Side O'Donnell Gang are standing outside a saloon on West Roosevelt Road in Cicero, someone in a moving automobile fires at the group with a machine gun, fatally wounding gang members James "Jim" Doherty and Thomas "Red" Duffy, as well as Assistant State's Attorney William "Bill" McSwiggin, who was a childhood friend of several of the gang members, and has been out drinking with them. A passerby takes Duffy to the hospital, where he soon dies, while the bodies of Doherty and McSwiggin are abandoned in nearby Berwyn, where they are found about an hour after the shootings.[192] Outraged at the death of McSwiggin, Cook County officials begin a series of raids against the bootlegging gangs, arresting Ralph Capone, older brother of Al Capone, and Charles Fischetti in Cicero on the morning of April 29. Taken along with the gangsters are an arsenal of weapons,[193] as well as a set of bookkeeping ledgers recording the financial transactions of the Chicago Outfit under Al Capone. Officials soon focus on Al Capone as the leading suspect in the murders, but he manages to successfully go into hiding ahead of the raids,[194] and is able to elude capture for several months.
  • May 1 - Early in the morning, Martin Garrity, believed to be a low level member of the Sheldon Gang,[195] is shot and killed while riding in a taxi cab with several other suspicious characters, his body dumped in an alley.[196] His killer is soon identified as Francis (or Frank) "Doc" White, an ex-convict and another minor player in the bootlegging gangs. At first it is believed that Garrity is the innocent victim of a robbery,[197] but within a few days the murder is described as a gang killing.[198]
  • May 14 - On a Friday afternoon in Pueblo, Colorado, the Carlino Brothers, leaders of a "Black Hand" and bootlegging gang, and three of their men fatally shoot rivals Pete and Tony Danna as the latter are standing in front of a poolhall belonging to Sam English, who is also wounded in the shooting. A third Danna brother, Sam Danna, escapes unharmed.[199][200]
  • May 17 - On 43rd St. in Chicago, bootlegger James McDonough and Thomas Dire, an associate of labor racketeer Tom Maloy, get into a shootout over an issue involving their girlfriends, and Dire is shot. He dies on the way to the hospital.[201]
  • May 20 - Frank Cremaldi (or Crimaldi), a former Detroit gangster and current associate of the Chicago Outfit, is shot several times in the back of the head and killed after meeting with his killers on a country road near the village of Franklin Park. Cremaldi's body is discovered there the following morning. After the discovery of the murder, police pick up and question Mike Carozza, Cremaldi's friend and another Outfit associate, before releasing him the same night.[202]
  • June 2 - Early in the morning, as Chicago Heights gangster Girolamo "James" Lamberta is leaving the roadhouse of friend and fellow gangster, Philip Piazza, with two female friends in the Chicago suburb of Thornton, unknown assassins fire on the group with shotguns, instantly killing Lamberta and one of the women, while wounding the other woman.[203]
  • July 13 - As West Side, Chicago bootlegger Joseph Ciccone is walking into his house on Flournoy St., two unknown men approach him, get into an argument with him, and shoot him dead.[204]
  • July 13 - Early in the morning, West Side, Chicago gangster Jules Portugese is shot in the head four times at close range, probably inside a car, and his body is dumped on Milwaukee Avenue to the north of the village of Niles, where it is later discovered by two boys.[205] Suspicion for the crime falls on bootlegger Nate Goldberg, who disappears after his arrest is ordered.[206]
  • July 20 - Detroit bootlegger William Glanzrock is shot and killed at the intersection of Oakland Ave. and Leicester Ct. Police soon arrest Purple Gang member Louis Fleisher as a suspect,[207] but are unable to produce evidence against him, and he is released.[208][209]
  • July 22 - At around 10:15 a.m. two gunmen enter the Manhattan jewelry store of Aaron Rodack and attempt to hold him up, but when the jeweler produces his own weapon, the robbers flee. Rodack and one of his clerks then run after the bandits as they make their way to their getaway car, but one of them, Hyman Amberg, turns and shoots both pursuers, killing Rodack with a bullet in the chest.[210][211] On August 27, Amberg's partner, Benjamin Mintz, is arrested in Brooklyn, and confesses to his involvement in a string of robberies, including the botched robbery at Rodack's store. He also lays the blame for killing Rodack on Amberg, who is arrested the same evening in Albany.[212][213] On September 1, Hyman Amberg is formally charged with Rodack's murder when he appears in homicide court, and is held for trial.[214]
  • July 22 - Philip Piazza, friend of the late James Lamberta, is himself shot dead outside his Milano Cafe on Lowe Ave. in Chicago Heights, Illinois by two unknown assassins.[215]
  • July 26 - Late at night in federal court in Manhattan, following a three-week trial, William V. "Big Bill" Dwyer and an associate are convicted of conspiracy to violate the national Prohibition law as heads of a bootlegging ring operating in and around New York City, and which had involved members of the Coast Guard. Dwyer is immediately sentenced to two years in the federal penitentiary in Atlanta, and a $10,000 fine. Six of his co-defendants are acquitted.[216] (Frank Costello, Dwyer's partner in the bootleg ring, and who was arrested at the same time as Dwyer, will be brought to trial the following January, where he will receive a mistrial.)[217]
  • July 28 - After being on the run ever since the murders of assistant state's attorney William "Bill" McSiggin and two members of the West Side O'Donnell Gang back in April, Al Capone finally turns himself in to Chicago authorities.[218] The following day, however, the case against Capone is dismissed for lack of evidence, and Capone is released.[219]
  • August 3 - As he is standing on a street corner early in the morning in Chicago Heights, Joe Salvo, nephew of the late Chicago Heights gang boss James Lamberta, is hit in the side with a shotgun blast in a drive-by shooting. Salvo dies at the hospital a few hours later.[220]
  • August 4 - In Detroit, Philip Keywell, a member of the Purple Gang, and two other armed robbers hold up a blind pig on Brush St., stealing between $6,000 and $7,000 worth of money and jewelry from the bar's owner and patrons (including the widow of gangster Frank Cremaldi, who was killed in Chicago in May). A trace of the getaway car's license plate number leads to the arrest of Keywell, who is charged the following week.[221] On August 23, however, the judge dismisses the charge against Keywell.[222]
  • August 6 - As he is driving his car on Richmond St. near his home in Chicago, Sheldon Gang member John "Mitters" Foley notices another vehicle tailing him, and attempts to flee. In the other vehicle are rival gang boss Joe Saltis and three of his men, all armed with shotguns. Foley, who had survived a previous attempt to kill him in February, pulls his car up to the curb and attempts to flee on foot, but trips and falls, enabling one of his pursuers to run up and shoot him twice at close range, instantly killing Foley.[223] The following evening, Chicago police arrest Foley's boss, Ralph Sheldon, and one of his men as they are driving on Michigan Ave. armed with concealed weapons, in a quest to avenge themselves of Foley's murder.[224]
  • August 8 - Another Chicago Heights gangster is murdered when unknown gunmen enter a residence on Wallace Ave. where a party is taking place, and fatally shoot Joe Catando. The shooters are then observed fleeing to a car with Chicago license plates. Catando and another guest who was hit in the fusillade are both taken to a nearby hospital, where Catando dies from his wounds shortly after midnight.[225]
  • August 20 - Outside of a barber shop on West Division St. in Chicago, gunmen shoot and kill Antonio "the Cavalier" Spano, a former associate of the Genna Brothers, and a current member of the Italian bootlegging network in Chicago Heights. It is widely believed that Spano had been involved in the murder of Tony Genna in July of 1925. Although two of the surviving Genna brothers are arrested in the wake of Spano's murder, there are indications that his killing is the work of the Aiello Brothers, who are interested in taking control of the former Genna territories.[226][227]
  • August 29 - Just to the south of Chicago Heights, witnesses observe the body of Francesco "Frank" Cappello, a partner of the late Antonio Spano, lying in the roadway beside a ditch containing the victim's automobile. They also notice three other men, who were apparently riding with Cappello, disappear on foot into the brush beside the road. Cappello has been shot multiple times in the head.[228][229]
  • September 2 - Early in the morning, the body of Antonio DeStefano Pelledrino, partner of the late Frank Cappello, is left at the intersection of Cottage Grove Ave. and Joe Orr Rd. on the prairie just to the northeast of Chicago Heights. Pelledrino has been strangled, his body then doused with gasoline or alcohol, and set ablaze.[230][231]
  • September 15 - Soon after 11:00 p.m. at a roadhouse on Olive St. in St. Louis, a gunfight breaks out in the parking lot between members of rival bootlegging gangs the Green Ones and the Cuckoo Gang, with around fifty shots being fired, which damages four parked automobiles and shatters some of the diner's windows. The feuding gangsters take to their vehicles, and continue shooting at each other on the road as far as Vinita Park. Remarkably, no one is hurt in the shooting.[232] Wanted for questioning in the incident, Green Ones members Alphonse Palazzolo (or Palazzola) and Tony "Shorty" Russo turn themselves in the following day, but are released on $1,000 bond each.[233]
  • September 20 – Members of the North Side Gang, including George "Bugs" Moran, Earl "Hymie" Weiss, Vincent "The Schemer" Drucci, Peter Gusenberg, and Frank "Tight Lips" Gusenberg attempt to kill Al Capone in a drive-by shooting at Capone's Cicero headquarters, firing hundreds of rounds from multiple vehicles as they pass in front of the building. One of Capone's men, Louis Barko (possibly an alias for Paul Ricca), and a woman dining with her family are the only people wounded in the shooting. Although unharmed, Capone is terrified and requests a truce.[234]
  • September 23 - At around 11:45 p.m., at the Submarine Bar located in the basement of the Western Manufacturers' Building at Fourteenth and Locust Streets in St. Louis, six members of the Cuckoo Gang rush in through two different entrances and begin firing indiscriminately at the crowd, fatally wounding two customers along with wounding several others, including members and associates of the Green Ones, one of whom - Anthony Dattalo, the owner of the bar - dies in the hospital two nights later.[235][236]
  • October 11 – While meeting with Chicago lawyer William W. O'Brian, North Side Gang leader Earl "Hymie" Weiss is killed in an ambush outside Holy Name Cathedral, Chicago, with bodyguard Patrick Murray. O'Brian, as well as North Side Gang members Benny Jacobs and Sam Pellar are all wounded.[237] With Weiss's death, Vincent "The Schemer" Drucci assumes gang leadership.
