Goguryeo language

Goguryeo language
Native to	Formerly spoken in Goguryeo
Region	northern part of the Korean peninsula,and southern Manchuria
Language family	Disputed
Writing system	Chinese character
Language codes
ISO 639-3	–

The Goguryeo language was spoken in the ancient kingdom of Goguryeo (37 BC – AD 668), one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. The language is also known as Koguryo, Koguryoic, and Koguryoan. It is unknown except for a small number of words, which mostly suggest that it was similar but not identical to the language of Silla, and influenced by the Tungusic languages. Supporters of the Altaic language family often classify the Goguryeo language as a member of that language family. Most Korean linguists believe that Goguryeo language was closest to the Altaic languages. Striking similarities between Baekje and Goguryeo can also be found, which is consistent with the legends that describe Baekje being founded by the sons of Goguryeo's founder. The Goguryeo names for government posts are mostly similar to those of Baekje and Silla. There are some hypotheses on the classification of the Goguryeo language which is disputed at the present time. [1] Some linguists propose the so-called "Buyeo languages" family that includes the languages of Buyeo, Goguryeo, Baekje, and Old Japanese. Chinese records suggest that the languages of Goguryeo, Buyeo, East Okjeo, and Gojoseon were similar, while the Goguryeo language differed significantly from that of Malgal (Mohe)

Some words of Goguryeo origin can be found in the old Korean language (early 10th to late 14th century) but most were soon replaced with ones of Silla origin.

Vocabulary comparison

The tables below provides a vocabulary comparison that illustrates a number of examples of sound shifts that have occurred between Goguryeo languages and the main Buyeo and Tungusic languages, along with a selection of minority languages.

