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2018 Winter Olympics

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"PyeongChang 2018" redirects here. For the Winter Paralympics, see 2018 Winter Paralympics.

Pyeongchang is located in South Korea
Pyeongchang
Pyeongchang
class=notpageimage|
Location in South Korea
Pyeongchang Winter Olympics
Hangul
평창 동계 올림픽
Hanja
平昌 冬季 올림픽
Revised RomanizationPyeongchang Donggye Ollimpik
McCune–ReischauerP'yŏngch'ang Tonggye Ollimp'ik
XXIII Olympic Winter Games
Hangul
제23회 동계 올림픽
Hanja
第二十三回 冬季 올림픽
Revised RomanizationJeisipsamhoe Donggye Ollimpik
McCune–ReischauerCheisipsamhoe Tonggye Ollimp'ik
Olympic rings
Part of a series on
2018 Winter Olympics

The 2018 Winter Olympics, officially known as the XXIII Olympic Winter Games (Template:Lang-ko) and commonly known as PyeongChang 2018, is an ongoing international multi-sport event hosted by the county of Pyeongchang, South Korea. The country was selected as the host city in July 2011, during the 123rd IOC Session in Durban, South Africa. It marks the first time that South Korea has hosted the Winter Olympics, and the second Olympics held in the country, the first being the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul.

The Winter Olympics runs from 8 to 25 February 2018. The games feature 102 events in fifteen sports, including the addition of big air snowboarding, mass start speed skating, mixed doubles curling, and mixed team alpine skiing to the Winter Olympic programme. A total of 2,952 athletes from 92 National Olympic Committees are slated to compete, including the debut of Ecuador, Eritrea, Kosovo, Malaysia, Nigeria and Singapore.

The lead-up to these Games was affected by the ongoing tensions between South Korea and North Korea, and also the ongoing missile crisis involving the country. These led to security concerns, with several countries threatening to skip the games if their safety was not ensured, including the United States. In January 2018, after their first high-level talks in over two years, North Korea agreed to participate in the Games. The countries also marched together during the opening ceremony and agreed to field a unified women's hockey team.

Bidding

Main article: Bids for the 2018 Winter Olympics

Pyeongchang bid to host both the 2010 and 2014 Winter Olympics, but lost in the final rounds of voting to Vancouver and Sochi respectively.[3]

Munich also launched a bid to host these Games. Prior to Beijing's successful 2022 Winter Olympics bid, Munich would have become the first city to host both the Winter and the Summer Games, having previously hosted the 1972 Summer Olympics, but received 25 votes. Annecy (in southeastern France) launched a bid, but failed to secure public support from local citizens. Their bid received seven votes.[4]

Pyeongchang was elected as the host city at the 123rd IOC Session in Durban in 2011, earning the necessary majority of at least 48 votes in just one round of voting, with more votes than its competitors combined. Pyeongchang is the third Asian city to host the Winter Games; the first two were in Japan, at Sapporo (1972) and Nagano (1998).[5][6]

2018 Winter Olympics bidding results
City Nation Votes
Pyeongchang  South Korea 63
Munich  Germany 25
Annecy  France 7

Development and preparation

On 5 August 2011, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) announced the formation of the Pyeongchang 2018 Coordination Commission.[7][8] On 4 October 2011, it was announced that the Organizing Committee for the 2018 Winter Olympics would be headed by Kim Jin-sun. The Pyeongchang Organizing Committee for the 2018 Olympic & Paralympic Winter Games (POCOG) was launched at its inaugural assembly on 19 October 2011. The first tasks of the organizing committee were putting together a master plan for the games as well as forming a design for the venues.[9] The IOC Coordination Commission for the 2018 Winter Olympics made their first visit to Pyeongchang in March 2012. By then, construction was already underway on the Olympic Village.[10][11] In June 2012, construction began on a high-speed rail line that is to connect Pyeongchang to Seoul.[12]

