Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is the liquefied form of natural gas, which has a much smaller volume than natural gas in its gaseous form. This liquefied condition is used to facilitate the carriage of natural gas over long distances, often by sea, in specialized tanks.

LNG port terminals are purpose-built port terminals designed to accommodate large LNG carrier ships designed to load, carry and unload LNG. These LNG terminals are located adjacent to a gas liquefaction and storage plant (export), or to a gas regasification and storage plant (import), which are themselves connected to gas pipelines connected to on-shore or off-shore gas fields (export) or to storage and distribution plants (import).

Existing liquefaction terminals

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Africa

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Plant name Location Country Startup date Capacity (106 tonnes/a) Corporation
Arzew (CAMEL) GL4Z Trains 1–3 Algeria 1964 0.3 × 3 = 0.9 Sonatrach. Shutdown since April 2010.
Arzew GL1Z Trains 1–6 Algeria 1978 1.3 × 6 = 7.8 Sonatrach
Arzew GL2Z Trains 1–6 Algeria 1981 1.4 × 6 = 8.4 Sonatrach
Arzew GL3Z Train 1 Algeria 2013 4.7 Sonatrach
Skikda GL K Phase 1 & 2 Trains 1–6 Algeria 1972–1981 Total 6.0 Sonatrach
Skikda GL1k Skikda Train 1 Algeria 2013 4.5 Sonatrach
EG LNG Malabo, Bioko Island Equatorial Guinea[1]
SEGAS LNG Damietta Egypt 2004 5.5 SEGAS LNG
ELNG IDCO LNG Egypt
Nigeria LNG Bonny Nigeria 1999 Total 22 NNPC Limited
Angola LNG Soyo Angola 2013 5.2
Coral FLNG Cabo Delgado Province Mozambique 2022 ENI

Asia

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Russia

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Middle East

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South America

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Australia

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# Plant name Location State Number of trains Capacity (mtpa) Joint venture Operated by
1 QLNG: Queensland Curtis LNG Curtis Island Queensland 2 8.5 JV BG Group[12]
2 GLNG: Gladstone LNG Curtis Island Queensland 2 7.8 JV Santos Limited[13]
3 APLNG: Australia Pacific LNG Curtis Island Queensland 2 9.0 ConocoPhillips and Origin Origin Energy
4 Karratha Gas Plant Karratha Western Australia 5 16.3 North West Shelf Venture Woodside Energy
5 Pluto LNG Karratha Western Australia 1 4.3 JV Woodside Energy
6 Wheatstone LNG Barrow Island Western Australia 2 8.9 JV Chevron Corporation[14]
7 Gorgon LNG Barrow Island Western Australia 3 15.6 JV Chevron Corporation[14]
8 Ichthys Darwin Northern Territory 2 8.4 JV INPEX
9 DLNG : Darwin LNG Darwin Northern Territory 2 3.7 JV Santos Limited[15]
10 Prelude FLNG Timor Sea Australia 3 3.6 JV Shell[16]

Europe

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  • Hammerfest LNG, liquifies gas from the Snøhvit undersea field. Located at Hammerfest, Norway. Operated by Equinor.
  • Risavika Liquefaction Plant, Risavika, Sola, Norway. Operated by North Sea Midstream Partners Limited (NSMP). Liquifies both natural gas and biogas by pipeline from Kårstø.

North America

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Under construction:[24]

  • Plaquemines
  • Corpus Christie Stage III
  • Golden Pass
  • Rio Grande
  • Port Arthur
  • LNG Canada
  • Woodfibre LNG
  • Cedar LNG
  • Fast LNG Altamira FLNG2
  • Energia Costa Azul

Existing regasification terminals

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Argentina

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Bangladesh

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Belgium

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Brazil

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  • Pecém, State of Ceará
  • Bahia LNG Regasification Terminal, Bay of All Saints, State of Bahia
  • Guanabara Bay, State of Rio de Janeiro
  • TPP Porto de Sergipe I, Barra dos Coqueiros, State of Sergipe. [Private Terminal]