  • October 15 - In the morning, as two Syrian immigrants are sitting in their car while selling linens in the St. Louis suburb of University City, three gangsters in a second vehicle stop behind them and begin firing at the vehicle in a case of mistaken identity. One of the salesmen, Louis Badrah, is hit in the back and collapses, while his cousin, Kustandy Ajelouny, attempts to flee on foot, but is pursued by one of the gunmen and shot in the head. Taken to the hospital, Ajelouny dies that evening without regaining consciousness.[238][239] At first it is believed that the Cuckoo Gang is responsible for the shootings; on October 25, however, Alphonse Palazzolo, underboss of the Mafia gang known as the Green Ones, is arrested and taken to the hospital, where Badrah positively identifies him as the gunman who shot Ajelouny.[240] But in a deposition on November 22, St. Louis Detective Robert Bourland provides an alibi for Palazzolo for the time of the University City shootings.[241] As a result, Palazzolo's bond is set at $25,000 on November 24.[242]
  • October 20 – Following several meetings in which Maxie Eisen and Antonio Lombardo negotiate on behalf of the warring North Side Gang and Capone Gang, respectively, as well as brokering a ceasefire between the Saltis-McErlane Gang and the Sheldon Gang, a general peace agreement takes effect between all of the organized criminal gangs of Chicago.[243]
  • November 3 - Shortly before 3:00 p.m. in The Tombs prison in Manhattan, Hyman Amberg, who has been held there since his arrest in late August for the murder of a jeweler on July 22, and two other prisoners stage an attempted jailbreak using revolvers that have been tossed over the walls and into the prison yard. After unsuccessfully attempting to force their way out, the gunmen open fire, killing one of the keepers, and mortally wounding the warden, before they make their way to the yard where they are shot down. Amberg uses his last bullet to commit suicide.[244][245][246]
  • November 8 - Charles Luciano and five others are arrested after Prohibition agents raid a laundry washing plant in Brooklyn and discover a distilling operation hidden in a shed in the back of the property. The prisoners are arraigned the following day, with bail set at $1,000 each.[247]
  • November 18 - A federal grand jury issues a new indictment for conspiracy to violate the national Prohibition laws against thirty-three defendants, including Frank Costello and his brother Edward, who were originally named in the indictment that led to the conviction of William V. "Big Bill" Dwyer in July.[248] Unlike previously, however, none of the current defendants will be convicted. Prior to jury deliberation, Edward Costello's case will be dismissed. Of fourteen cases that ultimately make it to the jury in January 1927, eight will be acquitted, and six, including that of Frank Costello, will end in a mistrial.[249]
  • November 28 - Theodore Anton, a former boxer and current owner of the Hawthorne Inn in Cicero, Illinois, where Al Capone has made his headquarters, is last seen alive when he leaves his home.[250] On December 3, Anton's coat is found on the bank of a creek about a mile west of Des Plaines. Finally, Anton's body, covered in quicklime, is discovered buried in a shallow grave near the Calumet River in the village of Burnham on January 5, 1927. It is determined that he had been shot in the head, and his right middle finger had been cut off.[251]
  • December 12 - Two hired assassins shoot and kill Joseph Adams, the Mayor of West City, Illinois, at the door of his home. Adams's murder is planned and paid for by southern Illinois bootlegger and gang leader Charles Birger, for Adams's support for Birger's rivals, the Shelton Brothers Gang. Adams is the eighth known victim in the ongoing war between the two gangs for control of bootlegging in the region.[252] On April 29, 1927 Birger will be arrested for the murder of Adams,[253] for which he will be sentenced to death by hanging.
  • December 16 – Hillary Clements, a member of the Sheldon Gang, is last seen alive when he gets into a cab at the corner of Fifty-First and Halsted Streets to go home after a party. His body is found almost two weeks later, on December 30, when two boys playing in an abandoned house on West 60th Street, discover Clements's corpse lying in a shallow hole inside the dilapidated building. He had been beaten and shot three times in the head, most likely a victim of the Saltis-McErlane Gang. Clements's murder marks the end of the brief ceasefire between the factions of the Chicago underworld.[254]

Arts and literature

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Deaths

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1927

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Events

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  • Al Capone's Chicago Outfit earns a yearly income of $108 million ($1.9 billion today).
  • Salvatore Maranzano is sent to New York by Sicilian Mafia Don Vito Cascio Ferro in an attempt to unify the New York Italian-American gangs into a single organization.
  • Angelo Lo Mantio, a Milwaukee, Wisconsin gunman, is hired by Chicago bootlegger and organized crime leader Joe Aiello to murder competitor Al Capone.
  • Sydney, Australia, gangster Norman Bruhn is killed on the orders of John "Snowy" Cutmore, leader of the Fitzroy razor gang.
