Sir Fitzroy Hew Royle Maclean, 1st Baronet (11 March 1911 – 15 June 1996) was a British Army officer, writer and politician. He was a Unionist Member of Parliament (MP) from 1941 to 1974 and was one of only two men who during the Second World War enlisted in the British Army as a private and rose to the rank of brigadier, the other being future fellow Conservative MP Enoch Powell.
Sir Fitzroy Maclean | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Member of Parliament for Bute and Northern Ayrshire | |
| In office 8 October 1959 – 8 February 1974 | |
| Preceded by | Charles McAndrew |
| Succeeded by | John Corrie |
| Member of Parliament for Lancaster | |
| In office 1941–1959 | |
| Preceded by | Herwald Ramsbotham |
| Succeeded by | Humphry Berkeley |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Fitzroy Hew Royle Maclean 11 March 1911 Cairo, Khedivate of Egypt |
| Died | 15 June 1996 (aged 85) Hertford, England |
| Nationality | British |
| Political party | Conservative |
| Other political affiliations | Unionist |
| Spouse | |
| Children | 2 |
| Education | Eton College |
| Alma mater | King's College, Cambridge |
| Occupation |
|
| Military service | |
| Allegiance | United Kingdom |
| Branch/service | British Army |
| Rank | Brigadier |
| Battles/wars | |
| Awards | Commander of the Order of the British Empire Order of Kutuzov (Soviet Union) Croix de Guerre (France) Order of the Partisan Star (Yugoslavia) |
Maclean wrote several books, including Eastern Approaches, in which he recounted three extraordinary series of adventures: travelling, often incognito, in Soviet Central Asia; fighting in the Western Desert campaign, where he specialised in commando raids behind enemy lines; and living rough with Josip Broz Tito and his Yugoslav Partisans while commanding the Maclean Mission there. It has been widely speculated that Ian Fleming used Maclean as one of his inspirations for James Bond.[2]
Early life
editMaclean was born in Cairo to Major Charles Wilberforce Maclean (1875–1953), a member of the Scottish landed gentry serving in Egypt with the Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders,[3] and Frances Elaine Gladys Royle (12 June 1882 – 1954),[4] the only daughter of George Royle, a Royal Navy officer, and Fannie Jane Longueville Snow. The couple wed on 12 July 1905 at St George's Parish, Hanover Square, Middlesex, London.[citation needed]
Heritage and education
editMaclean was descended from the Macleans of Ardgour, a Sept of the Clan Maclean, whose chiefs have as their historic seat Duart Castle on the Isle of Mull in the Inner Hebrides. He was brought up in Italy and educated at Eton and King's College, Cambridge, where he read Classics and History. He then studied in Germany before joining the Diplomatic Service in 1933.
In the Soviet Union
editIn 1934 Fitzroy Maclean was posted to the British Embassy in Paris. Bored with the pleasant but undemanding routine, he requested a posting to Moscow in 1937. The two and a half years he spent in the Soviet Union formed the first third of his best known book, the autobiographical Eastern Approaches.
Maclean was in Moscow until late 1939, and was present during the great Stalinist purges, observing the fates of Bukharin and other Russian revolutionaries. Although he was stationed in the capital, Maclean travelled extensively, primarily by train, into remote regions of the USSR which were off limits to foreigners, and was shadowed by the NKVD as he did so.[5]
Second World War
editWhen the Second World War broke out in 1939, Maclean was prevented from joining the military because of his position as a diplomat. He was 2nd Secretary in the Foreign Office. Therefore, he resigned from the Diplomatic Service "to go into politics". After tendering his resignation he immediately took a taxi to the nearest recruiting office and enlisted as a private in the Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders. He was soon promoted to lance corporal and was commissioned in 1941. In that year he became the Conservative MP for Lancaster.
In North Africa in 1942, Maclean distinguished himself in the early actions of the newly formed Special Air Service (SAS), where, with Ralph A. Bagnold, he developed ways of driving vehicles over the Libyan sand "seas". Maclean was a practitioner in the T. E. Lawrence brand of fighting, and he reported directly to Winston Churchill in Cairo. A letter of introduction from David Stirling said of him at the end of this period: "He has done well on our raids. Don't be taken in by his rather pompous manner or his slow way of speaking – he is OK."[6]
Persia and Iraq
editLater that year Maclean transferred to the Middle East as part of the Persia and Iraq Command. He was "allotted a platoon of Seaforth Highlanders and instructed to kidnap" General Fazlollah Zahedi, the commander of the Persian forces in the Isfahan area.[7] Maclean captured him and smuggled him out by plane to internment in Palestine. This incident soon led Hitler's government to withdraw support from its network in Persia.
