Wikipedia

Macbeth on screen

William Shakespeare's Macbeth has been screened numerous times, featuring many of the biggest names from stage, film, and television.

Film history and significant releases

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The earliest known film Macbeth was 1905's American short Death Scene From Macbeth, and short versions were produced in Italy in 1909 and France in 1910. Two notable early versions are lost: Ludwig Landmann produced a 47-minute version in Germany in 1913, and D. W. Griffith produced a 1916 version in America featuring the noted stage actor Herbert Beerbohm Tree.[1] Tree is said to have had great difficulties adapting to the new medium, and especially in confining himself to the small number of lines in the (silent) screenplay, until an ingenious cameraman allowed him to play his entire part to an empty camera, after which a real camera shot the film.[2]

Twentieth century

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In 1947, David Bradley produced an independent film of Macbeth, intended for distribution to schools, most notable for the designer of its eighty-three costumes: the soon-to-be-famous Charlton Heston.[3]

 
Orson Welles and Jeanette Nolan as Macbeth and Lady Macbeth in Welles' 1948 film adaptation of the play.

Orson Welles' 1948 Macbeth, in the director's words a "violently sketched charcoal drawing of a great play,"[4] was filmed in only 23 days and on a budget of just $700,000. These filming conditions allowed only a single abstract set, and eclectic costumes. Dialogue was pre-recorded, enabling the actors to perform very long individual takes, including one of over ten minutes surrounding the death of Duncan.[5] Welles himself played the central character, who dominates the film, measured both by his time on screen, and by physical presence: high-angle and low-angle shots and deep-focus close-ups are used to distort his size in comparison to other characters.[6] Welles retained from his own 1936 stage production the image of a Voodoo doll controlling the fate of the central character: and at the end it is the doll we see beheaded.[7] The film's allegorical aspect is heightened by Welles' introduction of a non-Shakespearean character, the Holy Father (played by Alan Napier),[8] in opposition to the witches, speaking lines taken from Shakespeare's Ross, Angus and the Old Man.[9] Contemporary reviews were largely negative, particularly criticising Welles' unsympathetic portrayal of the central character. Newsweek commented: "His Macbeth is a static, two-dimensional creature as capable of evil in the first scene as in the final hours of his bloody reign."[10]

George Schaefer directed Maurice Evans and Judith Anderson in a 1960 made-for-TV film which later had a limited European theatrical release. (The three had also worked together on the earlier Hallmark Hall of Fame 1954 TV version of the play.)[11] Neither of the central couple was able to adapt their stage acting style to the screen successfully, leading to their roles being described by critics as "recited" rather than "acted".[12]

Roman Polanski's 1971 Macbeth was the director's first film after the brutal murder of his wife, Sharon Tate, and reflected his determination to "show [Macbeth's] violence the way it is ... [because] if you don't show it realistically then that's immoral and harmful."[13] His film showed deaths only reported in the play, including the execution of Cawdor, and Macbeth stabbing Duncan,[14] and its violence was "intense and incessant."[15] Made in the aftermath of Zeffirelli's youthful Romeo and Juliet, and financed by Playboy mogul Hugh Hefner, Polanski's film featured a young sexy lead couple, played by Jon Finch (28) and by Francesca Annis (25), who controversially performed the sleepwalking scene nude.[16] The unsettling film score, provided by the Third Ear Band, invoked "discord and dissonance."[17] While using Shakespeare's words, Polanski alters aspects of Shakespeare's story, turning the minor character Ross into a ruthless Machiavellian,[18] and adding an epilogue to the play in which Donalbain (younger son of Duncan) arrives at the witches' lair, indicating that the cycle of violence will begin again.[19]

In 1973, the Virginia Museum Theater (VMT, now the Leslie Cheek Theater), presented Macbeth, starring E.G. Marshall. Dubbed by the New York Times as the "'Fowler' Macbeth" after director Keith Fowler, it was described by Clive Barnes as "splendidly vigorous, forcefully immediate... probably the goriest Shakespearean production I have seen since Peter Brook's 'Titus Andronicus'."[20]

Trevor Nunn's RSC Other Place stage performance starring Ian McKellen and Judi Dench as the leading couple was adapted for TV and broadcast by Thames Television (see Macbeth (1978 film)).[21]

In 1992 S4C produced a cel-animated Macbeth for the series Shakespeare: The Animated Tales,[22] and in 1997 Jeremy Freeston directed Jason Connery and Helen Baxendale in a low budget, fairly full-text, version.[23]

