Jump to content

Lahaina, Hawaii

Coordinates: 20°52′26″N 156°40′39″W / 20.87389°N 156.67750°W / 20.87389; -156.67750
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by Mark Miller (talk | contribs) at 08:38, 22 August 2023 (→Modern name, etymology and pronunciations: Claim: "As evidenced in audio documentation of multiple native speakers in the Kaniʻāina digital repository" is not supported by source.). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

Lahaina, Hawaii
Lāhainā
Lele
Census-designated place
Downtown Lahaina lies on the waterfront
Downtown Lahaina lies on the waterfront
Location in Maui County and the state of Hawaii
Location in Maui County and the state of Hawaii
Lahaina is located in Hawaii
Lahaina
Lahaina
Location in Hawaii
Coordinates: 20°52′26″N 156°40′39″W / 20.87389°N 156.67750°W / 20.87389; -156.67750
CountryUnited States
StateHawaii
CountyMaui
Area
[1]
 • Total9.29 sq mi (24.07 km2)
 • Land7.78 sq mi (20.15 km2)
 • Water1.51 sq mi (3.92 km2)
Elevation
3 ft (1 m)
Population
 (2020)
 • Total12,702
 • Density1,632/sq mi (630.2/km2)
Time zoneUTC-10 (Hawaii-Aleutian)
ZIP Codes
96761, 96767
Area code808
FIPS code15-42950
GNIS feature ID0361678

Lahaina (Hawaiian: Lāhainā) is a census-designated place (CDP) in Maui County, Hawaii, United States, and encompasses Lahaina town and the Kaanapali and Kapalua beach resorts. As of the 2020 census, Lahaina had a resident population of 12,702. The CDP spans the coast along Hawaii Route 30 from a tunnel at the south end, through Olowalu, and to the CDPs of Kaanapali and Napili-Honokowai to the north.

In August 2023, a wildfire destroyed approximately 80% of Lahaina town.[2] As of August 21, at least 114 deaths had been confirmed and 850 people were missing.[3]

History

Name

Ancient name

Lahaina was originally called Lele in Hawaiian[4] and was known for its breadfruit trees.[5] Lele means jump or fly. Albert Pierce Taylor explains its relationship to the area as the; "flying piece of kuleana, that which sticks out from the sea".[5][6]

Modern name, etymology and pronunciations

Missionaries sent by the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions began organizing a way to write the Hawaiian language with English letters soon after they reached Hawaii in 1822.[7]

"The long English sound of i is represented by ai, as in Lahaina, where the second syllable is accented, and pronounced like the English word high".[8]

According to Thrums Hawaiian Annual of 1921 the proper pronunciation of Lahaina is La-hai-ná.[9]

Lahaina has different pronunciations depending on how diacritical marks are applied.[10]

The old Hawaiian pronunciation of Lahaina is Lā-hainā.[11][12] The phrase Lā hainā means "cruel or merciless sun", describing the sunny, dry climate.[12][13] According to legend a bald aliʻi (chief) living in Kauaʻula Valley was walking without a hat and cursed at the hot sun: He keu hoi keia o ka lā hainā ("What an unmerciful sun").[12][13]

Other interpretations of the name include "day (of) sacrifice" and "day (of) explanation".[12] Inez MacPhee Ashdown (1899–1992), historian and founder of Maui Historical Society, believed the name was Lahaʻaina, meaning "land (of) prophesy", because of the number of kahuna nui (high priest) prophecies made there.[5]

However, all native speakers of the Hawaiian language born in the late 1800's and early 1900's,  including those born and raised in Lahaina, pronunce the name as Lahaina with no elongated vowels.[14][15][16][17]

Early rulers

The first mōʻī or aliʻi nui (supreme ruler) of western Maui was Haho, the son of Paumakua a huanuikalalailai. This line produced the subsequent rulers.[18]

The name Lele was adopted during the reign of Kakaʻalaneo. He held court there during joint rule with his brother Kakae, while living on a hill called Kekaʻa. They were the sons and heirs of Kaulahea I. Kakaʻalaneo first planted breadfruit trees while his son Kaululaʻau is credited with expelling ghosts from Lānaʻi and putting the island under the rule of his father and uncle. Kakae's son Kahekili I succeeded his father and uncle as ruler. Kahekili I's successor was his son Kawaokaohele, who was succeeded by his own son Piʻilani[19][20]