The International Paralympic Committee met for an orientation with the Pyeongchang 2018 organizing committee in July 2012.[13] Then-IOC President Jacques Rogge visited Pyeongchang for the first time in February 2013.[14]

The Pyeongchang Organizing Committee for the 2018 Olympic & Paralympic Winter Games created Pyeongchang WINNERS in 2014 by recruiting university students living in South Korea to spread awareness of the Olympic Games through social networking services and news articles.[15]

Torch relay

Main article: 2018 Winter Olympics torch relay
2018 Winter Olympics torch

The torch relay started on 24 October 2017 in Greece and ended at the start of the Olympics on 9 February 2018. On 1 November 2017 the relay entered Korea. The relay lasted 101 days. There were 7,500 torch bearers to represent the Korean population of 75 million people. There were also 2018 support runners to guard the torch and act as messengers.

The torch and its bearers traveled by a diverse means of transportation, including by turtle ship in Hansando Island, sailboat on the Baengmagang River in Buyeo, marine cable car in Yeosu, zip-wire over Bamseom Island, steam train in the Gokseong Train Village, marine rail bike along the east coast in Samcheok, and by yacht in Busan Metropolitan City. There were also robot torch relays in Jeju and Daejeon.[16]

Venues

Olympic venues 2018
Main article: Venues of the 2018 Winter Olympics and Paralympics
Dragon Valley Ski Resort

The Olympic events are held in the county of Pyeongchang, except for the ice events, which take place in the neighboring city of Gangneung, and downhill, super-G and combined, which take place in the neighboring county of Jeongseon.

Pyeongchang (mountain cluster)

Alpensia Sports Park

The Alpensia Resort in Daegwallyeong-myeon, Pyeongchang, is the focus of the 2018 Pyeongchang Winter Olympics.[17][18]

Stand-alone venues

Gangneung (coastal cluster)

The coastal cluster is located in Pyeongchang's neighboring city of Gangneung. The Gangneung Olympic Park includes the following four venues:

In addition, a stand-alone venue is located on the grounds of Catholic Kwandong University:

Ticketing

Ticket prices for the 2018 Winter Olympics were announced in April 2016 and went on sale in October 2016, ranging from ₩20,000 (approximately US$17) to ₩900,000 (US$787). Tickets for the opening and closing ceremonies range from ₩220,000 (US$192) to ₩1.5 million (US$1311). The exact prices were determined through market research; around 50% of the tickets are expected to cost about ₩80,000 (US$70) or less, and tickets in sports that are relatively unknown in the region, such as biathlon and luge, are made cheaper in order to encourage attendance. By contrast, figure skating and the men's hockey gold-medal game carry the most expensive tickets of the Games.[20]

As of 11 October 2017, domestic ticket sales for the Games were reported to be slow. Of the 750,000 seats allocated to South Koreans, only 20.7% had been sold. International sales have been better, with 59.7% of the 320,000 allocated tickets sold.[21][22] However, as of 31 January 2018, 77% of all tickets have been sold.[23]

The Games

Opening ceremony

Main article: 2018 Winter Olympics opening ceremony

The opening ceremony of the 2018 Winter Olympics was held at the Pyeongchang Olympic Stadium on 9 February 2018; the US$100 million facility is only used for the ceremonies of these Olympics and Paralympics, and is slated to be demolished following their conclusion.[24]

Sports

The 2018 Winter Olympics features 102 events in 15 sports[25], making it the first Winter Olympics to surpass 100 medal events. Six new events in existing sports were introduced to the Winter Olympic program in Pyeongchang, including men's and ladies' big air snowboarding, mixed doubles curling, men's and ladies' mass start speed skating, and mixed team alpine skiing.[26][27]

For the first time since 1998, the National Hockey League did not provide accommodations (including a break in the season for all teams during the Olympics) to allow its players to participate in the men's ice hockey tournament. The NHL's decision stemmed from their demands that the IOC cover the cost of insuring the NHL players who participate in the Games. Although it did pay to insure NHL players in Sochi, the IOC was unwilling to do so for Pyeongchang, and was concerned that the NHL's demand could set a precedent for other professional sports bodies to follow. NHL Commissioner Gary Bettman added that a factor in the decision was that the IOC did not allow the NHL to promote the involvement of its players in the Olympics.[28][29][30] The NHL secured the cooperation of the International Ice Hockey Federation and the IOC, who agreed to establish a blacklist forbidding national teams from nominating or accepting players under NHL contract to their Olympic rosters.[31][32]

Numbers in parentheses indicate the number of medal events contested in each sports.

