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A practitioner of parkour is called a "traceur" {{IPA|[tʁasœʁ]}}, with the feminine form being "traceuse" {{IPA|[tʁasøz]}}. The original term was simply "tracer" without the 'u' but the word has evolved and now is accepted as having a 'u.' They are [[noun substantive|nouns]] derived from the French verb "tracer", which normally means "trace",<ref>{{cite web |title=tracer&nbsp;— Definition by dictionary.com |url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/tracer |author=Random House Unabridged Dictionary (v 1.1) |year=2006 |publisher=dictionary.com |accessdate=2007-08-28 }}</ref> or "trail", as in "he escaped without a trace".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cnrtl.fr/lexicographie/tracer? |title=Portail lexical&nbsp;— Définition de tracer |language=French
A practitioner of parkour is called a "traceur" {{IPA|[tʁasœʁ]}}, with the feminine form being "traceuse" {{IPA|[tʁasøz]}}. The original term was simply "tracer" without the 'u' but the word has evolved and now is accepted as having a 'u.' They are [[noun substantive|nouns]] derived from the French verb "tracer", which normally means "trace",<ref>{{cite web |title=tracer&nbsp;— Definition by dictionary.com |url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/tracer |author=Random House Unabridged Dictionary (v 1.1) |year=2006 |publisher=dictionary.com |accessdate=2007-08-28 }}</ref> or "trail", as in "he escaped without a trace".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cnrtl.fr/lexicographie/tracer? |title=Portail lexical&nbsp;— Définition de tracer |language=French
|accessdate=2007-08-28 }}</ref> When asked recently, David Belle said he prefers not using the 'u' because it is more efficient. This term was the name of a parkour group headed by David Belle which all included [[Stephane Vigroux]].
|accessdate=2007-08-28 }}</ref> When asked recently, David Belle said he prefers not using the 'u' because it is more efficient. This term was the name of a parkour group headed by David Belle which all included [[Stephane Vigroux]].

Others believe that the term "parkour" is a play on "hardcore," as many of the stunts are done in a park, and are very hardcore </ref>({thedictionary.com/parkour})</ref>


== History ==
== History ==

Revision as of 14:55, 14 April 2012

Parkour
Passement
NicknamesPK
Characteristics
ContactNon-competitive
TypeSpiritual art, body art, philosophical, sport
EquipmentShoes, gloves (optional)
Presence
OlympicNo

Parkour (abbreviated PK) is a physical discipline which focuses on efficient movement around obstacles. Developed in France by David Belle, the main purpose of the discipline is to teach participants how to move through their environment by vaulting, rolling, running, climbing, and jumping. Parkour practitioners are known as "traceurs".

Parkour's modern history began in the 1920s, though similar movements can be found in the Eastern martial arts ninjutsu and qing gong. Georges Hébert began teaching the fundamental movements related to parkour during this time period, and eventually the training became the standard for the French military. David and Raymond Belle would expand on Hébert's work, and David would eventually find the Yamakasi group, the first group dedicated to parkour.

Etymology

"Le parcours" was the original word passed down to David Belle from his father Raymond Belle. This was the term Raymond used when speaking to David about the training he had done. The term derives from "parcours du combattant", the classic obstacle course method of military training proposed by Georges Hébert,[1][2][3] but the term "le parcour" was used by Raymond to encompass all of his training including climbing, jumping, running, balancing, and the other methods he undertook in his personal athletic advancement. One day when David Belle was on a film set he showed his 'Speed Air Man' video to Hubert Koundé, who suggested to change the "c" of "parcour" to a "k" because it was more dynamic and stronger. Belle liked the idea and officially changed the name of his discipline to "parkour" (French pronunciation: [paʁˈkuʁ]).

A practitioner of parkour is called a "traceur" [tʁasœʁ], with the feminine form being "traceuse" [tʁasøz]. The original term was simply "tracer" without the 'u' but the word has evolved and now is accepted as having a 'u.' They are nouns derived from the French verb "tracer", which normally means "trace",[4] or "trail", as in "he escaped without a trace".[5] When asked recently, David Belle said he prefers not using the 'u' because it is more efficient. This term was the name of a parkour group headed by David Belle which all included Stephane Vigroux.