In Shakespeare's script, the actor playing Banquo must enter the stage as a ghost. The major film versions have usually taken the opportunity to provide a double perspective: Banquo visible to the audience from Macbeth's perspective, but invisible from the perspective of other characters. Television versions, however, have often taken the third approach of leaving Banquo invisible to viewers, thereby portraying Banquo's ghost as merely Macbeth's delusion. This approach is taken in the 1978 Thames TV production, Jack Gold's 1983 version for BBC Television Shakespeare, and in Penny Woolcock's 1997 Macbeth on the Estate.[24] Macbeth on the Estate largely dispensed with the supernatural in favour of the drug-crime driven realism of characters living on a Birmingham housing estate: except for the three "weird" (in the modern sense of the word) children who prophesy Macbeth's fate.[24] This production used Shakespeare's language, but encouraged the actors – many of whom were locals, not professionals – to speak it naturalistically.[25]

Twenty-first century

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Twenty-first-century cinema has re-interpreted Macbeth, relocating "Scotland" elsewhere: Maqbool to Mumbai, Scotland, PA to Pennsylvania, Geoffrey Wright's Macbeth to Melbourne, and Allison L. LiCalsi's 2001 Macbeth: The Comedy to a location only differentiated from the reality of New Jersey, where it was filmed, through signifiers such as tartan, Scottish flags and bagpipes.[26] Alexander Abela's 2001 Makibefo was set among, and starred, residents of Faux Cap, a remote fishing community in Madagascar.[27] Leonardo Henriquez' 2000 Sangrador (in English: Bleeder) set the story among Venezuelan bandits and presented a shockingly visualised horror version.[28]

In 2004 an "eccentric" Swedish/Norwegian film, based on Alex Scherpf's Ice Globe Theatre production of Macbeth, was said by critic Daniel Rosenthal to owe "more to co-director Bo Landin's background in natural history documentaries than to Shakespeare."[29] More conventional adaptations of 21st-century stage productions to television include Greg Doran's RSC production filmed in 2001 with Antony Sher and Harriet Walter in the central roles,[30] and Rupert Goold's Chichester Festival Theatre Macbeth televised in 2010 with Patrick Stewart and Kate Fleetwood as the tragic couple. The cast of the latter felt that the history of their stage performance (moving from a small space at Chichester to a large proscenium arch stage in London to a huge auditorium in Brooklyn) made it easier for them to "re-scale", yet again, their performances for the cameras.[31]

In 2006, Geoffrey Wright directed a Shakespearean-language, extremely violent Macbeth set in the Melbourne underworld. Sam Worthington played Macbeth. Victoria Hill played Lady Macbeth and shared the screenplay credits with Wright.[32] The director considered her portrayal of Lady Macbeth to be the most sympathetic he had ever seen.[33] In spite of the high level of violence and nudity (Macbeth has sex with the three naked schoolgirl witches as they prophesy his fate), intended to appeal to the young audiences that had flocked to Romeo + Juliet, the film flopped at the box office.[34]

Justin Kurzel's feature-length adaptation Macbeth, starring Michael Fassbender and Marion Cotillard, was released in October 2015.

Also in 2015, Brazilian film A Floresta que se Move (The Moving Forest) premiered at the Montreal World Film Festival.[35] Directed by Vinícius Coimbra and starred by Gabriel Braga Nunes and Ana Paula Arósio, the film uses a modern-day setting, replacing the throne of Scotland with the presidency of a high-ranked bank.[36][37][38]

Denzel Washington was nominated to an Academy Award for his performance in the title role of Joel Coen's The Tragedy of Macbeth (2021).

Adaptations

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Main article: Cultural references to Macbeth

Joe MacBeth (Ken Hughes, 1955) established the tradition of resetting the Macbeth story among 20th-century gangsters.[39] Others to do so include Men of Respect (William Reilly, 1991),[40] Maqbool (Vishal Bhardwaj, 2003)[41] and Geoffrey Wright's Australian 2006 Macbeth.[42]