Piʻilani ohana

Piʻilani was the first ruler of the entire island of Maui when he extended his sovereignty over East Maui. The aliʻi of Hāna district accepted him as supreme ruler. Piʻilani also controlled the neighboring islands of Lānaʻi, Kahoʻolawe, and parts of Molokaʻi.[21][22]

Kamehamehanui

In 1738, Lahaina and most of West Maui were the sites of a series of battles between the forces of Kamehamehanui Aiʻluau with his uncle and ally Alapaʻi, the ali‘i nui of Hawaii Island, against his half-brother Kauhiʻaimokuakama with his ally Peleʻioholani, the ali‘i nui of Oʻahu. The war ended in a truce between Alapaʻi and Peleʻioholani and the capture and execution of Kauhiʻaimokuakama by drowning. The remains of the fallen soldiers from both sides are said to be buried in the sands of Kāʻanapali district.[23][24][25]

Western contact

Depiction of Hawaiian warriors meeting Captain Cook off the coast of Lahaina

On November 26, 1778 Captain James Cook's ships appeared near Maui while the island's monarch Kahekili II battled the forces of Kalaniʻōpuʻu, the ali‘i nui of Hawaii Island. He did not land on the island but was greeted by the warriors of Kalaniʻōpuʻu including a young Kamehameha I in their war canoes.[26][27] The base of the Kamehameha statue in Honolulu depicts the warrior meeting Cook off the coast of Lahaina.[28]

Kahekili II

British explorer George Vancouver visited in 1793 and unsuccessfully attempted to mediate a peace between Kahekili and Kalaniʻōpuʻu's successor Kamehameha I. During his visit, he gave a description of the constant warfare on Lahaina:[29]

The village of Raheina ... seemed to be pleasantly situated on a space of low or rather gently elevated land, in the midst of a grove of bread-fruit, cocoa-nut, and other trees...In the village the houses seemed to be numerous and to be well inhabited. A few of the natives visited the ships; these brought but little with them, and most of them were in very small miserable canoes. These circumstances strongly indicated their poverty, and proved what had been frequently asserted at Owhyhee, that Mowee and its neighbouring islands were reduced to great indigence by the wars in which for many years they had been engaged.[30]

Kamehameha I and Kamehameha II

From 1802 to 1803, Kamehameha I stationed his large fleet of peleleu war-canoes in Lahaina. While there, he wrote to the last independent ruler of Kauaʻi, Kaumualiʻi, asking him to acknowledge his overlordship. Although an invasion failed in 1804, Kaumualiʻi surrendered in 1810, uniting the Hawaiian Islands for the first time.[31][32][33] Kamehameha II resided in Lahaina from December 1819 until February 1820, when he returned to Honolulu.[32][33]

Christian missionaries

View of Waiola Church and the island of Mokuʻula and Mokuhinia, c. 1855

The first mission station on Maui was established in 1823 by Reverend Charles Stewart and William Richards who accompanied Queen Keōpūolani, the wife of Kamehameha I, and her daughter Princess Nāhiʻenaʻena to Lahaina. They were tasked with instructing the queen about Christianity, to which Keōpūolani converted on her deathbed. The missionaries erected a temporary church made of wooden poles and a thatched roof.[34][35] In 1824, at the chiefs' request, Betsey Stockton started the first mission school open to common people.[36] Maui Governor Hoapili ordered the construction of a stone church. The cornerstone of the Waiola Church (originally named Ebenezera or Waineʻe Church) was laid on September 14, 1828.[35][34] In 1831, missionaries founded Lahainaluna Seminary (present-day Lahainaluna High School) where Hawaiian boys and young men (among them historian David Malo) were educated in the religion and in crafts such as carpentry, printing, engraving, and agriculture. The school's published the first Hawaiian language newspaper in 1834. Teachers and students were instrumental in the translation of the Bible into Hawaiian.[37]