English	Goguryeo pronun.	Turkic	Mongol	Old Japanese	Japanese	Baekje	Silla	Middle Korean	Korean	Tungusic	Jurchen	Manchu	Evenki
ruler	kʌi / kai(皆) kai-sɐ(皆次) ka(加)Buyeo languages	qaγan kagan	kaγan(可汗)	kami1("ruler") ki1mi1("king, emperor, monarch")	kami kimi("you")	ka kisi nirim	kan han kɯm("Gojoseon languages")	kɯi nim-kɯm	nim-kɯm	***	***	han	***
royal family (大加)	kochu-ka (古鄒加)	***	***	kitsaki("empress, queen")	kisaki	kənkir-ji("king")	kəsə-kan("king") kəsɯl-han("king")	***	kɯ,kə,kɯn("big")	***	***	***	***
owner(主)	i (伊)	***	***	i("you") usi("owner")	nuʃi	***	***	(n)im	(n)im	***	***	***	***
title of honor	~ ji / ki(支)	***	***	-ti(title of honor for gods) ti("father") di("grand father")	ʨiʨi ʥiʥi -ʥi	~ ji / ki(支)	~ ji / ki /di(支,智,至)	***	~ ji	***	***	***	***
excellent shooter (善射者)	jumong (朱蒙) Buyeo languages	***	jəmə("noted bow") Jobe-Mergen("hunting expert")	yumi/yu("bow")	yumi/yu	***	***	***	~mani("expert")	***	***	jolin-manga , julil-muəl(卓琳莽阿)	***
gold	so (蘇) so-miuən/so-mun (蘇文)	***	***	saɸi1("cutlery,silver color")	sai sabi("rust")	so	so("gold")	***	sö("metal") söh	***	***	sele("iron") šun("sun")	sigūn("sun")
silver	tʃiεt (折) tʃiεu-ʃιi/so-l (召尸)	***	***	ʦuʣu("Tin, tinworks")	suzu	siri("metal")	***	***	sö("metal")	***	***	***	***
lead	nəi-miuət namer (乃勿)	***	***	namari("lead")	namari	***	***	namɔr	nap/납	***	***	***	***
recover territory (復舊土)	ta mul (多勿)	***	***	tamu("to return, to come around, to turn around") tamuk("to resist, to retaliate")	temuka	***	***	***	taɕi ("again") tø- ("re-") muli(tsi)- ("repel") mol-("expel")	***	***	tabu-(to divide,to tear)	***
north(back)	je (提) jwat (絶) ʣo-li (助利) 椽那部,提那部,絶奴部,後部	arka("back")	hoina (Daur huainə) utara umara	tʃe>se("back")	se("back,height")	***	***	tuih	tui ("back, behind")	xama	***	juleri("front, south") amargi amasi("back")	***
south(front)	kuan (灌) (灌奴部)	kuzey,Ön(front)	***	kasira("head,top") kaɸo("face") kan-("pre-")	kashira kao("look, face") kana-("to serve,to get one's wish")	***	arihi	***	kət("surface, look") arp(front)	***	***	julergi	***
east(left)	źwən/sun (順) (順奴部)	doğu,sol(left)	źeü , źegün	a-dʒuma/a-duma("east")	azuma	***	***	***	wen("left") sae("east")	źun	***	dergi	jun jəgin("left")
west(right)	yən (涓) (涓奴部)	batı	ürüne , barun	yom- (the mythological placename of world beyond) ini-si("west")	yomi("Hades") niʃi	***	***	***	orɯn("right") parɯn("right")	xangid	***	wargi	anŋū(right)
stone	***	taš	cilaɣu(n) (Classical) culuu (Khalkha) šuluu(n) (Buryat)	isi	iʃi	turak	***	tōlh	tōl tok(dialect)	***	***	tahan("steppingstones")	***
rock, cliff (巌,峴,岑)	pa-・ιəi/pua-・ιəi pàI/pa'i (巴衣,波衣) pua-ɣei/paxe (波兮)	***	***	[[wiktionary:岩#Noun|iɸa]] / [[wiktionary:巌#Noun|iɸaɸo]] mama("cliff")	iwao ("great rock, bedrock")	***	***	pahoy	pawi	pax（石・崖） (Nivkh)	***	wehe	***
land (壌,壤)	no 内/奴～弩/悩 nori 奴閭	***	ńurū	nu/no("land") na	no	no buri	nu¨～nu¨ri/nε bəl	***	bəl nuri("world")	na ("land"）	na	na（土地）,noro(-n)	***
nation	(nua) > na no 內,那,奴,惱	ili	ulus(<*hulu-s<* bulu-s)	nu/na("land, nation") na	na	***	***	narah	nara	guru-n(< * buru-n)	guru-n(< * buru-n)	gurun	***
walled city, fort, castle	kol / hol (忽) kuru / kolo (溝婁,屈, 骨)	qol-γan	küri-yen 'fence, hedge, device',/qol-γan	koɸori("brough, country") ki2("city")	kōri -ki	***	***	kolh	koɯl gol	kur ~kur ~kuran	***	kuran~ kuren (城, 柵:"castle, citadl") golo（省:province)	***
