Qutuqa Beki (Mongolian: Худуга бэхи/Хутуга бэх; ᠬᠤᠳᠤᠭᠠ ᠪᠡᠬᠢ) — was a 13th century chief of the Oirats who played a major role in the formation of the Mongol Empire.
Qutuqa Beki | |
|---|---|
| Chief of Oirats | |
| Reign | ? - 1207 |
| Successor | Submitted to Genghis Khan |
| Family | Dörbet Oirat |
| Spouse(s) | Botokhoi Targun |
Biography
editThe first mentions of Qutuqa Beki in The Secret History of the Mongols date back to 1201, when a number of rulers of the Mongol tribes, including the Oirats, swore allegiance to Jamukha and chose him as a gurkhan, pledging to fight against Genghis Khan.[1] According to a story, he along with the Naiman king Buyruq Khan, used a jada or "thunder stone" to unleash a powerful storm on Genghis' army. But the magical ploy backfired when an unexpected wind blew the storm back at Qutuqa. Buyruq, troubled by this storm, left the alliance and retreated to the south side of the Altai Mountains.[2] Subsequently, Genghis Khan defeated Jamukha and the Naimans, but the Oirats had not yet been conquered by the time the Mongol Empire was formed in 1206. Nevertheless, when in 1207 Genghis Khan gave his eldest son Jochi the order to conquer the "forest peoples", Qutuqa was one of the first to obey, arriving with 10,000 Oirat soldiers.[1] He then proceeded to the khan's court and submitted personally, having received such a powerful ally, Genghis married two women from his family to Qutuqa's children, thus starting one of the most fruitful alliances in Mongol history.[3][4] He led an attack on Botokhoi Targun, chieftess of Khori-Tumed but was captured. Later he was given Botokhui as his concubine after Genghis Khan led an attack on them personally and subdued.
Family
editHe had at least 3 children, all married into ruling Borjigin clan, however sources differ on which son married whom:
- Toralchi Güregen — according to The Secret History of the Mongols was married Holuikhan (daughter of Jochi),[1] but according to The Compendium of Chronicles he was given hand of Checheyigen (daughter of Genghis)[5]
- Buqa Temür — commander of a tümen in Ilkhanate
- Chupan — married to Nomoghan, daughter of Ariq Böke and Ashitai Khatun
- Jagir (or Chakar) — married to Manggugan Khatun, daughter of Hulagu
- Taraghai Güregen — married to Manggugan Khatun, daughter of Hulagu in levirate, then Ara Qutlugh, daughter of Möngke Temür[4]
- Tolun Khatun — married to Jumghur[6] before 1270s, then Tekshin (until 12 September 1271), both sons of Hulagu
- Börtö'a — married to Princess Yixiji (Chinese: 一悉基),[7] daughter of Genghis Khan[8]
- Uluq
- Rachin
- Bars Buqa — married to El-Temür, daughter of Tolui and Linqgun Khatun (daughter of Kuchlug)[8]
- Elchikmish Khatun — married to Ariq Böke, then his son Nairaqu Buqa
- Ashiqtai (with Nairaqu)
- Orghana Khatun — married to Qara Hülegü
- Güyük Khatun — married Hulagu
- Öljei Khatun — married Hulagu, then Abaqa
- Küchü Khatun — married Toqoqan
- Buqa Temür — commander of a tümen in Ilkhanate
- Inalchi — according to The Secret History of the Mongols was married Checheyigen (daughter of Genghis),[1] but according to The Compendium of Chronicles he was given hand of Holuikhan (daughter of Jochi)[5]
- Buduz
- Negütai
- Aqu Temür
- Buduz
- Oghul Tutmish — initially planned to marry Tolui, but after his death was married to Möngke
- Shirin
- Bichige
References
edit- ^ a b c d Hope, Michael (2016-10-06). Power, Politics, and Tradition in the Mongol Empire and the Ilkhanate of Iran. Oxford University Press. p. 39. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198768593.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-876859-3.
- ^ The Secret History of The Mongols, §144
- ^ Uno, Nobuhiro (January 2009). "EXCHANGE-MARRIAGE IN THE ROYAL FAMILIES OF NOMADIC STATES. In: V. Rybatzki et al. (eds.), The Early Mongols: Language, Culture and History (Indiana University Uralic and Altaic Series vol.173), 2009, 175-182". The Early Mongols: Language, Culture and History.
- ^ a b Landa, Ishayahu (2018-02-23). "Türaqai Güregen (d. 1296–7) and His Lineage: History of a Cross-Asia Journey". Asiatische Studien - Études Asiatiques (in German). 71 (4): 1189–1211. doi:10.1515/asia-2017-0011. ISSN 2235-5871. S2CID 103953766.
- ^ a b Rashīd al-Dīn Ṭabīb; Thackston, W. M (1998). Rashiduddin Fazlullah's Jamiʻuʼt-tawarikh = Compendium of chronicles. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University, Dept. of Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations. pp. 55–56. OCLC 41120851.
- ^ Landa, Ishayahu (2016). "Oirats in the Ilkhanate and the Mamluk Sultanate in the Thirteenth to the Early Fifteenth Centuries: Two Cases of Assimilation into the Muslim Environment (MSR XIX, 2016)". The Middle East Documentation Center (MEDOC). doi:10.6082/m1b27sg2.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ Du Rongkun [杜榮坤] and Bai Cuiqin [白翠琴]. 2008. Xi Menggu shi yanjiu [西蒙古史研究 A History of the Western Mongols]
- ^ a b Broadbridge, Anne F. (2018-07-18). Women and the Making of the Mongol Empire. Cambridge University Press. p. 242. ISBN 978-1-108-42489-9.