Others believe that the term "parkour" is a play on "hardcore," as many of the stunts are done in a park, and are very hardcore </ref>({thedictionary.com/parkour})</ref>

History

Though Sébastien Foucan states in Jump London that "le parkour has always existed, free running has always been there, the thing is that no one gave it a name, we didn't put it in the box," there are certain precedents in modern history. Hollywood stars and stuntmen such as Douglas Fairbanks, Sr., John Ciampa and Buster Keaton captured parkour-like moves on film as early as the 1920–40s (much later followed by Jackie Chan). In Eastern martial arts such as ninjutsu and qing gong, movements similar to those of parkour have been taught for centuries and with a similar aim.

In Western Europe, a forerunner of parkour was French naval officer Georges Hébert, who before World War I already promoted athletic skill based on the models of indigenous tribes he had met in Africa.[6] He noted, "their bodies were splendid, flexible, nimble, skillful, enduring, and resistant but yet they had no other tutor in gymnastics but their lives in nature." [6] His rescue efforts during the 1902 eruption of Mount Pelée on Saint-Pierre, Martinique, reinforced his belief that athletic skill must be combined with courage and altruism.[6] Hébert became a physical education tutor at the college of Reims in France. Hébert set up a "méthode naturelle" session consisting of ten fundamental groups: walking, running, jumping, quadrupedal movement, climbing, balancing, throwing, lifting, self-defense, swimming, which are part of three main forces:[7] During World War I and World War II, Hébert's teaching continued to expand, becoming the standard system of French military education and training. Thus, Hébert was one of the proponents of "parcours", an obstacle course,[8] which is standard in the military training and led to the development of civilian fitness trails and confidence courses.[6]

Further impetus came from the David and Raymond Belle, both of whom were active as fitness promoters—Raymond for the French fire service and David for more individual purposes; he went on to found the group the Yamakasi.[9][10]

Military training

After the attention that parkour received following the 2006 film Casino Royale, military forces around the world began looking for ways to incorporate parkour into training. The British Royal Marines hired parkour athletes to train their members.[11] Colorado Parkour began a project to introduce parkour into the U.S. military[12] and parkour is slowly being introduced into the United States Marine Corps.[13]

Philosophy and theories

According to Williams Belle, the philosophies and theories behind parkour are an integral aspect of the art, one that many non-practitioners have never been exposed to. Belle trains people because he wants "it to be alive" and for "people to use it".[14] Châu Belle explains it is a "type of freedom" or "kind of expression"; that parkour is "only a state of mind" rather than a set of actions, and that it is about overcoming and adapting to mental and emotional obstacles as well as physical barriers.[14]

A newer convention of parkour philosophy has been the idea of "human reclamation".[15] Andy (Animus of Parkour North America) clarifies it as "a means of reclaiming what it means to be a human being. It teaches us to move using the natural methods that we should have learned from infancy. It teaches us to touch the world and interact with it, instead of being sheltered by it."[15]"It is as much as a part of truly learning the physical art as well as being able to master the movements, it gives you the ability to overcome your fears and pains and reapply this to life as you must be able to control your mind in order to master the art of parkour."[16]

A point has been made about the similarities between the martial arts philosophy of Bruce Lee and parkour.[17] In an interview with The New Yorker, David Belle acknowledges the influence of Lee's thinking: "There's a quote by Bruce Lee that's my motto: 'There are no limits. There are plateaus, but you must not stay there, you must go beyond them. A man must constantly exceed his level.' If you're not better than you were the day before, then what are you doing—what's the point?".[8]

Traceur Dylan Baker says "parkour also influences one's thought processes by enhancing self-confidence and critical thinking skills that allow one to overcome everyday physical and mental obstacles".[18][19][14] A study by Neuropsychiatrie de l'Enfance et de l'Adolescence (Neuropsychiatry of Childhood and Adolescence) in France reflects that traceurs seek more excitement and leadership situations than do gymnastic practitioners.[20]

A campaign was started on 1 May 2007 by Parkour.NET portal[21] to preserve parkour's philosophy against sport competition and rivalry.[22] In the words of Erwan LeCorre: "Competition pushes people to fight against others for the satisfaction of a crowd and/or the benefits of a few business people by changing its mindset. Parkour is unique and cannot be a competitive sport unless it ignores its altruistic core of self development. If parkour becomes a sport, it will be hard to seriously teach and spread parkour as a non-competitive activity. And a new sport will be spread that may be called parkour, but that won't hold its philosophical essence anymore."[21] According to LeCorre, those who truly practice parkour have the same mind aspect of each other, therefore it brings people to work together rather than compete, it allows them to be united internationally and forget the social and economical problems which separated them globally, ultimately leading one giant community working and growing together.