In 1957, Akira Kurosawa used the Macbeth story as the basis for the "universally acclaimed"[43] Kumunosu-jo (in English known as Throne of Blood or (the literal translation of its title) Spiderweb Castle).[44] The film is a Japanese period-piece (jidai-geki), drawing upon elements of Noh theatre, especially in its depiction of the evil spirit who takes the part of Shakespeare's witches, and of Asaji, the Lady Macbeth character, played by Isuzu Yamada,[45] and upon Kabuki Theatre in its depiction of Washizu, the Macbeth character, played by Toshiro Mifune.[46] In a twist on Shakespeare's ending, the tyrant (having witnessed Spiderweb Forest come to Spiderweb Castle) is killed by volleys of arrows from his own archers after they come to the realization he also lied about the identity of their former master's murderer.[47]

William Reilly's 1991 Men of Respect, another film to set the Macbeth story among gangsters, has been praised for its accuracy in depicting Mafia rituals, said to be more authentic than those in The Godfather or GoodFellas. However the film failed to please audiences or critics: Leonard Maltin found it "pretentious" and "unintentionally comic" and Daniel Rosenthal describes it as "providing the most risible chunks of modernised Shakespeare in screen history."[48]

Billy Morrissette's Scotland, PA reframes the Macbeth story as a comedy-thriller set in a 1975 fast-food restaurant, and features James LeGros in the Macbeth role and Maura Tierney as Pat, the Lady Macbeth character: "We're not bad people, Mac. We're just under-achievers who have to make up for lost time." Christopher Walken plays vegetarian detective Ernie McDuff who (in the words of Daniel Rosenthal) "[applies] his uniquely offbeat menacing delivery to innocuous lines."[49] Scotland, PA's conceit of resetting the Macbeth story at a restaurant was followed in BBC Television's 2005 ShakespeaRe-Told adaptation.[50]

Vishal Bhardwaj's 2003 Maqbool, filmed in Hindi and Urdu and set in the Mumbai underworld, was produced in the Bollywood tradition, but heavily influenced by Macbeth, by Francis Ford Coppola's 1972 The Godfather and by Luc Besson's 1994 Léon.[51] It deviates from the Macbeth story in making the Macbeth character (Miyan Maqbool, played by Irfan Khan) a single man, lusting after the mistress (Nimmi, played by Tabbu) of the Duncan character (Jahangir Khan, known as Abbaji, played by Pankaj Kapoor).[41] Another deviation is the comparative delay in the murder: Shakespeare's protagonists murder Duncan early in the play, but more than half of the film has passed by the time Nimmi and Miyan kill Abbaji.[52]

The 2011 short film Born Villain, directed by Shia LaBeouf and starring Marilyn Manson, was inspired by Macbeth and features multiple scenes where characters quote from it.

In 2014, Classic Alice wove a 10 episode arc placing its characters in the world of Macbeth. The adaptation uses students and a modern-day setting to loosely parallel Shakespeare's play. It starred Kate Hackett, Chris O'Brien, Elise Cantu and Tony Noto and embarked on an LGBTQ plotline.

The 2015 American black and white film, Thane of East County, features actors in a production of Macbeth who mimic the characters they portray.[53]

The 2021 Malayalam-language film Joji directed by Dileesh Pothan is a loose adaptation of Shakespeare's Macbeth.[54]

The 2021 Bengali web-series Mandaar on Hoichoi, directed by Anirban Bhattacharya and starring Debasish Mondal and Sohini Sarkar, is a loose adaptation of Shakespeare's Macbeth.[55]

List of screen performances

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Silent Era

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Title Format

Country

Year

Director Macbeth Lady Macbeth
Duel Scene from Macbeth[56][57] Silent

United States

1905

Billy Bitzer (cinematographer)
Macbeth[58] Silent

United States

1908

J. Stuart Blackton William V. Ranous Louise Carver
Macbeth[59] Silent

Italy

1909

Mario Caserini Dante Cappelli Maria Caserini
Macbeth[60] Silent

France

1909

André Calmettes Paul Mounet Jeanne Delvair
Macbeth[61][62] Silent

United Kingdom

1911

Will Barker Frank Benson Constance Benson
Macbeth[63] Silent

Germany

1913

Arthur Bourchier Arthur Bourchier Violet Vanbrugh
Macbeth[64][58] Silent

France

1915

Séverin-Mars Georgette Leblanc
Macbeth[65] Silent

United States

1916

John Emerson Herbert Beerbohm Tree Constance Collier
Macbeth Silent

United Kingdom

1922

H. B. Parkinson Russell Thorndike Sybil Thorndike

Sound films

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Title Format

Country

Year

Director Macbeth Lady Macbeth
Macbeth[66] Germany

1922

Heinz Schall
Macbeth[67] United Kingdom

1945

Henry Cass Wilfrid Lawson Cathleen Nesbitt
Macbeth[68] United States

1956

Thomas A. Blair David Bradley Jain Wilimovsky
Macbeth Feature

United States

1948

Orson Welles Orson Welles Jeanette Nolan
Macbeth[68] United States

1951

Katherine Stenholm Bob Jones Jr. Barbara Hudson Sowers
Hallmark Hall of Fame Macbeth[69] TV

