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[[Image:Dalmazia1560.png|thumb|400 px| The Republic of Venice in 1560 and the ''Albania Veneta'' shown as the pink area south of the [[Republic of Ragusa]] around Cattaro (Kotor)]]
[[Image:Dalmazia1560.png|thumb|400 px| The Republic of Venice in 1560 and the ''Albania Veneta'' shown as the pink area south of the [[Republic of Ragusa]] around Kotor (Cattaro)]]
'''Albania Veneta''' (English: ''Venetian Albania'') was the name for the possessions of the [[Republic of Venice]] in southern Dalmatia from 1420 to 1797. It originally covered the coastal area of what is now northern [[Albania]] and the coast of [[Montenegro]], but the Albanian and southern Montenegrin parts were lost to the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottomans]] in 1571 <ref>Cecchetti, Bartolomeo. ''Intorno agli stabilimenti politici della repubblica veneta nell'Albania''. pag. 978-983</ref>.
'''Albania Veneta''' (English: ''Venetian Albania'') was the name for the possessions of the [[Republic of Venice]] in southern Dalmatia from 1420 to 1797. It originally covered the coastal area of what is now northern [[Albania]] and the coast of [[Montenegro]] but the entire Albanian part and a portion of the southern Montenegrin part were eventually lost to the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottomans]] in 1571.


==Name==
==Name==


The word "Veneta" in ''Albania Veneta'' was used to differentiate the area from the [[Muslim]] [[Albania]] (called ''Albania Ottomana'' in those centuries), an area stretching from [[Kosovo]] to southern Albania <ref>Paulucci, Luigi. ''Le Bocche di Cattaro nel 1810''. pag. 24</ref>.
The word "Veneta" in ''Albania Veneta'' was used to differentiate the area from the [[Muslim]] [[Albania]] (called ''Albania Ottomana'' in those centuries), an area stretching from [[Kosovo]] to southern Albania.


==Geography==
==Geography==


These Venetian possessions stretched from the southern borders of the [[Republic of Ragusa]] (modern-day Dubrovnik) to Durazzo ([[Durres]]) in coastal [[Albania]]. The Venetian territories never reached more than 20 km from the [[Adriatic Sea]]. After 1573 the southern limit was moved to the village of Confin (Kufin) near Budua ([[Budva]]), because of the Ottoman conquests of Antivari ([[Bar, Montenegro|Bar]]), and Dulcigno ([[Ulcinj]]) in the [[Balkans]].
These Venetian possessions stretched from the southern borders of the [[Republic of Ragusa]] (modern-day Dubrovnik) to [[Durres]] (Durazzo) in coastal [[Albania]]. The Venetian territories never reached more than 20 km from the [[Adriatic Sea]]. After 1573 the southern limit was moved to the village of Kufin (Confin) near [[Budva]] (Budua), because of the Ottoman conquests of [[Bar, Montenegro|Bar]] (Antivari), and [[Ulcinj]] (Dulcigno), in the [[Balkans]].


The Dominions of [[Venice]] were centered around the [[Bay of Kotor]] and included the small cities of Cattaro ([[Kotor]]), Risano ([[Risan]]), Perasto ([[Perast]]), Teodo ([[Tivat]]), Castelnuovo ([[Herceg Novi]]), Budua ([[Budva]]) and Spizza ([[Sutomore]]).
The possesions of [[Venice]] were centered around the [[Bay of Kotor]] and included the small cities of [[Kotor]] (Cattaro), [[Risan]] (Risano), [[Perast]] (Perasto), [[Tivat]] (Teodo), [[Herceg Novi]] (Castelnuovo), [[Budva]] (Budua) and [[Sutomore]] (Spizza).


==History==
==History==


[[Venice]] started to take control of the small southern Dalmatian villages around the 10th century, assimilating quickly the [[Dalmatian language]] into the [[Venetian language]]. But only in the 14th century was the [[Republic of Venice]] able to create a territorial continuity around the [[Bay of Kotor]]. These Venetian dominions around Kotor lasted from 1420 to 1797 and were called ''Albania Veneta'', a historical province of the [[Republic of Venice]] <ref>Durant, Will. ''The Renaissance''. pag. 121</ref>.
[[Venice]] started to take control of the small southern Dalmatian villages around the 10th century, slowly assimilating the independent [[Dalmatian language]] into the [[Venetian language]]. But only in the 14th century the [[Republic of Venice]] was able to create a territorial continuity around the [[Bay of Kotor]]. These Venetian possesions around Kotor lasted from 1420 to 1797 and were called ''Albania veneta'', a province of the [[Republic of Venice]].