Movements

A pair of parkour techniques: A wall climb to a top out

There is no list of "moves"; each obstacle is approached individually. In many cases effective parkour techniques depend on fast redistribution of body weight and the use of momentum to perform seemingly difficult or impossible body maneuvers at great speed. Absorption and redistribution of energy is also an important factor, such as body rolls when landing which reduce impact forces on the legs and spine, allowing a traceur to jump from greater heights than those often considered sensible in other forms of acrobatics and gymnastics.

According to David Belle, the practice is to move in such a way that will help you gain the most ground as if escaping or chasing something. Also, if you go from A to B, you need to be able to get back from B to A, but not necessarily with the same movements or "passements". Despite this, there are many basic versatile and effective techniques that are emphasized for beginners. Most important are good jumping and landing techniques. The roll, used to limit impact after a drop and to carry one's momentum onward, is often stressed as the most important technique to learn.

Some movements defined in parkour are:[23]

Basic movements
Name Description
French French pronunciation English
Atterrissage [ateʁisaʒ] Landing Bending the knees when toes make contact with ground.
Réception [ʁesɛpsjɔ̃]
Équilibre [ekilibʁ] Balance Walking along the crest of an obstacle; literally "balance."
Équilibre de chat Cat Crawl Quadrupedal movement along the crest of an obstacle.
Franchissement [fʁɑ̃ʃismɑ̃] Underbar Jumping or swinging through a gap between obstacles; literally "to cross" or "to break through."
Lâché [lɑʃe] Lache Hanging drop; lâcher literally meaning "to let go." To hang or swing (on a bar, on a wall, on a branch) and let go, dropping to the ground or to hang from another object. This can refer to almost all hanging/swinging type movements.
swing
Passe muraille [pas myʁaj] Pop vault, wall hop, Wallpass, wallrun Overcoming a tall structure, usually by use of a step off the wall to transform forward momentum into upward momentum, then using the arms to climb onto and over the object.
Dyno (shortened from "Dynamic[clarification needed]", opposite to "Static") This movement comes from climbing terminology, and encompasses leaping from a position similar to an armjump, then grabbing an obstacle usually higher than the initial starting place, often used for an overhang. This movement is used when a simpler movement is not possible.
Passement [pasmɑ̃] Vault, Pass To move over an object with one's hand(s) on an object to ease the movement.
Demitour [dəmi tuʁ] Turn vault A vault or dropping movement involving a 180° turn; literally "half turn." This move is often used to place yourself hanging from an object in order to shorten a drop or prepare for a jump.
Turn Down
Passement Speed vault To overcome an obstacle by jumping side-ways first, then placing one hand on the obstacle to self-right your body and continue running.
Thief To overcome an obstacle by using a one-handed vault, then using the other hand at the end of the vault to push oneself forwards in order to finish the move. The name "Thief Vault" has its roots in Sebastien Foucan copying the move from David Belle's showreel and claiming it as his own move at the "Madonna- Confessions on a Dancefloor"-Tour. David Belle apparently said "Sebastien, tu es un voleur" (eng. Sebastien, you are a thief!)
Lazy vault
Saut de chat [sod ʃa] Cat pass/jump, monkey vault,kong The saut de chat involves diving forward over an obstacle so that the body becomes horizontal, pushing off with the hands and tucking the legs, such that the body is brought back to a vertical position, ready to land.
Passement assis Dash Bomb This vault involves using the hands to move oneself forwards at the end of the vault and into a front flipping motion before touching the ground. One uses both hands to overcome an obstacle by jumping feet first over the obstacle and pushing off with the hands at the end. Visually, this might seem similar to the saut de chat, but reversed. Allegedly David Belle has questioned the effectiveness of this movement, but Sebastien Foucan claims he used the Dash Bomb efficiently in various situations before..
Saut de chat inversé Reverse vault A vault involving a 180° rotation such that the traceur's back faces forward as they pass the obstacle. The purpose of the rotation is ease of technique in the case of otherwise awkward body position or loss of momentum prior to the vault.
Kash vault This vault is a combination of two vaults; the cat pass and the dash vault. After pushing off with the hands in a cat pass, the body continues past vertical over the object until the feet are leading the body. The kash vault is then finished by pushing off the object at the end, as in a dash vault.
Planche [plɑ̃ʃ] Muscle-up To get from a hanging position (wall, rail, branch, arm jump, etc.) into a position where your upper body is above the obstacle, supported by the arms. This then allows for you to climb up onto the obstacle and continue.
climb-up
Roulade [ʁulad] Roll A forward roll where the hands, arms and diagonal of the back contact the ground, often called breakfall. Used primarily to transfer the momentum/energy from jumps and to minimize impact, preventing a painful landing. It is similar to the basic kaiten or ukemi and it was taken from martial arts such as judo, ninjutsu, jujutsu, hapkido and aikido.
Saut de bras [sodbra] Arm jump To land on the side of an obstacle in a hanging/crouched position, the hands gripping the top edge, holding the body, ready to perform a muscle-up.
cat leap
cat grab
Saut de fond [sodfɔ̃] Drop Literally 'jump to the ground' / 'jump to the floor'. To jump down, or drop down from something.
Saut de détente [sodə detɑ̃t] Gap jump, running jump To jump from one place/object to another, over a gap/distance. This technique is most often followed with a roll.
Saut de précision [so d presiziɔ̃] Precision Static or moving jump from one object to a precise spot on another object. This term can refer to any form of jumping however. Often abbreviated to "prec" or "perc".
précision [presiziɔ̃]
Saut de mur Wall Jump To step off a wall in order to overcome another obstacle or gain height to grab something
Tic-Tac
Saut de rotation Rotary jump Similar to a cat pass, the person dives and then rotates their lower body around the obstacle. Used for shorter to medium obstacles. For people that have trouble with cat pass.
Rotary vault
Side vault A vault where the person is parallel to the obstacle and places one hand on the obstacle. When performing the vault, the person's back should be facing down.