United States

1954

Hudson Faucett, George Schaefer Maurice Evans Judith Anderson
Macbeth[70] France

1959

Claude Barma Daniel Sorano María Casares
Hallmark Hall of Fame Macbeth – Emmy Award–winning remake[71] filmed on location in England and Scotland

1960

George Schaefer Maurice Evans Judith Anderson
Macbeth TV

Australia

1960

William Sterling Kenneth Goodlet Dinah Shearing
Macbeth[72] TV

Canada

1961

Paul Almond Sean Connery Sharon Acker
Macbeth TV

Australia

1965

Alan Burke Wynn Roberts Terri Aldred
Play of the Month: Macbeth TV

United Kingdom

1970;

TV

United States

1975

John Gorrie Eric Porter Janet Suzman
Macbeth[73] - a 5-part adaption released for ITV School's Drama series TV

United Kingdom

1970

Charles Warren Michael Jayston Barbara Leigh-Hunt
Macbeth Feature

United States and United Kingdom

1971

Roman Polanski Jon Finch Francesca Annis
Macbeth – film of the Royal Shakespeare Company's Other Place production TV

United Kingdom

1979

Philip Casson,

Trevor Nunn (writer)

Ian McKellen Judi Dench
Macbeth[74] United Kingdom

1981

Joan Ashworth
Macbeth United Kingdom

1981

Arthur Allan Seidelman Jeremy Brett Piper Laurie
Macbeth TV

Hungary

1982

Béla Tarr György Cserhalmi Erzsébet Kútvölgyi
BBC Television Shakespeare Macbeth – released in the United States as part of the Complete Dramatic Works of William Shakespeare series. TV

United Kingdom

1983

Jack Gold Nicol Williamson Jane Lapotaire
Shakespeare: The Animated Tales Macbeth TV

Russia and United Kingdom

1992

Nicolai Serebryakov Brian Cox Zoë Wanamaker
Macbeth[75] Australia

1996

Thomas R. Gough (producer) Julia Reece Julienne Horsman
Macbeth United Kingdom

1997

Jeremy Freeston, Brian Blessed Jason Connery Helen Baxendale
Macbeth[76] Belarus

1997

Mikhail Ptashuk Oleg Garbuz Tatjana Zhdanova
Macbeth Horror Suite di Carmelo Bene Da William Shakespeare [77] TV

Italy

1997

Carmelo Bene Carmelo Bene Silvia Pasella
Macbeth TV

United Kingdom

1998

Michael Bogdanov Sean Pertwee Greta Scacchi
Macbeth[58] United States

1998

Paul Winarski Stephen J. Lewis Dawn Winarski
Macbeth – film of the Royal Shakespeare Company's Swan production Video

United Kingdom

2001

Gregory Doran Antony Sher Harriet Walter
Macbeth[78] United States

2003

Bryan Enk Peter J. Brown Moira Stone
Macbeth[79] Sweden

2004

Alex Scherpf, Bo Landin
Macbeth – television adaptation of Royal Shakespeare Company's stage production TV

United Kingdom

2010

Rupert Goold Patrick Stewart Kate Fleetwood
Wee Willie Macbeth[80] Canada

2011

Paul Lenart
Macbeth[81] Paraguay

2011

Horacio Ojeda Lacognata Horacio Ojeda Lacognata Alicia Ávalos
The Soliloquy[82] United States

2012

Josh Murray Josh Murray Kate Foster
Macbeth - Shakespeare's Globe - The Globe on Screen's stage production United Kingdom

2013

Eve Best Joseph Milson Samantha Spiro
Macbeth United Kingdom

2015

Justin Kurzel Michael Fassbender Marion Cotillard
Macbeth United Kingdom

2018

Kit Monkman Mark Rowley Akiya Henry
Macbeth Russia

2020

Sergei Tsimbalenko Sergei Tsimbalenko
The Tragedy of Macbeth United States

2021

Joel Coen (writer, producer, and director) Denzel Washington Frances McDormand
Macbeth United States

