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{{Infobox saint
{{Short description|Bavarian sister/educator}}{{Infobox saint
|image = Karolina Gerhardinger (Korbinianbrücke Freising).JPG
|image =
|imagesize =
|imagesize = 300px
|caption = Karolina Gerhardinger statue at the Corbinian bridge in Freising
|caption =
|name = [[Beatification|Blessed]]<br>Karolina Gerhardinger
|honorific_prefix = [[Beatification|Blessed]]
|name = Karolina Gerhardinger
|honorific_suffix = [[School Sisters of Notre Dame|S.S.N.D.]]
|birth_date = {{birth date|1797|06|20|df=yes}}
|birth_date = {{birth date|1797|06|20|df=yes}}
|birth_place = Stadtamhof, [[Bavaria]], [[Holy Roman Empire]]
|birth_place = Stadtamhof, [[Bavaria]], [[Holy Roman Empire]]
|death_date = {{death date and age|1879|05|09|1797|06|20|df=yes}}
|death_date = {{death date and age|1879|05|09|1797|06|20|df=yes}}
|death_place = [[München]], Bavaria, [[German Empire]]
|death_place = [[München]], Bavaria, [[German Empire]]
|titles = Religious
|titles = Religious
|resting_place =
|resting_place = [[St. James's Church, Munich]], Germany
|major_shrine =
|major_shrine =
|venerated_in = [[Roman Catholic Church]]
|venerated_in = [[Roman Catholic Church]]<br>([[School Sisters of Notre Dame]])
|feast_day = 9 May
|feast_day = 9 May
|attributes = Religious habit
|attributes = Religious habit of the School Sisters
|patronage = {{unbulleted list|[[School Sisters of Notre Dame]]|Educators}}
|patronage = {{unbulleted list||Educators}}
|beatified_date = 17 November 1985
|beatified_date = 17 November 1985
|beatified_place = [[Saint Peter's Square]], [[Vatican City]]
|beatified_place = [[Saint Peter's Square]], Vatican City,
|beatified_by = [[Pope John Paul II]]
|beatified_by = [[Pope John Paul II]]
|canonized_date =
|canonized_date = 17 May 1986
|canonized_place =
|canonized_place =
|canonized_by =
|canonized_by =
}}
}}


[[Beatification|Blessed]] '''Karolina Gerhardinger''' (20 June 1797 – 9 May 1879) was a [[German people|German]] [[Roman Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]] [[Nun|professed religious]] who established the [[School Sisters of Notre Dame]] with the name of "'''Maria Theresia of Jesus'''".<ref name=SQPN>{{cite web|url=http://catholicsaints.info/blessed-karolina-gerhardinger/|title=Blessed Karolina Gerhardinger|publisher=Saints SQPN|date=9 May 2016|accessdate=12 July 2016}}</ref> Gerhardinger served as an educator in [[Bavaria]] until the establishment of her order which dealt with education and soon expanded in [[Europe]].<ref name=CF>{{cite web|url=http://catholicfire.blogspot.com.au/2016/05/blessed-mary-theresa-of-jesus.html|title=Blessed Mary Theresa of Jesus Gerhardinger, Founder, Educator, and Innovator|date=9 May 2016|publisher=Catholic Fire|accessdate=12 July 2016}}</ref><ref name=SEB>{{cite web|url=http://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/52550|title=Blessed Maria Teresa of Jesus (Carolina Gerhardinger)|publisher=Santi e Beati|accessdate=12 July 2016|date=}}</ref>
'''Karolina Gerhardinger''' (20 June 1797 – 9 May 1879) (also known as Mother '''Maria Theresia of Jesus''') was a [[German people|German]] [[Roman Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]] [[religious sister]] who founded the [[School Sisters of Notre Dame]].<ref name=SQPN>{{cite web|url=http://catholicsaints.info/blessed-karolina-gerhardinger/|title=Blessed Karolina Gerhardinger|publisher=Saints SQPN|date=9 May 2016|accessdate=12 July 2016}}</ref> Gerhardinger served as an educator in [[Bavaria]] until the establishment of her order, which provided free education to the poor and soon expanded in [[Europe]].<ref name=CF>{{cite web|url=http://catholicfire.blogspot.com.au/2016/05/blessed-mary-theresa-of-jesus.html|title=Blessed Mary Theresa of Jesus Gerhardinger, Founder, Educator, and Innovator|date=9 May 2016|publisher=Catholic Fire|accessdate=12 July 2016}}</ref><ref name=SEB>{{cite web|url=http://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/52550|title=Blessed Maria Teresa of Jesus (Carolina Gerhardinger)|publisher=Santi e Beati|accessdate=12 July 2016|date=}}</ref>