Canada

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Chile

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China

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Colombia

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Croatia

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Dominican Republic

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Finland

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  • Inkoo LNG terminal, Finland's first marine LNG shipping terminal, situated near Ingå, Finland on the Gulf of Finland. Became operational in January 2023, ten months after the cutoff of Russian pipeline gas in the aftermath of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine. Can also be used to supply gas to the Baltic countries as well in the future via Balticconnector.[33]
  • Hamina, Hamina LNG terminal. Joint venture of Haminan Energia Oy, Alexela and Wärtsilä.[34] The terminal offers truck loading and LNG ship bunkering as well as regasification for both local industry and the Finnish national gas grid.[35] Full open market access begins on 1. October 2022.[36]
  • Pori, LNG terminal. Owner a Gasum company Skangas Oy (LNG regasification & LNG distribution)[37][38][39]
  • Manga LNG terminal, Röyttä, Tornio. Owners Outokumpu Oyj, SSAB Oy, Skangas Oy and EPV Energia Oy (LNG regasification & LNG distribution)[40][41]

France

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  • LNG Terminal Fos-Cavaou [fr] in Fos-sur-Mer near Marseille. Operated by Fosmax LNG, a subsidiary of Elengy [fr], itself a subsidiary of Engie. Entered service in 2010, total storage capacity of 330,000 m3, 1 jetty, and a regasification capacity of 8,250,000,000 m3 per year.
  • LNG Terminal Fos-Tonkin [fr] in Fos-sur-Mer near Marseille. Operated by Elengy, a subsidiary of Engie. Entered service in 1972, total storage capacity of 150,000 m3, 1 jetty and a regasification capacity of 5,500,000,000 m3 per year.
  • LNG Terminal Loon-Plage [fr] in Loon-Plage, near Dunkirk. Founded by Électricité de France (65%), Fluxys (25%) and Total S.A. (10%), and then changed in 2018 with the terminal being owned and operated by Dunkerque LNG, a company 61% owned by a consortium made up of Belgium gas infrastructure group Fluxys, AXA Investment Managers-Real Assets, and Crédit Agricole Assurances, and 39% owned by a consortium of Korean investors led by IPM Group in cooperation with Samsung Asset Management. Entered service in 2017, total storage capacity of 600,000 m3, 2 jetties, and a regasification capacity of 13,000,000,000 m3 per year.[42]
  • LNG Terminal Montoir-de-Bretagne [fr], in Montoir-de-Bretagne near Nantes. Operated by Elengy, a subsidiary of Engie. Entered service in 1980, total storage capacity of 360,000 m3, 2 jetties, and a regasification capacity of 10,000,000,000 m3 per year.

Greece

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India

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  • Bhavnagar CNG Terminal, world's first CNG terminal
  • Chennai LNG Terminal
  • Konkan LNG Private Limited, Dabhol, Maharashtra, 5 million tonnes per year and 12 million tonnes per year by 2025.
  • Dahej Terminal, Petronet LNG Ltd, Gujarat – 15 million tonnes per year[43] and 17.5 million tonnes per year by 2018 end.
  • Dhamra LNG Terminal
  • Ennore LNG Terminal
  • Krishnapatnam FSRU
  • GAIL Kakinada FSRU
  • Hazira Terminal, Shell Ltd, Gujarat – 5 million tonnes per year[43]
  • Kochi Terminal, Petronet LNG Ltd. – 5 million tonnes per year[43]
  • Mundra Terminal, GSPC LNG Ltd. – 5 million tonnes per year[citation needed]
  • (Chennai) Terminal, INDIAN OIL LNG(Joint venture of Indian Oil Corporation) - 5 million tonnes per year https://www.indianoillng.com/
  • Jaigarh LNG Terminal, First FSRU Terminal, H-Energy H-Energy

Israel

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  • Hadera Deepwater LNG Terminal, INGL, 2013[44]

Italy

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Japan

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Kuwait

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Lithuania

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Mexico

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  • Costa Azul LNG 14 miles (23 km) north of Ensenada, Mexico, Sempra Energy, opened May 2008, first one on West Coast of North America.[48]
  • Altamira LNG near Tampico, Mexico, Shell, opened August 2006
  • Manzanillo LNG in Manzanillo, Colima, Mexico, Mitsui + Korea Gas + Samsung, opened 2011
  • Solensa LNG (Small Scale), near Monterrey, Mexico