  • January 7 – Cicero saloon owner John Costenaro, a distributor for the Sheldon Gang, leaves his saloon and is witnessed climbing into an automobile with two unknown men. When he fails to return home, Costenaro's wife finally reports him missing on January 9. Four months later, on May 13, Costenaro's decomposing body is discovered bound and buried in the dirt floor of a garage at a rented bungalow on West 30th Street in Cicero. It is theorized that Costenaro's murder may have been related to that of Capone associate Theodore Anton, whose body was discovered the day before Costenaro disappeared.[255][256]
  • February 3 - Jacob Weinberg, a Detroit bootlegger and Purple Gang associate, is bludgeoned and shot to death, his body left in the passenger side of an abandoned automobile on Belmont Avenue.[257]
  • February 25 - While Philadelphia gangster Michael "Mickey" Duffy is in the parking lot of the Club Cadix on Chestnut Street, of which he is part owner, gunmen in a moving vehicle fire at him using a machine gun, killing his bodyguard, John Bricker, and seriously wounding Duffy and the club's black doorman. The shooting marks the first such incident involving a machine gun in Philadelphia.[258] On March 22, police arrest Peter "Petey" Ford and Francis Bailey, who were present inside the nightclub at the time of the shooting, along with four other gunmen suspected of involvement in the shooting.[259]
  • March 11 – Saltis-McErlane gunmen Charles "Big Hayes" Hubacek and Frank "Lefty" Koncil are killed, possibly by Chicago Outfit gunmen in retaliation for Koncil's recent acquittal for the 1926 murder of Sheldon Gang member John "Mitters" Foley.[260]
  • March 13 - At dawn, the body of Alfonso Fiori, a former member of the Genna Gang, is found in an alley at the rear of a restaurant near the intersection of Taylor and Halsted Streets in Chicago. He has been shot to death, possibly inside the restaurant, and dragged to the alley.[261]
  • March 16 - Early in the morning, as bootlegger Benjamin "Little Zuckie" Zuckerman is about to enter his home on South Lawndale Avenue in Chicago, a rival gangster fires a shotgun at Zuckerman, hitting him with three slugs. Although seriously wounded, Zuckerman survives the attempted assassination.[262]
  • March 28 - The Milaflores Massacre takes place in Detroit when three members of a kidnapping gang are lured to the Milaflores Apartments on East Alexandrine Avenue on the pretense of ransoming a friend of theirs who has been kidnapped by the Purple Gang. When the trio arrives at the designated apartment, gunmen belonging to the Purple Gang and allies from St. Louis's Egan's Rats open fire on them with a machine gun and automatic pistols. George "Rube" Cohen (a.k.a. "William Harris") and Joseph Bloom (real name Issac Riesfeld) are killed instantly, while the third man, Frank Wright, is taken to the hospital, where he dies the following day. It is believed that Wright, a former Chicago jewel thief, was the primary target of the ambush in retaliation for the murder of two Purple Gang associates in separate incidents.[263][264][265][266]
  • March 28 – Joseph Amato, boss of the Milwaukee crime family, dies of natural causes and is succeeded by Joseph Vallone.
  • April 4 – During a campaign to curb political violence, Chicago police arrest North Side Gang leader Vincent "the Schemer" Drucci on a charge of carrying a concealed weapon. During the ride back to the Criminal Court Building, Drucci gets into an altercation with one of the young detectives, Daniel F. Healy, which starts out with verbal insults and threats, but quickly escalates to physical violence, with both men striking each other. The fight ends when Drucci allegedly attempts to wrest Healy's gun away from him, and Healy fires at Drucci several times, fatally shooting him in the abdomen. Drucci dies on the way to the hospital, leaving George "Bugs" Moran the sole surviving leader of the North Side Gang.[267]
  • April 13 - Members of the Southside O'Donnell Gang kidnap John "Jackie" Adler and Frank "Sappho" Lawro, vice kings and co-owners of a Chicago speakeasy known as the Midnight Frolics Cafe, along with their chauffeur, Tony "the Wop" Albino.[268][269] The three are released unharmed on April 18.[270]
  • May 5 - While leaving Central Park in Manhattan, Joseph Marcus and David Berman, members of a crew in the Bugs and Meyer Mob that specializes in kidnapping wealthy bootleggers for ransom, are trailed by New York Detectives who suspect them of being involved in the April 28th kidnapping of real estate developer and bootlegger Abraham Scharlin and his friend, James H. Taylor. On West 66th Street, the gangsters notice the police following them and draw their revolvers. One of the detectives, John Cordes, tackles Berman and manages to get his gun away from him, while a nearby motorcycle cop shoots and kills Marcus.[271] The following day, the remainder of the gang sets Scharlin and Taylor free. Although both victims fail to identify Berman as one of their kidnappers,[272] Berman is indicted on May 9 for felonious assault on Detective Cordes.[273]
  • May 17 - In the case of United States v. Sullivan, the United States Supreme Court upholds South Carolina bootlegger Manley S. Sullivan's conviction the previous year for federal tax evasion. Although a Circuit Court of Appeals had earlier reversed the conviction on the grounds that it would essentially violate the Constitution's Fifth Amendment protection against a criminal being forced to testify against oneself, the Supreme Court reversed the lower court's decision, declaring that a criminal's mode of income did not excuse one from filing a tax return.[274] The case would establish the precedent of illegal income being taxable, an effective weapon against organized crime figures throughout the decade.
  • May 25 - Antonio "Tony" Torchio, believed to be a hitman from New York who the Aiello Brothers have hired to kill Al Capone, is shot and killed at the intersection of De Koven and Desplaines Streets. Torchio's body is discovered a short time later without any identification, causing him to initially go unidentified.[275]
  • May 28 - In a drive-by shooting using machine guns, rival gunmen fire over two hundred bullets into a pastry factory on West Division Street in Chicago belonging to the Aiello Brothers, seriously wounding Antonio "Tony" Aiello and Charles Delio, and badly damaging the plant. While reporters speculate that the shooters are members of the old Genna Gang avenging the murders of several of its members and allies over the past year, many crime historians believe them to be members of the Capone Gang acting in retaliation to a recent attempt to murder their boss, Al Capone.[276]
  • May 30 - Late in the afternoon, as three members of a rebel faction within the Philadelphia crime family are standing in front of a cafe on South Eighth Street, family boss Salvatore Sabella and a carload of gunmen loyal to him drive by and fire at the group, killing Joseph Zanghi and Vincent Cocozza. The third man, Anthony "Musky" Zanghi, brother of Joseph Zanghi, escapes unharmed and, in a fit of rage, goes on to violate the rule of omertà, positively identifying Sabella and nine others, including future bosses John "Nazzone" Avena, Giuseppe "Joeseph" Ida, and Giuseppe "Joe Bruno" Dovi, as being involved in the shooting.[277][278]
  • June 5 - Early in the morning, the body of Giovanni Gaspari (or Gaspardi) is found lying at the intersection of 62nd Avenue and 39th Street in Stickney, Illinois. He has been shot once in the head, his body tossed into the street from an automobile. This causes police to surmise that Gaspari has been the victim of the gang warfare that has plagued the Chicago area since the beginning of Prohibition.[279][280]
  • June 11 - Shortly before 9:00 a.m., a police patrolman in the Queens neighborhood of Maspeth discovers the murdered body of Manhattan bootlegger Michael McNamara lying in some bushes beside the wall of Mount Zion Cemetery. McNamara has been beaten and shot four times.[281][282]
  • June 23 - After three trials for the murders of two Chicago policemen during a shootout in June 1925, in which Mike Genna was also killed, former Genna gunmen Albert Anselmi and John Scalise are finally acquitted for the murder of Officer Harold Olson. Although initially convicted and sentenced to prison for Olson's murder, the conviction was later set aside and a new trial was granted.[283] Their acquittal frees Anselmi and Scalise to work for their new boss, Al Capone.
  • July 7 – Just before 9:00 p.m. on 21st Street in Brooklyn, an unidentified gunman in a black sedan shoots and kills James "Filesy" D'Amato (sometimes spelled DeAmato), a gambler friend and associate of Chicago's Al Capone. Once considered a suspect in the December 1925 murder of White Hand Gang leader Richard "Peg Leg" Lonergan, D'Amato is believed by police to either be the victim of friends of Lonergan, or of rival gangsters angry over illegal gambling interests.[284][285] However, many crime historians believe D'Amato to be the victim of Frankie Yale, who has been hi-jacking shipments of Capone's bootlegged booze, and on whom D'Amato has been spying as a favor to Capone.