Risk of harm

Parkour is not widely practiced in dedicated public facilities such as skate parks. Although efforts are being made to create places for it, most traceurs do not like the idea as it is contradictory to the philosophy of freedom.[24] Traceurs practice parkour in urban areas such as gyms, parks, playgrounds, offices, and abandoned structures. Concerns have been raised regarding trespassing, damage of property,[25] and the practice in inappropriate places.[26] However, most traceurs will take care of their training spots and will remove themselves quickly and quietly from a public place if asked.[27][28] The Magpie Youth Centre free running club in Glen Parva, Leicester, England has raised 40,000 Euros to build a free running park/training utility on the park opposite the youth center.

Concerns have been raised by law enforcement and fire and rescue teams of the risk in jumping off high buildings.[29] They argue that practitioners are needlessly risking damage to both themselves and rooftops by practicing at height, with police forces calling for practitioners to stay off the rooftops.[30][31][32] Some figures within the parkour community agree that this sort of behaviour is not to be encouraged.[31][33][34][35]

American traceur Mark Toorock says that injuries are rare "because participants rely not on what they can't control – wheels or the icy surfaces of snowboarding and skiing – but their own hands and feet," but Lanier Johnson, executive director of the American Sports Medicine Institute, notes that many of the injuries are not reported.[36] When injuries do occur, many members in the parkour community encourage pursuing the most scientifically sound method to recovery and future prevention.[37]

Equipment

A traceuse vaults an obstacle.