capital's names	cholbon(卒本) solbon(率本) puru-na(不耐,平壤)	cholpon("Venus")	čolbaŋ("Venus")	***	***	soburi	sərabəl səbəl	shəbɯl	seoul saet-piəl("Venus")	***	***	***	***
middle (中)	kabəl 加火	***	***	kapi>kaɸi("content,egg,result,worth") kapa>kaɸa("outside")	kai kawa("side")	***	***	kaβɔn 가ㅸㄴ	kaun(-de) -gaus/-aus("half")	***	***	***	***
so big, best	māk/mo (莫) ma (馬) makhara (莫何邏)	***	***	ma-(prefix to mean "real/great/true/perfect") kara("birth, parentage") makari("genuine")	ma- kara makari	***	***	***	mal-말 mat 맏("first;eldest;oldest")	maŋga ("strong")	***	maŋga ("difficult; tough, strong; somewhat more, somewhat better")	maŋa ("strong")
tribal elder (太大兄)	makha-ha-raji (莫何何羅支/太大兄) ~ji/ki("title of honor") 兄 laji / haraji("patriarch")	***	***	ma-("really") kakar-("devolve on, to depend") -dati("patriarch") ukara("tribe") -ti("title of honor") muraji("title for influential clans")	ma- kakar- -dati -kara	***	kak-kan kan-ki/kanji ~ji("title of honor")	***	hara("grand") ~ji("title of honor") har-abə-ji("grand father") ~achi("legation staff's title")	***	***	mahala("hat, cap") makta-ra- ("to prise")	***
leader ,chief	makri-key/makli-ji/mori-ji (莫離支)	baš(head)	***	makari("true,genuine")	makari	***	Marip-gan("king") Mae-kɯm("king")	maruha mari("head")	məri("head")	***	***	***	***
summit(峰)	süni (首泥)	***	***	sone1("continuous mountain ridge")	sone	***	***	sunɯrk	tɕəŋsuri ("top of the head")	***	***	šun("sun") sukdun("air")	***
mountain (山)	tat / tar (達) ma (馬)	taγ（"mountain"）	aɣula(n) (Classical Mongolian) ūl (Khalkh) ūla (Buryat) aulə (Daur)	take2("big mountain") mure("mountain") tara	take yama	***	督 tɔrɔ(山), tara(多禮,多羅) ("land")	moyh(山)	me tang,tal("land") tuk("hill") orɯm (Jeju dialect)	***	***	alin tala("field") mulu("ridge of mountain")	***
high mountain	ɣapma (盒馬)	***	***	jama("mountain")	yama	***	***	***	***	***	***	dabagan("mountain peaks") daba-	***
soil	sik	***	***	su("sand, sandbank")	su	***	***	***	***	***	***	***	***
tree, wood	kil kιənul,naro? (斤乙) ɣei/ɣit (盻/肹)	ï("forest")/ïγac("tree")	***	ki2/ ke2/ko2("tree") ko2nara(a kind of beech)	ki konara	***	***	斤:nal(訓)/kɯn	kɯru ("stump; unit for counting trees") namu 나무 ("tree; wood")	***	***	***	***
willow tree	yoɯɪn (要隠)	***	***	yana-ki2("willow tree")	yana-gi	***	***	***	***	***	***	***	***
bamboo	na (奈)	***	***	no2(bamboo arrow) si-no("running bamboo,bamboo grass")	no ʃino	***	***	***	***	***	***	***	***
pine tree(松)	busi/pιu-sie (夫斯) pιu-so (扶蘇)	***	***	matu("pine tree") pusi("fire wood")	maʦu ɸuʃi	bu(扶,負) so(蘇)	***	sol（松）/pos（樺）	sol,sonamu	***	***	bahiya("pine cone")	***
chestnut	toŋsje/tosi (冬斯)	***	***	toti("horse chestnut")	tochi	***	***	***	***	***	***	***	***
peach	pasi (波尸)	***	***	***	***	***	***	poksiəŋ (桃)	poksuŋ-a, poksa (桃)	***	***	***	***
garlic	mier (買尸)	***	maŋgirsun(野蒜)	mi1ra ("garlic chives")	nira ("garlic chives")	***	***	manʌl (蒜)	manɯl	***	***	maca ("garlic chives")	***
grain	nabar /niəŋ-biuʌt 仍伐	***	***	nape2>naɸe2("seedling") ina-ɸo（"ear of rice"） mi2（"fruit, seed, grain"） mame("grain")	nae inaho mame("bean")	***	***	nad ("grain")	nad ("grain") nuy（"grains of unhulled rice amongst hulled rice"） narak（"rice plant; unhulled rice; grain of rice")	***	***	***	***
root	tsʌm (斬)	***	***	tsa–ne("real-root">"center of seeds")	sane("substance,fundamental")	***	pul?(根)	pulhuy(根)	ppuri	tʃamγ（根株） (Nivkh)	***	da	***