The beatification process opened in 1952 under [[Pope Pius XII]] when she was titled as a [[Servant of God]]. [[Pope John Paul II]] named her as [[Venerable]] in 1983 and beatified Gerhardinger on 17 November 1985.<ref name=CO>{{cite web|url=http://www.catholic.org/saints/saint.php?saint_id=7695|title=Bl. Theresa of Jesus Gerhardinger|publisher=Catholic Online|date=|accessdate=12 July 2016}}</ref>
The [[canonization]] process for Gerhardinger was opened in 1952 under [[Pope Pius XII]], when she was declared a [[Servant of God]]. [[Pope John Paul II]] declared her [[Venerable]] in 1983 and beatified her on 17 November 1985.<ref name=CO>{{cite web|url=http://www.catholic.org/saints/saint.php?saint_id=7695|title=Bl. Theresa of Jesus Gerhardinger|publisher=Catholic Online|date=|accessdate=12 July 2016}}</ref>


==Life==
==Life==
Karolina Gerhardinger was born in [[Bavaria]] on 20 June 1797 as the sole child of Willibard and Franziska Gerhardinger.<ref name=CO/>
Gerhardinger was born in [[Bavaria]] on 20 June 1797 as the sole child of Willibard and Franziska Gerhardinger.<ref name=CO/>


Her parish [[priest]] encouraged her to become a teacher as did the [[Bishop of Regensburg]] Georg Michael Wittmann. She commenced her training as a teacher in 1809<ref name=CO/> and in 1812 she secured a teaching accreditation and began teaching at a female school in [[Regensburg]].<ref name=CF/> In 1815 she asked Wittmann for guidance on entering the monastic life. She taught from 1816 until 1833.<ref name=SEB/>
As a young woman, her [[parish priest]] encouraged Gerhardinger to become a teacher, as did the [[Bishop of Regensburg]], [[Georg Michael Wittmann]]. She commenced her training as a lay teacher at the local monastery of the [[Canonesses Regular]] of Notre Dame, founded by [[Peter Fourier]] in 17th century France for the free education of poor girls. She developed her skills as a teacher at the monastery until it—-like all monastic communities—-was closed in 1809, after Bavaria had been occupied by the [[Napoleonic army]].<ref name=CO/> By 1812 she had secured a teaching accreditation and began teaching at a girls school in [[Regensburg]].<ref name=CF/> In 1815 she asked Wittmann for guidance on entering the [[religious life]]. Unable to pursue this religious calling, however, she taught at that school from 1816 until 1833.<ref name=SEB/>


In 1828 the Bavarian government reached an accord with the [[Holy See]], which allowed religious communities to re-establish themselves. Gerhardinger eventually decided to begin an order of her own, devoted to Christian education of poor children.<ref name=SQPN/> She took as her model the Constitutions of the Augustinian canonesses, but adapted to a more flexible way of life than that required by their [[enclosed religious orders|enclosed life]].<ref>[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/11130a.htm Josephine, Sister Mary. "School Sisters of Notre Dame." The Catholic Encyclopedia] Vol. 11. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1911. 2 March 2019</ref>
The [[Order of Saint Augustine|Augustinian]] canonesses oversaw her education until 1809 when religious congregations were closed due to a decree that the Bavarian government issued.<ref name=SQPN/> Nevertheless, she decided to begin an order of her own devoted to the theme of Christian education.<ref name=SQPN/> These plans had greater prospects for materialization after 1828 when [[Pope Leo XII]] managed to procure concessions from the Bavarian government and orders were reopened.


