The Social-National Party of Ukraine (Ukrainian: Соціал-національна партія України; abbreviated SNPU) was a far-right party in Ukraine that would later become Svoboda. The name of the party was an intentional reference to the Nazi Party in Germany.[4] The party combined radical nationalism, neo-fascist[5] and anti-communist positions.[6]
Social-National Party of Ukraine Соціал-національна партія України | |
|---|---|
 Emblem of the party | |
| Founded | 13 October 1991 |
| Registered | 16 October 1995[1] |
| Dissolved | February 2004 |
| Succeeded by | Svoboda |
| Headquarters | Lviv, Ukraine |
| Youth wing | Patriot of Ukraine |
| Membership (2004[2]) | 1,000[2] |
| Ideology | Neo-fascism Ukrainian nationalism Ethnic nationalism[3] Anti-communism |
| Political position | Far-right |
| Party flag | |
 | |
History
editThe party was registered on October 16, 1995[1][7] It was founded by the Student Fraternity of Lviv city, public organization of the Soviet Afghan War veterans, a youth organization "Spadshchyna" (Heritage) and the Rukh Guard.[3] Its ideology was based on OUN politician Yaroslav Stetsko's Two revolutions.[3][8] A mirror image of the Wolfsangel, or Wolf's Hook, was chosen as the party emblem in 1991.[9]
On 21 September 1993 its "people's formations" came to the Verkhovna Rada building dressed all in black to differentiate themselves from woodland camouflaged UNA-UNSO activists.[3]
In the second half of 1990s the party also recruited skinheads and football hooligans.[8][3] The party was alleged to be involved in criminal fighting which resulted in physical elimination of criminal elements of the Caucasus region from the West Ukraine.[3] According to Svoboda's website, during the 1994 Ukrainian parliamentary elections the party presented its platform as distinct from those of the communists and social democrats.[10] SNPU did not win any seats to the national parliament, but managed to receive some seats in the Lviv Regional Council.[3]
In the 1998 parliamentary elections, the party joined a bloc of parties (together with the All-Ukrainian Political Movement "State Independence of Ukraine")[11] called "Less Words" (Ukrainian: Менше слів), which collected 0.16% of the national vote.[7][12][13] Oleh Tyahnybok[14] as a member of the SNPU Board of Commissioners[3] was voted into the Ukrainian Parliament in this election.[14] He became a member of the People's Movement of Ukraine faction.[14]
The party established the paramilitary organization Patriot of Ukraine in 1999 as an "Association of Support" for the Military of Ukraine. In 2000 on invitation of SNPU, Ukraine was visited by Jean-Marie Le Pen (at that time a leader of the National Front).[3] The paramilitary organization was disbanded in 2004 during the SNPU's reformation and reformed in 2005[15] and currently one of the five major parties of the country.[16] Svoboda officially ended association with the group in 2007,[17] but they remain informally linked.[18][19][20]
In 2001, the party joined some actions of the "Ukraine without Kuchma" protest campaign and was active in forming the association of Ukraine's rightist parties and in supporting Viktor Yushchenko's candidacy for prime minister, although it did not participate in party lists for the 2002 parliamentary elections,[7] although some of its candidates stood in single constituencies.[3] The SNPU again performed poorly in the elections.[3] However, as a member of Victor Yushchenko’s Our Ukraine bloc, Tyahnybok was reelected to the Ukrainian parliament.[3][14] The SNPU won two seats in the Lviv oblast council of deputies and won representation in the city and district councils in the Lviv and Volyn oblasts.[10][third-party source needed]
In 2004 the party had fewer than 1,000 members.[2] Andriy Parubiy left the party in 2004 and later joined centre-right party Our Ukraine of president Viktor Yushchenko.
The party changed its name to the All-Ukrainian Union "Svoboda" in February 2004 with the arrival of Oleh Tyahnybok as party leader.[15] Tyahnybok made some efforts to moderate the party's extremist image.[21] The party not only replaced its name, but also abandoned the logo that had resemblance to the Wolfsangel symbol[8][15] with a three-fingered hand reminiscent of the 'Tryzub' pro-independence gesture of the late 1980s.[8] Svoboda also pushed neo-Nazi and other radical groups out the party,[22] distancing itself from its neofascist past while retaining the support of extreme nationalists.[21]
Ideology
editSome media outlets, such as Lev Golinkin in The Nation, have described it as "neo-Nazi".[23] However, according to one scholarly article, "Only a small number of political scientists have classified the SNPU and its ideology. Andreas Umland and Anton Shekhovtsov characterize it as neo-fascist and extreme right... Tadeusz A. Olszanski...describes the ideology as radically nationalist with radical social rhetoric. There is also a study which describes the ideological positioning of the SNPU as national-centric and even liberal, but that also finds that the party leader has opinions that differ from the party program."[6]
Umland and Shekhovtsov wrote that "of these various Ukrainian nationalist parties the SNPU was the least inclined to conceal its neofascist affiliations... the official name of the party’s ideology, “social nationalism,” clearly referred back to “national socialism”—the official name of the ideology of the National-Socialist German Workers’ Party (NSDAP) and of the Hitlerite regime.[24] According to Der Spiegel the "Social-National Party" title was an "intentional reference to Adolf Hitler's National Socialist party."[5]
