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Taguig

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Taguig (Tagalog: [taˈɡiɡ] ⓘ), officially the City of Taguig (Filipino: Lungsod ng Taguig), is a coastal city located in eastern shores of Metro Manila, the capital region of the Philippines. It is the fifth-most populous city in the country with a population of 1.2 million people.[4] The city is one of the Philippines' cultural, financial, high-tech, entertainment and media centers with significant influence on commerce, health care, research, technology, education, politics, tourism, dining, art, fashion, and sports. Taguig is also an important center for the country's international diplomacy, hosting several embassies. The city also home to the headquarters of several major multinational corporations. Taguig has the fourth largest skyline in the Philippines, with 289 high-rises, 80 of which exceed 100 m (328 ft).[7]

Taguig
Highly urbanized city
Taguig City Hall
Philippine Army Headquarters
Mercado del Lago Lakeshore
Flag of Taguig
Flag
Official seal of Taguig
Seal
Official logo of Taguig
Wordmark
Etymology: Taga-giik (rice thresher)
Nickname: 
Probinsyudad
Motto: 
"I Love Taguig" "Think Big. Dream Big. Love Taguig."
Anthem: Martsa ng Taguig ("Taguig March")
   Taguig in    Metro Manila
OpenStreetMap
Map
Taguig is located in Philippines
Taguig
Taguig
Location within the Philippines
Coordinates: 14°31′N 121°03′E / 14.52°N 121.05°E / 14.52; 121.05
CountryPhilippines
RegionNational Capital Region
Provincenone
District 1st district (shared with Pateros) and 2nd district
EstablishedApril 25, 1587
Municipal corporationJanuary 31, 1901[1]
City charterDecember 8, 2004
Recent territorial changeNovember 9, 2023
Barangays38 (see Barangays)
Government
 [2]
 • TypeSangguniang Panlungsod
 • MayorMa. Laarni L. Cayetano (Nacionalista)
 • Vice MayorArvin Ian V. Alit (Nacionalista)
 • Representatives
 • City Council
Members
 • Electorate894,648 voters (2022)
228,149 voters (Embo barangays) (Oct. 2023)
Area
[3]
 • Total47.28 km2 (18.25 sq mi)
Elevation
13 m (43 ft)
Highest elevation
179 m (587 ft)
Lowest elevation
−1 m (−3 ft)
Population
 (2020 census)[4]
 • Total1,261,738
 • Rank5th
 • Density27,000/km2 (69,000/sq mi)
 • Households
246,873
DemonymTaguigeño / Taguigeña
Economy (excluding Embo)
 • Income class1st city income class
 • Poverty incidence
4.50
% (2021)[5]
 • Revenue₱15.994 billion (2022)
 • Assets₱ 40,608 million (2022)
 • Expenditure₱ 11,880 million (2022)
 • Liabilities₱ 20,495 million (2022)
Utilities
 • ElectricityManila Electric Company (Meralco)
 • WaterManila Water
Time zoneUTC+8 (PST)
ZIP code
1630–1649
PSGC
137607000
IDD : area code +63 (0)02
Native languagesTagalog
CurrencyPhilippine peso (₱)
Feast dateJuly 26
Catholic dioceseRoman Catholic Archdiocese of Manila (Embo barangays)
Roman Catholic Diocese of Pasig (rest of Taguig)
Patron saintSaint Anne
Websitetaguig.gov.ph[6]

The city is located alongside the northwestern shores of Laguna de Bay in Metro Manila, Philippines. The city is widely known for Bonifacio Global City, one of the leading financial centers of the Philippines. Originally a fishing village during the Spanish and American colonial periods, it experienced rapid growth when former military reservations were converted by the Bases Conversion and Development Authority (BCDA) into financial centers and mixed-use planned communities. Taguig became a highly urbanized city with the passage of Republic Act No. 8487 in 2004, which was ratified by a plebiscite.

The city covers about 47.28 square kilometers (18.25 sq mi).[8] It is located in the southeastern portion of Metro Manila and bordered by Pasig and Pateros to the north, Makati and Mandaluyong to the northwest, Pasay and Parañaque to the west, Taytay, Rizal to the northeast and Muntinlupa to the south.

Etymology

The original farmer-fishermen of the area, about 800 in number, were good at threshing rice after harvest. Hence, they were referred to as "mga taga-giik" (Tagalog for "rice thresher") and the settlement as "pook ng mga taga-giik" (lit. transl. place of the rice threshers). Spanish friar Fray Alonso de Alvarado, together with conquistador Ruy López de Villalobos who crossed the Pasig River to reach the city's present site in 1571, found "taga-giik" difficult to pronounce. "Tagui-ig" was later shortened to its current form "Taguig".[9] It is also spelled as "Tagig" or "Tagui".

History

Early history

 
Map of the Union of Tondo and Pasig, circa 1450, with Tagig on the southeast

Before the Spaniards came, Taguig was a stablished Tagalog settlement with Moro and Chinese present in the area as revealed by the recent archaeological diggings of various artifacts like cups, plates and other utensils, which bear Chinese characters. This was believed to have originated from China's Ming dynasty.[10] Duck culture was practiced by the Tagalogs, particularly in the areas where the city and the Municipality of Pateros stands today.

Spanish rule (1571-1898)

 
Simborio at Taguig Cemetery

Taguig was one of the earliest known territories of the Provincia de Tondo, that became the Provincia de Maynila to have been Christianized when the Spaniards succeeded in subjugating mainland Luzon through the Legazpi expedition in 1571. Between the years 1573 and 1587, Taguig was an encomienda under Captain Cervantes y Vergara with 3,200 inhabitants paying 1,879 and 1/2 tax.[11][12] On September 4, 1584, Melchor De Ribera of the Augustian Order became the 1st non-resident Vicar of Taguig.[13] Taguig was established as a separate "pueblo" (town) on April 4, 1587, "Tomamos de nuevo la casa de Tagui", when the Augustinian Order reaccepted the vote of the convent of Taguig during a meeting of the Augustinian Chapter in Intramuros according to Friar Gaspar de San Agustin.[14] This is after the local Chinese community burned the old church made out of sawali in 1586. Juan Basi,[15] a nephew of Lakan Dula and son-in-law of the Sultan of Brunei, was the Lakan of Taguig from 1587 to 1588 who participated in the Tondo Conspiracy of 1587, an attempt to overthrow the Spanish government which failed. Basi was exiled for two years as punishment. According to records, Taguig had nine barrios then, namely: Bagumbayan, Bambang, Hagonoy (Hagunoy), Palingon (Palingong), Santa Ana, Tipas, Tuktukan (Toctocan), Ususan, and Wawa (Uaua). Santa Ana was then the municipal center (poblacion) of Taguig.[16][13]

