Shelling of Johnston and Palmyra

Shelling of Johnston and Palmyra Atoll
	Part of the Pacific Theater of World War II
Date	December 12 to 24, 1941
Location	Johnston and Palmyra Atoll, Pacific Ocean
Result	Inconclusive; Minor damage to U.S. installations, both islands heavily strengthened;
Belligerents
United States	Japan
Commanders and leaders
Francis B. Loomis Jr.	Unknown
Units involved
1st Defense Battalion; Various U.S. Navy forces; Civilian contractors	Unknown
Strength
Marine 5-inch coastal guns	Multiple submarines; Possible surface vessels
Casualties and losses
1 Marine wounded; Damaged military installations	Possible damage to Japanese ships

Johnston and Palmyra are two US-controlled atolls located in the Pacific Ocean. Johnston had been claimed for the US in 1858, Palmyra in 1859; both under the Guano Islands Act. Following the Attack on Pearl Harbor, Japanese navy forces attacked Allied possessions across the Pacific, including Johnston and Palmyra.

Background

Both islands had been obtained through the Guano Islands Act of 1856, although Palmyra was void of Guano. The lack of guano caused Palmyra to pass through the ownership of many different groups throughout the 19th and 20th centuries. Johnston and Palmyra were placed under US Navy control in 1934 by President Franklin Roosevelt. Both islands were garrisoned and Johnston served as a refueling station for passing US Navy ships. Although an airfield was under construction on Johnston, the only aircraft present on the island were Navy PBY patrol planes, usually anchored offshore.

Johnston became noticeable to the Japanese command because of its location. Although it was too close to Hawaii to be amphibiously assaulted, it was near the major Japanese air base in the Marshall Islands. The executive officer of the 1st Marine Defense Battalion, Major Francis B. Loomis Jr., had arrived on Johnston on December 7, 1941. He had been returning by air from an inspection of the American outposts in the Pacific when Pearl Harbor had been attacked. He then took control of the island's garrison.

Following news of the Attack on Pearl Harbor, the civilian contractors already present on Johnston began to building more emplacements for the Marines' guns and positions. Six US Navy ships were also on Johnston, practicing their use of the Higgins Boat on Johnston's shore. For the next few days, there was very little activity around both islands.

The attacks

The first attack on the islands came on December 12, 1941. A Japanese submarine, 8,000 yards offshore, broke the surface and fired star shells clusters over Johnston.^[1] The US Marine crews of 5-inch coastal guns tried to find the submarine with star shells, after which the submarine withdrew.^[1]

On the night of December 15, a US Navy supply ship, William Ward Burrows, arrived at dusk to drop off supplies destined for Marines stranded on Wake, and to retrieve civilian contractors and return to Pearl Harbor. Crew members of Burrows and Marines on Johnston spotted a flash at sea. The first bracket of shells landed on Johnston and at least one hit the powerhouse, causing a fire that engulfed the building.^[1] The Marines returned fire for ten minutes until the submarine ceased firing.^[1]

An attack by a Japanese submarine on the night of December 21 resembled the events on December 12.^[1] A final attack came on the 22nd, when a Japanese submarine fired a star shell cluster and six shells at Johnston knocking down a homing tower and wounding a Marine.^[1] Fire from Marine-crewed coastal batteries forced the submarine to submerge.

The sole attack on Palmyra (located 900 miles southeast of Johnston) came near dawn on December 24, 1941.^[1] A Japanese submarine fired on Palmyra and a US Navy dredge, Sacramento, which sat in the atoll's lagoon.^[1] The shells did minor damage to the Sacramento before the submarine was driven back by fire from Marine-crewed 5-inch guns.^[1]

Aftermath

Maj. James Masters, USMC on Johnston, 1942

Following the Japanese naval attacks on Johnston and Palmyra, both were heavily reinforced. Johnston was given more heavy guns, machine guns, and an infantry company. Similar precautions were taken with Palmyra. Although they were isolated, the Marine, Navy, and civilian garrisons became the front line of Pearl Harbor's defense while it recuperated. Both islands continued to be garrisoned by Marines throughout the war.

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ Jones, Terry (2013). A Parting Shot - Shelling of Australia by Japanese Submarines 1942. Narrabeen, Australia: Casper Publications. p. 317. ISBN 9780977506347.

Books

Hammel, Eric (2005). Pacific Warriors: The US Marines in World War II: A Pictorial Tribute. 400 First Avenue North, Suite 300, Minneapolis, MN: Zenith Press. ISBN 978-0-7603-2097-6.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link)

News articles and websites

Lt. Col. Frank O. Hough, Maj. Verle E. Ludwig, Henry I. Shaw (March 15, 2011). "History of US Marine Corps Operations in World War II: Japan Strikes (The Southern Outposts)". Hough*Ludwig*Shaw. Archived from the original on December 25, 2013. Retrieved July 16, 2008.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
US Fish and Wildlife Service. "Johnston Atoll National Wildlife Refuge". Archived from the original on December 6, 2013.

[Jones-1] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ Jones, Terry (2013). A Parting Shot - Shelling of Australia by Japanese Submarines 1942. Narrabeen, Australia: Casper Publications. p. 317. ISBN 9780977506347.

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