[[Image:Montenegro venezia.PNG|thumb|250px|The "Albania Veneta" areas of Montenegro]]
When the [[Turks]] started to conquer the [[Balkans]] in 15th century, many Christian Slavs took refuge inside Venetian Dalmatia and so even the ''Albania Veneta'' started to have a huge Serb and Albanian population. By the end of 17th century the Romance speaking population of the historical ''Albania Veneta'' was already a minority, according to Oscar Randi in his book ''''Dalmazia etnica, incontri e fusioni'' <ref>Randi, Oscar. ''Dalmazia etnica, incontri e fusioni''. pag. 37-38</ref>.
When the [[Turks]] started to conquer the [[Balkans]] in 15th century, many Christian Slavs took refuge inside Venetian Dalmatia so that the presence of Croats and Serbs (and Albanians) in ''Albania veneta'' became even larger. By the end of 17th century the Romance speaking population of the historical ''Albania veneta'' was a minority.


After the Napoleonic armies conquered and put an end to the [[Republic of Venice]] in 1797, the area of the ''Albania veneta'' changed control many times:
After the Napoleonic armies conquered and put an end to the [[Republic of Venice]] in 1797, the area of the ''Albania veneta'' changed control many times:
in 1805 was annexed to the Napoleonic ''Kingdom of Italy'' <ref> Sumrada, Janez. ''Napoleon na Jadranu / Napoleon dans l'Adriatique''.pag. 159</ref>, then in 1809 was part of French [[Illyrian Provinces]] and finally in 1815 was put under Habsburg control in the Dalmatia of [[Austro-Hungary]].
in 1805 was annexed to the Napoleonic ''Kingdom of Italy'', then in 1809 was part of French [[Illyrian Provinces]] and finally in 1815 was put under Habsburg control in the Dalmatia of [[Austro-Hungary]].


Under the [[Habsburg]] domination, ''Albania Veneta'' was part of "Austrian Dalmatia" and in 1878 (at the [[Congress of Berlin]]) were added to this territory another 40 km² around Sutomore were added to this territory.
Ruled by the [[Austrian Empire]], ''Albania veneta'' was part of "Austrian Dalmatia" and in 1878 (at the [[Congress of Berlin]]) were added to this territory another 40 km² around Sutomore were added to this territory. During this period the Romance speaking minority was slowly assimilated by the Slavic majority.


The borders of the former venetian province of ''Albania Veneta'' changed again in 1918, but were reinstated from 1941 to 1943 during WWII, when [[Mussolini]] annexed the territories around Cattaro to the [[Kingdom of Italy]]. The area was part of the italian ''Governatorato di Dalmazia'' and was called ''Provincia di Cattaro'' <ref>Scaglioni Marzio. ''La presenza italiana in Dalmazia 1866-1943''. pag 86-87</ref>.
In 1918, the area was added to the newly formed [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia]]. During World War 2, [[Mussolini]]'s fascist Italy occupied the territories around Kotor and annexed them as part of the Italian ''Governatorato di Dalmazia's'' ''Provincia di Cattaro''.


After WWII any political entity related to the historical presence of Venice in southern Dalmatia ceased to exist and the area was definitely incorporated into [[Yugoslavia]].
After WWII the area was once again incorporated into the new [[SFRY|Yugoslavia]].
Actually the old ''Albania Veneta'' is a coastal region of the newly independent [[Montenegro]].
''Albania veneta'' is now part of the newly independent [[Montenegro]].