There was an attempt to transfers Tipas from Taguig to Pasig because the residents of that barrio dislike the Cura or Parish Priest stationed at Taguig during that time. They raised it to the Gobernadorcillo (Leader and Judge) at that time, he said for the issue to be resolve the bells from Taguig and Pasig will be ring simultaneously. Which of these bells should be heard in Tipas will be town where it belongs to. The Bells of Taguig prevailed, that's why Tipas remained to be within the Jurisdiction of Taguig.[17] Records also shows that Tipas had several attempts petitioning to become an independent town but was denied during the Spanish and American governments.[18]

During that time, Taguig was accessible via the Pasig River, which was connected to two large bodies of water, Manila Bay and Laguna de Bay. The town produced more than enough rice for consumption but had less sugar cane to mill. The men lived through fishing while women wove cotton cloth and "sawali" from bamboo strips. The people of Taguig were known to have resisted both Spanish and American colonial rule. When the Katipunan was on its early years, many from Taguig became followers and later joined the uprising. The people of Taguig also joined the revolutionary government of General Emilio Aguinaldo on August 6, 1898.

Santiago Bonifacio, the father of revolutionary Andres Bonifacio, hailed from Ligid Tipas.[19] Barrio Tipas, specifically the Napindan Lighthouse in Barrio Napindan became a meeting place and staging point of some revolutionary attacks against Spanish forces by the Katipunan.[20]

Attempted transfer of town center

In the 1880 up to 1919, flood water submerged almost all the lower portion of Taguig from Napindan to Bagumbayan during the months of August up to October. The Hacenderos of Maysapan and Taguig proposed to transfer the Town center and church to a higher place now part of Fort Bonifacio. The parish priest also supported the move and ordered to ready a parcel of land to be ready to build a new church to house the convent. However, since the local population of Taguig, during that time, are farmers and fishermen, the decision to move the town center and church was not that popular to them. They didn't want to move out away from their farmland and to the river leading them to the bay. The remnant of the church is still visible until the 1970s. The place was called "Bahay Pari" (Priest House).[21]

American rule (1898-1946)

During the American occupation, Taguig natives fought against the forces of General Wheaton under the command of General Pio del Pilar. It was recorded that on February 6, 1899, Filipino forces including Taguig "revolutionarios" dislodged an American position in the hills of Taguig, now a portion of Pateros and Fort Bonifacio. They were defeated eventually by the Americans with superiority in the armaments and training. Taguig finally fell to the contingent of the First Washington Volunteer Infantry led by Col. Wholly.

The defeat of the Filipinos after two years of struggle against the American forces subsequently subjected the Philippines to another system of governance. On August 14, 1898, United States occupied the islands and established a military government with General Wesley Merritt as the First Military Governor. He exercised legislative powers until September 1, 1900. At the start of American occupation, Taguig was proclaimed as an independent municipality with the promulgation of General Order No. 4 on March 29, 1900. The town was subsequently incorporated to the newly created province of Rizal when the Philippine Commission promulgated Act No. 137 on June 11, 1901.[22]

On October 12, 1903, Taguig, Muntinlupa and Pateros were merged by the virtue of Act. No. 942 to be known as the Municipality of Pateros, with Pateros hosting the seat of the municipal government.[23] The merger did not last long as a month later Muntinlupa was separated from it and made part of Biñan, La Laguna when Act. No. 1008 was enacted on November 25, 1903.[24] By this time, the Municipality of Pateros comprised the territory of Pateros and Taguig. Muntinlupa was later reintegrated to the Municipality of Pateros on March 22, 1905, with the promulgation Act No. 1308. The Act also renamed the Municipality of Pateros into the Municipality of Taguig, and the seat of government was transferred from Pateros to Taguig.[25] Eventually, Pateros separated from Taguig by January 1, 1909 and Muntinlupa was granted an independent municipality status on December 17, 1917.[26]

It was also during the American Colonial Period that the United States government acquired a 25.78 km2 (9.95 sq mi) property of Taguig for military purposes. This large piece of land, which had a TCT dated 1902, was turned into a camp that became known as Fort William McKinley, named after the 25th president of the U.S. who was responsible for the American colonization of the Philippines.

Japanese occupation (1942-1945)

 
Map of the City of Greater Manila, showing the area of the Fort McKinley Military Reservation which was renamed by the Imperial Army as Sakura Heiyei (Cherry Blossom Barracks).

When the Japanese occupied the Philippines in 1942, Fort McKinley was taken over by the Japanese Imperial Army. Fort McKinley was renamed as Sakura Heiei (Cherry Blossom Barracks) and became one of their most important installation and expanded its network of tunnels which served as shelter of the high military officials. They occupied the military camp until the end of World War II in 1945.

20th century (1945-1986)

 
Fort William McKinley, now Fort Bonifacio, was surrendered by the United States to the Philippines in 1946

After the Philippines gained its political independence from the United States on July 4, 1946, the US relinquished to the Republic of the Philippines all right of possession, jurisdiction, supervision and control over the Philippine territory except the use of the military bases. On May 14, 1949, Fort William McKinley was turned over to the Philippine government by virtue of the US Embassy Note No. 0570. Fort McKinley was made the permanent headquarters of the Philippine Army in 1957 and was subsequently renamed Fort Bonifacio after the Father of the Philippine Revolution against Spain, Andres Bonifacio.