Another echo was the use of a logo that resembled the Wolfsangel, a symbol popular among neo-Nazi groups: "Its official symbol was the somewhat modified Wolf’s Hook (Wolfsangel), used as a symbol by the German SS division Das Reich and the Dutch SS division Landstorm Nederland during World War II and by a number of European neofascist organizations after 1945. As seen by the SNPU leadership, the Wolf’s Hook became the “idea of the nation.”[24] The Ukrainian political scientist Vitaliy Kulyk, however, claimed that while similar to signs used by Neo-Nazi organizations in Europe the sign "Idea of the Nation" has nothing to do with Wolfsangel and there were no actions that confirmed the party's Nazi image.[3]
Political scientist Tadeusz Olszański wrote that the social-nationalist ideology adhered to has included "openly racist rhetoric" concerning 'white supremacy' since its establishment, and that therefore comparisons with National Socialism are legitimized by its history.[15] The party advocated the social nationalist ideology by combining radical nationalism with equally radical social rhetoric. Among the canons of its ideology there was: a vision of the nation as a natural community, the primacy of the nation’s rights over human rights, the urge to build an ‘ethnic economy’, but also an openly racist rhetoric concerning ‘white supremacy’.[citation needed]
According to Artem Iovenko, "Externally, the SNPU has distanced itself from the classification as pro-fascist." New party leader Oleh Tyahnybok said in 2004: “We were not fascists. We never shared the ideology of German National Socialism."[6]
Electoral results
edit| Year | Popular vote | Percentage | Overall seats | Change | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1994 | 49,483 | 0.2% | 0 / 450
|
New | Extra-parliamentary |
| 1998 | 45,155 | 0,16% | 1 / 450
|
 1
|
Opposition |
References
edit- ^ a b Oblast Council demands Svoboda Party be banned in Ukraine, Kyiv Post (May 12, 2011)
- ^ a b c Shekhovtsov, Anton (2011). "The Creeping Resurgence of the Ukrainian Radical Right? The Case of the Freedom Party". Europe-Asia Studies. 63 (2): 203–228. doi:10.1080/09668136.2011.547696. S2CID 155079439. (source also available here)
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Andrusechko, Petro Tyahnybok's path towards Svoboda. Ukrayinsky zhurnal Poznan, May 2009, p.36-39
- ^ Wodak, Ruth (2015). The Politics of Fear: What Right-Wing Populist Discourses Mean. 1 Oliver’s Yard, 55 City Road London EC1Y 1SP: SAGE Publications Ltd. p. 293. ISBN 978-1-4462-4700-6.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link) - ^ a b Spiegel Staff (27 January 2014). "The Right Wing's Role in Ukrainian Protests". Der Spiegel. Retrieved 5 February 2014.
- ^ a b c Iovenko, Artem (2015). "The ideology and development of the Social-National Party of Ukraine, and its transformation into the All-Ukrainian Union "Freedom," in 1990–2004". Communist and Post-Communist Studies. 48 (2/3). University of California Press: 229–237. doi:10.1016/j.postcomstud.2015.06.010. eISSN 1873-6920. ISSN 0967-067X. JSTOR 48610450. Retrieved 2022-05-09.
- ^ a b c (in Ukrainian)Всеукраїнське об'єднання «Свобода», Database ASD
- ^ a b c d Rudling, Per Anders (2013). "The Return of the Ukrainian Far Right: The Case of VO Svoboda". In Ruth Wodak; John E. Richardson (eds.). Analyzing Fascist Discourse: European Fascism in Talk and Text. New York: Routledge. pp. 229–247.
- ^ Wodak, Ruth (2013-03-05). "Analysing Fascist Discourse". doi:10.4324/9780203071847.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ a b "About party". Svoboda. Archived from the original on 21 May 2014. Retrieved 15 June 2013.
- ^ Elections of folk deputies of Ukraine on March 29, 1998 the Election programmes of political parties and electoral blocs Archived March 4, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, Vernadsky National Library of Ukraine (1998)
- ^ "Central Election Commission of Ukraine". Archived from the original on 2014-02-19. Retrieved 2014-03-12.
- ^ Candidates list for Less words Archived 2012-02-13 at the Wayback Machine, Central Election Commission of Ukraine
- ^ a b c d (in Ukrainian) Олег Тягнибок, Ukrinform
- ^ a b c d Olszański, Tadeusz A. (4 July 2011). "Svoboda Party – The New Phenomenon on the Ukrainian Right-Wing Scene". Centre for Eastern Studies. OSW Commentary (56): 6. Retrieved 27 September 2013.
- ^ After the parliamentary elections in Ukraine: a tough victory for the Party of Regions, Centre for Eastern Studies (7 November 2012)
- ^ "Заява Організації "Патріот України" про розрив стосунків з ВО "Свобода"". Archived from the original on 2014-10-06. Retrieved 2014-10-30.
- ^ Stern, David (2012-12-26). "The rise of Ukraine's ultra-nationalists". BBC News.
- ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-03-19. Retrieved 2014-03-12.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ Shekhovtsov, Anton (24 July 2012). "Security threats and the Ukrainian far right". Open Democracy. Retrieved 3 January 2014.
- ^ a b Umland, Andreas; Anton Shekhovstsov (2013). "Ultraright Party Politics in Post-Soviet Ukraine and the Puzzle of the Electoral Marginalism of Ukraine Ultranationalists in 1994-2009". Russian Politics and Law. 51 (5): 33–58. doi:10.2753/rup1061-1940510502. S2CID 144502924.
- ^ "Resources".
- ^ Lev Golinkin. "Neo-Nazis and the Far Right Are On the March in Ukraine". thenation.com.
Speaker of Parliament Andriy Parubiy cofounded and led two neo-Nazi organizations: the Social-National Party of Ukraine (later renamed Svoboda), and Patriot of Ukraine, whose members would eventually form the core of Azov.
- ^ a b Umland, Andreas; Anton Shekhovtsov (September–October 2013). "Ultraright Party Politics in Post-Soviet Ukraine and the Puzzle of the Electoral Marginalism of Ukrainian Ultranationalists in 1994–2009". Russian Politics and Law. 51 (5): 41. doi:10.2753/rup1061-1940510502. S2CID 144502924.