There is no equipment required, although practitioners normally train wearing light casual clothing:[38][39]

  • Light upper body garment such as T-shirt, sleeveless shirt or crop top if anything is worn on the upper body
  • Light lower body garment such as sweatpants, some wear tracksuit bottoms or shorts

Comfortable running shoes, that are generally light, with good grip, and flexibility are encouraged. Various sport shoes manufacturers such as Nike, with their "Free run" shoes, have developed shoes specificly for parkour and free running; and many other companies around the world have started offering parkour-specific products. Some use thin athletic gloves to protect the hands;[40] those who do not, prefer to "feel their environment" directly, develop thick callouses.[41][42] Since parkour is closely related to méthode naturelle, practitioners sometimes train barefooted to be able to move efficiently without depending on their gear. Some traceurs also use the lightweight feiyue martial arts shoes. David Belle notes: "bare feet are the best shoes!"[43]

Free running

Dash vault and wallspin

Free running is a variation of parkour. The term was coined during the filming of Jump London, where it is claimed that it incorporates parkour as a baseline but focuses more on self expression, innovation and creativity, as opposed to the speed and efficiency stressed in parkour.

The founder and creator of free running, Sébastien Foucan, defines it as a discipline to self-development, to "follow your own way", which he developed because he felt that parkour lacked creativity and self-expression as a definition for each free runner to follow your own way.[citation needed]

A number of films incorporate parkour; a few documentaries have also been written and filmed about parkour. After including parkour moves in a chase sequence in the film Taxi 2, French director/producer Luc Besson produced a feature film, Yamakasi, featuring members of the original Yamakasi group. In 2004, Besson wrote Banlieue 13, another feature film involving parkour, starring David Belle and Cyril Raffaelli; English-dubbed and -subtitled versions were released in 2006 as District B-13 in North America and the UK.[44][45] The film Casino Royale features Sébastien Foucan in a chase taking place early in the movie that implements free running. Casino Royale's release sparked a renewed media interest in parkour and related disciplines and a large amount of recent mainstream parkour coverage dates to around Casino Royale's release.[8] Along with The Bourne Ultimatum, Casino Royale is credited with starting a new wave of parkour-inspired stunts in Western film and television.[46] Parkour is featured prominently in the film Breaking and Entering, in which two of the characters employ parkour techniques to burgle an office in Kings Cross, London.[44][45] Parkour is featured in the film Prince of Persia: The Sands of Time. David Belle was hired as parkour choreographer for the film and appears in the DVD and Blu-ray featurettes. Aamir Khan learned parkour techniques for his role in the 2011 movie Dhoom 3.[47]

Jump London is a documentary which explains some of the background to parkour and culminated with Sébastien Foucan, Johann Vigroux, and Jérôme Ben Aoues demonstrating their parkour skills. Jump London was followed by Jump Britain, which featured Foucan and Ben Aoeus. My Playground, a documentary film by Kaspar Astrup Schröder, explores the way parkour and free running are changing the perception of urban space and how the spaces and buildings they are moving on are changing them.[48] The Australian TV program 60 Minutes broadcast a segment about parkour on September 16, 2007, which featured Foucan and Stephane Vigroux.[49]

The webcomic Schlock Mercenary makes frequent reference to "Parkata Urbatsu"[50][51] which is said to have grown "out of the ancient disciplines of parkour, urbobatics, and youtubing. It is a martial art that focuses on both pursuit and escape in developed environments, with an eye towards the aesthetic."[52]

A number of video games include parkour as major gameplay elements. In the Assassin's Creed series of games, Altaïr and Ezio make heavy use of parkour, though it is named free running in the game.[53][54][55] Crackdown and Crackdown 2 include an emphasis on gripping and vaulting from ledges and protruding objects, which are designed to make players feel fully in control of their own movement, and by extension fully in control of their environment.[56] Tony Hawk's American Wasteland allows the character to use several parkour techniques while not on the skateboard. In this game as well, parkour is referred to as free running.[57] Mirror's Edge's core gameplay consists of parkour techniques, and made movement itself the goal.[58] Tron Evolution's basic movements and combat were based on parkour and capoeira.[59] Prince of Persia incorporated elements of parkour, which were important when creating the film.[60]