Martial law era (1972-1986)

When President Ferdinand Marcos placed the Philippines under martial law in 1972, Taguig, which contained Fort Bonifacio, became the host of two detention centers full of political prisoners - the Maximum Security Unit (where Senators Jose W. Diokno and Benigno Aquino Jr. were detained)[27] and the Ipil Reception Center (sometimes called the Ipil Detention Center).[28] A third facility, the Youth Rehabilitation Center (YRC), was still treated as part of Fort Bonifacio but was later turned into the Makati City Jail.[28][29] These detention centers became infamous for the numerous human rights abuses of the Marcos dictatorship, including warrantless detention and torture.[28] Ipil was the largest prison facility for political prisoners during martial law. Among the prisoners held there were some of the country's leading academics, creative writers, journalists, and historians including Butch Dalisay, Ricky Lee, Bienvenido Lumbera, Jo Ann Maglipon, Ninotchka Rosca, Zeus Salazar, and William Henry Scott. After Fort Bonifacio was privatized, the area in which Ipil was located became the area near S&R Membership Shopping - BGC and MC Home Depot, near 32nd Street and 8th Avenue in Bonifacio Global City.[30]

Creation of the National Capital Region (1975)

In 1974, the name of Taguig's political subdivisions was changed from "barrios" to "barangays" following the nationwide implementation of the Integrated Reorganization Plan (IRP) under Presidential Decree No. 557.[31] The IRP increased Taguig's administrative divisions to 18 barangays, namely: Bagong Tanyag, Bagumbayan, Bambang, Calzada Tipas, Hagonoy, Ibayo Tipas, Ligid Tipas, Lower Bicutan, Maharlika, Napindan, Palingon Tipas, Signal Village, Santa Ana, Tuktukan, Upper Bicutan, Ususan, Wawa, and Western Bicutan. On November 7, 1975, Taguig seceded from the province of Rizal to become part of the newly formed the National Capital Region through Presidential Decree No. 824.[32]

Late 20th and early 21st centuries (1986-present)

Fort Bonifacio territorial dispute (1986)

 
View of the skyline of Bonifacio Global City from the Manila American Cemetery in Fort Bonifacio

In 1986, President Ferdinand Marcos issued Proclamation No. 2475, which transferred control of the Fort Bonifacio area to Makati and reserved the area for military personnel and their dependents.[33] The Municipality of Taguig then contested the presidential proclamation, which resulted in a territorial dispute with Makati.[34]

Cityhood (1998)

In 1998, Republic Act No. 8487 was enacted, pushing for the cityhood of Taguig.[35] The resulting plebiscite on April 25, 1998 showed that the citizens were against the cityhood. A recent petition to the Supreme Court sought a recount of the plebiscite and on February 19, 2004, the Supreme Court ordered the Commission on Elections to conduct a recount. The recount showed that the majority of residents did want the municipality of Taguig to become a city, with 21,105 "yes" and 19,460 "no". Subsequently, Taguig became a city on December 8, 2004.[36]

Contemporary history

 
The city's slogan with the word "Probinsyudad", a registered trademark since 2024
 
Aerial view of the Embo barangays in 2018. The barangays became part of Taguig in 2023 following the Supreme Court's decision favoring Taguig in its decades-long territorial dispute with Makati.

In 2008, the Taguig City Council created ten new barangays – Central Bicutan, New Lower Bicutan, Fort Bonifacio, Katuparan, North Signal Village, South Signal Village, South Daanghari, North Daanghari, Pinagsama, San Miguel, and Tanyag – by virtue of City Ordinance Nos. 24–27, 57–61, 67–69, and 78, Series of 2008, carving them out from the initial 18 barangays. After a successful plebiscite in December 2008, the creation was approve, thus the number of barangays in the city was increased from 10 to 28.[37][38]

In 2011, during 424th foundation day, Mayor Lani Cayetano took pride in calling the city a "Probinsyudad" (a portmanteau of Tagalog words of Spanish origin probinsya and syudad) because it is the only remaining city in Metro Manila which has the amenities of a highly urbanized city and of a province, what with its more than 10 kilometers (6.2 mi) of lakeshore, with farmers, fishermen, old churches, a historic lighthouse, and with people whose virtue of pagtutulungan (transl. cooperation) is still very much alive.[39] The word "Probinsyudad" was registered as the city's trademark with the Intellectual Property Office of the Philippines (IPOPHL) in March 2024.[40]

By the turn of the 21st century, former military reservations in the Fort Bonifacio area were developed by the Bases Conversion and Development Authority (BCDA) into central business districts and mixed-use townships. These give rise to one of the Philippines' leading financial centers, the Bonifacio Global City (BGC). The BCDA also developed other townships in Fort Bonifacio area such as the Bonifacio Capital District and the McKinley Hill. Other mixed-developments within the city include the Acacia Estate and Scala Estate by Vista Land in the central part of the city, and Arca South by Ayala Land in Western Bicutan. In February 2018, the Philippine Stock Exchange moved its corporate office from Makati to BGC.[41]

In March 2020, the city recorded its first case of COVID-19, a lawyer who works at BGC and has a history abroad of travelling to Japan.[42] The city's response was widely regarded as successful, as it attained one of the lowest active cases per 100,000 population. It is also one of the local government units with the lowest case fatality rates in the country. Furthermore, the city focused on helping businesses when the economy reopens.[43]

The decades-long territorial dispute with Makati was ruled with finality in favor of Taguig in April 2023.[44] The jurisdiction over ten Embo barangays were transferred from Makati to Taguig later that year.[45][46] Meanwhile, the Schools Division Office of Taguig City gained the management and administration of 14 Embo public elementary and high schools, including the Makati Science High School, starting January 1, 2024.[47][48] On September 25, 2024, the Embo barangays were apportioned to the two legislative districts of Taguig and Pateros with the adaptation of the House Concurrent Resolution No. 37.[49]

On October 29, 2024, Dante Tiñga filed certiorari and temporary restraining order petitions with the Supreme Court of the Philippines naming the COMELEC, the Senate and House of Representatives as respondents. He questioned the constitutionality of Taguig City Ordinance No. 144 which added 4 councilors per district. He also sought the nullification of COMELEC Resolution No. 11069 and Concurrent Resolution No. 26 of the Senate and House of Representatives on the enlisted Embo, Taguig.[50]

Geography

Taguig is located on the northwestern shores of Laguna de Bay, the largest lake in the Philippines. The Pasig River and its tributary, the Taguig River, run through the northern half of the city, while the Napindan River, another tributary of Pasig, forms the natural border between Taguig in Pasig. A relatively small area of the city called Ibayo Napindan is located north of the river, adjoining the disputed territories between Pasig, Taguig, and Taytay in Rizal Province. The city bordered by Pasig and Pateros to the north, Makati and Mandaluyong to the northwest, Pasay and Parañaque to the west, Taytay to the northeast, and Muntinlupa to the south.

The West Valley fault of the Marikina Valley Fault System traverses barangays Comembo, East Rembo, Pembo, Post Proper Southside, Rizal, Pinagsama, South Signal Village, North Signal Village, South Daang Hari, Central Bicutan, Ususan, Upper Bicutan, Central Signal Village, Maharlika Village, Lower Bicutan, Bagumbayan and Bagong Tanyag.