2022

Christopher Carter Sanderson Sean Kenin Meaghan Bloom Fluitt

Unfinished

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Title Format

Country

Year

Director Macbeth Lady Macbeth
Macbeth United Kingdom

1956-59

Laurence Olivier Laurence Olivier Vivien Leigh

Adaptations

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  • When Macbeth Came To Snakeville (United States, 1914, silent)[83]
  • The Real Thing at Last (United Kingdom, 1916, silent)[84]
  • Jwala (India, 1938)[85]
    • Vinayek, director
    • Chandramohan, Angar (Macbeth)
    • Ratnaprabha, Mangala (Lady Macbeth)
  • Marmayogi (India, 1951)[86]
  • Crimson Curtain (France, 1952)[87]
  • Marmayogi (India, 1964)
  • Joe MacBeth (United Kingdom, 1955) is a film noir resetting of the story as a gang war in Chicago
  • Throne of Blood (a.k.a. Cobweb Castle or Kumonosu-jo) (Japan, 1957) is an adaptation of the Macbeth story to a Japanese setting.
  • Teenage Gang Debs (United States, 1966), setting the theme around a teenage girl who joins a street gang.
    • Sande N. Johnsen, director
    • Diane Conti as Terry (the Lady Macbeth character)
  • The first series of The Black Adder (TV, United Kingdom, 1983), written by Richard Curtis and Rowan Atkinson, is a parody of Shakespeare's plays, particularly Macbeth, Richard III and Henry V.
  • Men of Respect (United States, 1991) is a retelling of the Macbeth story as a Mafia power struggle in New York City, in modern English, but closely tracking the original plot.
  • Scenes from Macbeth (Canada, 1992)[88]
    • Chris Philpott, director
  • In The Flesh (Hungary and United States, 1997) - Pornographic adaption of the play.[58]
    • Antonio Passolini and Stuart Canterbury, directors
    • Mike Horner as Lord Macbeth
    • Kylie Ireland as Lady Macbeth
  • Star Wars: Macbeth (United States, 1997)[58]
    • Bien Conception and Donald Fitz-Roy, directors
  • Macbeth On The Estate (United Kingdom, 1997)[58]
    • Penny Woolcock, director
    • James Frain as Macbeth
    • Susan Vidler as Lady Macbeth
  • The Scottish Tale (United States, 1997), romantic-comedy adaption of the play.[58]
    • Mack Polhelmus, director
    • Josiah Polhemus as Mack
    • Ann Boehkle as Beth
  • Naked Frailties (Canada, 1998)[58]
    • Larry Reese, director
  • Macbeth in Manhattan (United States, 1999)[58]
    • Greg Lombardo. director
    • Nick Gregory as William (Macbeth)
    • Gloria Reuben as Claudia (Lady Macbeth)
  • Borough of Kings (United States, 2000)[58]
    • Elyse Lewin, director
  • Rave Macbeth (Canada and Germany, 2001)[58]
  • Macbeth: The Comedy (United States, 2001)[58]
    • Allison L. LiCalsi, director
    • Erika Burke as Macbeth
    • Juliet Furness as Lady Macbeth
  • Scotland, PA (United States, 2001) is set in and around a fast food restaurant in the 1970s.
  • Makibefo (Madagascar, 2001)[89]
  • Mad Dawg: Running Wild In The Streets (United States, 2001)[58]
    • Greg Salman, director
    • Lamic Blake as Mac
    • Lunden De’Leon as Lady Mac
  • Yellamma (India, 2001)[58]
    • Mohan Koda, director
  • Sangrador (Venezuela, 2003) is an adaptation set in the 1900s Andean Venezuelan mountains
  • Maqbool (India, 2004) is a Macbeth adaptation set in the Mumbai underworld.
  • ShakespeaRe-Told Macbeth (United Kingdom, TV, 2005) is a modern adaptation by Peter Moffat, set in a Glasgow restaurant.
  • Macbeth 3000: This Time, It’s Personal (Canada, 2005)[90]
    • Geoff Warren Meech, director
    • Bill Stepee as Macbeth
    • Kate Hortop as Lady Macbeth
  • Macbeth (Australia, 2006) – film set against the backdrop of a violent gang war in Melbourne, Australia.
  • Macbeth (United States, 2006)[91]
    • Michael T. Starks. director
    • Clyde Sacks as Macbeth
    • Karilyn T. Starks as Lady Macbeth
  • Mickey B (United Kingdom, 2006)[92]
  • The Banquet (China, 2006), Chinese adaption (that also borrows elements of Hamlet) set during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period.[93]
  • Max & Beth (United Kingdom, 2008)[94]
  • Macbeth’s Disciple (United Kingdom, 2008)[95]
    • Jasmin Tempest, director
    • Roger Barclay as Macbeth
  • Macbeth (United States, 2009), apocalyptic adaption.[96]
    • Brandon Arnold, director
    • Hans Totterer as Macbeth
    • Chrissy Ellison as Lady Macbeth
  • Macbeth No More (United Kingdom, 2010)[97]
  • Bill Shakespeare in Hollywood (United States, 2011)
    • Jocelyn Ranne, director and as Lady Macbeth
  • Shakespeare Must Die (Thailand, 2012)[98]
    • Ing Kanjanavanit, director
  • Macbett (The Caribbean Macbeth) (United States, 2012)[99]
  • The Tragedy of Macbeth (United States, 2012), CGI adaption of Macbeth with a sci-fi setting.[100]
    • Don Gallagher, director
  • Macbeth Unhinged (United States, 2016). A revised version of the film was released in 2022, titled Curse of the Macbeths.
  • Veeram (India, 2016) is a Malayalam language adaptation set in 13th century India.[101]
  • Il maledetto (Italy, 2017), Italian gangster adaption of Macbeth.[102]
    • Giulio Base, director
    • Nicola Nocella as Michele (Macbeth)
    • Ileana D'Ambra as Leda (Lady Macbeth)
  • Joji (India, 2021) is a Malayalam language crime drama based on Macbeth.[103]
  • Mandaar (India, 2021) is an Indian Bengali language crime thriller adaptation set in a fishing village in West Bengal, released as a web series and is available on Hoichoi.
  • Mayaa (India, 2023)[104]
    • Raajhorshee De, director