  • July 17 - The body of Dominic Cinderello, an associate of the Aiello Brothers, is pulled from one of the canals of the Calumet River in Palos Township, Illinois. Cinderello had been strangled with a towel, his body trussed up with wire, his hands and feet tied up with rope, and had been thrown into the canal in a weighted down burlap sack. A coroner's physician determines that Cinderello had been in the water for about two weeks.[286] On July 19, police charge Salvatore De Grazio, an acquaintance of the victim, with the murder.[287] On August 2, Capone gunman Jack McGurn is arrested and charged with the murder as well,[288] but is released on bail two days later.[289]
  • July 21 - As Detroit Purple Gang member Louis Fleisher is sitting in a parked automobile in front of a bar on Oakland Avenue with three associates, a second vehicle drives by and two gunmen fire into the first vehicle, hitting all four men. While Fleisher is only slightly wounded in his side, the driver of the car he is in, Henry "Butch" Kaplan, is fatally wounded, and dies upon arrival at the hospital.[290] While reporters hint that the shooting is in revenge for Fleisher's killing of bootlegger William Glanzrock the previous year,[291] crime historians blame Egan's Rats member Fred R. "Killer" Burke, whose previous relationship with the Purples has recently soured.[292]
  • July 24 – On trial in Benton, Illinois, gang leader Charles Birger is sentenced to death for the murder of West City Mayor Joseph Adams. Ray Hyland, a gunman for Birger, and Birger associate Arthur Newman are sentenced to life imprisonment.[293]
  • August 7 – After a US Coast Guard cutter stops his boat off the eastern coast of Florida, "King of the Rum Runners" James Alderman shoots and kills a US Secret Service agent and a Coast Guard crewman, and seriously wounds two other servicemen (one fatally), while being arrested.[294] Alderman is later convicted of murder, and hanged in 1929.
  • August 9 - At around 10:00 p.m., a farmer living in the western suburbs of Chicago hears several bullets fired. The following morning, the bodies of Anthony (or Tony) "Shorty" Russo and Vincent Spicuzza, members of St. Louis's Russo Gang, are found shot to death in a ditch beside Mannheim Road near North Avenue. It is determined that the two men were "taken for a ride" by unknown rivals.[295][296] Several theories are advanced as to who the perpetrators of the double murder may have been, including bootlegging rivals such as the Cuckoo Gang,[297] but a number of crime historians assert that the St. Louis duo were the victims of the Capone Gang, who eliminated Russo and Spicuzza after they had hired themselves to kill boss Al Capone on behalf of the Aiello Brothers.
  • August 24 - Around 11:00 p.m., in front of a café on N. Sixth Street in downtown St. Louis, a man in a passing automobile shoots and kills Benjamin "Melon Head" Giamanco, also known as "Benny the Wop," a member of the Russo Gang who had recently voiced his intention to take over as boss of the gang since the murder of its head, Tony "Shorty" Russo in Chicago on August 9. While three of the bullets fired from an automatic pistol manage to strike Giamanco, a fourth bullet fatally hits an innocent customer, Aloys Beelman, a lawyer and former policeman.[298]
  • September 9 - Later in the morning, as Alphonse Palazzolo, underboss of the Green Ones, is loitering in front of a poolroom at North Tenth Street in St. Louis, four gunmen in a passing automobile fire at Palazzolo with shotguns and an automatic pistol, killing him. A nine-year-old boy playing nearby is also hit in the attack, receiving a flesh wound. The killing of Palazzolo is believed to be in retaliation for the recent high profile killings of several members of the rival Russo Gang.[299]
  • September 23 - As two men are searching for mushrooms on a prairie in Stickney, Illinois, they discover the body of Cleveland gangster Samuel "Sam" Valente, his head crushed by a hatchet, which is found lying in the tall grass nearby. Valente is another would-be hitman whom the Aiello Brothers have hired to kill rival Al Capone, but who, like Antonio Torchio in May, has instead ended up a victim of the Capone Gang.[300]
  • October 6 - As Augusta Imogene Remus is riding in a cab with her twenty-year-old daughter, enroute to a hearing finalizing her divorce from George Remus, Cincinnati's "Bootleg King," her estranged husband has his chauffeur pursue Mrs. Remus's cab. The vehicle carrying George Remus overtakes the cab and blocks it in Eden Park, after which George Remus fatally shoots his wife as she attempts to flee on foot. Mrs. Remus dies two hours later at Bethesda Hospital.[301] On October 14, George Remus is indicted for first degree murder in the killing of his wife.[302]
  • October 13 – Joseph "Big Joe" Lonardo, founder and boss of the Cleveland crime family, is killed, along with his younger brother John, in a local barber shop belonging to Angelo Porrello.[303] Family underboss Salvatore "Black Sam" Todaro, who planned the killings with the large Porrello brothers faction, becomes the new boss.
  • October 16 – New York labor union racketeer Jacob Orgen is killed by Louis Buchalter and Jacob Shapiro. Orgen's bodyguard Jack Diamond is severely wounded but survives.
  • October 26 – A shootout between rival Australian razor gang leaders Joseph 'Squizzy' Taylor of Melbourne and John "Snowy" Cutmore of Sydney results in the deaths of both men (Taylor succumbed on the 27th).

Arts and literature

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1928

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1929

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References

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  1. ^ "25,000 Hunt Bootleggers," The Washington Times, January 17, 1920.
  2. ^ "'Moss' Enright Slain in Labor War," Chicago Tribune, February 4, 1920.
  3. ^ "Let Prisoners See Hangings, Grand Jury Says," Chicago Tribune, February 21, 1920.
  4. ^ "Gunman Murdered Asleep with Wife," The New York Times, April 1, 1920.
  5. ^ "Gang Leader Shot to Death While He Slept Beside Wife," The [Daily] News, April 1, 1920.
  6. ^ "Bandits Kill Guard, Shoot Paymaster, Steal $16,000," The Boston Globe, April 16, 1920.
  7. ^ "Sacco-Vanzetti Motion Heard," Boston Evening Globe, September 13, 1926.
  8. ^ "Colosimo Slain; Seek Ex-Wife, Just Returned," Chicago Tribune, May 12, 1920.
  9. ^ "Found Shot Near Home, Man Dies in Hospital," The Standard Union, May 17, 1920.
  10. ^ "Two Found Guilty of Terrillo Murder," The Standard Union, May 11, 1921.
  11. ^ "Ryan Killed by Orders of His Own Gang," Chicago Tribune, June 18, 1920.
  12. ^ "'Big Tim' and Aids Rejoice as Foes Plot," Chicago Tribune, July 31, 1920.
  13. ^ "Hunt Five for $100,000 Mail Bag Robbery," Chicago Tribune, August 21, 1920.
  14. ^ "'Mail Thief? Not Me!' Big Tim Jeers," Chicago Tribune, February 5, 1921.
  15. ^ "'Big Tim' Found Guilty, Pleased by 'Good Break'," Chicago Tribune, November 10, 1921.
  16. ^ "'Big Tim' Gets Six Year Jolt; Fined $30,000," Chicago Tribune, November 15, 1921.
  17. ^ "Link Politics and Whiskey to Cafe Slayings," Chicago Tribune, August 24, 1920.
  18. ^ "Gunman Slain; Burglar's Shot Kills Tailor," Chicago Tribune, September 1, 1920.
  19. ^ "Feudist Chief Falls to Foes; Another Slain," The Detroit Free Press, September 29, 1920.
  20. ^ "'Monk' Eastman, Gangster, Murdered; Found in Union Square, Shot Five Times; His Partner in Bootlegging Suspected," The New York Times, December 27, 1920.
  21. ^ "Seek Dry Agent as Missing Link in Eastman Case," New York Tribune, January 1, 1921.
  22. ^ "Payroll Bandits Kill 2 Men," Akron Evening Times, December 31, 1920.
  23. ^ "Detroit Gang's Ways Clew to Robbers Who Kill 2 in Pay Holdup," Cleveland Plain Dealer, December 1, 1921.
  24. ^ "Cleveland's Sly-Fanner Murders" by Allan May, Crime Magazine, https://www.crimemagazine.com/cleveland%E2%80%99s-sly-%E2%80%93-fanner-murders.
  25. ^ Vitello, Paul (August 24, 2012). "Matthew Ianniello, 92, Former Mafia Boss". The New York Times.
  26. ^ "Ryan Killed by Orders of His Own Gang," Chicago Tribune, June 18, 1920.
  27. ^ "Confession of Bomber Tells of Two Gangs," Chicago Tribune, May 21, 1921.
  28. ^ "Two Convicted as Leaders of 'Bombers' Trust'," Chicago Tribune, November 6, 1921.
  29. ^ "Assassin Band Kills 2; Ward Feud Blamed," Chicago Tribune, March 9, 1921.
  30. ^ "Chinese Slain at Locke Stirs Tong War Fear," San Francisco Chronicle, March 18, 1921.