plow (犁)	ka-ʃιi/kar (加尸)	kerci-（"to cut, to dig trenches"）	***	kar-("to cut") kuɸa("hoe")	kari kuwa	***	***	karai（木[杴]・鍬, kal-（plow) kal（刀）	***	gerbe-("break, snap") (Nanai)	***	halhan（"hoe"）/halhan～halgan(犂[鏵]:"plow")	gerbe-("break, snap")
ax	・ιo-sie, nərə-si (於斯)	***	***	wono2("ax")	ono	***	***	*odzgɔy (烏子蓋) ("ax") nɔlh ("blade")	nal ("blade") nas ("sickle; scythe") tōkki ("ax")	***	***	anjikū ("hatchet")	***
basin (盆)	sɐr/sʌl (西)	***	***	***	***	***	***	sora (盆) ("basin")	***	***	***	***	***
water (水)	mi (米) mie (買) moro (模盧)	***	mören(江, 海) müren (沐漣) /moron (木連) (Khitanese)	mi1/mi1du/mi1n-("water")	miʣu	mi(彌)	***	mɨl	mul	mu	mu 沒	muke	mū("water")
spring water (泉井)	əɯl/uir (於乙):井 iri (伊梨):泉	bul-a-q/bul-a-γ("fountain, spring")	ɯs (水"water")	wi ("well, reservoir, irrigation pond") ura("waterside")	i ura	***	ɯl(乙)	umɯl ("well")	umul ("well")	eri～erri（"small river" 川） (Nivkh)	***	üla ("large river" 江)	***
dike (堤)	tu (吐)	töpü	***	take2("higher hill") tutumi("dike") tu-(to stack,to pile,to gather)	take ʦuʦumi ʦu-	***	***	***	əntək tuk(堤)	***	***	do-("to stop")	***
pond	nami / naymi (内米)	***	namug ("marsh, swamp")	nami1 ("wave") nada("open sea")	nami nada	mi(r)ji (蜜地,彌知)	***	***	? nɛnmul ("stream") mos ("pond") nɯpʰ 늪 ("swamp")	namu, lamu ("sea, ocean; lake" 海)	***	mūsa ("swamp")	***
branch (派)	kai (改)	***	***	***	***	***	***	karʌi (派)	kalɛ (派)	***	***	***	***
river	kur (屈) na (那)	köl("lake")	***	kaɸa("river")	kawa	nari(那利) 久麻那利	***	kɔrɔm nāyh	karam nɛː	***	***	ula	***
sea	patan/padal/padan (波旦) pa-sia (波且)	***	***	wata("sea")	wada-ʦu-mi("gods of Sea")	***	波珍 padɔl	padah～parʌl	pada	***	namu	namu	***
cow	ʃιəu/*sü (首)	***	***	usi("cow")	uʃi	***	***	ʃyo/쇼	so	***	***	eje("castrated cow")	***
pig (猪)	u 烏 o-sie (烏斯) o-s^i¨ʌŋ (烏生)	*doŋuz > domuz	***	usi ("ox; cattle") wi ("pig,boar")	i("boar")	*tɕo-nʲi (猪耳)	***	totʰ 돝	twɛːji, toyaji(dialect), tochi(dialect)	***	***	ulgiyan("pig") ulha("domestic animal")	***
water deer	kosya (古斯也)	***	***	kuzika("deer")	kuzika	***	***	***	korani("Manchurian elk") kōrɛŋi, korɛi (Gyeongsang dialect)	***	***	kandahan ("a kind of deer")	***
horse	mielo/meru (滅)	***	mori～muri	uma～muma("horse")	uma	***	***	ｍʌl/(馬)	mal	mori (Nanai)	***	morin	***
swan (鵠)	koɣoi (古衣)	qoγu	***	kuguɸi1>kubi("swan")	kugui("swan")	***	***	kohay kon	koni	***	***	gaha("bird, raven") gasha("big bird")	***
bear	komok (功木)	***	***	kuma("bear")	kuma	koma	***	kom	kōm	***	***	***	***
owl (鵂鶹)	ʦu (租)	***	***	tuku("owl") ʦu("nest")	ʦuku/mimi-dzuku su	***	***	***	***	***	***	***	***
rabbit	u-si-ɣam/o-sie-həm (烏斯含)	tawïsγan	***	wosagi1/usagi1("rabbit")	usagi	***	***	thos-gi	tho-ggi	***	***	***	***
weasel (狌)	yia-ʃιi/yar (也尸)	***	***	itatʃi(weasel)	itaʨi(weasel)	***	***	yezï ~ yezɣ- ("fox")	yəu ("fox") yəsi(dialect)	***	***	***	***
horn	tsιi-nyiak (次若)	***	***	tuno("horn")	ʦuno	***	***	***	***	***	***	***	***
wing	əji, nərəgi (於支)	*älig > el ("hand")	***	tadamgi(arm) atʃi(foot,walk,rain,money)	aʃi	***	***	***	narɛ, nalgɛ	***	***	asχa	***
foot (足)	γwi/kwai tor (廻)	***	***	kuw-("to kick") ko-yu("to get over")	ker- koe-	***	***	***	tari	***	***	***	***
mouth	huət-ts‘ii/kuci kútsi/kutui kolci (忽次) ko-ts‘ii (古次) kuan/kuen (串)	***	훌츠qurc(Khalka)("skewer, spit" 串)	kutu～kuti < *kutui("mouth") ko2to2（"word, speech, language"）	kuʨi koto	***	***	kʌl-(曰: "to say") koc ("skewer, spit; promontory" 串)	kulrε (Jeju dialect) kul (South Jeolla dialect) kar-(曰: "to say")	***	***	***	***