She moved in with two fellow companions to start living the monastic life on 24 October 1833 – this saw the formal establishment of the [[School Sisters of Notre Dame]].<ref name=SEB/> There were initial complications for official recognition but [[Ludwig I of Bavaria|King Ludwig I]] granted them approval for a monastic cloister in March 1834.<ref name=CO/> She made her religious vows in the Saint Gallus chapel in Regensburg on 16 November 1835 and assumed the name of "Maria Theresia of Jesus".<ref name=CF/> She accompanied five religious in 1847 to the [[United States of America]] to expand the order and assist German immigrants.
Gerhardinger moved in with two companions to start living the religious life on 24 October 1833 – this saw the formal establishment of the Poor Teachers Sisters of Notre Dame, commonly called the [[School Sisters of Notre Dame]].<ref name=SEB/> There were initial complications for official recognition, but [[Ludwig I of Bavaria|King Ludwig I]] granted them approval for a monastic cloister in March 1834.<ref name=CO/> She made her religious vows in the Saint Gallus chapel in Regensburg on 16 November 1835 and assumed the name of "Maria Theresia of Jesus".<ref name=CF/> She accompanied five religious in 1847 to the United States to assist the many German immigrants who [[German immigration to the United States|were starting new lives there]] in great numbers, often without a command of English.
⚫
The order received initial approval on 21 January 1854 and full approval from [[Pope Pius IX]] in 1865.<ref name=SQPN/> From 1850 the order spread to England and other European nations.<ref name=SEB/>


⚫
Gerhardinger fell ill in 1877, which prompted Pope Pius to send her a telegram with his blessings. She died in 1879 in the presence of her religious sisters and the [[papal nuncio]], [[cardinal (Catholic Church)|Cardinal]] [[Gaetano Aloisi Masella]].<ref name=SEB/> Her remains are housed in [[St. James's Church, Munich|Saint James's Church]] in [[Munich]].<ref>{{Citation | editor-last = Genewein | editor-first = Curt M. | year = 1989 | title = Die Erzdiözese München und Freising | type = Booklet | publisher = Erzbischöfliches Ordinariat München | place = Munich | language = German | pages = 24–25}}</ref>
⚫
Gerhardinger and other religious later moved into a refurbished convent and began the [[School Sisters of Notre Dame]]. The order received initial approval on 21 January 1854 and full approval from [[Pope Pius IX]] in 1865.<ref name=SQPN/> From 1850 the order spread to [[England]] and other European nations.<ref name=SEB/>

⚫
Gerhardinger fell ill in 1877 which prompted Pope Pius IX to send her a telegram with his blessings. She died in 1879 in the presence of other religious and [[Gaetano Aloisi Masella]].<ref name=SEB/> Her remains are housed in the [[St Jakob's Church (Munich)|Saint Jakob church]] in [[Munich]].<ref>{{Citation | editor-last = Genewein | editor-first = Curt M. | year = 1989 | title = Die Erzdiözese München und Freising | type = Booklet | publisher = Erzbischöfliches Ordinariat München | place = Munich | language = German | pages = 24–25}}</ref>


==Beatification==
==Beatification==
[[File:St Jakob am Anger Grabmal Gerhardinger.jpg|thumb|left|160px|Tomb.]]
[[File:St Jakob am Anger Grabmal Gerhardinger.jpg|thumb|left|160px|Tomb]]
The informative process for the beatification cause commenced in 1929 that Cardinal [[Michael von Faulhaber]] both inaugurated and later closed in 1932. Theologians approved her writings on 22 February 1933 while the apostolic process opened in 1953 and concluded in 1955. The [[Congregation of Rites]] validated the previous two processes in [[Rome]] on 31 January 1952. The formal introduction of the cause came under [[Pope Pius XII]] on 11 July 1952 that accorded her with the title of [[Servant of God]].
The informative process for the beatification cause commenced in 1929 that Cardinal [[Michael von Faulhaber]] both inaugurated and later closed in 1932. Theologians approved her writings on 22 February 1933<ref name="index">{{cite book |title=Index ac status causarum beatificationis servorum dei et canonizationis beatorum |date=January 1953 |publisher=Typis polyglottis vaticanis |page=167 |language=Latin}}</ref> while the apostolic process opened in 1953 and concluded in 1955. The [[Congregation of Rites]] validated the previous two processes in [[Rome]] on 31 January 1952. The formal introduction of the cause came under [[Pope Pius XII]] on 11 July 1952, granting her the title of [[Servant of God]].<ref name="index" />