Whaling

Lahaina was once an important destination for 19th-century whalers, whose presence frequently led to conflicts with the local missionaries. On more than one occasion the conflict became so severe that sailors rioted. British whaler John Palmer in 1827 shelled Lahaina. In response, Governor Hoapili built the Old Lahaina Fort in 1831 to protect the town from unruly sailors.[38][39][40]

Kamehameha III

c. 1903–1910

Kamehameha III resided in a traditional royal compound on the sacred island of Mokuʻula located on Mokuhinia lake in the middle of Lahaina from 1837 to 1845.[41][42] He built a two-story, Western-style palace in 1838 named Hale Piula, although it was not completed before the court moved.[43][44] During his residence, Kamehameha III signed and proclaimed the first Hawaiian constitution on October 8, 1840. The legislature's first meeting was held on April 1, 1841 at Luaʻehu, in Lahaina.[45][46] Kamehameha III moved the capital to Honolulu in 1845.[47] Hale Piula was then transformed into a courthouse until it was heavily damaged in an 1858 storm. The following year, the Old Lahaina Courthouse was built as a replacement courthouse and customhouse at a site near the old fort.[35][43]

The banyan tree in Courthouse Square is the largest banyan tree in the United States.
Lahaina banyan tree

A banyan tree (Ficus benghalensis) was planted near the site of Kamehameha I's first palace by William Owen Smith on April 24, 1873, to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the arrival of Christian missionaries. It survived as the oldest banyan tree in the state.[48]

20th century

On January 1, 1919, a major fire destroyed more than thirty buildings in Lahaina before it was extinguished by residents.[49] The 1919 fire led to the creation of the island-wide Maui Fire Department and adoption of fire safety standards.[49]

2023 wildfire

Main article: 2023 Hawaii wildfires
Lahaina on August 9, 2018; (view of businesses on Front Street)
Lahaina on August 9, 2023; (view of Lahaina Banyan Court Park smouldering after the wildfire)

Over August 8–9, 2023, much of Lahaina was destroyed by a wildfire amid dry and windy conditions exacerbated by Hurricane Dora.[50] As of August 21, at least 114 people had been confirmed dead with 850 missing.[3] The survivors were forced to evacuate as the fire incinerated thousands of structures.[51] Pacific Disaster Center estimated damages at $5.52 billion as of August 11, 2023.[52][53][54] Richard Bissen, the county mayor summarized the situation: "I'm telling you, none of it's there. It's all burned to the ground."[55] Among the structures destroyed were the Old Lahaina Courthouse, Waiola Church, Pioneer Inn,[56] and Kimo's restaurant.[57] On August 21, President Joe Biden visited the wildfire affected areas to assess damages to the community.[58]

Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 9.3 square miles (24.1 km2), of which 7.8 square miles (20.2 km2) is land and 1.5 square miles (3.9 km2), or 16%, is water.[59]

Climate

Lahaina town is one of the driest places in Hawaii, because it is in the rain shadow of Mauna Kahālāwai (West Maui Mountains). Many different climate zones define Lahaina's districts. The town is the driest and calmest and hosts a small boat harbor. Kaanapali is north of a wind line and has double the annual rainfall and frequent breezes. Kapalua and Napili have almost four times the annual rainfall compared to the town.

Lahaina has a hot semi-arid climate (Köppen BSh) with warm temperatures year-round.

Climate data for Lahaina, Maui
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °F (°C) 89
(32) 		89
(32) 		91
(33) 		89
(32) 		91
(33) 		93
(34) 		93
(34) 		97
(36) 		94
(34) 		94
(34) 		92
(33) 		91
(33) 		97
(36)
Mean daily maximum °F (°C) 82
(28) 		82
(28) 		83
(28) 		84
(29) 		84
(29) 		86
(30) 		87
(31) 		88
(31) 		88
(31) 		87
(31) 		85
(29) 		83
(28) 		85
(29)
Mean daily minimum °F (°C) 64
(18) 		64
(18) 		65
(18) 		66
(19) 		67
(19) 		69
(21) 		70
(21) 		71
(22) 		71
(22) 		70
(21) 		68
(20) 		66
(19) 		68
(20)
Record low °F (°C) 54
(12) 		53
(12) 		54
(12) 		54
(12) 		57
(14) 		60
(16) 		62
(17) 		63
(17) 		61
(16) 		58
(14) 		56
(13) 		52
(11) 		52
(11)
Average rainfall inches (mm) 3.15
(80) 		2.04
(52) 		1.83
(46) 		0.74
(19) 		0.44
(11) 		0.08
(2.0) 		0.14
(3.6) 		0.28
(7.1) 		0.31
(7.9) 		0.89
(23) 		1.83
(46) 		2.90
(74) 		14.63
(371.6)
Source: The Weather Channel[60]