  31. ^ "Chinese Killed on S. F. Street in New Tong War," San Francisco Examiner, March 19, 1921.
  32. ^ "Says Booze Ate His Trousers," The Kansas City Star, March 21, 1921.
  33. ^ "Slayer Suspect Kills Detective O'Neill," Chicago Tribune, March 24, 1921.
  34. ^ "Bandit Killed, Three Hanged, in Crime War," Chicago Tribune, April 16, 1921.
  35. ^ "Tony D'Andrea Shot; Dying," Chicago Tribune, May 11, 1921.
  36. ^ "Take Cousin of Labriola for D'Andrea Death," Chicago Tribune, May 13, 1921.
  37. ^ "Two Found Guilty of Terrillo Murder," The Standard Union, May 11, 1921.
  38. ^ "'I'm Going Crazy,' Death-Doomed Tells Court," Daily News, May 26, 1921.
  39. ^ "Two Doomed to Die by Woman's Word Set Free," Daily News, April 11, 1922.
  40. ^ "Single Handed, Sergeant Takes 4 Safeblowers," Chicago Tribune, June 1, 1921.
  41. ^ "Man Shot 4 Times, Found Dead by Road," Chicago Tribune, July 19, 1921.
  42. ^ "Murder Victim Is Identified as West Side Giant," Chicago Tribune, July 21, 1921.
  43. ^ "Police Killed O'Neill, O'Connor Alibi in St. Paul," Chicago Tribune, July 29, 1921.
  44. ^ "Geary, O'Connor, in Simultaneous Fights for Life," Chicago Tribune, September 13, 1921.
  45. ^ "O'Connor Found Guilty; Doomed to Die by Rope," Chicago Tribune, September 25, 1921.
  46. ^ "Chinese Slain," The Sacramento Bee, August 11, 1921.
  47. ^ "Nineteenth Ward Killers Get 13th Victim," Chicago Tribune, August 15, 1921.
  48. ^ "Feud Assassins of 19th Ward Shoot Another," Chicago Tribune, July 7, 1921.
  49. ^ "8 Held in 51 Murders Charged to Camorra," New York Tribune, August 17, 1921.
  50. ^ "Exposes Slaying Band, Haunted by Pal He Slew," The Evening World, August 17, 1921.
  51. ^ "Haunted Slayer Bares Killing Ring," Daily News, August 18, 1921.
  52. ^ "Two Slain, One a Bystander, in New Bootleg War," Daily News, October 14, 1921.
  53. ^ "Tommy O'Connor Flees Jail," Chicago Tribune, December 12, 1921.
  54. ^ "1 Dead, Four Shot in Mystery Saloon Fray," Chicago Tribune, April 10, 1922.
  55. ^ "Gunmen Kill Cousin of 'Lupo-the-Wolf'," The New York Times, May 9, 1922.
  56. ^ "Girl, Woman, 4 Men Shot in Battle of Two Bootleg Bands," The New York Times, May 9, 1922.
  57. ^ "Indict Murphy, Mader, Shea; Gang Leaders and 5 Others Face Murder Charge," Chicago Tribune, May 12, 1922.
  58. ^ "Imperils Own Neck But Aids 'Big Tim' Ring," Chicago Tribune, August 3, 1922.
  59. ^ "Murphy Freed; Court Declares Evidence Weak," Chicago Tribune, August 11, 1922.
  60. ^ "Crowe to Retry Mader, Miller, and M'Carthy," Chicago Tribune, August 15, 1922.
  61. ^ "14 Years for Miller; Mader, M'Carthy Free," Chicago Tribune, November 26, 1922.
  62. ^ "Four Gamblers Get 30 Days Each," The Detroit Free Press, November 5, 1922.
  63. ^ "Joseph Di Carlo, Retired Commission Merchant, to Be Buried Tuesday," The Buffalo Enquirer, July 10, 1922.
  64. ^ "Bandits Shoot Down Eight on East Side," Daily News, August 9, 1922.
  65. ^ "East Side Bad Man Killed as Shots Fly," The New York Herald, August 12, 1922.
  66. ^ "Blackhand and Woman Sought in Shotgun Murder," Daily News, August 17, 1922.
  67. ^ "3 Auto Assassins Shoot Man Down," The Brooklyn Daily Times, August 17, 1922.
  68. ^ "Two Headed Back to Death Cells," The Brooklyn Daily Times, August 17, 1922.
  69. ^ "Kill 2 in Rum Pirate Battle," Chicago Tribune, August 30, 1922.
  70. ^ "Slayers in Rum War Named," Chicago Tribune, September 1, 1922.
  71. ^ "2 Valley Gang Men Held in Beer Runners' Fight," Chicago Tribune, September 7, 1922.
  72. ^ "Caponi Waves Gun After Crash; Faces 3 Charges," Chicago Tribune, August 31, 1922.
  73. ^ "Sioux City Youth Is Sentenced for Holdup," The Sioux City Journal, October 3, 1922.
  74. ^ "Sleuth Listens in and Then Nabs Four Suspects," The Standard Union, November 1, 1922.
  75. ^ "Folwell Frees Four," The Brooklyn Daily Times, November 3, 1922.
  76. ^ "Terminal Track Foreman Shot 6 Times, 2 Men Held," The St. Louis Star, November 26, 1922.
  77. ^ "Two Brothers Held on Charge of Murder, 2 as Accessories," St. Louis Post-Dispatch, December 3, 1922.
  78. ^ "Three Giambronis Are Freed of Killing Charges by Judge," St. Louis Post-Dispatch, January 27, 1923.
  79. ^ "Murder Suspect, Sought for 2 Years, Gives Himself Up," Brooklyn Daily Eagle, December 5, 1922.
  80. ^ "Freed in Murder," The Brooklyn Daily Times, December 15, 1922.
  81. ^ "Gangster Is Slain; Newsboy Accused," The New York Times, December 6, 1922.
  82. ^ "Benjamin Levinsky Shot and Killed as He Enters Building on Broadway". A. G. Sulzberger. New York Times. 6 December 1922. Retrieved 6 February 2024.
  83. ^ "William Lovett, Gangster Leader, Mysteriously Shot," The Standard Union, January 3, 1923.
  84. ^ "Gang Leader Found Hit by 3 Shots," The Brooklyn Citizen, January 3, 1923.
  85. ^ "Gunman Gets Away After Four Are Shot in Downtown Feud," The Standard Union, March 11, 1923.
  86. ^ "Black Hand Blamed for Explosion," The Philadelphia Inquirer, May 11, 1923.
  87. ^ "'Nails' Morton Killed by Horse," Chicago Tribune, May 14, 1923.
  88. ^ "Forged Pistol Permits Carried by Gunmen," The Brooklyn Daily Times, July 15, 1923.
  89. ^ "Man and Woman Are Shot When Gunmen Battle," The Brroklyn Citizen, August 2, 1923.
  90. ^ "Fifteen Accused in Shooting of Brooklyn Man," The Brooklyn Daily Times, August 24, 1923.
  91. ^ "Kid Dropper Slain Amid Guard," Daily News, August 29, 1923.
  92. ^ "Kid Dropper Tyrant of Gang World for Fourteen Cowardly Years," Daily News, August 29, 1923.
  93. ^ "Court Guarded Against Gunmen," Daily News, September 6, 1923.
  94. ^ "Gangsters Freed in Dropper Case," Brooklyn Daily Eagle, September 7, 1923.
  95. ^ "Rum Gangs War; One Dead, 2 Hurt," Chicago Tribune, September 8, 1923.
  96. ^ "Kill Two More in Beer War," Chicago Tribune, September 18, 1923.
  97. ^ "Antinori on $2,500 Bond for Alleged Smuggling," The Tampa Daily Times, October 3, 1923.
  98. ^ "Bill Lovett, Notorious Gangster, Murdered as He Sleeps; Foe's Victim," Brooklyn Daily Eagle, November 1, 1923.
  99. ^ "William J. Lovett, World War Hero, Not Bill Lovett, Gangster, Is Buried with Full Honors, Among Nation's Cherished," Brooklyn Daily Eagle, November 6, 1923.
  100. ^ "Booze Peddler Shot and Killed as He Fixes Tire," Chicago Tribune, November 6, 1923.