The [[Congregation for the Causes of Saints]] had their officials and consultants discuss the cause on 18 May 1982 – in which the board approved the cause – while the bishop and cardinal members of the C.C.S. approved the cause on 7 December 1982. [[Pope John Paul II]] declared Gerhardinger to be [[Venerable]] on 13 January 1983 after confirming her [[heroic virtue]].
The [[Congregation for the Causes of Saints]] had their officials and consultants discuss the cause in a meeting on 18 May 1982, in which the board approved the cause, while the bishop and cardinal members of the C.C.S. approved the cause on 7 December 1982. [[Pope John Paul II]] declared Gerhardinger to be [[Venerable]] on 13 January 1983 after confirming her [[heroic virtue]].


The process for investigating a miracle attributed to her opened and concluded in the area that it originated in and received C.C.S. validation on 3 July 1983. The medical board approved the miracle on 8 November 1984 while consulting theologians also voiced approval to the miracle on 28 February 1985. The C.C.S. approved the miracle on 16 April 1985 while John Paul II granted final assent to the healing on 9 May 1985.
The process for investigating a miracle attributed to her opened and concluded in the area that it originated in and received C.C.S. validation on 3 July 1983. The medical board approved the miracle on 8 November 1984, while consulting theologians also voiced approval to the miracle on 28 February 1985. The C.C.S. approved the miracle on 16 April 1985 while John Paul II granted final assent to the healing on 9 May 1985.


John Paul II beatified her on 17 November 1985.
John Paul II beatified her on 17 November 1985.
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[[Category:1879 deaths]]
[[Category:19th-century venerated Christians]]
[[Category:19th-century venerated Christians]]
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[[Category:19th-century Roman Catholics]]
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[[Category:19th-century German people]]
[[Category:Beatifications by Pope John Paul II]]
[[Category:Beatifications by Pope John Paul II]]
[[Category:Founders of Catholic religious communities]]
[[Category:Founders of Catholic religious communities]]
[[Category:German educators]]
[[Category:19th-century German educators]]
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[[Category:19th-century German nuns]]
[[Category:German beatified people]]
[[Category:German beatified people]]
[[Category:German Roman Catholics]]
[[Category:People from Regensburg (district)]]
[[Category:People from Bavaria]]
[[Category:Venerated Catholics by Pope John Paul II]]
[[Category:Venerated Catholics by Pope John Paul II]]
[[Category:Women educators]]
[[Category:German schoolteachers]]
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[[Category:19th-century German women educators]]

Latest revision as of 04:06, 20 November 2023

Blessed

Karolina Gerhardinger

S.S.N.D.
Karolina Gerhardinger statue at the Corbinian bridge in Freising
Religious
Born(1797-06-20)20 June 1797
Stadtamhof, Bavaria, Holy Roman Empire
Died9 May 1879(1879-05-09) (aged 81)
München, Bavaria, German Empire
Resting placeSt. James's Church, Munich, Germany
Venerated inRoman Catholic Church
(School Sisters of Notre Dame)
Beatified17 November 1985, Saint Peter's Square, Vatican City, by Pope John Paul II
Canonized17 May 1986
Feast9 May
AttributesReligious habit of the School Sisters
Patronage
  • Educators

Karolina Gerhardinger (20 June 1797 – 9 May 1879) (also known as Mother Maria Theresia of Jesus) was a German Roman Catholic religious sister who founded the School Sisters of Notre Dame.[1] Gerhardinger served as an educator in Bavaria until the establishment of her order, which provided free education to the poor and soon expanded in Europe.[2][3]

The canonization process for Gerhardinger was opened in 1952 under Pope Pius XII, when she was declared a Servant of God. Pope John Paul II declared her Venerable in 1983 and beatified her on 17 November 1985.[4]

Life

[edit]

Gerhardinger was born in Bavaria on 20 June 1797 as the sole child of Willibard and Franziska Gerhardinger.[4]