Demographics

Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
20009,118—
201011,70428.4%
202012,7028.5%
U.S. Decennial Census[61]

The population of Lahaina was 12,702 as of the 2020 Census.[62]

34.8% were Asian, 27.9% were White, 0.1% were Black or African American, 0.1% were Native American or Alaska Native, 10.5% were Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander, and 24.7% were from two or more races. Hispanics and Latinos of any race made up 11.5% of the population.[62]

Arts and culture

class=notpageimage|
Selected attractions in Lahaina

Before the conflagration, Front Street stores and restaurants attracted many visitors and was the focal point of the Lahaina Historic District. The Bailey Museum, the Lahaina Courthouse, and the Prison lined the street. The historic district included 60 historic sites managed by the Lahaina Restoration. Front Street was ranked one of the "Top Ten Greatest Streets" by the American Planning Association.[63] The Banyan Court Park featured was the largest banyan tree in the United States, reaching 60 ft (18m) in height with 46 ancillary trunks covering an area of 1.94 acres (0.78 hectares).[64]

The 1831 fort retained reconstructed remains of its 20-foot (6.1 m) walls and original cannons. Near the harbor were the historic Pioneer Inn and the Baldwin House, a historical landmark built in the 1800s.[65]

Breaching humpback whale off beach in Lahaina

Whale-watching excursions were a popular pastime.[66] The humpback whale is dominant, although sightings of fin, minke, Bryde's, blue, and North Pacific right whales have been reported.[67]

Hale Paʻi, located at Lahainaluna High School, is the site of Hawaii's first printing press, where Hawaii's first paper currency was printed in 1843.

Carthaginian II was a museum ship moored in the harbor of this former whaling port-of-call. Built in 1920 and brought to Maui in 1973, it served as a whaling museum until 2005. It was sunk in 95 feet (29 m) of water about 1⁄2-mile (0.80 km) offshore to create an artificial reef. It replaced an earlier replica of a whaler, Carthaginian, which was converted to film scenes for the 1966 movie Hawaii.

West Maui mountain valleys are visible from town. The valleys are the backdrop for "the 5 o'clock rainbow" that appears almost every day. The "L" in the West Maui mountains stands for Lahainaluna High School and was built in 1904.

Halloween was a major celebration, with crowds averaging between twenty and thirty thousand.[68] Front Street was closed to vehicles, followed by the "Keiki Parade" of costumed children. Adults in costumes join in. Halloween night in Lahaina has been termed the "Mardi Gras of the Pacific".[69] From 2008-2011 the celebration was curtailed following the objections of cultural advisers who claimed that it was an affront to Hawaiian culture, after which the County permitted the event to resume, citing economic reasons.[63]

Sports

Each November, Lahaina hosted the Maui Invitational, a top early-season college basketball tournament.

The Lahaina Aquatic Center hosts swim meets and water polo.[70] Tennis events also take place.

Lahaina hosts the finish of the Vic-Maui Yacht Race, which starts in Victoria, British Columbia, Canada. This race started in the 1960s and is held biannually.

The Plantation Course at Kapalua hosts the PGA Tour's Sentry Tournament of Champions every January.

Movies and songs about, or filmed in Lahaina include:

  • Lahaina Harbor in 2002
    Lahaina Harbor in 2002
  • Lahaina in 2005
    Lahaina in 2005
  • Lahaina in 2010
    Lahaina in 2010
  • Lahaina Aquatic Center in 2018
    Lahaina Aquatic Center in 2018

