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NGC 1333

NGC 1333 is a reflection nebula located in the northern constellation Perseus, positioned next to the southern constellation border with Taurus and Aries.[3] It was first discovered by German astronomer Eduard Schönfeld in 1855.[4] The nebula is visible as a hazy patch in a small telescope, while a larger aperture will show a pair of dark nebulae designated Barnard 1 and Barnard 2.[5] It is associated with a dark cloud L1450 (Barnard 205). Estimates of the distance to this nebula range from 980–1,140 ly (300–350 pc).[4]

NGC 1333
Reflection nebula
JWST NIRISS image of part of NGC 1333, with the Herbig-Haro object HH 12 at its center. On the right side in the lower half of the image is ASR 41, which has a young star with a disk that casts a shadow into the surrounding dusty medium.
Observation data: J2000.0 epoch
Right ascension03h 29m 11.3s[1]
Declination+31° 18′ 36″[1]
Distance967 ly (296.5 pc)[1] ly
Apparent magnitude (V)5.6
Apparent dimensions (V)6′ x 3′
ConstellationPerseus
DesignationsCed 16, GN 03.26.1, LBN 741[2]
See also: Lists of nebulae

This nebula is in the western part[4] of the Perseus molecular cloud and is a young region of very active star formation,[6] being one of the best-studied objects of its type.[4] It contains a fairly typical hierarchy of star clusters that are still embedded in the molecular cloud in which they formed,[7] which are split into two main sub-groups to the north and south. Most of the infrared emission is happening in the southern part of the nebula. A significant portion of the stars seen in the infrared are in the pre-main sequence stage of their evolution.[6]

The nebula region has a combined mass of approximately 450 M☉,[4] while the cluster contains around 150 stars with a median age of a million years and a combined mass of 100 M☉. The average star formation rate is 1×10−4 M☉ yr–1.[4] Within the nebula are 20 young stellar objects producing outflows, including Herbig–Haro objects, and a total of 95 X-ray sources that are associated with known members of embedded star clusters.[6] In 2011 researchers reported finding 30 to 40 brown dwarf objects in the cloud and in the Rho Ophiuchi cloud complex.[8]

15 objects with a spectral type of M9 or later were discovered in NGC 1333. This spectral type corresponds to a mass of a planetary-mass object (PMO) at the age of NGC 1333. About 42% of the PMO are surrounded by a circumstellar disk, but only one out of six objects with a spectral type of L0 (about 10 MJ) or later has a disk. Scholz et al. argues that this indicates that very low mass PMOs form like planets (aka ejected planets) and not like stars (also called sub-brown dwarfs).[9] Parker & Alves de Oliveira on the other hand argue that the distribution of PMOs in NGC 1333 follows N-body simulations of objects that form like stars and that none of the PMOs has a peculiar motion, which is predicted for ejected planets. They also note that ejected planets are hiding in this and other star-forming regions.[10] Additional PMOs were discovered by Scholz et al. 2012 with Subaru (e.g. SONYC-NGC1333-36 with estimated 6 MJ)[11] and by Langeveld et al. 2024 with JWST (6 objects and one JuMBO candidate). Langeveld et al. did not find any object below 4 MJ, despite JWST being sensitive enough to detect these objects. This could mean that star-formation does not occur below 4 MJ, which is consistent with previous observations in most star-forming regions and the nearby stellar population. One source, called NIRISS-NGC1333-5 (NN5), shows infrared excess, which is an indication of a disk around the object. With a mass of 5 MJ, this object could be one of the lowest mass object with a disk known so far.[12]

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References

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  1. ^ a b c Soubiran, C.; et al. (November 2018). "Open cluster kinematics with Gaia DR2". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 619: 11. arXiv:1808.01613. Bibcode:2018A&A...619A.155S. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201834020. S2CID 125754189. A155.
  2. ^ "NGC 1333". SIMBAD. Centre de données astronomiques de Strasbourg. Retrieved 2020-08-15.
  3. ^ Sinnott, Roger W.; Perryman, Michael A. C. (1997). Millennium Star Atlas. Vol. 1. Sky Publishing Corporation and the European Space Agency. ISBN 0-933346-84-0.
  4. ^ a b c d e f Walawender, J.; et al. (December 2008). Reipurth, Bo (ed.). NGC 1333: A Nearby Burst of Star Formation (PDF). ASP Monograph Publications. Vol. 1. p. 346. Bibcode:2008hsf1.book..346W. Retrieved 2020-08-15. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  5. ^ Inglis, Michael (2004). Astronomy of the Milky Way. Springer London. p. 167. ISBN 1-85233-709-5.
  6. ^ a b c Getman, Konstantin V.; et al. (August 2002). "Chandra Study of Young Stellar Objects in the NGC 1333 Star-forming Cloud". The Astrophysical Journal. 575 (1): 354–377. arXiv:astro-ph/0204252. Bibcode:2002ApJ...575..354G. doi:10.1086/341219. S2CID 15786877.
  7. ^ Schulz, Norbert S. (2005). From Dust To Stars. Praxis Publishing Limited. p. 213. ISBN 9783540237112.
  8. ^ "Rogue Failed Star Is One of Smallest Ever Seen". space.com. 11 October 2011. Retrieved 11 October 2011.
  9. ^ Scholz, Aleks; Muzic, Koraljka; Jayawardhana, Ray; Almendros-Abad, Victor; Wilson, Isaac (2023-05-01). "Disks around Young Planetary-mass Objects: Ultradeep Spitzer Imaging of NGC 1333". The Astronomical Journal. 165 (5): 196. arXiv:2303.12451. Bibcode:2023AJ....165..196S. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/acc65d. ISSN 0004-6256.
  10. ^ Parker, Richard J.; Alves de Oliveira, Catarina (2023-10-01). "On the origin of planetary-mass objects in NGC 1333". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 525 (2): 1677–1686. arXiv:2308.01335. Bibcode:2023MNRAS.525.1677P. doi:10.1093/mnras/stad2378. ISSN 0035-8711.
  11. ^ Scholz, Alexander; Jayawardhana, Ray; Muzic, Koraljka; Geers, Vincent; Tamura, Motohide; Tanaka, Ichi (2012-09-01). "Substellar Objects in Nearby Young Clusters (SONYC). VI. The Planetary-mass Domain of NGC 1333". The Astrophysical Journal. 756 (1): 24. arXiv:1207.1449. Bibcode:2012ApJ...756...24S. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/756/1/24. ISSN 0004-637X.
  12. ^ Langeveld, Adam B.; Scholz, Aleks; Mužić, Koraljka; Jayawardhana, Ray; Capela, Daniel; Albert, Loïc; Doyon, René; Flagg, Laura; de Furio, Matthew (2024-08-01). "The JWST/NIRISS Deep Spectroscopic Survey for Young Brown Dwarfs and Free-floating Planets". The Astronomical Journal. 168 (4): 179. arXiv:2408.12639. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ad6f0c.
  13. ^ "Champions League". www.spacetelescope.org. Retrieved 4 November 2019.
  14. ^ "The smoking gun of a newborn star". www.spacetelescope.org. Retrieved 31 December 2018.
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