hair	təl(毛乙)>tiəl(鐵)	***	***	tar-u("trail, hang out")	tare-ru	***	***	***	təl (毛)	***	***	tulə(ad:"to outside")	***
tooth	kʌi-ʃιi (皆尸)	***	***	ki1 ("fang; tusk")	***	***	***	***	***	***	***	***	***
heart chest	kor/kιo-sιi (居尸)	göğüs	kökün	ko2ko2ro2("heart") koro("oneself")	kokoro	***	***	***	kogäŋi ("core") / kasʰɯm ("chest, heart")	***	***	huhun ("breast, bosom")	***
transverse (横)	・ιo-sie/*es (於斯)	***	***	yo2ko2("transverse") yo2k-("to traverse")	yoko yoker-	***	***	əs/엇	ət	***	***	***	***
valley	tan/tuən/t‘ən (旦,頓,呑)	***	***	tani("valley")	tani	***	***	tʌn～tuʌn（"valley") təŋgɛ（"valley")	***	***	***	***	***
side edge	ka-(・a) (加阿)	kera	***	kado1("side edge,jag") kari("edge")	kado kari	***	***	kʌs	kā	***	***	kaja-("to cut") huwesi-("cutter, small blade")	***
cap (冠)	kwot-su (骨蘇)	***	***	katsa("hat")	kasa("hat,shade")	***	***	kosgal (冠 : "cap") kat (笠, 帽, 冠 : "hat, cap")	kokal (弁 : "conical cap") kat (黑笠)	***	***	***	***
ball (丸)	anʃi (安市) anʒip (安十)	***	ənduhə (Daur)	***	***	***	***	***	al	(x)elū-	***	umhan muheren	elū
layer (重)	biar/bjet (別)	***	***	pe1>ɸe1("layer")	he("layer")	***	***	pʌl	***	***	***	fe("ex-, past, former")	***
neighbor (隣)	ιi-bιuʌt/iboc (伊伐)	***	***	ipa>ipe1>iɸe1("residences")	ie	***	***	ibɯt (隣)	iut (隣)	***	***	imiya-("to gather togather")	***
frost	sat (薩) sat-ɣan/sal-han (薩寒)	***	***	simo("frost") sayi/seye zayi/zaye ("icicle, ice")	simo sae	***	***	səri	***	***	***	juhe	***
lush (菁)	ka-tʃιe (加支)	***	***	kati/katin("lush, dark blue")	kaʨi	***	***	***	kəch-(蕪) kis- ("lush, overgrown with weeds, overrun with plants")	***	***	***	***
group, tribe	ul (于尸)	uruk ("clan")	ulus ("people, nation, tribe, horde")	uti("family, inside, home") udi ("tribe,clan,social status of one's family, lineage, birth, surname")	uʨi uʒi	***	***	ul（"relations; relatives; kinsfolk; clan"） uri ("we, us; the Korean people, Koreans")	***	***	***	urse ("people") uce("entrance")	***
mother	ya chi (也次) ya pa (也派)	Ana	***	[[Voiceless bilabial fricative|ɸ]]aɸa("mother") oya("parent")	haha, oya	***	***	어ㅿㅣ əzi	어미əmi 아매,에마 ame,ema(north dialect)	***	eniyen	a ja	***
baby	gu(仇) gιəu-sie / kus / kyus (仇斯)	koto("son"匈奴語) kız ("girl; daughter") O'gul	***	ko1("baby")	ko("baby, child")	***	***	***	koma(童) koma-(小-)	***	omo	jui("kid")	kuŋa ("child")
writing literature (文)	kιən-ʃιi/kɯl (斤尸)	***	***	kak-("to write") kuk-/*kuru-("to form,to bind")	kak- kukur-/kurum-	***	***	kɯl	kɯl	***	herse	hergen	***
jade	kusi ko-ʃie (古斯)	***	gas	kusiro2（"bracelet")	kuʃiro	***	***	kusɯl ("jewel")	***	***	γun	gu	***
cool wind, clear wind	ʃa-nιet-ιi (沙熱伊)	***	***	same-("cool") -ti("wind")	same- -ʨi	***	***	sanʌl("cool") -i("-wind")	sənɯl("cool")	***	***	simeli("cool")	***
hole (孔)	dzei-ts‘ii/tsei-ts‘ii/cic (斉次/濟次)	***	***	tʃuk-("to penetrate") tʃuki("fissure, gap")	suki	***	***	sʌzi ("interval, gap")	sai ("interval, gap") t’ul-(透) tɯm(隙孔)	***	***	***	***
hole (穴)	kap (甲) kapi (甲比)	qapca（"gorge, ravine"）, qapi¨γ（"Gate"）	***	kapi1>kaɸi1（"hole, gorge, narrow valley")	kubomi ("hole")	***	***	***	kul (穴)	***	***	***	***
three	mir/mil (密) siet (悉) s^ïei (史)	bis(5)	gurav	mi1("3")	mi	***	mil	sei/səih	셋 sʰet̚	***	ilan	ilan	***
five	uc/ütsi/uci/üc/uca/uchha (于次,弓次)	üç(3)	tabun	itu("5")	iʦu	***	***	tasul (打戌)	tasət 닷 tah	dügün	sunja	sunja	***
seven	nanön nanin (難隠) nanən/nanun	Yeti	***	nana("7")	nana	***	***	(n)ìlgɯp(一急)	(n)ìlgúp	nadan	nadan	nadan	***
