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Te Waiohua

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Te Waiohua
Iwi (tribe) in Māoridom
Tāmaki Makaurau region
Waka (canoe)Te Wakatūwhenua and Te Moekākara

Te Waiohua or Te Wai-o-Hua is a Māori iwi (tribe) confederation that thrived in the early 18th century. The hapu's rohe (tribal area) was primarily the central Tāmaki Makaurau area (the Auckland isthmus) and the Māngere peninsula, until the 1740s when the paramount chief Kiwi Tāmaki was defeated by the Ngāti Whātua hapū Te Taoū. The descendants of the Waiohua confederation today include Ngati Te Ata Waiohua,Te Ākitai Waiohua, Ngā Oho of Ngāti Whātua-o-Ōrākei and Waikato Tainui.

History

The tribe descends from ancestors who came to New Zealand on the Te Wakatūwhenua and Te Moekākara migratory waka, and from the Te Arawa tribe Ngā Oho.[1] The confederation formed under chief Te Hua-o-Kaiwaka (from which the name of the tribe, The Waters of Hua, can be traced), who lived and died at Maungawhau / Mount Eden.[1][2] The confederation was created by three Ngā Oho groups: Ngā Oho based in Papakura, Ngā Riki based in South Auckland with a rohe spanning from Papakura to Ōtāhuhu, and Ngā Iwi, who settled from Ōtāhuhu to the North Shore.[1] The confederation took the name Waiohua after the death of Te Hua-o-Kaiwaka (sometime between 1575 and the 1620s).[3][2] Ngā Oho, Ngā Riki and Ngā Iwi continued to have distinct identities while being a part of Waiohua as a whole.[4]

Around the year 1675, Ngāti Maru of the Marutūāhu collective sacked the Waiohua pā located at Maungakiekie / One Tree Hill, Maungawhau and Maungarei / Mount Wellington.[5] Around 1680, Ngāti Whātua warrior chief Kāwharu led war parties to attack and sack two Waiohua pā located at Matukutureia (McLaughlins Mountain) and Matukutururu (Wiri Mountain), in the western part of Wiri, South Auckland.[6]

Ikamaupoho, son of Te Hua-o-Kaiwaka, begun to lead Te Waiohua in the late 17th century, and by early 1700s the confederation was the main influential force on the Auckland isthmus.[1][2] The pā at Maungakiekie / One Tree Hill had become the tribal centre for Waiohua.[7] It was the residence of most high chiefs in the confederation, and the location where many traditional rituals were undertaken.[7] By the 1720s, the major settlements of Waiohua included Maungakiekie, Māngere Mountain ("Te Pane o Mataoho") and Maungataketake near Ihumātao.[8] By this period, Ngāi Tāhuhu and Te Kawerau ā Maki were considered allies to Waiohua, or hapū who were a part of the union.[8]

Around the 1730s and 1740s, Waiohua fought battles against Ngāti Pāoa to the south (based in the western Hauraki Plains Ngāti Pāoa) and Te Taoū of Ngāti Whātua (then located around the Kaipara Harbour).[4][9] Te Taoū sacked Waiohua settlements such as Maungakiekie and Māngere.[9] Around 1741, the paramount chief of Te Waiohua, Kiwi Tāmaki, was killed in battle at Paruroa (Great Muddy Creek in Titirangi) by Te Taoū/Ngāti Whātua chief Te Waha-akiaki, in response to Kiwi Tāmaki killing several members of Te Taoū treacherously.[4] Ngāti Whātua became the major force on the Auckland isthmus from then until the early 1800s.[1] In the 1750s, many remaining members of Waiohua settled among Waikato Tainui to the south, in locations such as Drury, Pōkeno and Papakura, while others intermarried with Ngāti Whātua.[7][9][10][2]

In around 1765, the Waikato-based refugees of Waiohua returned to Manukau, and are now known as Te Ākitai Waiohua.[10] Members of Waiohua who intermarried with Te Taoū re-adopted the name Ngā Oho,[10] and today are a hapū of Ngāti Whātua-o-Ōrākei. Te Ākitai Waiohua began to resettle the southern rohe of Waiohua up to Ōtāhuhu.[2] By the 1790s, Ngāti Whatua and Waiohua allied forces against Ngāti Pāoa who were settling along the Tamaki River.[2] In the 1820s during the Musket Wars, Ngāti Whatua and Te Ākitai Waiohua relocated to the Waikato under the protection of Pōtatau Te Wherowhero, returning in 1835.[2]

Descendent iwi and hapū and marae

Many iwi and hapū trace their lineage back to Waiohua, including:

References

  1. ^ a b c d e Taonui, Rāwiri (8 February 2005). "The tribes of Tāmaki". Te Ara. Retrieved 17 March 2021.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g Te Ākitai Waiohua (24 August 2010). "CULTURAL VALUES ASSESSMENT BY TE ĀKITAI WAIOHUA for MATUKUTŪREIA QUARRY PRIVATE PLAN CHANGE" (PDF). Auckland Council. Retrieved 2021-02-04.
  3. ^ "ca 1575". Manukau's Journey - Ngā Tapuwae o Manukau. Auckland Libraries Heritage Collections. MJ_0007. Retrieved 17 March 2021.
  4. ^ a b c Fox, Aileen (1977). "PA OF THE AUCKLAND ISTHMUS: AN ARCHAEOLOGICAL ANALYSIS". Records of the Auckland Institute and Museum. 14: 1–24. ISSN 0067-0464.
  5. ^ "ca 1675". Manukau's Journey - Ngā Tapuwae o Manukau. Auckland Libraries Heritage Collections. MJ_0011. Retrieved 17 March 2021.
  6. ^ "ca 1680". Manukau's Journey - Ngā Tapuwae o Manukau. Auckland Libraries Heritage Collections. MJ_0013. Retrieved 17 March 2021.
  7. ^ a b c Fairfield, F. G. (1941). "Maungakiekie. One Tree Hill, Auckland. Description of some Ethnological Discoveries". The Journal of the Polynesian Society. 50 (2(198)): 92–104. ISSN 0032-4000.
  8. ^ a b "ca 1720". Manukau's Journey - Ngā Tapuwae o Manukau. Auckland Libraries Heritage Collections. MJ_0015. Retrieved 17 March 2021.
  9. ^ a b c "ca 1740". Manukau's Journey - Ngā Tapuwae o Manukau. Auckland Libraries Heritage Collections. MJ_0017. Retrieved 17 March 2021.
  10. ^ a b c "ca 1765". Manukau's Journey - Ngā Tapuwae o Manukau. Auckland Libraries Heritage Collections. MJ_0020. Retrieved 17 March 2021.
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