Netherlands

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Norway

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  • Mosjøen LNG-terminal, Mosjøen. Operated by Gasnor AS. Provides LNG delivery by truck, to augment production of liquid biogas from waste.[52]
  • Øra LNG-terminal, Fredrikstad. Operated by Gasum Oy. Supplies pipeline natural gas to local industrial area, as well as LNG bunkering for vessels and LNG delivery by truck.[52][53]
  • Ålesund LNG-terminal, Bingsa, Ålesund. Operated by Gasum Oy. Supplies pipeline gas to local industry and LNG delivery by truck. Opened in 2010.[54]

Pakistan

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  • Engro Enengy Terminal Private Limited (EETPL), Port Qasim, Karachi[55]
  • Pakistan GasPort Consortium Limited (PGPC)—the wholly owned subsidiary of Pakistan GasPort Limited (PGPL)—owns and operates the 750mmscfd LNG import terminal at Mazhar Point, Port Qasim, Karachi.[citation needed][56]

Poland

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Portugal

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Singapore

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  • Singapore LNG Terminal. Commenced commercial operation on Q2 2013[57]

South Korea

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Spain

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[59]

Sweden

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  • Lysekil LNG terminal, Lysekil. Joint venture by Gasum Oy and Preem. Delivers LNG by truck as well as pipeline gas to Preem's oil refinery. Opened in 2014.[60]
  • Nynäshamn LNG, Brunnviksholmen, Nynäshamn. Operated by Gasum Oy. Delivers LNG by truck and LNG bunker, as well as pipeline gas to local industrial grid. Operation started in 2011 and partly opened to open market in 2021.[61]

Taiwan

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Thailand

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  • Map Ta Phut LNG Terminal Phase#1: 2 x 160,000 m3 for Tanks Capacity, PTT and EGAT Phase#2: extra tanks (same size). Phase#1 Completed & Commenced Commercial Operation Date in 2011.(First commissioning by LNG vessel in May 2011. 5 million tonnes per year, additional 5 million tonnes per year by 2017 under construction)

Turkey

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Vietnam

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  • Thi Vai Terminal - Ba Ria Vung Tau Province (Updated by handsome guy)

United Arab Emirates (UAE)

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  • Jebel Ali LNG Import Terminal, Dubai, started 2010 (DUSUP)[62]
  • Ruwais LNG Import Terminal, Abu Dhabi, 2016 (ADNOC)[63]

United Kingdom

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United States and Puerto Rico

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The following LNG off-loading and regasification terminals are located in the United States and Gulf of Mexico:[64]

 
Cameron LNG Export Terminal in Louisiana, May 2019

Proposed liquefaction terminals

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Asia Pacific

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China

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Papua New Guinea

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  • PNG LNG, Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea – (estimated 2013) – (ExxonMobil 41.6%, Oil Search 34.1%, Santos 17.7%, AGL 3.6%, Nippon Oil 1.8% and Mineral Resource Development Corporation 1.2%)[88]

Russia (Asia)

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In March 2021 the Russian Government authorised a long-term programme to develop three more LNG plants (plus five more potential plants):[89]

  • Arctic LNG-2 plant (East of Yamal, Novatek) – Completion expected in 2023–2025
  • Arctic LNG-1 plant (Novatek) – Completion expected after 2027
  • Yakutsk LNG plant (Yatek) – Completion expected in 2026–2027

North America

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Canada

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United States

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The United States has had a massive shift in LNG terminal planning and construction starting in 2010–2011 due to a rapid increase in US domestic natural gas supply with the widespread adoption of horizontal drilling, combined with hydraulic fracturing petroleum recovery technology. Many brand-new LNG import terminals are planning or have begun addition of liquefaction facilities to operate as export terminals.[citation needed]

On 21 November 2019, U.S. regulators approved permits for three new liquified natural gas export terminals in the Rio Grande Valley in Texas. The Federal Energy Regulatory Commission approved permits for Rio Grande LNG, Annova LNG and Texas LNG with each of the three companies intending to build their LNG plant and terminal at the Port of Brownsville.[92] One month after approval, the Sierra Club and other environmental groups asked the FERC to reconsider the permits, saying the agency failed to adequately consider environmental impacts.[93][needs update]