Yugoslavia
editChurchill chose Maclean to lead a liaison mission (Macmis) to central Yugoslavia in 1943. Josip Broz Tito and his Partisans were emerging as a major obstacle to German control of the Balkans. Little was known at the time about Tito: some suspected this was an acronym for a committee or that he might in fact be a young woman. Maclean got to know Tito well, and later produced two biographies of him. Maclean's relationship with Tito's Partisans was not always easy, partly because they were Communist, while he came from an upper class Scottish background, and had witnessed Stalinism in action (see above).
As Churchill personally told him, Maclean's mission was not to concern himself with how Yugoslavia was to be run after the war, but "simply to find out who was killing the most Germans and suggest means by which we could help them to kill more."[8]
In 1944, together with Tito, Maclean planned and implemented Operation Ratweek. It was a major Allied bombing campaign in collaboration with the local Partisan troops in order to prevent German troops retreating back and reinforcing those in central and western Europe, thus prolonging the war.[9]
His biography of Tito reveals the admiration he held for the Yugoslav leader and the Yugoslav Communist-led anti-fascist struggle. He developed a great affection for Yugoslavia and its people and was later given permission to buy a house on the Dalmatian island of Korčula, Croatia.[10]
Having been appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in 1944,[11] Maclean received the Order of Kutuzov (Soviet Union)[12] (which impressed the Soviet troops in Belgrade), and after the war the Croix de Guerre (France), and Order of the Partisan Star (Yugoslavia). He reached the rank of brigadier during the war, and was promoted to the local rank of major general on 16 June 1947.[13]
Later life
edit
Maclean was elected as Conservative Member of Parliament (MP) for Lancaster in the 1941 by-election. He was re-elected from Lancaster in 1945, 1950, 1951, and 1955. He served briefly as a junior minister at the War Office from 1954 to 1957.[citation needed] Harold Macmillan regretted losing him, "but he is really so hopeless in the House that he is a passenger in office ... a great pity, since he is so able."[14]
On 9 July 1949, Maclean laid the foundation stone of the Overton & District Memorial Hall in his Lancaster constituency. He had been President of the committee that had raised the money to purchase the land and build it.
In the 1959 general election he switched constituencies to Bute and North Ayrshire, where he was elected as a Unionist. He was re-elected as a Unionist in 1964, and as a Conservative in 1966 and 1970. He retired at the February 1974 general election. In his last two years, he was appointed as a member of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe and Western European Union.[citation needed]
Maclean was Executive Chair (1959–1970) and later President (1977–1987) of the GB-USSR Association. The Association, funded by the Foreign and Commonwealth Office [FCO], was a semi-official organization for cultural relations with the Soviet Union.[15]
He was suggested as a secret envoy to the government of Yugoslavia following the attempted assassination of Croatian dissident Nikola Stedul in Scotland in 1988.[16]
In retirement Maclean wrote extensively. His wide range of subjects included: Scottish history, biographies (including Tito and Burgess), a Russian trilogy and assorted works of fiction. He also contributed to other books, for example writing the foreword to a 1984 biography of Joseph Wolff, the so-called "Eccentric Missionary" in whose footsteps he had travelled to Bukhara almost half a century before.[17]
Maclean and his wife managed a hotel at Strachur.[18] In 1964 he commissioned his wartime friend, fellow commando and yacht designer Alfred Mylne II, to build the motor yacht Judi of Bute for use around the West Coast of Scotland. Maclean was a patron of Strachur and District Shinty Club. He collected an extensive library, including a full set of early editions of James Bond novels, which sold in September 2008 for £26,000.[19]
In the late 1960s, Maclean bought the Palazzo Boschi villa on the Adriatic island of Korčula (present-day Croatia),[20] where he spent a good part of each year.[21]
Yugoslav legislation at the time barred foreigners from buying real-estate property, but Tito intervened to allow Maclean to do so. The town of Korčula was declared a free city, and the Macleans were declared its citizens. As soon as the purchase was registered with city authorities, the free city status was revoked.[22]
In 1991, during the Croatian War of Independence, Maclean and his wife delivered medical supplies to the island of Korčula, with a substantial contribution from the people of Rothesay and Bute.[20][23]
Marriage
editMaclean married Veronica Nell Fraser-Phipps (1920–2005), a Roman Catholic, in 1946. She was the daughter of the Simon Fraser, 14th Lord Lovat and widow of naval officer, Lieutenant Alan Phipps, who was killed ashore at Leros in 1943. Sir Fitzroy and Lady Maclean had two sons: Charles Edward (born 1946) and Alexander James Simon Aeneas ("Jamie"; born 1949), who were brought up in their mother's faith.[citation needed] Charles is an author, well known for dark thrillers, including the cult classic The Watcher.[24] Jamie became an art dealer and founded the Erotic Review.[25]
Maclean was also stepfather to his wife's children from her first marriage, Susan Rose "Sukie" Phipps (born 1941) and Jeremy Julian Phipps (born 1942), who were not brought up Catholic. Sukie married Richard St. Clair de la Mare, grandson of poet Walter de la Mare in 1959, then writer Derek Marlowe in 1968, and finally Captain Nicolas Paravicini in 1986.[citation needed] She had five children, and is stepmother to autistic savant Derek Paravicini. Jeremy became a major general in the British Army, having served in the Special Air Service.