See also

Citations

  1. ^ "2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on October 27, 2021. Retrieved December 18, 2021.
  2. ^ Tanyos, Faris (August 17, 2023). "Lahaina residents reckon with destruction, loss as arduous search for victims continues". CBS News. U.S. Retrieved August 19, 2023.
  3. ^ a b "Hawaii wildfires: 850 people still missing after blaze ripped through Maui". Sky News. August 21, 2023. Retrieved August 21, 2023.
  4. ^ Fornander 1917, p. 484.
  5. ^ a b c U.S., Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration and Hawaii Department of Transportation 1991, pp. 7–8.
  6. ^ Taylor 1929, pp. 35–68.
  7. ^ Tracy 1842, pp. 122–123.
  8. ^ Tracy 1842, p. 123.
  9. ^ Thrum 1921, p. 86.
  10. ^ U.S., Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration and Hawaii Department of Transportation 1991, p. 8.
  11. ^ Pukui & Elbert 1976, p. 127.
  12. ^ a b c d Clark 1989, p. 57.
  13. ^ a b Keola 1915, pp. 571–575.
  14. ^ Ah Kuk, Hattie (February 3, 1975). "Ka Leo Hawaiʻi 041: Hattie Ah Kuk (1973-10-21) — Kaniʻāina". ulukau.org. Retrieved August 21, 2023.
  15. ^ Victor, Lilian (April 24, 1973). "Ka Leo Hawaiʻi 032: Lillian Victor (1973-04-24) — Kaniʻāina". ulukau.org. Retrieved August 21, 2023.
  16. ^ Meheʻula, Keoni Hanalē (October 28, 1973). "Ka Leo Hawaiʻi 042: Keoni Hanalē Meheʻula (1973-10-28) — Kaniʻāina". ulukau.org. Retrieved August 21, 2023.
  17. ^ Kalepa, Richard (March 2, 1975). "Ka Leo Hawaiʻi 089: Richard Kalepa (1975-03-02) — Kaniʻāina". ulukau.org. Retrieved August 22, 2023.
  18. ^ Fornander 1880, pp. 78–79.
  19. ^ Fornander 1880, pp. 82–87.
  20. ^ Beckwith 1970, p. 884.
  21. ^ Kirch & McCoy 2023, pp. 100–101.
  22. ^ Fornander 1880, p. 87.
  23. ^ Fornander 1880, pp. 140–142, 214.
  24. ^ Keola, James N. K. (1913). "Old Lahaina". The Mid-Pacific Magazine. Vol. 10. Honolulu: T. H., A. H. Ford; Pan-Pacific Union, Pan-Pacific Research Institution. pp. 569–575. OCLC 45158315.
  25. ^ Sterling, Elspeth P. (1998). Sites of Maui. Honolulu: Bishop Museum Press. ISBN 978-0-930897-97-0. OCLC 37608159.
  26. ^ Kirch 2014, p. 213.
  27. ^ Beaglehole 1992, p. 638.
  28. ^ Kamehiro 2009, p. 92.
  29. ^ Fornander 1880, pp. 250–253.
  30. ^ Fornander 1880, pp. 250–251.
  31. ^ Kuykendall 1965, pp. 48–51.
  32. ^ a b Keola 1915, p. 573.
  33. ^ a b Taylor 1929, p. 40.
  34. ^ a b Williams 2013, pp. 122–129.
  35. ^ a b c Russell A. Apple (December 21, 1973). "Lahaina Historic District National Historical Landmark update". Retrieved October 29, 2009.
  36. ^ Dodd 1984, pp. 358–360.
  37. ^ Taylor 1929, pp. 52–54.
  38. ^ "Lahaina Harbor History". Hawaii Harbors Network. Archived from the original on June 2, 2017. Retrieved May 17, 2017.
  39. ^ Busch 1993, pp. 91–118.
  40. ^ Maui Historical Society. (1971) [1961]. Lahaina Historical Guide. Tokyo: Charles E. Tuttle.
  41. ^ Klieger 1998, p. ix.
  42. ^ Kam 2022, pp. 38–40.
  43. ^ a b Kam 2022, pp. 40–41.
  44. ^ Klieger 1998, p. 84.
  45. ^ Kamakau 1992, pp. 370, 398.
  46. ^ Spaulding 1930, pp. 25–33.
  47. ^ Bartels, Jim. "ʻIolani Palace". Pacific World. Retrieved April 7, 2010.
  48. ^ Clark 2001, p. 23.
  49. ^ a b Hurley, Timothy (August 10, 2023). "Lahaina's historic and cultural treasures go up in smoke". Honolulu Star-Advertiser. Archived from the original on August 10, 2023. Retrieved August 10, 2023.
  50. ^ "Much of historic Lahaina town believed destroyed as huge wildfire sends people fleeing into water". Hawaii News Now. August 9, 2023. Archived from the original on August 9, 2023. Retrieved August 9, 2023.