Participating National Olympic Committees

A total of 95 teams have qualified at least one athlete so far, with 92 of them expected to compete. Six nations are scheduled to make their Winter Olympics debut: Ecuador, Eritrea, Kosovo, Malaysia, Nigeria and Singapore.[33][34]

Athletes from the Cayman Islands, Dominica and Peru qualified to compete, but all three National Olympic Committees returned the quota spots back to the International Ski Federation (FIS).[citation needed]

Under an agreement with North Korea, its qualified athletes are allowed to cross the Korean Demilitarized Zone into South Korea and compete in the games.[35][36][37] The two nations marched together under the Korean Unification Flag during the opening ceremony.[38][39] A Unified Korea women's ice hockey team is also competing under a separate IOC country code designation (COR); in all other sports, there is a separate North Korea team and a separate South Korea team.[40] See North Korea at the 2018 Winter Olympics for further details.

On 5 December 2017 the IOC announced that the Russian Olympic Committee was suspended due to the Russian doping controversy. Individual athletes who qualified and can demonstrate they have complied with the IOC's doping regulations instead compete as "Olympic Athletes from Russia" (OAR) under a neutral flag and with the Olympic anthem played in any ceremony.[41]

Participating National Olympic Committees[42][43][44][45][46][47]
NOCs that participated in 2014, but are not in 2018. NOCs that are participating in 2018, but did not in 2014.

Number of athletes by National Olympic Committees (by highest to lowest)

  1. a A unified Korean team consisting of players from both North Korea and South Korea is competing in the women's ice hockey tournament following talks in Panmunjom on 17 January 2018. Of the 35 players on the team, 12 are from North Korea and 23 are from South Korea.[48]
  2. b Russia hosted the 2014 Winter Olympics, but following the doping controversy the Russian Olympic Committee was suspended with an option for Russian athletes to participate as Olympic Athletes from Russia (OAR) if cleared by the IOC commission.

Calendar

See also: Chronological summary of the 2018 Winter Olympics
All dates are KST (UTC+9)

Template:2018 Winter Olympics Calendar

Medals

The medal's design reflects Korean traditions and culture. They weigh 586 grams for the gold medal to 493 grams for the bronze. Their design was inspired by tree trunks, with the obverse showing the Olympic rings and diagonal lines that symbolize determination of the participants. The reverse states the sport, event and the PyeongChang 2018 emblem. 259 sets of the medals have been cast.[49]

They are the work of celebrated South Korean designer Lee Suk-woo, who incorporated Hangeul – the Korean alphabet and the foundation of Korean culture – into their design through a series of consonants symbolizing the effort of athletes from around the world, who will come together as one to compete. The ribbon was created using gapsa, a traditional South Korean fabric. The light teal and light red ribbon from which the medals hang is also embroidered with Hangeul patterns, among other designs.[50]

Medal table

Main article: 2018 Winter Olympics medal table

  *   Host nation (South Korea)

2018 Winter Olympics medal table[51][A]
RankNOCGoldSilverBronzeTotal
1 Norway14141139
2 Germany1410731
3 Canada1181029
4 United States98623
5 Netherlands86620
6 Sweden76114
7 South Korea*58417
8 Switzerland56415
9 France54615
10 Austria53614
11 Japan45413
12 Italy32510
13 Olympic Athletes from Russia[B]26917
14 Czech Republic2237
15 Belarus2103
16 China1629
17 Slovakia1203
18 Finland1146
19 Great Britain1045
20 Poland1012
21 Hungary1001
 Ukraine1001
23 Australia0213
24 Slovenia0112
25 Belgium0101
26 New Zealand0022
 Spain0022
28 Kazakhstan0011
 Latvia0011
 Liechtenstein0011
Totals (30 entries)103102102307

