The Nebuchadnezzar Chronicle, also known as Jerusalem Chronicle,[1] is one of the series of Babylonian Chronicles, and contains a description of the first eleven years of the reign of Nebuchadnezzar II. The tablet details Nebuchadnezzar's military campaigns in the west and has been interpreted to refer to both the Battle of Carchemish and the Siege of Jerusalem (597 BC). The tablet is numbered ABC5 in Grayson's standard text and BM 21946 in the British Museum.
| Nebuchadnezzar Chronicle | |
|---|---|
 The cuneiform inscription on this clay tablet highlights the conquest of Jerusalem by Nebuchadnezzar II and the surrender of Jehoiachin (Jeconiah), king of Judah, in 597 BC. From Babylon, Iraq | |
| Material | Clay |
| Created | c. 595 BC |
| Discovered | 1896 |
| Present location | London, England, United Kingdom |
It is one of two identified Chronicles referring to Nebuchadnezzar, and does not cover the whole of his reign. The ABC5 is a continuation of Babylonian Chronicle ABC4 (The Late Years of Nabopolassar), where Nebuchadnezzar is mentioned as the Crown Prince.[2] Since the ABC 5 only provides a record through Nebuchadnezzar's eleventh year,[3] the subsequent destruction and exile recorded in the Hebrew Bible to have taken place ten years later are not covered in the chronicles or elsewhere in the archaeological record.[4]
As with most other Babylonian Chronicles, the tablet is unprovenanced, having been purchased in 1896[5] via an antiquities dealer from an unknown excavation.[6] It was first published 60 years later in 1956 by Donald Wiseman.[7]
Carchemish
editThe tablet claims that Nebuchadnezzar "crossed the river to go against the Egyptian army which lay in Karchemiš. They fought with each other and the Egyptian army withdrew before him. He accomplished their defeat and beat them to non-existence. As for the rest of the Egyptian army which had escaped from the defeat so quickly that no weapon had reached them, in the district of Hamath the Babylonian troops overtook and defeated them so that not a single man escaped to his own country. At that time Nebuchadnezzar conquered the whole area of Hamath."[8]
Siege of Jerusalem
editThe Chronicle does not refer to Jerusalem directly but mentions a "City of Iaahudu", interpreted to be "City of Judah". The Chronicle states:
In the seventh year (of Nebuchadnezzar) in the month Chislev (Nov/Dec) the king of Babylon assembled his army, and after he had invaded the land of Hatti (Turkey/Syria) he laid siege to the city of Judah. On the second day of the month of Adar (16 March) he conquered the city and took the king (Jeconiah) prisoner. He installed in his place a king (Zedekiah) of his own choice, and after he had received rich tribute, he sent forth to Babylon.[9]
Chronology
editThe Chronicle is understood to confirm the date of the First Siege of Jerusalem.[4] Prior to publication of the Babylonian Chronicles by Donald Wiseman in 1956,[10] Thiele had determined from the biblical texts that Nebuchadnezzar's initial capture of Jerusalem occurred in the spring of 597 BC,[11] while other scholars, including Albright, more frequently dated the event to 598 BC.[12]
There are no extra-biblical sources for the Second Siege of Jerusalem, which has been dated to 587 BC.[4] The date was arrived at by comparing the evidence of the Chronicle to dates given in the Book of Ezekiel in connection to the year of captivity of Jeconiah (i.e. the first fall of Jerusalem).
References
edit- ^ Lendering, Jona. "ABC 5 (Jerusalem Chronicle)". Livius.org. Retrieved May 31, 2017.
- ^ Lendering, Jona. "ABC 4 ( Late Years of Nabopolassar)". Livius.org. Retrieved May 31, 2017.
- ^ Lendering, Jona. "ABC 5 (Jerusalem Chronicle)".
- ^ a b c Lemche, in Grabbe, p216; quote: "It is so easy to forget that 587 BCE is exclusively a biblical date. That the one of 597 BCE is confirmed by external sources does not prove that 597 BCE really took place. It is probably likely that something like 587 BCE happened, but it cannot be proven. The presence of members of the Judaean royal family at the Babylonian court in Neo-Babylonian times does not presuppose the destruction of 587 BCE not even according to the Old Testament-it only presupposes the abduction of Jehoiachin in 597 BCE"
- ^ Acquisition number 96-4-9, 51
- ^ Waerzeggers, Caroline (March 26, 2012). "The Babylonian Chronicles: Classification and Provenance". Journal of Near Eastern Studies. 71 (2): 285–298. doi:10.1086/666831. S2CID 162396743 – via www.academia.edu.
- ^ "Wiseman, 1956, pages 1+2".
- ^ "Chronicle Concerning the Early Years of Nebuchadnezzar II. Retrieved July 18, 2010". Archived from the original on May 5, 2019. Retrieved March 26, 2020.
- ^ No 24 WA21946, The Babylonian Chronicles, The British Museum
- ^ D. J. Wiseman, Chronicles of Chaldean Kings in the British Museum (London: Trustees of the British Museum, 1956) 73.
- ^ Edwin Thiele, The Mysterious Numbers of the Hebrew Kings, (1st ed.; New York: Macmillan, 1951; 2d ed.; Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1965; 3rd ed.; Grand Rapids: Zondervan/Kregel, 1983). ISBN 0-8254-3825-X, 9780825438257, 217.
- ^ Kenneth Strand, "Thiele's Biblical Chronology As a Corrective for Extrabiblical Dates," Andrews University Seminary Studies 34 (1996) 310, 317.