Theatrical performances within films

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Another way in which filmmakers use Shakespearean texts is to feature characters who are actors performing those texts, within a wider non-Shakespearean story. In Opera, the 1987 Italian giallo horror film written and directed by Dario Argento and starring Cristina Marsillach, Urbano Barberini, and Ian Charleson; young opera singer Betty (Marsillach) is reluctantly thrust into the lead role in Verdi's Macbeth. During her first performance, a murder takes place in one of the opera boxes. Mysterious murders continue throughout the film as Betty is stalked and those around her meet their unfortunate end. During the final performance of the opera, the killer is revealed, and Betty must confront her past in a terrifying climax.

In Thane of East County, a 2015 American black and white film, actors in a production of Macbeth mirror the actions of the characters they portray.

See also

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References

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Unless otherwise specified, all citations of Macbeth refer to Muir (1984), and of other works of Shakespeare refer to Wells and Taylor (2005).

  1. ^ Brode (2001, 177)
  2. ^ Freedman (2000, 49)
  3. ^ Brode (2001, 178–179)
  4. ^ Orson Welles, cited by Rosenthal (2007, 99)
  5. ^ Rosenthal (2007, 98–99)
  6. ^ Guntner (2000, 124)
  7. ^ Forsyth (2000, 284–285)
  8. ^ Rosenthal (2007, 99)
  9. ^ Mason (2000, 188–189)
  10. ^ Brode (2001, 183)
  11. ^ McKernan & Terris (1994, 93)
  12. ^ Brode (2001, 185–187)
  13. ^ Rosenthal (2007, 107–108)
  14. ^ Rosenthal (2007, 108)
  15. ^ Brode (2001, 189)
  16. ^ Brode (2001, 187–189), Rosenthal (2007, 107–109)
  17. ^ Sanders (2007, 147)
  18. ^ Brode (2001, 191)
  19. ^ Guntner (2000, 126–127)
  20. ^ CLIVE BARNES Special to The New York Times (1973-02-12). "Stage - Fowler 'Macbeth' - A Vigorous Production Staged in Richmond The Cast - Article - NYTimes.com" (PDF). New York Times. Retrieved 2013-04-27.
  21. ^ Willems (2000, 36); McKernan & Terris (1994, 99)
  22. ^ Holland (2007, 43)
  23. ^ Rosenthal (2007, 112–3)
  24. ^ a b Forsyth (2000, 289–290)
  25. ^ Howard (2003, 618)
  26. ^ Jess-Cooke (2006, 174–175)
  27. ^ Rosenthal (2007, 114–117)
  28. ^ Rosenthal (2007, 118–120)
  29. ^ Rosenthal (2007, 125–126)
  30. ^ Walter (2002, 65)
  31. ^ Interview with Kate Fleetwood on DVD of Macbeth (2010 film)
  32. ^ Rosenthal (2007, 127–128)
  33. ^ Interview with Geoffrey Wright in "Making of Documentary" on DVD of Macbeth (2006 film)
  34. ^ Rosenthal (2007, 127)
  35. ^ "A Floresta que se Move / The Moving Forest". Montreal World Film Festival webpage. Retrieved 11 October 2015.
  36. ^ Lynn Colling. "Ana Paula Arósio volta ao cinema em 'A Floresta que se Move', filme dirigido por Vinícius Coimbra". Película Criativa (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 22 February 2016. Retrieved 11 October 2015.