Records

Main article: World and Olympic records set at the 2018 Winter Olympics

On 8 February 2018, the day before the opening of the Games, Noriaki Kasai of Japan participated in the ski jumping qualification. In doing so he became the first athlete in history to participate in eight Winter Olympics.[54] The previous record was from the Russian luger Albert Demchenko, with seven participations.

Several Olympic records were set in speed skating and short track speed skating. A new ISU best score was set in figure skating. Two podium sweeps were recorded during the Games; for the Netherlands in speed skating, and for Norway in cross-country skiing.

Broadcasting

Main article: List of 2018 Winter Olympics broadcasters

Broadcast rights to the 2018 Winter Olympics in some countries were already sold as part of long-term broadcast rights deals, including the Games' local rightsholder SBS—which had extended its rights to the Olympics through 2024 in July 2011.[55]

On 29 June 2015, the IOC announced that Discovery Communications had acquired exclusive rights to the Olympics across Europe, from 2018 through 2024 on all platforms. Discovery's rights deal will, initially, not cover France due to pre-existing rights deals with France Télévisions that run through the 2020 Games, and does not cover Russia due to a pre-existing rights deal through 2024 by the marketing agency Telesport.[56] Unlike previous pan-European deals, such as with the European Broadcasting Union and Sportfive (who only served as a reseller of the rights to local broadcasters), Discovery broadcasts its coverage across its pan-European Eurosport networks and other local properties.[57] Discovery has committed to sub-license at least 100 hours of coverage to free-to-air networks in each market.[58][59][60] Some of these agreements do call for certain sports to be exclusive to Eurosport and its affiliated networks.[57] In some markets, the FTA rights are held by Discovery-owned channels, such as DMAX in Spain,[61] Kanal 5 in Sweden and TVNorge in Norway.[62] In the United Kingdom, Discovery holds exclusive pay television rights under license from the BBC; in return, the BBC will sub-license the free-to-air rights to the 2022 and 2024 Olympics from Discovery.[63]

Despite the Russian team being formally banned from competing under its flag in Pyeongchang, Russian state broadcaster Channel One, and sports channel Match TV, still committed to covering the Games with a focus on Russian athletes.[56]

In the United States, the Games once again are broadcast by NBCUniversal properties under a long-term contract; it is NBC's first Olympics without long-time primary host Bob Costas, who announced on 7 February 2017 his retirement from the role in favour of Mike Tirico.[64][65] On 28 March 2017, NBC also said that it would air most primetime coverage simultaneously in all time zones in the United States, and not broadcast on a tape delay as they had in past Olympics (although as per prior practice, the opening ceremonies are still scheduled to be delayed for the U.S. audience). U.S. Eastern Time is 14 hours behind Pyeongchang, which allows certain events to be broadcast live in the U.S. primetime hours.[66][67]

The Games are broadcast in ultra-high resolution and high dynamic range in select markets. In South Korea, terrestrial broadcasts using ATSC 3.0 standard were inaugurated with the opening of the Games.[68][69] In the United States UHD broadcasts are available to cable subscribers of Comcast NBCUniversal[70], and to subscribers of satellite TV providers DirecTV[71] and Dish Network[72]. The ultra-high definition content is provided by Olympic Broadcasting Services (OBS) and Japan’s NHK, which are capturing about 90 hours of Olympic content in 8K HDR[73][74].