According to the cadastral map of Taguig, the boundary and jurisdiction limit of Taguig is the Rio del Pueblo now called Tapayan River, a tributary of the Pasig River from Barangay Pinagbuhatan, Pasig to Barangay Santa Ana, Taytay, Rizal.[51] The city has a total area of 47.28 square kilometers (18.25 sq mi),[8] including the Embo barangays previously under Makati.

Cityscape

The city is divided into many districts. These districts and neighborhoods were developed piecemeal, especially the 10 Embo barangays which were mostly developed by Makati prior to their transfer to the jurisdiction of Taguig.

Barangays and congressional districts

Main articles: Legislative districts of Pateros–Taguig and Legislative districts of Taguig
 
Political map of Taguig[a]
 
Taguig City Legislative districts.[52]

Taguig is politically subdivided into 38 barangays, ranking it fourth in NCR with the most number of barangays. These barangays are currently grouped into two congressional districts, with each district being represented by a congressman in the House of Representatives. The ten Embo barangays are the latest addition to its jurisdiction after the city won against its territorial dispute with Makati, increasing the city's territory and population. On September 25, 2024, the House of Representatives adopted House Concurrent Resolution No. 37, which apportioned the ten Embo barangays to the two legislative districts of Taguig and Pateros.[49]

District I
Barangay Population (2020)[4] Area[a] ZIP Code
/km2 /sq mi
Bagumbayan 4.0% 49,319 3.62 1.40 1630
Bambang 1.1% 13,949 0.92 0.36 1637
Calzada-Tipas 2.3% 28,660 1.07 0.41 1630
Comembo 1.3% 15,805 0.27 0.10 1641
Hagonoy 1.8% 21,693 1.62 0.63 1630
Ibayo-Tipas 2.1% 25,808 1.56 0.60 1630
Ligid-Tipas 0.8% 10,361 0.68 0.26 1638
Lower Bicutan 4.9% 60,376 2.35 0.91 1632
Napindan 2.0% 24,437 2.70 1.04 1630
New Lower Bicutan 4.6% 55,928 0.10 0.039 1632
Palingon-Tipas 1.3% 16,119 1.17 0.45 1630
Pembo 3.6% 44,506 0.64 0.25 1642
Rizal 3.6% 44,536 0.59 0.23 1649
San Miguel 0.9% 10,528 0.99 0.38 1630
Santa Ana 1.8% 22,581 1.92 0.74 1630
Tuktukan 0.9% 11,614 0.31 0.12 1637
Ususan 4.4% 53,956 1.45 0.56 1639
Wawa 1.2% 14,350 1.38 0.53 1630
District II
Barangay Population (2020)[4] Area[a] ZIP Code
/km2 /sq mi
Cembo 2.0% 25,049 0.22 0.085 1640
Central Bicutan 2.8% 33,851 0.49 0.19 1631
Central Signal Village 3.6% 44,126 0.77 0.30 1633
East Rembo 2.2% 26,450 0.44 0.17 1643
Fort Bonifacio 1.0% 11,912 16.26 6.28 1635
Katuparan 2.2% 27,228 0.30 0.12 1630
Maharlika Village 1.9% 23,470 0.51 0.20 1636
North Daang Hari 1.1% 13,673 0.14 0.054 1632
North Signal Village 2.8% 34,634 0.62 0.24 1630
Pinagsama 4.6% 56,835 0.19 0.073 1630
Pitogo 1.2% 14,654 0.14 0.054 1646
Post Proper Northside 4.7% 57,940 2.37 0.92 1647
Post Proper Southside 5.2% 63,308 3.41 1.32 1648
South Cembo 1.2% 14,978 0.20 0.077 1645
South Daang Hari 1.8% 22,448 0.17 0.066 1632
South Signal Village 3.5% 43,047 0.80 0.31 1633
Tanyag 1.9% 23,719 0.40 0.15 1630
Upper Bicutan 3.6% 44,592 1.44 0.56 1633
West Rembo 2.4% 29,649 0.55 0.21 1644
Western Bicutan 7.2% 87,508 3.55 1.37 1630
Total 1,223,595 47.28 18.25

Territorial disputes

Further information: Makati–Taguig boundary dispute
 
Contested territories between Makati, Pateros and Taguig.

Taguig was involved in a territorial dispute with Makati and Pateros. In 1993, Taguig filed a complaint against Makati over the entirety of Fort Bonifacio and the Enlisted Men's Barangays (EMBOs), claiming these areas were within its territory. The complaint also alleged that Presidential Proclamation Nos. 2475, s. 1986, and 518, s. 1990, were unconstitutional for altering Taguig's boundaries without a plebiscite. In 2011, the Pasig Regional Trial Court upheld Taguig's claim over the Fort Bonifacio Military Reservation, including the EMBO barangays, and ordered Makati to stop exercising jurisdiction over these areas. The Supreme Court of the Philippines affirmed this ruling with finality on April 27, 2022, declaring that Bonifacio Global City and the surrounding EMBO barangays were under Taguig's jurisdiction.[54]

Moreover, in around 2001, Taguig and Parañaque resolved a territorial dispute, agreeing that the Bicutan Market and the Bicutan Interchange, which involves the South Luzon Expressway, would be part of Parañaque.[55]

Climate

Taguig
Climate chart (explanation)
J
F
M
A
M
J
J
A
S
O
N
D
 
 
30
 
 
26
22
 
 
31
 
 
27
22
 
 
33
 
 
28
23
 
 
34
 
 
30
25
 
 
34
 
 
30
26
 
 
32
 
 
29
25
 
 
31
 
 
28
25
 
 
31
 
 
28
24
 
 
31
 
 
28
24
 
 
31
 
 
28
24
 
 
31
 
 
28
24
 
 
30
 
 
27
23
█ Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
█ Precipitation totals in mm
Imperial conversion
JFMAMJJASOND
 
 
1.2
 
 
79
72
 
 
1.2
 
 
80
72
 
 
1.3
 
 
82
73
 
 
1.3
 
 
85
77
 
 
1.3
 
 
86
79
 
 
1.3
 
 
83
77
 
 
1.2
 
 
82
77
 
 
1.2
 
 
82
75
 
 
1.2
 
 
82
75
 
 
1.2
 
 
82
75
 
 
1.2
 
 
82
75
 
 
1.2
 
 
80
73
█ Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
█ Precipitation totals in inches

Under the Köppen climate classification system, Manila has a tropical monsoon climate (Köppen Am), closely bordering on a tropical savanna climate (Köppen Aw). The climate of Taguig is characterized by two types of season: dry season from November to April, and wet season from May to October. Rainfall is less evenly distributed. Together with the rest of the Philippines, Taguig lies entirely within the tropics.