As a young woman, her parish priest encouraged Gerhardinger to become a teacher, as did the Bishop of Regensburg, Georg Michael Wittmann. She commenced her training as a lay teacher at the local monastery of the Canonesses Regular of Notre Dame, founded by Peter Fourier in 17th century France for the free education of poor girls. She developed her skills as a teacher at the monastery until it—-like all monastic communities—-was closed in 1809, after Bavaria had been occupied by the Napoleonic army.[4] By 1812 she had secured a teaching accreditation and began teaching at a girls school in Regensburg.[2] In 1815 she asked Wittmann for guidance on entering the religious life. Unable to pursue this religious calling, however, she taught at that school from 1816 until 1833.[3]

In 1828 the Bavarian government reached an accord with the Holy See, which allowed religious communities to re-establish themselves. Gerhardinger eventually decided to begin an order of her own, devoted to Christian education of poor children.[1] She took as her model the Constitutions of the Augustinian canonesses, but adapted to a more flexible way of life than that required by their enclosed life.[5]

Gerhardinger moved in with two companions to start living the religious life on 24 October 1833 – this saw the formal establishment of the Poor Teachers Sisters of Notre Dame, commonly called the School Sisters of Notre Dame.[3] There were initial complications for official recognition, but King Ludwig I granted them approval for a monastic cloister in March 1834.[4] She made her religious vows in the Saint Gallus chapel in Regensburg on 16 November 1835 and assumed the name of "Maria Theresia of Jesus".[2] She accompanied five religious in 1847 to the United States to assist the many German immigrants who were starting new lives there in great numbers, often without a command of English. The order received initial approval on 21 January 1854 and full approval from Pope Pius IX in 1865.[1] From 1850 the order spread to England and other European nations.[3]

Gerhardinger fell ill in 1877, which prompted Pope Pius to send her a telegram with his blessings. She died in 1879 in the presence of her religious sisters and the papal nuncio, Cardinal Gaetano Aloisi Masella.[3] Her remains are housed in Saint James's Church in Munich.[6]

Beatification

[edit]
Tomb

The informative process for the beatification cause commenced in 1929 that Cardinal Michael von Faulhaber both inaugurated and later closed in 1932. Theologians approved her writings on 22 February 1933[7] while the apostolic process opened in 1953 and concluded in 1955. The Congregation of Rites validated the previous two processes in Rome on 31 January 1952. The formal introduction of the cause came under Pope Pius XII on 11 July 1952, granting her the title of Servant of God.[7]

The Congregation for the Causes of Saints had their officials and consultants discuss the cause in a meeting on 18 May 1982, in which the board approved the cause, while the bishop and cardinal members of the C.C.S. approved the cause on 7 December 1982. Pope John Paul II declared Gerhardinger to be Venerable on 13 January 1983 after confirming her heroic virtue.

The process for investigating a miracle attributed to her opened and concluded in the area that it originated in and received C.C.S. validation on 3 July 1983. The medical board approved the miracle on 8 November 1984, while consulting theologians also voiced approval to the miracle on 28 February 1985. The C.C.S. approved the miracle on 16 April 1985 while John Paul II granted final assent to the healing on 9 May 1985.

John Paul II beatified her on 17 November 1985.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c "Blessed Karolina Gerhardinger". Saints SQPN. 9 May 2016. Retrieved 12 July 2016.
  2. ^ a b c "Blessed Mary Theresa of Jesus Gerhardinger, Founder, Educator, and Innovator". Catholic Fire. 9 May 2016. Retrieved 12 July 2016.
  3. ^ a b c d e "Blessed Maria Teresa of Jesus (Carolina Gerhardinger)". Santi e Beati. Retrieved 12 July 2016.
  4. ^ a b c d "Bl. Theresa of Jesus Gerhardinger". Catholic Online. Retrieved 12 July 2016.
  5. ^ Josephine, Sister Mary. "School Sisters of Notre Dame." The Catholic Encyclopedia Vol. 11. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1911. 2 March 2019
  6. ^ Genewein, Curt M., ed. (1989), Die Erzdiözese München und Freising (Booklet) (in German), Munich: Erzbischöfliches Ordinariat München, pp. 24–25
  7. ^ a b Index ac status causarum beatificationis servorum dei et canonizationis beatorum (in Latin). Typis polyglottis vaticanis. January 1953. p. 167.
[edit]
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