Honours
editMaclean was honoured with the baronetcy of Maclean of Strachur and Glensluain in 1957,[26] was made the 15th Hereditary Keeper and Captain of Dunconnel Castle in 1981 and was appointed a Knight of the Order of the Thistle in 1994.[27]
Death
editSir Fitzroy Maclean died on 15 June 1996, aged 85, in Hertford, Hertfordshire, England.[28]
Legacy
editMaclean was posthumously awarded the Order of Prince Branimir for the humanitarian aid to Croatia, as well as contributing to international affirmation of Croatia. The decoration was presented by the Croatian President Stjepan Mesić in December 2001.[29]
Maclean may have been one of the models for Ian Fleming's character James Bond.[30]
Styles and honours
edit- Fitzroy Maclean, Esq (1911–41)
- Fitzroy Maclean, MP (1941–44)
- Fitzroy Maclean, CBE, MP (1944–57)
- Sir Fitzroy Maclean of Strachur and Glensluian, Bt, CBE, MP (1957–74)
- Sir Fitzroy Maclean of Strachur and Glensluian, Bt, CBE (1974–81)
- Sir Fitzroy Maclean of Dunconnel, Bt, CBE (1981–94)
- Sir Fitzroy Maclean of Dunconnel, KT, Bt, CBE (1994–96)
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Bibliography
edit- Eastern Approaches, 1949
- The Heretic: the life and times of Josip Broz-Tito. 1957. Also published as Disputed Barricade: the life and times of Josip Broz-Tito, Marshal of Yugoslavia, 1957
- A Person from England and Other Travellers, 1958
- Back to Bokhara, 1959
- Yugoslavia, 1969
- Concise History of Scotland, 1970
- The Battle of Neretva, 1970
- The Back of Beyond: an illustrated companion to Central Asia and Mongolia, 1974
- To Causasus, 1976
- Holy Russia, 1978
- Take Nine Spies, 1978
- Tito, 1980
- Josip Broz Tito: A Pictorial Biography, 1980 ISBN 0-07-044660-1
- The Isles of the Sea, 1985
- Portrait of the Soviet Union, 1988
- Bonnie Prince Charlie, 1988
- All the Russias, 1992
- Highlanders: A History of the Scottish Clans, 1995
Biographies
edit- Maclean, Veronica (2002) Past Forgetting: a memoir of heroes, adventure, love and life with Fitzroy Maclean. London: Review ISBN 0-7553-1025-X.
- McLynn, Frank (1992) Fitzroy Maclean. London: John Murray ISBN 0-7195-4971-X.
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Adrian O′Sullivan (2015). Espionage and Counterintelligence in Occupied Persia (Iran): The Success of the Allied Secret Services, 1941–45. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 120–131. ISBN 978-1-137-55556-4.
- ^ "Sir Fitzroy '007' Maclean's James Bond books sell for £26,000 – Lyon & Turnbull". Lyonandturnbull.com. 3 September 2008. Archived from the original on 7 October 2010. Retrieved 8 February 2010.
- ^ McLynn, Frank (18 June 1996). "Sir Fitzroy Maclean Bt: Obituary". The Independent. Retrieved 22 December 2015.
- ^ "Search Results for Civil Births in Birth, Marriage, Death & Parish Records | findmypast.co.uk". findmypast.co.uk.
- ^ Terry Martin, "The Origins of Soviet Ethnic Cleansing," The Journal of Modern History 70 (1998), 813ff.
- ^ Ranfurly, Hermione, To War with Whitaker. The wartime diaries of the Countess of Ranfurly 1939–1945. p. 159. Mandarin Paperbacks 1995, ISBN 07493 1954 2. First published 1994, William Heinemann.
- ^ Ranfurly, Hermione, To War with Whitaker. The wartime diaries of the Countess of Ranfurly 1939–1945. p. 160. Mandarin Paperbacks 1995, ISBN 07493 1954 2. First published 1994, William Heinemann.