Tropical cyclones are relatively common, which resulted in flashfloods in low-lying areas of the city, especially those near major rivers and the Laguna de Bay. In 2009, Typhoon Ketsana hit Metro Manila, and the City of Taguig is one of the worst hit areas in the capital region when flood water inundate almost the whole city.[56]

Climate data for Taguig
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 30
(86) 		31
(88) 		33
(91) 		34
(93) 		34
(93) 		32
(90) 		31
(88) 		31
(88) 		31
(88) 		31
(88) 		31
(88) 		30
(86) 		32
(89)
Daily mean °C (°F) 26
(79) 		26.5
(79.7) 		28
(82) 		29.5
(85.1) 		30
(86) 		28.5
(83.3) 		28
(82) 		27.5
(81.5) 		27.5
(81.5) 		27.5
(81.5) 		27.5
(81.5) 		26.5
(79.7) 		27.8
(81.9)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 22
(72) 		22
(72) 		23
(73) 		25
(77) 		26
(79) 		25
(77) 		25
(77) 		24
(75) 		24
(75) 		24
(75) 		24
(75) 		23
(73) 		24
(75)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 9.5
(0.37) 		9.5
(0.37) 		13.5
(0.53) 		15.3
(0.60) 		43.8
(1.72) 		75
(3.0) 		209.2
(8.24) 		170.3
(6.70) 		149.7
(5.89) 		124
(4.9) 		40.1
(1.58) 		31
(1.2) 		890.9
(35.1)
Average rainy days 0 0 0 0 3 5 9 10 8 7 4 3 49
Mean daily daylight hours 11.5 11.5 12 12.5 13 13 13 12.5 12 12 11.5 11.5 12.2
Source 1: Meteoblue (modeled/calculated data, not measured locally)[57]
Source 2: NOAA

Natural hazards

The West Valley Fault runs through the central part of the city, from north to south. It is capable of producing large scale earthquakes on its active phases with a magnitude of 7 or higher.[58] 16 barangays of Taguig were traversed by the fault, namely: Bagong Tanyag, Bagumbayan, Central Bicutan, Central Signal Village, Comembo, East Rembo, Lower Bicutan, Maharlika Village, North Signal Village, Pembo, Pinagsama, Rizal, South Daang Hari, South Signal Village, Upper Bicutan, and Ususan.[59] The lowland areas along the coasts of Laguna de Bay and areas adjacent to the city's major rivers are susceptible to flooding.[60]

Demographics

Population Census of Taguig
YearPop.±% p.a.
1903 6,829—    
1918 8,423+1.41%
1939 12,087+1.73%
1948 15,340+2.68%
1960 21,856+2.99%
1970 55,257+9.71%
1975 73,702+5.95%
1980 134,137+12.72%
1990 266,637+7.11%
1995 381,350+6.93%
2000 467,375+4.46%
2007 613,343+3.82%
2010 644,473+1.82%
2015 804,915+4.32%
2020 886,722+1.92%
Source: Philippine Statistics Authority[4][61][62][63][64]

According to the 2020 census, the population of the Taguig was 886,722, making it the seventh most populous city in the Philippines, and the fourth most populous city in Luzon. Its population is made up of 443,918 males (50.3%) and 438,704 females (49.7%).[8] 595,558 of its total population belongs to the age group of 15-64 years old, the largest among the age population groups. It was followed by 0-14 years old with 256,771, and the 65 years and above with 30,293.[8]

Following the Makati–Taguig territorial dispute, the city gained ten additional barangays from Makati, thus increasing its population to an estimated of 1.2 million, making it the fifth most populous city in the Philippines, surpassing Zamboanga City and Cebu City.[65] Based on the 2007 census, there were 44,332 migrants in Taguig, and most of these families settled in vast tracts of undeveloped lands that were not commonly found in other cities of Metro Manila. These led to a high population growth rate per annum between 2000 and 2007, which was largely attributed to uncontrolled migration.[66]

Taguig has 246,873 households.[67] The city's average household size of five (5), while 43.3% of its population are married.[68]

Religion

 
The Taguig Church is a minor basilica and a declared historic site and cultural property

Majority of the city's residents are Roman Catholics. All Roman Catholic churches in the city are under the jurisdiction of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Pasig, with the exception of the five parishes of the Embo barangays, which are under the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Manila due to having been previously under the civil jurisdiction of Makati.[69] Catholicism in the military and police areas of the city is under the jurisdiction of the Military Ordinariate of the Philippines. The headquarters of Victory, an Evangelical Christian church, is located in Bonifacio Global City. The city is notable for being the birthplace of Felix Manalo, the founder of Iglesia ni Cristo. Maharlika Village is known for having the largest Muslim population in Metro Manila.[70]

Poverty, housing and urban slums

Further information: Slums in Metro Manila

Poverty incidence of Taguig

1
2
3
4
5
2006
4.30
2009
2.65
2012
2.38
2015
3.12
2018
0.76
2021
4.50

Source: Philippine Statistics Authority[71][72][73][74][75][76][77][78]

In 2007, Taguig was ranked the poorest in Metro Manila, with 5.2 percent of its population, considered poor. Of the 689,377 informal settler families living in Metro Manila, 20,718 were reported to be living in Taguig. Of these: 4,778 of these families lives along danger areas, along the lake shoreline, creeks, and rivers; 13,248 occupy government-owned lands; 718 occupy privately-owned lands; and 1,974 families are in Areas of Priority Development. The poor, who mostly live in informal settlements are the most prone to natural hazards. In 2000, there are about 21,931 households in informal settlements or about 33.7% of the total household of Taguig.[66]

In 2022, the poverty incidence of the city was ranked as one of the lowest in the Philippines.