==History of the venetian speaking population of ''Albania Veneta''==

According to the dalmatian historian Luigi Paulucci (in his book "Le Bocche di Cattaro nel 1810") the population of the ''Albania Veneta'', during the centuries of the [[Republic of Venice]], was mainly venetian speaking (aproximately 66%) in the urban areas (Cattaro, Perasto, Budua, ecc..) around the "Bocche di Cattaro" ([[Bay of Kotor]]).
[[Image:Budua (1900).jpg|thumb|400px|The venetian walls of Budua (Budva) in a 1900 postcard]]
But in the inland areas more than half of the population was serbocroatian speaking, after the first years of the eighteenth century. Paulucci wrote even that near the border with [[Albania]] there were big communities of albanian speaking people: Dulcigno ([[Ulcinj]]) was half albanian, one quarter venetian and one quarter slav speaking <ref>Paulucci, Luigi. ''Le Bocche di Cattaro nel 1810''. pag. 74-75</ref>.

During the french rule of the area of Cattaro the schools were in Italian, when the former Albania Veneta was part of the napoleonic [[Kingdom of Italy]] <ref>Sumrada, Janez. ''Napoleon na Jadranu / Napoleon dans l'Adriatique''.pag.37</ref>.

The Slovenian Marko Trogrli in his essay "The french school system in French Dalmatia" wrote that "Vincenzo Dandolo, the French governor of Dalmatia as well as Bartolomeo Benincasa, an official from the local (dalmatian) Education Department, published in May 1807 a plan for the province’s public education (''Il piano generale della pubblica istruzione in Dalmazia''), which had to be consistent with the education system throughout the napoleonic [[Kingdom of Italy]]....Instruction was to be in Italian" <ref>Sumrada, Janez. ''Napoleon na Jadranu / Napoleon dans l'Adriatique''.pag 335</ref>.

During the nineteenth century, according to the historian Scaglioni Marzio, the wars of independence of [[Italy]] from the Austro-Hungarian empire created a situation of harrassment against the italian (or venetian speaking) communities in the austrian southern dalmatia <ref>Scaglioni Marzio ''La presenza italiana in Dalmazia 1866-1943''. pag. 69</ref>.

The result was that in 1880 there were in Cattaro, according to the austrian census, only 930 ethnic italians (or only 32% of a total population of 2910 people).
[[Image:Boka oldmap.gif|thumb|300px|Venetian Map of 1680 showing Kotor (called Cattaro until 1797) and the surrounding bay]]
Furthermore, in the austrian census of 1910, the italians were reduced to only 13.6% in that city, according to Diego De Castro in his book ''Dalmazia, popolazione e composizione etnica. Cenno storico sul rapporto etnico tra Italiani e Slavi nella Dalmazia'' <ref>De Castro, Diego. ''Dalmazia, popolazione e composizione etnica. Cenno storico sul rapporto etnico tra Italiani e Slavi nella Dalmazia''. pag 104</ref>.

Actually there are 500 italian speaking in [[Montenegro]], mainly in the area of Cattaro ([[Kotor]]) and Perasto ([[Perast]]), who constitute the "Comunitá Nazionale Italiana del Montenegro".

The "disappearance" of the italian speaking populations in [[Dalmatia]] was nearly complete after WWII. The linguist [[Matteo Bartoli]] calculated that the italians were 33% of the Dalmatian population during the napoleonic wars, while actually there are only 300 italians in the croatian dalmatia and 500 italians in coastal Montenegro <ref>Bartoli, Matteo. ''Le parlate italiane della Venezia Giulia e della Dalmazia''. pag. 46</ref>.


==Population==
==Population==


Albanians lived in the south of the ''Albania veneta'' around [[Ulcinj]] (Venetian Dulcigno) and [[Durres]] (Durazzo). The area around [[Kotor]] (Venetian Cattaro) was populated by [[Slavs]] and [[Latin]]s and was fully catholic <ref>Durant, Will. ''The Renaissance''.pag. 139</ref>.
Albanians lived in the south of the ''Albania veneta'' around [[Ulcinj]] (Venetian Dulcigno) and Dyrrachion. The area around [[Kotor]] (Venetian Cattaro) was populated by [[Slavs]] and [[Latin]]s.