Marketing

Branding

Gold medal of the 2018 Olympics

The emblem for the Games was unveiled on 3 May 2013. It is a stylized representation of the hangul letters ㅍ p and ㅊ ch, being the initial sounds of 평창 Pyeongchang. Additionally the left symbol is said to represent the Korean philosophical triad of heaven, earth and humanity (Template:Lang-ko cheon-ji-in), and the right symbol a crystal of ice.[75]

The name of the host city has been intentionally written in CamelCase as "PyeongChang", rather than "Pyeongchang", in all official materials. This is to alleviate potential confusion with Pyongyang, the similarly-named capital of neighbouring North Korea.[76]

The official pictograms for 24 sports across 15 disciplines were revealed in January 2017 and are designed using the Korean alphabet as inspiration.[77]

Mascots

File:2018 Winter Olympics & Paralympics mascots (38332667051).jpg
The official mascots of the Games
Main article: Soohorang and Bandabi

The official mascots for the Games, Soohorang (수호랑), a white tiger, and Bandabi (반다비), an Asiatic black bear, were unveiled on 2 June 2016.[78][79]

Video games

In June 2017, Ubisoft announced that it would release an expansion pack for its winter sports video game Steep entitled Road to the Olympics, which features new game modes and content inspired by the 2018 Winter Olympics.[80][81]

In November 2017, it was announced that the IOC would support and sponsor an Intel Extreme Masters StarCraft II tournament in Pyeongchang preceding the Games. Its support of the tournament as a de facto demonstration event came on the heels of a report by the IOC which recognized that eSports "could be considered as a sporting activity".[82][83][84] The tournament was won by Canadian Sasha "Scarlett" Hostyn; her victory makes her only the second North American pro to ever place first at a major StarCraft II tournament in South Korea and the first woman to ever win a major tournament.[85][86]

The Games

High winds

Many snow events were plagued by high winds, causing dangerous conditions.[87] Dutchman Niek van der Velden broke his arm due to a fall caused by the wind and in a trainings run for the men's slopestyle event.[88][89] Due to the high winds snowboarding, freestyle skiing, alpine skiing, and ski jumping sessions were delayed, postponed or even cancelled.[90][91][92][93]

After the qualification of the women's slopestyle was cancelled, there were still massive winds in the final session. Of the 25 participants, only five managed to stay on their feet during the first run. No snowboarders recorded two clear runs.[94] Several snowboarders said that the final was "irresponsible", "too dangerous" and "should never have been held".[95][96][97] According the FIS, the conditions were "within the norm".[94]

Concerns and controversies

Main article: Concerns and controversies at the 2018 Winter Olympics

North Korean relations

See also: North Korea–South Korea relations and North Korea at the 2018 Winter Olympics
Protesters at Gwanghwamun Plaza criticizing game's pro-North Korean measures, calling it the “Pyongyang Olympics”

Due to the state of relations between North and South Korea, concerns were raised over the security of the 2018 Winter Olympics, especially in the wake of tensions over North Korean missile and nuclear tests. On 20 September 2017, South Korean president Moon Jae-in stated that the country would ensure the security of the Games.[98] The next day, Laura Flessel-Colovic, the French Minister of Youth Affairs and Sports, stated that France would pull out of the Games if the safety of its delegation couldn't be guaranteed.[99]

The next day, Austria and Germany raised similar concerns and also threatened to skip the Games. France later reaffirmed its participation.[100] In early December 2017, United States Ambassador to the United Nations, Nikki Haley, told Fox News that it was an "open question" whether the United States was going to participate in the games, citing security concerns in the region.[101] However, days later the White House Press Secretary, Sarah Huckabee Sanders, stated that the United States "looks forward to participating" and is attending.[102]

In his New Year's address on 1 January 2018, North Korean leader Kim Jong-un proposed talks in Seoul over the country's participation in the Games, which would be the first high-level talks between the North and South in over two years. As a result of the talks, held 9 January, North Korea agreed to field athletes in Pyeongchang.[103][104] On 17 January 2018, it was also announced that North and South Korea had agreed to field a unified Korean women's hockey team at the Games, and enter together under a Korean Unification Flag during the opening ceremony.[105][106]

