Military Government of Veracruz
| Military Government of Veracruz Gobierno Militar de Veracruz (Spanish) | |
|---|---|
| Occupied territory of the United States | |
| 1914 | |
 | |
| Anthem | |
| Salve, Columbia "Hail, Columbia" | |
| Government | |
| • Type | Military Government |
| • Motto | E Pluribus Unum "Out of Many, One" |
| Military Governor | |
• 1914 | Frederick Funston |
| Historical era | Modern Era |
• Established | 21 April 1914 |
• U.S. withdrawal | 23 November 1914 |
The Military Government of Veracruz[1] (Spanish: Gobierno Militar de Veracruz) was a provisional military government established during the American occupation of Veracruz in 1914 that lasted from April 21 to November 23.
Occupation
U.S. Army Brigadier General Frederick Funston was placed in control of the administration of the port. Assigned to his staff as an intelligence officer was a young Captain Douglas MacArthur.
Huerta was not able to respond to the U.S. invasion due to his preoccupation with the Mexican Revolution. He had to contend with numerous revolts across his country, the most notable of which were led in Chihuahua by Pancho Villa and in the state of Morelos by Emiliano Zapata.[2] Venustiano Carranza, previously an ally of the federal government, also revolted against Huerta in Coahuila, the state where he was formerly governor.[3] These rebellions eventually culminated in the Battle of Zacatecas[4] on the 24th of June, 1914, where the Federal army lost 5,000 soldiers. The result was instrumental in bringing about Huerta's resignation.
The occupation still brought the two countries to the brink of war and worsened US-Mexican relations for many years. Argentina, Brazil, and Chile, who at the time were negotiating the ABC pact, a proposed economic and political treaty to prevent conflict in South America, held the Niagara Falls peace conference in Niagara Falls, Ontario, Canada, on May 20 to avoid an all-out war over this incident and to prevent American hegemony over the region. A plan was formed in June for the US troops to withdraw from Veracruz after General Huerta surrendered the reins of his government to a new regime and Mexico assured the United States that it would receive no indemnity for its losses in the recent chaotic events. Huerta soon afterwards left office and gave his government to Carranza. Carranza, who was still quite unhappy with US troops occupying Veracruz, rejected the rest of the agreement. In November 1914, after the Convention of Aguascalientes ended and Carranza failed to resolve his differences with revolutionary generals Pancho Villa and Emiliano Zapata, Carranza left office for a short period and handed control to Eulalio Gutiérrez Ortiz.
During this brief absence from power, however, Carranza still controlled Veracruz and Tamaulipas. After leaving Mexico City, Carranza fled to the state of Veracruz, made the city of Cordoba the capital of his regime and agreed to accept the rest of the terms of Niagara Falls peace plan. The US troops officially departed on November 23. Despite their previous spat, diplomatic ties between the US and the Carranza regime greatly extended,[clarification needed] following the departure of US troops from Veracruz.
References
- ^ "Records of the Military Government of Veracruz". National Archives.
- ^ Ulloa, Berta (1979-01-01). Historia de la Revolución Mexicana, período 1914-1917: la encrucijada de 1915. Vol. 5 (1 ed.). El Colegio de México. doi:10.2307/j.ctv233mnj. ISBN 978-607-628-317-2. JSTOR j.ctv233mnj.
- ^ "CARRANZA, VENUSTIANO | Encyclopedia of Mexico: History, Society & Culture - Credo Reference". search.credoreference.com. Retrieved 2021-11-04.
- ^ "The Taking of Zacatecas" (PDF). unam.mx. Universidad National Autonoma de Mexico. Retrieved November 4, 2021.