Housing

 
The central courtyard of the Fort Bonifacio Tenement

The city government of Taguig has undertaken socialized housing projects such as the Family Townhomes, which won the 2009 Galing Pook Awards.[79] The Fort Bonifacio Tenement, constructed in 1963, is known for its basketball culture and its central courtyard basketball court often serves as a medium for murals and exhibitions. The Bases Conversion and Development Authority (BCDA) and the Taguig City government signed an agreement that declares two properties of the BCDA within Fort Bonifacio to be used for socialized housing, as identified by the National Housing Authority (NHA).[80]

Economy

 
Bonifacio Global City is the central business district of Taguig
 
The Metrobank Center is the tallest building in the Philippines, standing at 318 m (1,043 ft)
 
The Philippine Stock Exchange headquarters in Bonifacio Global City, Taguig

Taguig is a national hub of business and commerce. The city is a center for banking and finance, health care and life sciences, medical technology and research, retailing, trade, tourism, real estate, new media, traditional media, advertising, legal services, accountancy, insurance, and the arts. Bonifacio Global City is the central business district of Taguig and is one of the five major central business districts (CBDs) of Metro Manila, as the other four being the Makati CBD, Ortigas Center, Bay City, and Binondo.

The City of Taguig is continuously improving its ease of doing business. Aside from lower taxes, the city is simplifying its business registration process.[81] According to the Cities and Municipalities Index (CMCI) of the Department of Trade and Industry, the city ranks as the 10th Most Competitive Highly-Urbanized City in the Philippines in 2024. The CMCI ranks cities and municipalities in the country according to five pillars: economic dynamism, government efficiency, infrastructure, resiliency, and innovation.[82]

The office market in Metro Manila is dominated by three major cities with CBDs: Makati, Taguig, and Pasig. The city has an office space supply of 2.7 million square meters (29 million square feet) as of end-2021, behind Makati's 2.8 million square meters (30 million square feet).[83] As of 2021, the registered number of total employment in the city was 212,818.[84] As of 2023, Taguig had the highest share of existing office supply in Metro Manila at 26 percent, followed by Makati at 20 percent.[85]

Despite the rapid urbanization of Taguig, aquaculture and fishing still exist in the city's coastal communities located along Laguna de Bay.[86][87]

Agriculture

The Taguig City Agricultural Office is responsible for the planning and implementation of agricultural programs and policies. The office has set up several urban farms in various places within the city including one in Bonifacio Global City, and its urban farming programs were lauded by the national government.[88] The Taguig City Government, in partnership with the Department of Agriculture and the Laguna Lake Development Authority (LLDA), is planning to setup the first agri-industrial corridor dedicated to freshwater aquaculture and urban farming.[89]

The Santa Ana Bukid is a 113-hectare (280-acre) melon farm located in Barangay Wawa. It can harvest up to 30,000 kilograms (66,000 lb) of the fruit per hectare, with different varieties such as honeydew and cantaloupe. Taguig also celebrates its annual "Melon Festival" near Laguna Lake Highway.[90]

Industrial

Taguig has several industrial areas scattered throughout the city, most of which are located in barangays Ibayo-Tipas, Palingon, Calzada, Napindan, Western Bicutan, and Tanyag. The Food Terminal Inc. (FTI) in Western Bicutan is a national government-owned agro-industrial hub. Its goal is to supply Metro Manila with affordable agricultural products. Mañalac Industrial Estate, located in Bagumbayan, is another industrial hub based in southern Taguig.

Shopping

 
SM Aura is one of the city's high-end malls.

Taguig is a major shopping destination where shopping malls, department stores, markets, supermarkets, and bazaars are located, catering mostly to the middle and high-end class. Numerous high-end malls can be found in or near Bonifacio Global City such as the mixed-use Bonifacio High Street, Mitsukoshi BGC, SM Aura, Uptown Mall, Venice Grand Canal Mall in McKinley Hill, and the upcoming Ayala Malls Park Triangle. Shopping malls that cater to the middle-class market are the Market! Market!, Gate 3 Plaza, Sunshine Mall (Taguig's first shopping mall),[91] Vista Mall Taguig, and the upcoming Ayala Malls Arca South.

Tourism

See also: Tourism in Metro Manila
 
The Mind Museum, a science museum in Bonifacio Global City

Taguig boasts of numerous destinations that caters to both local and foreign tourist. The Mind Museum is a science museum with more than 250 exhibits. The Manila American Cemetery, a military cemetery that honors US personnel killed during World War II in the Philippines and other allied nations, is managed and operated by the American Battle Monuments Commission. The Libingan ng mga Bayani (LMB), is the national cemetery of the Philippines.

The Napindan Lighthouse is a historic lighthouse that served as a meeting point for Katipunan, a revolutionary group that led the Philippine Independence movement.

Diplomacy and international relations

 
Embassy of the Republic of Korea in McKinley Hill

Diplomatic missions to Manila by foreign countries in the Philippines have their embassies located in Taguig:

Several international schools are located within the city such as the British School Manila, International School Manila, Korean International School Philippines, Leaders International Christian School of Manila, and the Manila Japanese School.

Government

Local government

Further information: Mayor of Taguig and Taguig City Council
 
Taguig City Hall in Tuktukan is the city's seat of government

Taguig is classified as a highly urbanized city (HUC).

The Taguig City Hall, located in Barangay Tuktukan, serves as the seat of the city government. Constructed in 1959, it underwent three renovations. It also maintains a satellite office at SM Aura Tower.[92] A new 17-storey city hall is currently under-construction along Cayetano Boulevard in Barangay Ususan and will replace the current city hall.[93]

As of May 2022, the Mayor of Taguig is Lani Cayetano. Arvin Alit, a former councilor, is the city's incumbent vice mayor. The mayor and the vice mayor are limited to up-to three terms, each term lasting for three years. They are both restricted to three consecutive terms, totaling nine years, although a mayor can be elected again after an interruption of one term. The vice mayor heads the Taguig City Council consisting of 18 members: 8 councilors from the 1st district, 8 councilors from the 2nd district, the president of the Sangguniang Kabataan (Youth Council) Federation as sectoral representative of the youth, and the president of the Association of Barangay Captains (ABC) as barangay sectoral representative. The council is in charge of creating the city's policies in the form of ordinances and resolutions.[94] The current district representatives of the city are Ricardo "Ading" Cruz Jr. for 1st district and Amparo Maria "Pammy" Zamora for 2nd district.