- ^ Maclean, F: Eastern Approaches, p. 287. Jonathan Cape; Thirteenth Impression edition (1951)
- ^ Maclean, Fitzroy (1991). Eastern Approaches. London: Penguin Group. pp. 470–497. ISBN 978-0-141-04284-8.
- ^ Obituary of Veronica Lady Maclean, timesonline.co.uk, 19 January 2005; accessed 10 July 2011.
- ^ "No. 36679". The London Gazette (Supplement). 31 August 1944. p. 4043.
- ^ Maclean, Eastern Approaches (Pan paperback ed.) p. 391
- ^ "No. 38006". The London Gazette (Supplement). 1 July 1947. p. 3059.
- ^ Macmillan, Diaries, 1950–57, p. 615
- ^ "BEWC: History". bewc.org. Retrieved 7 September 2020.
- ^ Taylor, Steven (2 August 2023). "'Real-life Bond' mooted as Yugoslav peacemaker after failed Fife hit". Times. Retrieved 8 August 2023.
- ^ Hopkins, Hugh Evan, Sublime vagabond: the life of Joseph Wolff – missionary extraordinary, foreword by Sir Fitzroy Maclean Bart, Worthing: Churchman, 1984; ISBN 1-85093-002-3
- ^ Hotel-keeping in the Highlands, The Countryman, Autumn 1977, pp 22–27
- ^ Lyon & Turnbull website, Edinburgh/London. [1]Archived 7 October 2010 at the Wayback Machine; retrieved 13 August 2013; One press report put the takings at £31,000. [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2675346/James-Bond-book-collection-sells-for-310000.html James Bond book collection sells for £31,000 , Telegraph.co.uk; accessed 4 December 2015.
- ^ a b "Veronica Lady Maclean of Dunconnel". The Telegraph. 12 January 2005.
- ^ "Sir Fitzroy Maclean Bt". The Independent. 19 June 1996.
Born in 1911 in Egypt, the son of an officer in the Cameron Highlanders ... Educated at Eton and King's College, Cambridge ...
- ^ Đilas, Milivoj (5 June 2002). "Škotska lady koja obožava Tita i Mesića" [Scottish Lady who Adores Tito and Mesić]. Nacional (weekly) (in Croatian). No. 342. Archived from the original on 2 January 2014.
- ^ "British Forces Involvement in Yugoslavia 1943–45". BBC Scotland. 31 January 2006.
- ^ Lehmann-haupt, Christopher (14 February 1983). "BOOKS OF THE TIMES". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 3 September 2016.
- ^ Thomas, David (23 November 2001). "Sometimes I shock myself". The Daily Telegraph.
- ^ "No. 41149". The London Gazette. 13 August 1957. p. 4781.
- ^ "No. 53499". The London Gazette. 30 November 1993. p. 19088.
- ^ Eric Pace (18 June 1996). "Fitzroy Maclean, War Hero And Author, Is Dead at 85". The New York Times. Retrieved 19 August 2014.
Sir Fitzroy Maclean, an intrepid Scot known for his farflung military adventures in World War II and his writings about faraway lands, died on Saturday at the home of friends whom he and his wife were visiting in the English county of Hertford. He was 85 and lived in Strachur House, the family home in Strachur, a village in the Scottish county of Argyll. ...
- ^ "Odluka o odlikovanju (posmrtno) Sir Fitzroya Macleana Redom kneza Branimira s ogrlicom". Narodne novine (in Croatian). 12 December 2001. Retrieved 17 January 2011.
- ^ Macintyre, Ben (4 October 2016). Rogue Heroes: The History of the SAS, Britain's Secret Special Forces Unit That Sabotaged the Nazis and Changed the Nature of War. Crown/Archetype. ISBN 9781101904176.
- ^ Debrett's Peerage. 1985. p. 571.
External links
edit
- Hansard 1803–2005: contributions in Parliament by Sir Fitzroy Maclean
- Sir Fitzroy, the original James Bond, is dead
- Scots adventurer was never a spy, reveals widow
- Fitzroy Maclean, War Hero And Author, Is Dead at 85
- Local obituary – Veronica, Lady Maclean. Information on the latter part of his life, including running the Highland hotel.
- Times obituary of Veronica Lady Maclean. "Well-connected writer, traveller, restaurateur and devotee of the Scottish Highlands and Yugoslavia." On their marriage.
- "I wish you could think of grown-up sins." Allan Massie reviews Past Forgetting by Veronica Maclean.
- A Guide to the Papers of Sir Fitzroy Maclean, 1827–1996 Maclean's family and personal papers are held at the Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library of the University of Virginia
- Works by or about Sir Fitzroy Maclean, 1st Baronet at the Internet Archive