The following six projects are in various stages of planning according to the US Federal regulatory authority as of May 2020.[94]

Operational

Pending Applications

Projects in Pre-Filing

South America

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Peru

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Australia

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Europe

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Cyprus

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  • Vassiliko LNG, Limassol, Cyprus

Russia (Europe)

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Proposed regasification terminals

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Australia

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Bangladesh

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Chile

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  • GNL Mejillones (In operation)
  • GNL Quintero (In operation)
  • GNL Penco

Estonia

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  • Paldiski LNG (developed by Alexela)

France

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Germany

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Greece

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Hong Kong

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  • An FSRU (floating storage regasification unit) in the waters to the east of the Soko Islands

India

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  • Pipavav LNG Terminal (APM Terminals)
  • Mangalore LNG Terminal Ltd
  • Paradip LNG Terminal (GAIL)-4.8 mt/year[114]
  • Kakinada LNG Terminal owned by GAIL, GDF SUEZ and Shell. 5 mt/year.[115]
  • Kakinada LNG Terminal owned by VGS Cavallo, 3.6 mt/year.[116]
  • Kakinada LNG Terminal owned by H-Energy (GMR), 1.75 mt/year.[117]
  • Vizag LNG Terminal owned by Petronet LNG, 10 mt/year.[118]
  • Chhara LNG Terminal (HPLNG) – 5 mmtpa (https://www.hplng.in/index) under construction
  • Dhamra LNG Terminal (DLTPL, Adani-Total)

Indonesia

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The country also has liquefaction terminals in more remote areas for export, and imports from the Middle East in areas with dense population.

Ireland

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Italy

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  • Porto Empedocle LNG Terminal[121]

Japan

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  • Hitachi LNG Terminal, Tokyo Gas, 2017 possible start date.

Latvia

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Mexico

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Myanmar

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  • A terminal in Kanbauk in Tanintharyi Region is expected to open in the middle of 2020, through JV of French company Total and Germany's Siemens for the 1,230MW capacity in 48 months[123]
  • A terminal in Mee Laung Gyaing in Ayeyarwady Region, is a US$2.5 Billion JV of China's Zhefu and local Myanmar company Supreme Group will undertake a 1,390MW LNG project, with the first phase to be completed in 36 months and full capacity ready in 42 months[124]
  • A terminal in Ahlone in Yangon Region a Thailand company TTCL – better known as Toyo Thai to will build a 356MW LNG plant. This is expected to be completed in 28 months[125]
  • A terminal in Kyaukphyu in Rakhine State a JV of China's Sinohydro and Myanmar Local company Supreme Group will build another 135MW combined-cycle gas turbine project which is expected to be completed in 28 months with the Ahlone terminal[126]

Netherlands

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  • LionGas Terminal, Europoort, Rotterdam. Canceled.[127]

Pakistan

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  • Energas LNG Terminal (Pvt) Limited Port Qasim, Karachi[128]
  • Tabeer Energy (Pvt) Limited (TEPL) Port Qasim, Karachi[128]
  • Gwadar Gas Port Limited (GGPL) Gwadar[129]

Philippines

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  • A First Gen LNG Terminal, Batangas City, Philippines[130]
  • A terminal in Sulu Southwestern Philippines in the Island of Mindanao[131]
  • A terminal in Cebu central Philippines of Phinma Petroleum and Geothermal (PPG), floating storage and regasification unit (FSRU) have already been completed and the entire project is expected to be completed in 2022[132]
  • Another US$1.7 billion LNG Terminal to power Luzon to be built by South Korea's SK E&S with signed MOU with he Korean Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy and the Philippines Department of Energy signed during the visit of the Philippine President Rodrigo Duterte in South Korea[133]

Russia

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Kaliningrad LNG Terminal[134]

South Korea

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North East Asia LNG Hub Terminal[135]

Thailand

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Ukraine

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  • Proposed terminal near Odesa, on 26 November 2012 the Ukrainian government and Unión Fenosa (were believed to have) signed an agreement on its building but Unión Fenosa denies this and it claimed on 28 November 2012 "nor are we leading any consortium to develop such a terminal ... nor are we studying anything along these lines".[136][137] The terminal was due to start working at a capacity of 5 billion cubic meters a year by 2016.[138]

See also

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