==Gallery==
==Gallery==
Line 64: Line 44:
Image:Abandoned church in Kotor, Montenegro.JPG|Old venetian church of Cattaro (Kotor)
Image:Abandoned church in Kotor, Montenegro.JPG|Old venetian church of Cattaro (Kotor)
</gallery>
</gallery>

== Notes ==

<references/>


==Bibliography==
==Bibliography==
Line 84: Line 60:
* Randi, Oscar. ''Dalmazia etnica, incontri e fusioni''. Tipografie venete. Venezia 1990.
* Randi, Oscar. ''Dalmazia etnica, incontri e fusioni''. Tipografie venete. Venezia 1990.
* Scaglioni Marzio. ''La presenza italiana in Dalmazia 1866-1943'' Histria ed. Trieste,2000.
* Scaglioni Marzio. ''La presenza italiana in Dalmazia 1866-1943'' Histria ed. Trieste,2000.
*Schmitt, Oliver. ''Das venezianische Albanien (1392 - 1479)''. (=Südosteuropäische Arbeiten. 110). München 2001.
*Schmitt, Oliver. ''Das venezianische Albanien (1392 - 1479)''. (=Südosteuropäische Arbeiten. 110). München 2001.
* Sumrada, Janez. ''Napoleon na Jadranu / Napoleon dans l'Adriatique''. Zalozba Annales. Koper, 2006.
* Tagliavini, Carlo. ''Le origini delle lingue neolatine''. Patron Ed. Bologna 1982.
* Tagliavini, Carlo. ''Le origini delle lingue neolatine''. Patron Ed. Bologna 1982.
* Trogrli, Marko. ''Školstvo u Dalmaciji za francuske uprave/The french school system in French Dalmatia''. Knjižnica Annales Majora. Koper, 2006.


==References==
==References==
Line 99: Line 73:
[[Category:History of Montenegro]]
[[Category:History of Montenegro]]
[[Category:History of Venice]]
[[Category:History of Venice]]
[[Category:History of Albania]]
[[Category:History of Italy]]


[[de:Venezianisches Albanien]]
[[de:Venezianisches Albanien]]

Revision as of 12:23, 15 August 2007

The Republic of Venice in 1560 and the Albania Veneta shown as the pink area south of the Republic of Ragusa around Kotor (Cattaro)

Albania Veneta (English: Venetian Albania) was the name for the possessions of the Republic of Venice in southern Dalmatia from 1420 to 1797. It originally covered the coastal area of what is now northern Albania and the coast of Montenegro but the entire Albanian part and a portion of the southern Montenegrin part were eventually lost to the Ottomans in 1571.

Name

The word "Veneta" in Albania Veneta was used to differentiate the area from the Muslim Albania (called Albania Ottomana in those centuries), an area stretching from Kosovo to southern Albania.

Geography

These Venetian possessions stretched from the southern borders of the Republic of Ragusa (modern-day Dubrovnik) to Durres (Durazzo) in coastal Albania. The Venetian territories never reached more than 20 km from the Adriatic Sea. After 1573 the southern limit was moved to the village of Kufin (Confin) near Budva (Budua), because of the Ottoman conquests of Bar (Antivari), and Ulcinj (Dulcigno), in the Balkans.

The possesions of Venice were centered around the Bay of Kotor and included the small cities of Kotor (Cattaro), Risan (Risano), Perast (Perasto), Tivat (Teodo), Herceg Novi (Castelnuovo), Budva (Budua) and Sutomore (Spizza).

History

Venice started to take control of the small southern Dalmatian villages around the 10th century, slowly assimilating the independent Dalmatian language into the Venetian language. But only in the 14th century the Republic of Venice was able to create a territorial continuity around the Bay of Kotor. These Venetian possesions around Kotor lasted from 1420 to 1797 and were called Albania veneta, a province of the Republic of Venice.

When the Turks started to conquer the Balkans in 15th century, many Christian Slavs took refuge inside Venetian Dalmatia so that the presence of Croats and Serbs (and Albanians) in Albania veneta became even larger. By the end of 17th century the Romance speaking population of the historical Albania veneta was a minority.

After the Napoleonic armies conquered and put an end to the Republic of Venice in 1797, the area of the Albania veneta changed control many times: in 1805 was annexed to the Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy, then in 1809 was part of French Illyrian Provinces and finally in 1815 was put under Habsburg control in the Dalmatia of Austro-Hungary.