See also

References

  1. ^ David Belle or PAWA Team, or both. "English welcome — Parkour Worldwide Association". Archived from the original on 2005-05-08. Retrieved 2007-05-12.
  2. ^ Jin (2006-02-23). "PAWA statement on Freerunning". Retrieved 2007-05-12. {{cite web}}: External link in |author= (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  3. ^ "The name parkour, simple question". Retrieved 2007-04-12.
  4. ^ Random House Unabridged Dictionary (v 1.1) (2006). "tracer — Definition by dictionary.com". dictionary.com. Retrieved 2007-08-28.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  5. ^ "Portail lexical — Définition de tracer" (in French). Retrieved 2007-08-28.
  6. ^ a b c d Artful Dodger. "George Hébert and the Natural Method of Physical Culture". urbanfreeflow.com. Retrieved 2007-09-22.
  7. ^ "Georges Hébert — la methode naturalle" (in French). INSEP — Musée de la Marine. Archived from the original (JPG) on 2006-07-18. Retrieved 2007-09-22.
  8. ^ a b c Wilkinson, Alec (16 April 2007). "No Obstacles". The New Yorker. Retrieved 2007-10-14. Cite error: The named reference "No Obstacles" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  9. ^ "David Belle's biography". French biography referenced to www.david-belle.com. Jerome Lebret. 2005-12-16. Archived from the original on 2005-12-16. Retrieved 2007-04-12. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; 2005-12-22 suggested (help)
  10. ^ Foucan, Sébastien (2002). "History — Creation of the groupe "YAMAKASI" 1997". Retrieved 2007-07-02.[dead link]
  11. ^ Booth, Robert (12 January 2008). "Freerunning goes to war as marines take tips from EZ, Livewire and Sticky". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 2009-08-09.
  12. ^ "Projects". Colorado Parkour. Retrieved 2009-08-09.
  13. ^ "Parkour: Getting over the wall". US Marine Corps. 2009-01-23. {{cite web}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); |archive-url= requires |url= (help); Missing or empty |url= (help)
  14. ^ a b c Daniels, Mark. Generation Yamakasi (TV-Documentary) (in French). France: France 2. Retrieved 2007-08-25. {{cite AV media}}: More than one of author-name-list parameters specified (help)
  15. ^ a b "Two Theories on Parkour Philosophy". Parkour North America. September 7, 2007. Retrieved 2008-04-16.
  16. ^ Urban discipline
  17. ^ Green, Rob. "Bruce Lee and the Philosophy of Parkour". WorldWideJam.tv. Retrieved 2011-02-01.
  18. ^ Mai, Jeffy (14 April 2008). "Students on campus are mastering parkour, an art of self-awareness and body control". Retrieved 2008-04-19.
  19. ^ Kalteis, Andreas (2006). Parkour Journeys — Training with Andi (DVD). London, UK: Catsnake Studios.
  20. ^ Cazenave, N. (5 April 2007). "La pratique du parkour chez les adolescents des banlieues : entre recherche de sensation et renforcement narcissique". Neuropsychiatrie de l'Enfance et de l'Adolescence. doi:10.1016/j.neurenf.2007.02.001. Retrieved 2008-04-19.
  21. ^ a b "Keeping parkour rivalry-free : JOIN IN !". Parkour.NET. May 1, 2007. Retrieved 2007-05-11.
  22. ^ Bignell, Paul; Sharp, Rob (April 22, 2007). "'Jumped-up' plan to stage world competition sees free runners falling out". The Independent. London. Retrieved 2007-05-11.
  23. ^ Souard, Severine. "Press – "The Tree" – L'Art en mouvement" (Flash website) (in French). Retrieved 2007-07-02.
  24. ^ "American Parkour HotSpots Contest". May 21, 2008. {{cite web}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); |archive-url= requires |url= (help); Missing or empty |url= (help)
  25. ^ "UK | England | Gloucestershire | Rooftop-jumping youths arrested". BBC News. 2008-01-31. Retrieved 2009-08-09.
  26. ^ Caroline Gammell (2008-05-06). "Gravestone vaulting teenagers condemned over YouTube stunt". The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved 2008-06-13.
  27. ^ Hansen, Jimmy (2011-03-01). "Parkour at UGA (practice policy)". Retrieved 2011-06-06.