ten	tək/tok/duk (德)	on toquz(9)	arav	to2/to2wo("10")	tō	***	***	***	yəl(10) on(100) chɯmun(1000)	juwa	juwan	juwan	ʒuwan
hard	ma (馬)	***	***	ma- ("truly, really")	ma-	***	***	modir-	mōjir- ("harsh; severe; cruel")	***	manga("hard")	maŋga("hard")	maŋa
high	dat/§ap/tar (達)	***	***	taka-/daka-（"high"）	taka-/daka	***	***	***	tarak- ("high") tarak ("loft")	***	***	den ("high") dekde- ("to rise")	***
rough	kur'iy (骨衣)	***	***	kata- ("hard")	katai ("rigid, firm, stiff")	***	ka¨cʰɔ¨l	kəcʰɯl- (荒)	***	***	***	kata-("to become hard, to become rough")	***
round (圓)	toŋ-pιuəi (冬非)	***	***	tubura("round")	tsubura	***	***	tuŋgɯl-（圓）	tuŋgɯl-（圓}	***	***	torho-("to roll,to circle")	***
new	ʃιəu/*su (首)	***	***	zu("new, present, developing,a gleam") su-("fresh") sa-("young")	su-	***	say	say (새)	sɛ	***	iche	ice	***
deep	bιuk-sie (伏斯) puk (伏)	***	***	puka-si>ɸuka-si("deep")	ɸuka-i	***	***	kiph u˙n	kiph- puk ("deeply, completely, fully")	***	***	***	***
flat, level,shallow	biri (比里) pii-lιεt (比烈)	biri	***	pi1ra->ɸi1ra-("flat,level") pisi	hirata- hiʃi	***	***	***	pʌl	***	***	ba("field, district") pile-("to confirm, to criticize") tehere-("to flat, to be equal")	***
wide (廣)	nərə-si, ə-si (於斯)	***	osy/esy 阿斯(寬大:gererous, tolerant) nalai	naras-u("roll,to level off") os-u("transcend, surpass") e-si("right,wide,noble,enough")	naras-u("to level off") os-u("to transcend, to press, to push")	***	***	어위 (< *어쉬)	nəlb 넓- (廣) nəgɯrə (寬) ədzi (仁, 寬)	***	očo 我撮(寬)	ončo(廣:wast)	***
abreast, both (並)	kʌn (斤)	***	***	kan-("to combine")	kan-	***	***	kʌrb- (並 :“abreast”)	***	***	***	***
bent (曲)	kubəl,kutkwa (屈火)	***	***	kugu-/kaga-("to bend") kubi("neck")	kugum-/kagam- kubi	***	***	***	kub- (曲-), kubɯl (曲)	***	***	***
black	kəmur/kəmhək(今勿)	Qara	***	kuro1("black")	kuro	***	***	kəm-/검-	검 kʌm	***	***	kara	***
white	ʃιi-lap (尸臘) nə γei (奈兮)	Aq	***	sira("white") siram- ("to become white")	ʃiro ʃiram-	***	***	ʃje-("to become white") hʌy-(白)	hʌy- hin hayan nun (雪)	***	***	šara-("to become white") šeyen("white") šanggiyan("white")	***
red	s^a-bιuk/sa(i)puk (沙伏) s^a-pιuəi-kιən/sa(i)pikon 沙非斤 sapi	Qyzyl	*hulaɣan > ulaan	so2po>so2ɸo("red")	soho	supi(赤鳥)	sapi(泗沘)	sitpɯk(赤)	붉은pulgɯn 시뻘건sippəlgən("deep red")	***	***	fulgiyan	***
yellow	kuət (骨) kweyru	***	***	ki2-~ kú-("yellow")	ki(iro)	***	***	***	***	***	***	suwayan	***
blue (靑)	sal sat (薩)	***	***	so1ra("sky") sumi1re("violet")	sora-iro sumire-iro	***	səri 昔里 (靑)	***	***	***	***	***
green (綠)	bιuʌt-lιək (伐力) puruk	***	***	mido("green") pa>ɸa("leaf") tura/tuta("vine")	midori ha ʦuru/ʦuta	***	***	phɯrɯn ("green, blue")	phurɯn ("green, blue") pharan ("blue")	***	***	***	***
to meet	pʌk/*pak (伯)	bak-（"to see, to look; to find"）	***	***	***	***	***	poizʌp- ("to humbly show oneself, to meet (an honored person)")	po-（"to see, to look"）/ poyp-（"to have an audience with, to meet (an honored person)"）	***	baka- ("to look for, to seek, to search")	baha-（"to get, to obtain"）	baka-（"to find"）
to swing	pu (釜)	***	***	pur->ɸur-("to swing,to shake")	ɸu-	***	***	***	pudɯl-("tremble, shake")	***	***	***	***
to enter	・ιi/*i (伊)	***	ire- (to come)	ir-（"to enter"）	ir-	***	***	ip（口）/ip（門戸）	ir-(to arrive; to come) ip	i-（入）	***	ibe-("to get forward")	***
to get (取)	toŋ (冬)	***	***	tor-("to get")	to-	***	***	***	tɯl-("to take, to hold")	***	***	duri-("to get")	***