These moves were met with opposition in South Korea, including protests and online petitions; critics argued that the government was attempting to use the Olympics to spread pro-North Korean sentiment, and that the unified hockey team would not be successful.[107] A rap video entitled "The Regret for Pyeongchang" (평창유감), which echoed these criticisms and referred to the event as the "Pyongyang Olympics", went viral in the country.[108] Japan's foreign affairs minister Tarō Kōno warned South Korea to be wary of North Korea's "charm offensive", and not to ease its pressure on the country.[105][109]

Kim Yo-jong, the younger sister of Kim Jong-un, attended the opening ceremony. This marked the first time since the Korean War that a member of the ruling Kim dynasty had visited South Korea.[110][111]

Russian doping

Main articles: Doping in Russia, McLaren Report, Oswald Commission, Russia at the 2014 Winter Olympics § Doping scandal after Olympics, Russia at the 2016 Summer Olympics, and Olympic Athletes from Russia at the 2018 Winter Olympics

Participation

Russia's participation in the Winter Olympics was affected by the aftermath of its alleged state-sponsored doping program. As a result the International Olympic Committee suspended the Russian Olympic Committee. Russian athletes whitelisted by the IOC were allowed to compete neutrally in Pyeongchang, but they are not allowed to compete under the Russian flag.

Official sanctions

Approved OAR logo

On 5 December 2017, the IOC announced that the Russian Olympic Committee had been suspended effective immediately from the 2018 Winter Olympics. Athletes who had no previous drug violations and a consistent history of drug testing were to be allowed to compete under the Olympic Flag as an "Olympic Athlete from Russia" (OAR).[112] Under the terms of the decree, Russian government officials were barred from the Games, and neither the country's flag nor anthem would be present. The Olympic Flag and Olympic Anthem are scheduled to be used instead, and on 20 December 2017 the IOC proposed an alternate logo for the uniforms (seen at right).[113] IOC President Thomas Bach said that "after following due process [the IOC] has issued proportional sanctions for this systematic manipulation while protecting the clean athletes."[114]

By early January 2018, the IOC had sanctioned 43 Russian athletes from the 2014 Winter Olympics and banned them from competing in the 2018 edition and all other future Olympic Games as part of the Oswald Commission. All but one of these athletes appealed against their bans to the Court of Arbitration for Sport. The court overturned the sanctions on 28 athletes meaning that their Sochi medals and results are reinstated but decided that there was sufficient evidence against 11 athletes to uphold their Sochi sanctions. The IOC said in a statement that “the result of the CAS decision does not mean that athletes from the group of 28 will be invited to the Games. Not being sanctioned does not automatically confer the privilege of an invitation” and that “this [case] may have a serious impact on the future fight against doping”. The IOC said "that the CAS decision does not mean that these 28 athletes are innocent” and that they would consider an appeal against the courts decision. The court also decided that none of the 39 athletes should be banned from all future Olympic Games, but only the 2018 Games. Three Russian athletes are still waiting for their hearing which is scheduled to be conducted after the 2018 Games.[115] After the partially successful appeal, 47 Russian athletes and coaches again appealed to the CAS trying to get an invitation to the games. On the day of the opening ceremony, the appeal was dismissed which was a welcome decision for the IOC.[116]

An original pool of 500 Russian athletes were put forward for consideration for the games and 111 were immediately removed from consideration. The remaining athletes had to meet pre-games conditions such as further pre-games tests and reanalysis from stored samples. Only if these requirements are met can the athletes be considered for invitation to the games. None of the athletes who had been sanctioned by the Oswald Commission were still in the pool.[117] The final number of neutral Russian athletes invited to compete was 169[118] however, not all of the invited Russians accepted their invitations with speed skater Olga Graf choosing not to compete stating that "the sport has become a bargaining chip in dirty political games".[119] This meant that the final number of neutral Russians competing at the games was narrowed down to 168.