Ruled by the Austrian Empire, Albania veneta was part of "Austrian Dalmatia" and in 1878 (at the Congress of Berlin) were added to this territory another 40 km² around Sutomore were added to this territory. During this period the Romance speaking minority was slowly assimilated by the Slavic majority.

In 1918, the area was added to the newly formed Kingdom of Yugoslavia. During World War 2, Mussolini's fascist Italy occupied the territories around Kotor and annexed them as part of the Italian Governatorato di Dalmazia's Provincia di Cattaro.

After WWII the area was once again incorporated into the new Yugoslavia. Albania veneta is now part of the newly independent Montenegro.

Population

Albanians lived in the south of the Albania veneta around Ulcinj (Venetian Dulcigno) and Dyrrachion. The area around Kotor (Venetian Cattaro) was populated by Slavs and Latins.

  • Catholic Cathedral of Saint Tryphon in Cattaro (Kotor)
    Catholic Cathedral of Saint Tryphon in Cattaro (Kotor)
  • Church in Perasto (Perast) with typical venetian bellfry
    Church in Perasto (Perast) with typical venetian bellfry
  • Postcard showing the venetian architecture of Perasto in 1900
    Postcard showing the venetian architecture of Perasto in 1900
  • Old Cattaro (Kotor)
    Old Cattaro (Kotor)
  • Venetian walls of Cattaro (Kotor)
    Venetian walls of Cattaro (Kotor)
  • Old Perasto (Perast)
    Old Perasto (Perast)
  • Roman mosaic in Risano (Risan)
    Roman mosaic in Risano (Risan)
  • Old venetian church of Cattaro (Kotor)
    Old venetian church of Cattaro (Kotor)

Bibliography

  • Bartl, Peter. Le picciole Indie dei Veneziani. Zur Stellung Albaniens in den Handelsbeziehungen zwischen der Balkan- und der Appenninenhalbinsel. In: Münchner Zeitschrift für Balkankunde 4 (1981-1982) 1-10.
  • Bartl, Peter. Der venezianische Türkenkrieg im Jahre 1690 nach den Briefen des päpstlichen Offiziers Guido Bonaventura. In: Südost-Forschungen 26 (1967) 88-101.
  • Bartoli, Matteo. Le parlate italiane della Venezia Giulia e della Dalmazia. Tipografia italo-orientale. Grottaferrata 1919.
  • Cecchetti, Bartolomeo. Intorno agli stabilimenti politici della repubblica veneta nell'Albania. In: Atti del Regio Istituto veneto di scienze, lettere ed arti. Bd. 3, Seria 4, S. 978-998. 1874.
  • De Brodmann, Giuseppe. Memorie politico-economiche della citta e territorio di Trieste, della penisola d’Istria, della Dalmazia fu Veneta, di Ragusi e dell’Albania, ora congiunti all’Austriaco Impero. Venezia 1821.
  • De Castro, Diego. Dalmazia, popolazione e composizione etnica. Cenno storico sul rapporto etnico tra Italiani e Slavi nella Dalmazia. ISPI 1978.
  • Durant, Will. The Renaissance. MJK Books. New York, 1981.
  • Gelcich, Giuseppe. Memorie storiche sulle bocche di Cattaro. Zara 1880.
  • Martin, John Jeffries. Venice Reconsidered. The History and Civilization of an Italian City-State, 1297–1797. Johns Hopkins UP. New York, 2002.
  • Norwich, John Julius. A History of Venice. Vintage Books. New York, 1989.
  • Paulucci, Luigi. Le Bocche di Cattaro nel 1810 Edizioni Italo Svevo.Trieste, 2005.
  • Randi, Oscar. Dalmazia etnica, incontri e fusioni. Tipografie venete. Venezia 1990.
  • Scaglioni Marzio. La presenza italiana in Dalmazia 1866-1943 Histria ed. Trieste,2000.
  • Schmitt, Oliver. Das venezianische Albanien (1392 - 1479). (=Südosteuropäische Arbeiten. 110). München 2001.
  • Tagliavini, Carlo. Le origini delle lingue neolatine. Patron Ed. Bologna 1982.

References

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