  101. ^ "Vigilantes Led by Pastor Raid Rum Roadhouse," Chicago Tribune, December 2, 1923.
  102. ^ "3 Captured After Armed Men Steal $16,000 in Whiskey," Brooklyn Daily Eagle, December 3, 1923.
  103. ^ "Rum Holdup Laid to Trio Arrested in a Moving Auto," Daily News, December 4, 1923.
  104. ^ "Riddled Body of Gangster Found on Day of His Trial," St. Louis Post-Dispatch, February 13, 1924.
  105. ^ "Couple Slain; Hunt Couple," Chicago Tribune, February 23, 1924.
  106. ^ "Catch Engelke; He Says Duffy Shot Exley Girl," Chicago Tribune, February 27, 1924.
  107. ^ "'Crook Trust' Traced by U.S.," Chicago Tribune, March 8, 1924.
  108. ^ "Bomb, Bullets, for 'Hershie'," Chicago Tribune, March 14, 1924.
  109. ^ "Hirchie Accuses Business Rivals," Chicago Tribune, March 18, 1924.
  110. ^ "Gunman Slain in Vote Riots," Chicago Tribune, April 2, 1924.
  111. ^ "Assassination Reveals Fight on Black Hand," The St. Louis Star, April 12, 1924.
  112. ^ "63,000 Payroll Stolen in Street Holdup of Banker," St. Louis Post-Dispatch, April 25, 1924.
  113. ^ "Gunman Killed by Gunman," Chicago Tribune, May 9, 1924.
  114. ^ "Indicted by Federal Jury, Four Give Bail," Buffalo Evening News, May 15, 1924.
  115. ^ "Cops Land in Jail; Freed on Bail," Chicago Tribune, May 20, 1924.
  116. ^ "Man Shot in Duel Says He'll Settle It Himself," The Standard Union, May 23, 1924.
  117. ^ "Nounes Draws Two Years and Fine," The Galveston Daily News, July 19, 1924.
  118. ^ "Stacher Held on Bad Check Charge," Asbury Park Evening Press, August 25, 1924.
  119. ^ "Gangster Murder Feud Renewed in Killing of Marks," Brooklyn Daily Eagle, September 22, 1924.
  120. ^ "Thugs Attack Girl; Beat Man and Flee," Daily News, September 23, 1924.
  121. ^ "S.R.O. Sign Parked in Auto Court Jam," Daily News, October 8, 1924.
  122. ^ "Michael Merlo, Leader of Chicago Italians, Dead," Chicago Tribune, November 10, 1924.
  123. ^ "Girl am O'Bannion Death Clue," Chicago Tribune, November 11, 1924.
  124. ^ "Colbeck and Eight Other Egan Gangsters Are on the Way to Leavenworth to Serve 25 Years for Staunton Mail Robbery," St. Louis Post-Dispatch, November 16, 1924.
  125. ^ "Vote Against More Police and Pay Raise," Chicago Tribune, January 13, 1925.
  126. ^ "Tommy M'Ginty Took One Chance on Gold Badges," Cleveland Plain Dealer, January 13, 1925.
  127. ^ "Torrio Is Shot; Police Hunt for O'Banion Men," Chicago Tribune, January 25, 1925.
  128. ^ "Waukegan Has Torrio Patient; Prisoner, Too," Chicago Tribune, February 10, 1925.
  129. ^ "2 Gunmen Taken as Polls Close Amid Violence," Chicago Tribune, February 25, 1925.
  130. ^ "Former Dry Raider Killed in Fight," Long Branch Daily Record, March 17, 1925.
  131. ^ "Youth Is Murdered in Cadillac Square," The Detroit Free Press, March 26, 1925.
  132. ^ "Truck Driver Confesses He Killed Maher," The Detroit Free Press, March 27, 1925.
  133. ^ "Beer Runner Is Slain; Find Body Shot Five Times," Chicago Tribune, April 8, 1925.
  134. ^ "Five Defendants in Liquor Case Freed," The Galveston Daily News, April 10, 1925.
  135. ^ "Nounes is Taken to Penitentiary," The Galveston Daily News, July 8, 1925.
  136. ^ "City-Wide Gunman Hunt in New Double Murder," The Standard Union, May 12, 1925.
  137. ^ "Village Inn Murder Suspect Arrested After Long Search," The Standard Union, May 14, 1925.
  138. ^ "Gangs Hold Up Brownsville Citizens for Funds to Defend 'Pal' in Wet Wash Murder," Brooklyn Daily Eagle, June 21, 1925.
  139. ^ "Aaronson Is Freed in the Slaying of Fellow Gangster," Brooklyn Daily Eagle, Nov. 10, 1925.
  140. ^ "Police, Fired on, Chase, Capture Pair of Gunmen," Chicago Tribune, May 19, 1925.
  141. ^ "New Rich Rum Chief Slain by Gunmen in Car," Chicago Tribune, May 27, 1925.
  142. ^ "Kill Two Cops; City Aroused," Chicago Tribune, June 14, 1925.
  143. ^ "Gennas in Terror; Tony Dies," Chicago Tribune, July 9, 1925.
  144. ^ "Coal Dealer Is Shot Dead by Mystery Slayer," Chicago Tribune, July 15, 1925.
  145. ^ "Vinci Slays and Is Slain," Chicago Tribune, July 19, 1925.
  146. ^ "Karl Inquest Is Delayed While U.S. Investigates," Chicago Tribune, November 29, 1925.
  147. ^ "Karl, Missing in Rum Mystery, Is Found Slain," Chicago Tribune, November 28, 1925.
  148. ^ "Gang Guns Bark in South Phila., Wounding Two," The Philadelphia Inquirer, August 19, 1925.
  149. ^ "Gangsters Kill Three Men in Last Five Days," The Philadelphia Inquirer, August 23, 1925.
  150. ^ "Gangsters Kill Three Men in Last Five Days," The Philadelphia Inquirer, August 23, 1925.
  151. ^ "Men Having Guns at Polling Place Held Under Bail," Pittston Gazette, September 17, 1925.
  152. ^ "13 Seized as U.S. Draws Net Set for Liquor Ring," Daily News, September 24, 1925.
  153. ^ "Four Indictments Name 35 Persons in the Jack Daniel Whiskey Theft Case," St. Louis Post-Dispatch, November 1, 1925.
  154. ^ "Collector Hellmich, Nat Goldstein, Fred Essen and Senator Kinney Among Thirty-Nine Indicted in the Jack Daniel Whiskey Theft Investigation," St. Louis Post-Dispatch, November 2, 1925.
  155. ^ "Gunmen Shoot Down New Bootleg Chief," Chicago Tribune, November 11, 1925.
  156. ^ "Samoots Dies in Silence; Fails to Wed," Chicago Tribune, November 13, 1925.
  157. ^ "Samoots' Slain Pal Expected Sudden Death," Chicago Tribune, November 19, 1925.
  158. ^ "Two More Slain in Rum War," Chicago Tribune, November 21, 1925.
  159. ^ "'Bad Man' Caught in Brutal Holdup of Meat Vendor," Brooklyn Daily Eagle, December 16, 1925.
  160. ^ "Bombed for Hire, Girl Says," Chicago Tribune, November 27, 1925.
  161. ^ "Mammoth Rum Ring Smashed," Daily News, December 4, 1925.
  162. ^ "Rum Ring Confession Involves Nearly All Local Coast Guards," Brooklyn Daily Eagle, December 4, 1925.
  163. ^ "Bullets Kill Five in Night," Chicago Tribune, December 23, 1925.
  164. ^ "Police Suspect McErlane Gang in Double Killing," Chicago Tribune, December 24, 1925.
  165. ^ "3 Gangsters Slain in Dance Hall Duel as Xmas Party Ends," Brooklyn Daily Eagle, December 26, 1925.
  166. ^ "'White Hand' List Is First Clue in 3 Gang Murders," Brooklyn Daily Eagle, December 27, 1925.
  167. ^ "Bail Denied Nine Held in Murder of 'Peg Leg' and Aids," Brooklyn Daily Eagle, December 29, 1925.
  168. ^ "Killed in Genna Booze War," Chicago Tribune, January 11, 1926.
