Mursili I (also known as Mursilis; sometimes transcribed as Murshili) was a king of the Hittites c. 1620-1590 BC, as per the middle chronology, the most accepted chronology in our times[3] (or alternatively c. 1556–1526 BC, short chronology), and was likely a grandson of his predecessor, Hattusili I. His sister was Ḫarapšili and his wife was queen Kali.[4][5]
Mursili I | |
|---|---|
| Title | King of the Hittites |
| Successor | Hantili I |
| Spouse | Kali[1][2] |
| Parent | Ḫaštayara |
| Relatives | Ḫarapšili (sister) |
Accession
editMursili came to the throne as a minor. Having reached adulthood, he renewed Hattusili I's warfare in northern Syria.[6]
Campaigns
edit| Campaigns of Mursili I | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| |||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||
| Hittite Empire |
Yamhad Babylonia Smaller Syrian city-states | ||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||
| Mursili I |
Ilim-Ilimma I Samsu-Ditana | ||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||
| unknown | unknown | ||||||
Conquest of Yamhad (Aleppo)
editHe conquered the kingdom of Yamhad and its capital, Aleppo, which had eluded Hattusili. He then led an unprecedented march of 2,000 km south into the heart of Mesopotamia, where in 1595 BC he sacked the city of Babylon. Mursili's motivation for attacking Babylon remains unclear, though William Broad has proposed that the reason was obtaining grain because the clouds from the Thera eruption decreased the Hittites' harvests.[7]
Sack of Babylon
editThe raid on Babylon could not have been intended to exercise sovereignty over the region; it was simply too far from Anatolia and the Hittites' center of power. It is thought, however, that the raid on Babylon brought an end to the Amorite dynasty of Hammurabi and allowed the Kassites to take power, and so might have arisen from an alliance with the Kassites or an attempt to curry favor with them.[8] It might also be that Mursili undertook the long-distance attack for personal motives, namely as a way to outdo the military exploits of his predecessor, Hattusili I.[9]
Assassination
editWhen Mursili returned to his kingdom, he was assassinated in a conspiracy led by his brother-in-law, Hantili I (who took the throne), and Hantili's son-in-law, Zidanta I.[10] His death inaugurated a period of social unrest and decay of central rule, followed by the loss of the conquests made in Syria.
In popular culture
editMursili I is a playable leader (as the Latinized form "Mursilis") of the Hittite state in the 2001 video game Civilization III.
See also
edit
References
edit- ^ Gojko Barjamović, A Historical Geography of Anatolia in the Old Assyrian Colony Period.
- ^ Yoram Cohen, Amir Gilan and Jared L. Miller, Pax Hethitica: Studies on the Hittites and Their Neighbours in Honour of Itamar Singer.
- ^ Manning, Sturt W., et al. (2016). "Integrated Tree-Ring-Radiocarbon High-Resolution Timeframe to Resolve Earlier Second Millennium BCE Mesopotamian Chronology", in PLOS ONE, Published: July 13, 2016.
- ^ Shoshana R. Bin-Nun, The Tawananna in the Hittite kingdom. Online version.
- ^ Margalit Finkelberg, Greeks And Pre-Greeks: Aegean Prehistory And Greek Heroic Tradition.
- ^ Trevor Bryce (2005). The Kingdom of the Hittites. Oxford University Press. p. 101. ISBN 978-0-19-928132-9.
- ^ Broad, William J. "It Swallowed a Civilization. " New York Times, D1. 21 October 2003.
- ^ Bryce, The Kingdom of the Hittites, 99.
- ^ Bryce, "The Kingdom of the Hittites," 99–100.
- ^ The Hittites and their World
- Reign of Mursili I
- Trevor Bryce, The Kingdom of the Hittites, Oxford: University Press (1998)