  51. ^ "At least 36 people dead in Maui wildfires: Hawaii live updates". The Independent. August 10, 2023. Retrieved August 10, 2023.
  52. ^ Pacific Disaster Center and the Federal Emergency Management Agency releases Fire Damage. County of Maui (Report). August 12, 2023. Retrieved August 12, 2023.
  53. ^ "The wildfires scorching Maui have killed at least 53 people and destroyed hundreds of buildings, officials say". CNN. August 12, 2023. Retrieved August 12, 2023.
  54. ^ "FEMA lends a hand, but Maui fire losses estimated in the billions; officials release first names of people killed: Aug. 15 updates". USA TODAY. Retrieved August 18, 2023.
  55. ^ Koenig, Ravenna; Treisman, Rachel (August 11, 2023). "Officials say some 1,000 could be missing after Maui wildfires, but it's hard to say". NPR. Retrieved August 11, 2023.
  56. ^ Schaefers, Allison (August 9, 2023). "Century-old Pioneer Inn among property casualties of West Maui wildfires". The Honolulu Star-Advertiser. Archived from the original on August 10, 2023. Retrieved August 10, 2023.
  57. ^ Graff, Amy (August 11, 2023). "'We will rebuild': The birthplace of Hula Pie lost in Maui fire". sfgate. Retrieved August 19, 2023.
  58. ^ "Biden Heads to Hawaii to Inspect Wildfire Damage". August 21, 2023. Retrieved August 21, 2023.
  59. ^ "Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (G001): Lahaina CDP, Hawaii". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on December 27, 1996. Retrieved December 28, 2011.
  60. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on July 28, 2015. Retrieved August 14, 2015.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  61. ^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Archived from the original on September 19, 2018. Retrieved June 4, 2016.
  62. ^ a b "Lahaina CDP, Hawaii". U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on May 4, 2022. Retrieved August 10, 2023.
  63. ^ a b "Maui's Front Street Named to Top 10 Great Streets for 2011 – Maui Now". mauinow.com. Archived from the original on October 5, 2011. Retrieved October 5, 2011.
  64. ^ Debusmann Jr, Bernd (August 11, 2023). "Lahaina: Famous banyan tree and centuries-old church hit by fires". BBC News.
  65. ^ Silverman, Sam (August 10, 2023). "Baldwin House, Maui's Oldest Home, Destroyed By Wildfires". Entrepreneur. Retrieved August 19, 2023.
  66. ^ "Maui Whale Watching Guide | Humpback Whales in Hawaii". Archived from the original on December 17, 2018. Retrieved December 6, 2019.
  67. ^ "Marine Mammals". April 23, 2014. Archived from the original on April 2, 2022. Retrieved April 1, 2022.
  68. ^ "In Lahaina, a monumental Maui Halloween" Archived 2007-12-28 at the Wayback Machine from Island Life October 29, 2004
  69. ^ "Halloween Destinations". Travel Channel. Archived from the original on March 15, 2010. Retrieved March 25, 2010.
  70. ^ "Lahaina Aquatic Center". mauicounty.gov. Archived from the original on April 10, 2019. Retrieved April 10, 2019.
  71. ^ "Hawaii mourns the loss of amazingly talented musician William Awihilima Kahaiali'i". lahainanews.com. May 28, 2020. Retrieved August 14, 2023.
  72. ^ "Maui in the Movies | Maui Time". mauitime.com. Archived from the original on July 8, 2019. Retrieved July 8, 2019.

References

Williams, Ronald, Jr. (December 2013). Claiming Christianity: The Struggle Over God and Nation in Hawaiʻi, 1880–1900 (PDF) (Thesis). Honolulu: University of Hawaii at Manoa. pp. 122–129. hdl:10125/42321.{{cite thesis}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lahaina,_Hawaii&oldid=1171626860"