  169. ^ "Manley S. Sullivan to Hear Fate on Income Tax Return Fraud," The State (Columbia, SC), January 22, 1926.
  170. ^ "Sullivan Files Notice of appeal," The State (Columbia, SC), January 27, 1926.
  171. ^ "Sheldon's Auto Bombed; Blame War Over Beer," Chicago Tribune, February 6, 1926.
  172. ^ "Two Missing Liquor Raiders Found Slain; Bodies in One Grave on Illinois Farm," St. Louis Post-Dispatch, February 5, 1926.
  173. ^ "St. Louisan Sought for Questioning About Auto Towed from Murder Farm," St. Louis Post-Dispatch, February 7, 1926.
  174. ^ "U.S. Warrant for Man Sought in Investigation of Farm Murders," St. Louis Post-Dispatch, February 8, 1926.
  175. ^ "John Giannola Surrenders to Answer Charge," St. Louis Post-Dispatch, March 29, 1926.
  176. ^ "Slayer of Syrian Peddler Identified by Wounded Partner," St. Louis Globe-Democrat, October 26, 1926.
  177. ^ "Alleged Bombing Chief Critically Ill; Under Knife," Chicago Tribune, February 11, 1926.
  178. ^ "Death Claims J.M. Sangerman, Alleged Bomber," Chicago Tribune, February 13, 1926.
  179. ^ "Hunt McErlane and Soltis in Saloon Shooting," Chicago Tribune, February 11, 1926.
  180. ^ "Feudists Slay Sicilian Ally of Genna Gang," Chicago Tribune, February 16, 1926.
  181. ^ "Sicilian Gang Kills Again," Chicago Tribune, February 22, 1926.
  182. ^ "Feudists Kill Mafia 'Eagle'," Chicago Tribune, February 24, 1926.
  183. ^ "Shotguns Kill Wrong Man in Sicilian Feud," Chicago Tribune, March 8, 1926.
  184. ^ "Ralph Sheldon with 2 Pals and Six Guns Seized," Chicago Tribune, March 30, 1926.
  185. ^ "Son Avenger of Paddy the Bear - Kills Quinlan," Chicago Tribune, April 4, 1926.
  186. ^ "Hang Chapman, Dead at 12:13," The Hartford Courant, April 6, 1926.
  187. ^ "Killing of Two Gangsters Laid to 'Alky' Rivals," Chicago Tribune, April 16, 1926.
  188. ^ "Beer, Beer, Beer; That Explains McCue Murder," Chicago Tribune, April 18, 1926.
  189. ^ "M'Erlane, Arch Beer Baron, Is Seized in Raid," Chicago Tribune, April 23, 1926.
  190. ^ "Speedy Trial for M'Erlane," The Lake County Times, August 18, 1926.
  191. ^ "M'Erlane Jury Gives Verdict of 'Not Guilty'," The Lake County Times, March 3, 1927.
  192. ^ "Assassinate Aid of Crowe; Gangsters Turn Machine Gun on William McSwiggin," Chicago Tribune, April 28, 1926.
  193. ^ "Get McSwiggin Death Clue," Chicago Tribune, April 29, 1926.
  194. ^ "Books Taken in Raid Reveal Workings of Cicero Gaming Ring," Chicago Tribune, April 30, 1926.
  195. ^ William J. Helmer and Rick Mattix, The Complete Public Enemy Almanac (Nashville: 2007), page 294.
  196. ^ "Slain in Taxi, Body Thrown into Alley," Chicago Tribune, May 1, 1926.
  197. ^ "Taxicab Victim Robbed, Slain in Drink Brawl," Chicago Tribune, May 2, 1926.
  198. ^ "Crime Quiz Opens: 'Crush Outlawry'," Chicago Tribune, May 4, 1926.
  199. ^ "Black Hand War Flares in Pueblo," The Daily Sentinel (Grand Junction, CO), May 14, 1926.
  200. ^ "Search for Pueblo Black Hand Slayers," The Daily Sentinel (Grand Junction, CO), May 15, 1926.
  201. ^ "Gunman Slain in Street Duel Over Women," Chicago Tribune, May 18, 1926.
  202. ^ "Girl Missing in Death Plot; Nab Gangster," Chicago Tribune, May 22, 1926.
  203. ^ "Two Slain at a Roadhouse," Chicago Tribune, June 2, 1926.
  204. ^ "Young Daughter Sees Two Pals Kill Bootlegger," Chicago Tribune, July 14, 1926.
  205. ^ "Jules Portugese, Gunman, 'Taken for a Ride'," Chicago Tribune, July 14, 1926.
  206. ^ "Booze Hijacked, 5 Cops Victims, Is Murder Story," Chicago Tribune, July 16, 1926.
  207. ^ "Man Shot, Killed; Rum Feud Blamed," The Detroit Free Press, July 20, 1926.
  208. ^ "Suspect Mum in Death Case," The Detroit Free Press, July 21, 1926.
  209. ^ "Two Murders Puzzle Police," The Detroit Free Press, July 24, 1926.
  210. ^ "Youths Kill Jeweler in Fruitless Holdup; Clerk Badly Wounded," The Brooklyn Daily Times, July 22, 1926.
  211. ^ "Jeweler, Thug Nemesis, Slain Balking Holdup," Daily News, July 23, 1926.
  212. ^ "One Bandit Confesses, Another Arrested as Jeweler's Slayer in Manhattan Holdup," Brooklyn Daily Eagle, August 27, 1926.
  213. ^ "Brooklyn Robber Bares Wholesale Crime Ring, Confesses Two Murders," The Brooklyn Daily Times, August 28, 1926.
  214. ^ "Bail Is Denied Amberg, Held as Killer Bandit," Brooklyn Daily Eagle, September 1, 1926.
  215. ^ "Milano Owner Latest Victim of Guns," The Chicago Heights Star, July 23, 1926.
  216. ^ "Parole Law Cuts Dwyer Term to Only 8 Months," Brooklyn Daily Eagle, July 27, 1926.
  217. ^ "Rum Jurors Repudiate Bielaski," Daily News, January 21, 1927.
  218. ^ "Caponi Gives Up, But Gets Jail Instead of Bail," Chicago Tribune, July 29, 1926.
  219. ^ "Caponi Freed of McSwiggin Death Charge," Chicago Tribune, July 30, 1926.
  220. ^ "Joe Salvo, Lamberta Kin, Is Murdered," The Chicago Heights Star, August 3, 1926.
  221. ^ "$7,000 Hi-Jackers' Raid Is Revealed," The Detroit Free Press, August 12, 1926.
  222. ^ "Suspect Released in Holdup Case," The Detroit Free Press, August 24.
  223. ^ "Identify Saltis, Two Gangsters as Foley Killers," Chicago Tribune, August 7, 1926.
  224. ^ "Capture Foley Pals Gunning for Rival Gang," Chicago Tribune, August 8, 1926.
  225. ^ "Party's Ended as Shots Fell Two of Guests," The Chicago Heights Star, August 10, 1926.
  226. ^ "Identify Slain Feudist as a Pal of Gennas," Chicago Tribune, August 21, 1926.
  227. ^ "Murdered Man Proves to Be Tony Spano - 'Cavaliero'," The Chicago Heights Star, August 24, 1926.
  228. ^ "Kill 'Cavalier' Gunman; Sixth to Die in Feud," Chicago Tribune, August 30, 1926.
  229. ^ "Cappello, Cavalier Intimate Shot to Death in His Car," The Chicago Heights Star, August 31, 1926.
  230. ^ "Beer Killers Torture Their Latest Victim," The Chicago Heights Star, September 3, 1926.
  231. ^ "Rope Murder Called 8th in Cavalier Feud," Chicago Tribune, September 3, 1926.
  232. ^ "Whisky Feudists in Pistol Fight at Gonnella Resort," St. Louis Post-Dispatch, September 16, 1926.
  233. ^ "Two Men Surrender After Feud Flareup," St. Louis Post-Dispatch, September 17, 1926.
  234. ^ "Seize Gunmen After Bullets Riddle Cicero," Chicago Tribune, September 21, 1926.
  235. ^ "Bystander Dies as Cuckoo Gang Shoots Up Bar," The St. Louis Star, September 24, 1926.