  28. ^ Toorock, Mark (2011-05-31). "American Parkour leaves Meridian Park when asked during national jam". Retrieved 2011-06-06.
  29. ^ Rawe, Julie (5 April 2008). "Student Stuntmen". Time. Retrieved 2008-06-13.
  30. ^ Gloucestershire – Rooftop-jumping youths arrested. BBC. 2008-01-31. Retrieved 2008-03-15.
  31. ^ a b "Youths On Roofs". Your Local Guardian. 2008-04-02. Retrieved 2009-08-09.
  32. ^ Branum, Don (2008-06-02). "Parkour growing by leaps and bounds". Retrieved 2008-06-27.
  33. ^ "Terrible Representation of Parkour and Freerunning". 13 June 2008. {{cite web}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); |archive-url= requires |url= (help); Missing or empty |url= (help)
  34. ^ Comenetz, Jacob (9 June 2005). "Running Through Life the Parkour Way". Deutsche Welle. Retrieved 2009-08-09.
  35. ^ Parkour FAQ for Parents (PDF). Pacific Northwest Parkour Association. 2008-09-20. Retrieved 2010-07-25.
  36. ^ Bane, Colin (8 January 2008). "Jump First, Ask Questions Later". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2008-04-19.
  37. ^ Scientific studies on health by prominent members in the parkour community, Eat. Move. Improve. 6 June 2011. Retrieved 2011-06-06.
  38. ^ "What Should I Wear for Parkour?". americanparkour.com. 2005-11-06. {{cite web}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); |archive-url= requires |url= (help); Missing or empty |url= (help)
  39. ^ "Is there any equipment cost, membership fee, or exclusive conditions required for my child to do Parkour?". washingtonparkour.com. 2008. Retrieved 2008-04-04.
  40. ^ Marion, Fred (12 April 2006). "Don't try these extreme tricks at home". Palm Beach Post. Retrieved 2010-07-25.
  41. ^ "Parkour: All in a day's training". Herald Mail. 28 September 2009. Retrieved 2010-07-25. {{cite web}}: |first= missing |last= (help)[dead link]
  42. ^ Money-Coutts, Sophia (23 February 2009). "You might as well jump". The National. Abu Dhabi Media Company. Retrieved 2010-07-25.
  43. ^ "David Belle — Parkour simples". YouTube. 16 March 2007. Retrieved 2007-07-07.
  44. ^ a b Barrera, Sandra (January 2, 2007). "Parkour: Leaps of faith". Los Angeles Daily News. Retrieved 2007-12-11.
  45. ^ a b Bessaoud, Yuba; Delmar-Morgan, Alex (9 July 2006). "Focus: Look Mum, watch this!". London: The Times. Retrieved 2008-01-03.
  46. ^ Szalai, Georg (28 August 2009). "Fremantle Pacts to Bring Parkour to TV Screens". Reuters. Retrieved 2009-09-23.
  47. ^ Lalwani, Vickey (18 November 2011). "Aamir Khan learns French technique of Parkour". Mumbai Mirror; The Times of India. Retrieved 24 Nov 2011.
  48. ^ "My Playground".
  49. ^ Hayes, Liz (16 September 2007). "Go Jump". 60 Minutes. Retrieved 2008-01-03.
  50. ^ "Schlock Mercenary 2010-03-07".
  51. ^ "Schlock Mercenary 2010-06-20".
  52. ^ "Parkata Urbatsu".
  53. ^ "Assassin's Creed (Xbox 360)". November 28, 2007. Retrieved 2007-12-11. It's a good start, an excellent free-roaming adventure with some of the best use of parkour yet.
  54. ^ Pearson, Ryan (2007-11-16). "Review: 'Assassin's Creed' Not Quite Perfect". Fox News. Leave it to the French to bring us the first parkour video game
  55. ^ P., Andrew (January 2008). "Review of Assassin's Creed". Electronic Gaming Monthly (224): 89. ...the game features 'a challenging parkour path of escape...'
  56. ^ Shea, Cam (January 10, 2007). "10 Reasons to Play Crackdown". Retrieved 2008-01-03. It's part super hero (think Hulk or Neo), part Jumping Flash and part Parkour.
  57. ^ Williamson, Steven (8 February 2006). "Tony Hawk's American Wasteland — Xbox 360". Retrieved 2008-01-03. Later on in story mode, you'll even get the chance to learn some parkour skills!
  58. ^ Elfman, Doug (November 28, 2008). "Mirror's Edge puts grace of parkour at fingertips". Retrieved 2009-09-23. [dead link]
  59. ^ Interview from Gamespot
  60. ^ http://www.emanuellevy.com/comment/prince-of-persia-tackling-stunts-and-parkour-1/
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