Reaction in Russia

In the past, Vladimir Putin, the President of Russia, and other officials had said that it would be a humiliation for Russia if its athletes were not allowed to compete under the Russian flag.[120] However, his spokesman later said that no boycott had been discussed.[112] After the IOC decision was announced, Ramzan Kadyrov, the Head of Chechnya, announced that no Chechen athletes would participate under a neutral flag.[121] On 6 December, Putin stated that the Russian government would not prevent any athletes from participating at the Games as individuals, but there were calls from other politicians for a boycott.[122][123] Gennady Zyuganov, a leader of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation, proposed to send fans with a Soviet Victory Banner.[124] Russian Minister of Foreign Affairs Sergey Lavrov has said that the United States "fears honest competition",[125] affirming Vladimir Putin's position who had said that the United States used its influence within the International Olympic Committee to "orchestrate the doping scandal".[126] According to Komsomolskaya Pravda, a popular Russian newspaper, 86% of the Russian population oppose participating in the Olympics under a neutral flag.[127]

Reactions in Western Media

The IOC's decision was criticized by Jack Robertson, primary investigator of the Russian doping program on behalf of the World Anti-Doping Agency, who said that the IOC has issued "a non-punitive punishment meant to save face while protecting the [IOC’s] and Russia’s commercial and political interests". He also emphasized that Russian whistleblowers provided empirical evidence that "99 percent of [their] national-level teammates were doping." According to Robertson, "[WADA] has discovered that when a Russian athlete [reaches] the national level, he or she [has] no choice in the matter: [it is] either dope, or you’re done". "There is currently no intelligence I have seen or heard about that indicates the state-sponsored doping program has ceased", he added.[128] It was also reported that Russian officials intensively lobbied US politicians in an apparent attempt to achieve Grigory Rodchenkov's (main whistleblower) extradition to Russia.[129]

CAS Decision to overturn life bans of 28 Russian athletes and restore their medals met fierce criticism among Olympic officials, including IOC president Thomas Bach who had said this decision is "extremely disappointing and surprising." Grigory Rodchenkov's lawyer has said that "the CAS decision would allow doped athletes to escape without punishment".[130] "[CAS decision] provides yet another ill-gotten gain for the corrupt Russian doping system generally, and Putin specifically”, - he added.[131]

See also

Notes and references

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  6. ^ Hersh, Philip (6 July 2011). "Pyeongchang wins 2018 Winter Olympics". Chicago Tribune.
  7. ^ "Gunilla Lindberg to Chair PyeongChang 2018 Coordination Commission". Archived from the original on 18 September 2011. Retrieved 4 October 2011. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
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  12. ^ "Construction Begins on High-Speed Railway, Critical for PyeongChang 2018 Olympic Games". Gamesbids.com. Archived from the original on 19 June 2012. Retrieved 8 August 2012. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  13. ^ "IPC Orientates PyeongChang 2018". Gamesbids.com. Archived from the original on 3 August 2012. Retrieved 8 August 2012. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
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  17. ^ "PyeongChang 2018 Alpensia Resort and water park complete and full for summer season". Sportsfeatures.com. Archived from the original on 12 March 2012. Retrieved 8 August 2012. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  18. ^ "Pyeongchang2018 Volume 2 (Sport and Venues)" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 March 2012. Retrieved 8 August 2012. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  19. ^ a b "Pyeongchang 2018 move venue for Opening and Closing Ceremonies | Winter Olympics 2018". insidethegames.biz. 6 July 2012. Retrieved 8 August 2012.
  20. ^ "Pyeongchang 2018 reveal ticket prices for Winter Olympic Games".
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  24. ^ Horwitz, Josh. "South Korea's $100 million Winter Olympics stadium will be used exactly four times". Quartz. Retrieved 7 February 2018.
  25. ^ https://www.olympic.org/. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
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Preceded by Winter Olympics
Pyeongchang
XXIII Olympic Winter Games (2018) 		Succeeded by


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