  236. ^ "Second Man Wounded in Liquor Feud Dies," St. Louis Post-Dispatch, September 26, 1926.
  237. ^ "Five Shot by Gang; 2 Killed," Chicago Tribune, October 12, 1926.
  238. ^ "Gunmen Hunting Bootleg Feudists Shoot Wrong men," St. Louis Post-Dispatch, October 15, 1926.
  239. ^ "Sicilians Plan East Side Raids as Cuckoos Exact Tribute in Blood," The St. Louis Star, October 16, 1926.
  240. ^ "Slayer of Syrian Peddler Identified by Wounded Partner," St. Louis Globe-Democrat, October 26, 1926.
  241. ^ "Palazzolo Far from Scene of Slaying, Detective Deposes," St. Louis Globe-Democrat, November 24, 1926.
  242. ^ "Italian Found in Cuckoo Quarters Sought Their Aid," The St. Louis Star, November 24, 1926.
  243. ^ "Gangland Lays Its Guns Aside; Peace Declared," Chicago Tribune, October 21, 1926.
  244. ^ "3 Prisoners Die in Attempt to Escape Tombs," The Brooklyn Daily Times, November 3, 1926.
  245. ^ "Three Gunmen and Keeper Slain in Delivery Attempt at Tombs," Daily News, November 4, 1926.
  246. ^ "Admits He Threw Guns into Tombs for Fatal Break," The Brooklyn Daily Times, November 4, 1926.
  247. ^ "Wet Wash Laundry Too Wet, Say Sleuths Finding Still," Brooklyn Daily Eagle, November 9, 1926.
  248. ^ "Astoria Brothers Indicted as Heads of Big Liquor Ring," Brooklyn Daily Eagle, November 19, 1926.
  249. ^ "Rum Jurors Repudiate Bielaski," Daily News, January 21, 1927.
  250. ^ "Caponi Landlord Missing; Fear He Is Gang Victim," Chicago Tribune, December 1, 1926.
  251. ^ "Lime Covered Body of Slain Anton Found," Chicago Tribune, January 6, 1927.
  252. ^ "Illinois Gang Kills Mayor," Chicago Tribune, December 13, 1926.
  253. ^ "Arrest Birger on New Adams Case Indictment," Chicago Tribune, April 30, 1927.
  254. ^ "Find Clements Murdered as Brother Said," Chicago Tribune, December 31, 1926.
  255. ^ "Missing Saloon Owner Adds to Anton Mystery," Chicago Tribune, January 10, 1927.
  256. ^ "Find Missing Cicero Saloon Man Murdered," Chicago Tribune, May 14, 1927.
  257. ^ "Murder in Car Points to New Feud Outbreak," The Detroit Free Press, February 4, 1927.
  258. ^ "Gangster Dies Under Fire of Machine Gun," The Philadelphia Inquirer, February 26, 1927.
  259. ^ "Gunmen Seized; Clue Found in Cadix Slaying," The Philadelphia Inquirer, March 23, 1927.
  260. ^ "Three Killed in War of Bootleggers," Chicago Tribune, March 12, 1927.
  261. ^ "Fourth Killing Gives Police New Gang Mystery," Chicago Tribune, March 14, 1927.
  262. ^ "'Alky' Dealer Shot Down as He Enters Home," Chicago Tribune, March 16, 1927.
  263. ^ "Machine Gun Kills Two in Gambler War," Battle Creek Moon-Journal, March 28, 1927.
  264. ^ "2 Die in Machine Gun Fight," East Liverpool Review-Tribune (East Liverpool, Ohio), March 28, 1927.
  265. ^ "War Declared by Gamblers, Assert Police," The Detroit Free Press, March 29, 1927.
  266. ^ "Gambler Alive, Police Assert," The Detroit Free Press, March 30, 1927.
  267. ^ "Kill Drucci in Drive on Ballot Thugs," Chicago Tribune, April 5, 1927.
  268. ^ "2 Underworld Kings Vanish, Plot Feared," Chicago Tribune, April 16, 1927.
  269. ^ "Phones Hint Cafe Owners Held for Cash," Chicago Tribune, April 17, 1927.
  270. ^ "Kidnapped Cafe Owners and Driver Freed," Chicago Tribune, April 19, 1927.
  271. ^ "Rum King Kidnapper Slain," by Arthur Mefford, Daily News, May 6, 1927.
  272. ^ "Pair Escape Kidnappers' Den After 7 Days," by Arthur Mefford, Daily News, May 7, 1927.
  273. ^ "Berman Indicted in Kidnapping Case," Daily News, May 10, 1927.
  274. ^ "Bootleggers Must File Income Return," The Philadelphia Inquirer, May 17, 1927.
  275. ^ "Unidentified Man Found Shot to Death in Street," Chicago Tribune, May 26, 1927.
  276. ^ "Machine Guns Reopen Gang War," Chicago Tribune, May 29, 1927.
  277. ^ "2 Slain in Street by Gunmen Firing from Racing Auto," The Philadelphia Inquirer, May 31, 1927.
  278. ^ "Gang Chief Names Seven as Slayers; Bares Crime Ring," The Philadelphia Inquirer, June 1, 1927.
  279. ^ "Found Slain in Road; Laid to Gang War," Chicago Tribune, June 5, 1927.
  280. ^ "Latest Killing Is Laid to New Rum Gang War," Chicago Tribune, June 6, 1927.
  281. ^ "Murdered Man's Body Found Near Queens Cemetery," Brooklyn Daily Eagle, June 11, 1927.
  282. ^ "Mystery Murder Laid to Rum Feud," The Brooklyn Daily Times, June 12, 1927.
  283. ^ "Convict Ex-Cop of Killing; Free Genna Gunmen," Chicago Tribune, June 24, 1927.
  284. ^ "Death Car Trio Widely Sought in Gang Murder," Brooklyn Daily Eagle, July 8, 1927.
  285. ^ "Gambler Killed, Shot from Auto," Brooklyn Daily Times, July 8, 1927.
  286. ^ "Find Body of Gang Victim Buried in Sack," Chicago Tribune, July 18, 1927.
  287. ^ "Charge Friend with Murder of Cinderello," Chicago Tribune, July 20, 1927.
  288. ^ "Torture Murder Charge Is Filed Against Suspect," Chicago Tribune, August 3, 1927.
  289. ^ "Frees Cinderello Murder Suspect on $15,000 Bail," Chicago Tribune, August 5, 1927.
  290. ^ "Volley Fells Four in Auto," The Detroit Free Press, July 22, 1927.
  291. ^ "Dubay Killing Suspects Held," The Detroit Free Press, July 24, 1927.
  292. ^ https://www.babyfacenelsonjournal.com/fred-burke.html#:~:text=The%20Purples%20claimed%20that%20Burke,was%20killed%20in%20the%20attack.
  293. ^ "Birger Sentenced to the Gallows," The Daily Independent (Murphysboro, IL), July 25, 1927.
  294. ^ "Two Killed in Battle with Rum Runners," The Miami Herald, August 8, 1927.
  295. ^ "Two Men Found Slain, Probably Victims of Gang," St. Louis Post-Dispatch, August 10, 1927.
  296. ^ "Intercity Rum Feud Seen in Mystery Killing," Chicago Tribune, August 11, 1927.
  297. ^ "Cuckoo Gang Suspected in Two Killings," The St. Louis Star, August 11, 1927.
  298. ^ "Gunman and Lawyer Shot to Death by Gang in Auto," St. Louis Post-Dispatch, August 25, 1927.
  299. ^ "Gunman Killed, Boy Shot in Liquor Feud; Attack Laid to Chicago Murders," St. Louis Post-Dispatch, September 9, 1927.
  300. ^ "Body of Murder Victim Is Found Near Stickney," Chicago Tribune, September 24, 1927.
  301. ^ "Tragedy Ends Divorce Case; Mrs. George Remus Is Slain; Bootleg King Again in Cell," The Cincinnati Enquirer, October 7, 1927.
  302. ^ "Indictment," The Cincinnati Enquirer, October 15, 1927.
  303. ^ "2 Brothers Murdered in Bootleg War," Cleveland Plain Dealer, October 14, 1927.
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