Further reading

• Beckwith, C. I. (2004). Koguryo, the language of Japan's continental relatives: an introduction to the historical-comparative study of the Japanese Koguryoic languages with a preliminary description of Archaic northeastern Middle Chinese. Brill's Japanese studies library, v. 21. Boston: Brill. ISBN 9004139494
• Beckwith (2006). "Methodological Observations on Some Recent Studies of the Early Ethnolinguistic History of Korea and Vicinity." Altai Hakpo 2006, 16: 199-234.
• Beckwith (2006). "The Ethnolinguistic History of the Early Korean Peninsula Region: Japanese-Koguryoic and Other Languages in the Koguryo, Paekche, and Silla Kingdoms." Journal of Inner and East Asian Studies, 2006, Vol. 2-2: 34-64.
• Beckwith (2007): Koguryo, the Language of Japan's Continental Relatives: An Introduction to the Historical-Comparative Study of the Japanese-Koguryoic Languages, with a Preliminary Description of Archaic Northeastern Middle Chinese. Brill Academic Publishers, 2004. ISBN 90-04-13949-4. Second edition, 2007. ISBN 90-04-16025-5
• http://thomaspellard.ryukyu.googlepages.com/reviewKoguryro.pdf

See also

• Korean language
• Altaic languages
• Buyeo languages
• List of Korea-related topics
• Old Korean

External links

Japanese

• 娜々志娑无のぺぇじ
• 高句麗語の研究を勉強する

Korean

• Relationship between Koguryoan and other related languages
• Koguryoan Sillan and Paekchean words
• Additional Koguryoan and Old Japanese words
• The Korean language

English

• Template:En icon Ancient Koguryo, Old Koguryo and the Relationship of Japanese to Korean (Abstract)