  37. ^ Flavia Guerra. "Ana Paula Arósio volta às telas em 'A Floresta que se Move'". O Estado de São Paulo (in Portuguese). Retrieved 11 October 2015.
  38. ^ Flavia Guerra. "Ana Paula Arósio é Lady Macbeth em 'A Floresta que se Move'". Carta Capital (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 13 October 2015. Retrieved 11 October 2015.
  39. ^ Rosenthal (2007, 100–102)
  40. ^ Rosenthal (2007, 110–111)
  41. ^ a b Rosenthal (2007, 123–124)
  42. ^ Rosenthal (2007, 127–128)
  43. ^ Guntner (2000, 125)
  44. ^ Rosenthal (2007, 103)
  45. ^ Rosenthal (2007, 103–104)
  46. ^ Howard (2003, 617)
  47. ^ Rosenthal (2007, 105)
  48. ^ Brode (2001, 193); Rosenthal (2007, 110)
  49. ^ Rosenthal (2007, 121–122)
  50. ^ Rosenthal (2007, 122)
  51. ^ Jess-Cooke (2006, 177–178)
  52. ^ Rosenthal (2007, 124)
  53. ^ Coddon, David L. (2014-08-20). "San Diego filmmakers mine 'Macbeth' for 'Thane of East County'". San Diego CityBeat. Archived from the original on 2014-09-09. Retrieved 2022-01-10.
  54. ^ "Joji' trailer: Fahadh Faasil stars in modern-day 'Macbeth' adaptation". The Hindu. 2 April 2021.
  55. ^ "Mandaar trailer: Macbeth meets Byomkesh in Anirban Bhattacharya's directorial debut". OTTplay. Retrieved 8 November 2021.
  56. ^ "Duel Scene from Macbeth (1905) :: Shakespeare in Performance :: Internet Shakespeare Editions". internetshakespeare.uvic.ca. Archived from the original on 2023-11-03. Retrieved 2023-11-03.
  57. ^ "Duel Scene from 'Macbeth' · British Universities Film & Video Council". bufvc.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 2023-11-03. Retrieved 2023-11-03.
  58. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Burt, Richard (2007). Shakespeares after Shakespeare: an encyclopedia of the bard in mass media and popular culture. Westport: Greenwood press. ISBN 978-0-313-33116-9.
  59. ^ "Macbeth · British Universities Film & Video Council". bufvc.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 2023-11-03. Retrieved 2023-11-03.
  60. ^ "Macbeth · British Universities Film & Video Council". bufvc.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 2023-11-03. Retrieved 2023-11-03.
  61. ^ "Macbeth · British Universities Film & Video Council". bufvc.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 2023-10-19. Retrieved 2023-11-03.
  62. ^ "Macbeth (1911, F. R. Benson) :: Shakespeare in Performance :: Internet Shakespeare Editions". internetshakespeare.uvic.ca. Archived from the original on 2023-11-03. Retrieved 2023-11-03.
  63. ^ "Macbeth · British Universities Film & Video Council". bufvc.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 2023-10-19. Retrieved 2023-11-03.
  64. ^ "Michael Fassbender's Macbeth adds to the bloody history of the Scottish Play". The Herald. 2015-09-20. Archived from the original on 2023-11-03. Retrieved 2023-11-03.
  65. ^ Emerson, John (1916-06-04), Macbeth (Drama, History), Herbert Beerbohm Tree, Constance Collier, Wilfred Lucas, Reliance Film Company, retrieved 2024-12-09
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