National government

 
The New Senate Building being constructed as of 2023

As part of the National Capital Region (NCR), the city is the home to numerous national government bodies such as the Senate of the Philippines set to move in at least 2025.[95][96] A study is also being pushed by the House of Representatives to move their chamber from Quezon City to Taguig within the same complex as the Senate.[97] The Supreme Court of the Philippines is also planning to relocate to Taguig from Manila.[98]

Several national government agencies calls the city home, such as the Departments of Science and Technology, and Energy, as well as the Intellectual Property Office of the Philippines, National Mapping and Resource Information Authority, and the Technical Education and Skills Development Authority. Since large tracts of the city's land was reserved for military use since the American colonial period, some of these became the headquarters for the Philippine Army and Philippine Marine Corps. A Philippine Navy Naval Station, as well as a Philippine Coast Guard Base can be found within the city.

Regional government agencies in the city include the National Capital Region Police Office, based in Camp Bagong Diwa, and its Southern Police District, headquartered along Lawton Avenue.

Finance

In the 2022 Annual Audit Report published by the Commission on Audit, the City of Taguig has a revenue of ₱15.994 billion, with assets worth ₱41.817 billion, and has a liability of ₱20.113 billion.[99] As of 2023, Taguig is the fifth wealthiest city in the Philippines, with ₱40.84 billion (US$731.7 million) worth of assets.[100] The city's budget for 2023 is ₱18.769 billion.[101] Taguig is Metro Manila's third top revenue earner in 2023, with ₱13.54 billion in locally sourced revenues. Quezon City is top revenue earner with ₱27.41 billion, followed by Makati at second place with ₱19.36 billion.[102]

Infrastructure

Transportation

Land

 
Lawton Avenue looking north from McKinley Hill, Bonifacio Capital District

The main modes of transportation around the city are jeepneys, buses, and tricycles. The road network of the city is part of a system of circumferential and radial roads of Metro Manila. Several national roads, such as Kalayaan Avenue, Lawton Avenue, Circumferential Road 5 (C-5), and Circumferential Road 6 (C-6) runs through the city. The Southeast Metro Manila Expressway, which is currently under-construction, will traverse parts of the city. The proposed Taguig Integrated Terminal Exchange, is conceptualized as the primary bus station for buses going to and from Southern Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao. It is planned to be connected to the under-construction North–South Commuter Railway (NSCR). Taguig has banned e-bikes and e-trikes on its national roads.[103]

Rail

 
A Philippine National Railway train at FTI station

The city is served by the PNR Metro Commuter Line, which is suspended since 2024 due to the construction of North–South Commuter Railway (NSCR) above it. The NSCR will have two stations at Senate and FTI. Also, the Metro Manila Subway, with planned five stations within the city limits plus one station near the city's border, will have a common alignment with the NSCR, and there are two common stations planned to be constructed in the city. The DOST-developed Bicutan Automated Guideway Transit System is planned to have its services extended along C-6 (Laguna Lake Highway).

Makati Intra-city Subway, a project undertaken by the Makati city government, included plans for stations and a depot in the Embo barangays, which were later incorporated into Taguig. However, its construction was halted to accommodate necessary reworkings due to the territorial changes.[104][105]

Ferry

 
Guadalupe Ferry Station

The city is served by one terminal of the Pasig River Ferry Service, the Guadalupe Ferry Station located in Cembo. The Pinagbuhatan Ferry Station in Pinagbuhatan, Pasig serves the area of Napindan.

Cycling network

 
Bicycle lane in Bonifacio Global City

The Taguig Mobility Office is mandated to promote active transport in the city. The city has 60 kilometers (37 mi) of bike lanes protected by bollards, and has set up bike lanes along Bayani Road, C-6 Road, Cayetano Boulevard, and Lawton Avenue, has renovated the bike lane along Laguna Lake Highway (C-6 Road), and is building a dedicated bike lane along General Santos Avenue. [106][107] There are also bike lanes in roads that leads to barangay halls, bike shops, churches, health centers, malls, schools, parks and emergency services buildings such as fire and police stations.[106] In 2020, the city passed the Bike Friendly Ordinance to further extend the use of bicycles as transportation and protect cyclists on the road.[108][107][106]

Utilities

Electricity services are provided by Meralco, the sole electricity distributor in Metro Manila. Manila Water provides the supply and delivery of potable water, and sewerage system in Taguig.

Human resources

Education

See also: List of schools in Taguig and List of universities and colleges in Metro Manila
 
Makati Science High School is one of the three science high schools of the city. The other two are the Taguig Science and the Sen. Renato Cayetano Science and Technology High School.
 
International School Manila in Bonifacio Global City

The Schools Division Office of Taguig City and Pateros (SDO-TAPAT), also known as DEPED-TAPAT, administers all the public elementary and high schools within the city. The division is under the supervision of the Department of Education. As of the school year 2024-2025, the city has 52 public elementary and high schools that serves more than 192,000 students.[109]

Following the Supreme Court's decision regarding the territorial dispute between Makati and Taguig which favors the latter, the city gained 14 public elementary and high schools of Makati in the Embo barangays, whose management and administration was transferred from Makati to Taguig starting January 1, 2024.[110] There are three science high schools in the city: Taguig Science High School in San Miguel, Senator Renato "Compañero" Cayetano Memorial Science and Technology High School in Ususan, and the Makati Science High School, which is originally administered by Makati's SDO, in Cembo. Notable public schools within the city are the Taguig Integrated School, Taguig National High School, Western Bicutan National High School, among others.

There are numerous religious-affiliated schools in Taguig. Catholic schools within the city include the Colegio de Santa Ana (formerly Santa Ana Parochial School), and the Saint Francis of Assisi College System. Notable Christian institutions in the city are The Fisher Valley College in Hagonoy, and the Victory Leadership Institute in Bonifacio Global City. Taguig is also the home to several Islamic schools, such as the Maharlika Bandara-Inged Integrated School and the Maharlika Village Islamic Madrasa. Most of the Islamic schools are located in or near Maharlika Village.

Several international schools can be found in Taguig, such as The Beacon School, British School Manila, Chinese International School, Everest Academy Manila, International School Manila, Korean International School Philippines, Leaders International Christian School of Manila, and the Manila Japanese School.

Higher education

 
Main building of the Polytechnic University of the Philippines Taguig

The University of the Philippines Diliman and De La Salle University has established satellite campuses in Taguig, which are both located in University Park, Bonifacio Global City.[111][112] The latter also has a microcampus in McKinley Hill.[113] Other prominent higher educational institutions in the city include Enderun Colleges, the Meridian International College, and The Fisher Valley College.

There are two state universities in the city, the Polytechnic University of the Philippines Taguig, and the Technological University of the Philippines - Taguig Campus. The city-run Taguig City University, established through Ordinance No. 29, Series of 2004, operates its main campus on General Santos Avenue in Central Bicutan. In addition, the University of Makati (UMak), which is managed by the City Government of Makati, is situated in Barangay West Rembo that is now part of Taguig following the resolution of the territorial dispute between Makati and Taguig, which favors the latter.

The Technical Education and Skills Development Authority (TESDA) manages and supervises the technical and vocational education and training programs in the Philippines. Its headquarters is located along East Service Road in Western Bicutan.

Public safety

The Southern Police District's Taguig City Police Station is the local arm of the Philippine National Police. It is headquartered inside the Taguig City Hall complex in Tuktukan. There are 12 police precincts scattered across the city, with ten maintained by the Taguig City Police Station and two are maintained by the Southern Police District as these are former Makati City Police stations whose precinct buildings are still claimed by Makati but were operationally transferred to Taguig following the resolution of the boundary dispute.[114][115]

Precinct Address
Fort Bonifacio Police Sub-station (SS1) 40th St. corner 9th Ave., BGC, Fort Bonifacio
Western Bicutan Police Sub-station (SS2) Radian St., ARCA South, Western Bicutan
Pinagsama Police Sub-station (SS3) C5 Service Road, Palar Village, Pinagsama
STUB Police Sub-station (SS4) Tomasa Ave., Ususan
Tipas Police Sub-station (SS5) Dr., A. Natividad St., Ibayo-Tipas
Signal Village Police Sub-station (SS6) Ballecer St., Central Signal Village
MCU Police Sub-station (SS7) A. Bonifacio Ave. cor. Maharlika Rd., Upper Bicutan
Tanyag-Daang Hari Police Sub-station (SS8) Mañalac Ave., Tanyag
Hagonoy Police Sub-station (SS9) Cadena de Amor St., Wawa
Bagumbayan-Lower Bicutan Police Sub-station (SS10) Cayetano Complex,Purok 3, ML Quezon St., Bagumbayan
SPD Police Precinct 1 JP Rizal Ave. Extension corner T. Alonzo St., West Rembo
SPD Police Precinct 2 Anahaw St., Comembo


19 out 38 barangays of Taguig were declared as drug-free.[116]

Health

See also: List of hospitals in Metro Manila
 
St. Luke's Medical Center – Global City is one of the most prominent hospitals in the city

The Taguig City Heath Office is responsible for the planning and implementation of the healthcare programs of the city government. The city has 31 health centers, 7 primary care facilities, three super health centers, three main laboratories, 29 community-based laboratories, a dialysis center and 5 Animal Bite Treatment Centers.[117] There are two city-run hospitals, the Taguig–Pateros District Hospital (TPDH) along East Service Road in Western Bicutan, and the under construction Taguig General Hospital along C6 Road in Hagonoy.[118] TPDH was recently expanded in 2022, with the construction of a new building that focuses on women and children's health, including chemotherapy and breast clinics, as well as a center for social hygiene.[118]

The Army General Hospital (AGH) caters to the health and medical needs of the Philippine Army.[119] Meanwhile, the Ospital ng Makati, which is currently being managed by Makati, is subject to management and ownership dispute following the resolution of the territorial dispute between Makati and Taguig, which favors the latter.

Notable private hospitals in the city are the Bicutan Medical Center, Cruz-Rabe Maternity and General Hospital, Medical Center Taguig, St. Luke's Medical Center – Global City, and the Taguig Doctors Hospital. The Healthway Cancer Care Center in Arca South is the first dedicated cancer care hospital in the Philippines.[120] It was inaugurated in November 2023 by President Bongbong Marcos.[121]

Taguig city government provides Home Health for bedridden patients and Doctor on Call services, which is a 24/7 medical and emergency hotline, for the residents of the city.[122]

Culture

Cuisine

The food inutak, which originated from the area of Pateros, is a popular snack of the city. It is a rice cake filled with coconut milk and sugar, and baked with charcoal fire. Another popular food that originated from the city is the Tipas Hopia, which was produced by Belen Flores in her bakery at Ibayo-Tipas to compete with the hopia produced by Chinese. Production started in 1988 and it remains a popular snack for Filipino until today.[123]

Sports

Football

The city is represented by two clubs in the country's top football league, the Philippines Football League:

In addition, the city is also home to two football stadiums used for top flight matches in the past, McKinley Hill Stadium (formerly known as Emperador Stadium) and University of Makati Stadium (inside the University of Makati campus).

There are also numerous football pitches for training and casual play, such as the Acacia Estates football field, the Arca South football field, Army/ASCOM Field, and Turf BGC.

Basketball

 
US Marines playing basketball with students at Taguig National High School

The Taguig Generals represents the city in the National Basketball League, where they are the most successful team so far with four total titles, including a three-peat of championship wins.[124] The team's home venues in the city include the Hagonoy Sports Complex (formerly known as C.P. Tiñga Gymnasium) in Hagonoy, and the Cong. Jun Dueñas Gymnasium in Central Signal Village. The city was previously represented in the now defunct Metropolitan Basketball Association, when the SocSarGen Marlins relocated to Taguig in 2001. The team played their home games at the Hagonoy Sports Complex.

The city is also home to one of the iconic basketball courts in the world, the Tenement basketball court in Western Bicutan. It is known for various art work and murals painted on to the court such as a Kobe Bryant tribute mural after his death. It has also become a destination for various National Basketball Association players when they visit the country, such as LeBron James, Paul George, Jordan Clarkson and Julius Randle.[125] The court has been voted as FIBA's best basketball court in the world in 2022.[126]

Notable people

Main articles: List of people from Taguig and List of people from Metro Manila

Sister cities

See also: List of sister cities in Metro Manila

Africa

Americas

Asia

Australia

Europe

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Barangays Post Proper Northside and Post Proper Southside are omitted due to unclear boundaries, with overlap mostly with Fort Bonifacio, Pinagsama, and Western Bicutan, resulting from Makati's previous claim disputes.

References

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  2. ^  City of Taguig | (DILG)
  3. ^ "2015 Census of Population, Report No. 3 – Population, Land Area, and Population Density" (PDF). Philippine Statistics Authority. Quezon City, Philippines. August 2016. ISSN 0117-1453. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 25, 2021. Retrieved July 16, 2021.
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