Approximately 500 tropical and subtropical cyclones have affected the state of Florida. More storms hit Florida than any other U.S. state,[1] and since 1851 only eighteen hurricane seasons passed without a known storm impacting the state. Collectively, cyclones that hit the region have resulted in over 10,000 deaths, most of which occurred prior to the start of hurricane hunter flights in 1943. Additionally, the cumulative impact from the storms has totalled over US$300 billion in damage (2018 dollars), primarily from Hurricane Andrew, Hurricane Irma and Hurricane Ian in the 1992, 2017, and 2022 seasons respectively. The most recent hurricane to make landfall in Florida was Hurricane Milton in 2024.
Climatology
editTropical cyclones have affected Florida in every month of the year with the exceptions of January and March. Nearly one-third of the cyclones affected the state in September, and nearly three-fourths of the storms affected the state between August and October, which coincides with the peak of the hurricane season. Portions of the coastline have return periods, or expected time between hurricane strikes of a certain intensity or category within 86 miles (138 km) of a given location, that are the lowest in the country. Monroe County was struck by 26 hurricanes since 1926, which is the greatest total for any county in the United States.[2]
In a Monthly Weather Review paper published in 1934, the U.S. Weather Bureau recognized Key West and Pensacola as the most hurricane-prone cities in the state; Key West experiences both storms developing from the western Atlantic Ocean and the Caribbean, while Pensacola has received hurricanes crossing the state as well as storms recurving in the northern Gulf of Mexico.[3] Officially, the earliest hurricane to affect the state was Hurricane Alma on June 9; the latest, Hurricane Kate on November 21. However, preliminary reanalysis suggests that a hurricane may have struck the state on May 28, 1863.[4]
The strongest tropical cyclone to make landfall on the state was the 1935 Labor Day hurricane, which crossed the Florida Keys with a pressure of 892 millibars (26.3 inHg); it is also the strongest hurricane on record to strike the United States. Out of the ten most intense landfalling United States hurricanes, four struck Florida at peak strength.[5]
Pre-1900
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The first recorded tropical cyclone to affect the area that is now the state of Florida occurred in 1523, when two ships and their crews were lost along the western coastline.[6] A total 159 hurricanes are known to have affected the state prior to 1900, which collectively resulted in at least 6,504 fatalities and monetary damage of over $102 million (2017 dollars). Additionally, at least 109 boats or ships were either driven ashore, wrecked, or damaged due to the storms. A strong hurricane struck northwest Florida on May 28, 1863, and is the earliest landfall during the year known in the US, pending reanalysis.[4]
Information is sparse for earlier years due to limitations in tropical cyclone observation, though as coastlines became more populated, more data became available. The National Hurricane Center recognizes the uncertainty in both the death tolls and the dates of the events.[7]
1900–1949
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In the period between 1900 and 1949, 108 tropical cyclones affected the state, which collectively resulted in about $4.5 billion (2017 dollars) in damage. Additionally, tropical cyclones in Florida were directly responsible for about 3,500 fatalities during the period, most of which were from the 1928 Okeechobee hurricane. The 1947 season was the year with the most tropical cyclones affecting the state, with a total of six systems. The 1905, 1908, 1913, 1927, 1931, 1942, and 1943 seasons were the only years during the period in which a storm did not affect the state.
The strongest hurricane to hit the state during the period was the 1935 Labor Day hurricane, which is the strongest hurricane on record to strike the United States.[8] Several other major hurricanes struck the state during the period, including the 1926 Miami hurricane, the 1928 Okeechobee hurricane, and several Category 4 hurricanes in the period 1945–50.
1950–1974
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In the period between 1950 and 1974, 85 tropical or subtropical cyclones impacted the state, which collectively resulted in about $7 billion (2017 dollars) in damage, primarily from Hurricanes Donna and Dora. Additionally, the storms were directly responsible for 93 fatalities and indirectly for 23 more deaths. Several tropical cyclones produced over 20 inches (500 mm) of rainfall in the state, including Hurricane Easy, which is the highest total during the period. The 1969 season was the year with the most tropical cyclones affecting the state, with a total of eight systems. The 1954 and 1967 seasons were the only years during the period in which a storm did not affect the state.
The strongest hurricane to hit the state during the period was Hurricane Donna, which was the tenth strongest hurricane on record to strike the contiguous United States.[8][5] Additionally, Hurricanes Easy, King, Betsy, and Alma hit or otherwise impacted the state as major hurricanes.
1975–1999
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In the period between 1975 and 1999, 83 tropical or subtropical cyclones affected the state, which collectively resulted in $51.1 billion (2017 dollars) in damage, primarily from Hurricane Andrew, and 54 direct casualties. The 1985 season was the year with the most tropical cyclones affecting the state, with a total of eight systems. Every year included at least one tropical cyclone affecting the state. The strongest hurricane to hit the state during the period was Hurricane Andrew, which was one of only four Category 5 hurricanes to strike the United States. Andrew, at the time, was the costliest tropical cyclone in United States history and remains the seventh-costliest. Additionally, Hurricanes Eloise, Elena, and Opal hit or otherwise impacted the state as major hurricanes.
2000–present
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The period from 2000 to the present has been marked by several devastating North Atlantic hurricanes; as of 2023[update], 79 tropical or subtropical cyclones have affected the U.S. state of Florida. Collectively, cyclones in Florida over that period resulted in over $236 billion in damage, most of it from Hurricane Ian.[9] Additionally, tropical cyclones in Florida were responsible for 145 direct fatalities and at least 92 indirect ones during the period. Eight cyclones affected the state in both 2004 and 2005, which were the years with the most tropical cyclones impacting the state. Every year included at least one tropical cyclone affecting the state.
The strongest hurricane to hit the state during the period was Michael, which made landfall in Florida as a Category 5 hurricane–the strongest since Andrew in 1992. Additionally, nine other hurricanes made landfall on or otherwise impacted the state as major hurricanes.
Florida major hurricanes
editThe following major hurricanes either made landfall on the state as a major hurricane or brought winds of Category 3 status to the state. For storms that made landfall twice or more, the maximum sustained wind speed, and hence the highest Saffir–Simpson category, at the strongest landfall is listed. Only landfalls at major hurricane intensity are listed. Storms are listed since 1851, which is the official start of the Atlantic hurricane database.[5][10] Originally, hurricanes were classified by central pressure in the 20th century;[10][11] however, modern practices quantify storm intensities by maximum sustained winds.[12] United States hurricanes are still classified by central pressure from 1971 to 1979;[10][11] therefore, the maximum sustained winds in the Atlantic hurricane database (HURDAT) are utilized for storms from 1971 to 1979,[5] since this period has not been reanalyzed by the Atlantic hurricane reanalysis project.[13]
| Storm | Saffir–Simpson Category† |
Date of Landfall (UTC) |
Year | Landfall Intensity (in Knots) |
Landfall Location |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Great Middle Florida | 3 | August 23 | 1851 | 100 | Panama City |
| Unnamed | 3 | August 17 | 1871 | 100 | Jupiter Island |
| Unnamed | 3 | October 7 | 1873 | 100 | Captiva Island |
| Unnamed | 3 | October 3 | 1877 | 100 | Panama City |
| Unnamed | 3 | September 10 | 1882 | 110 | Navarre |
| Unnamed | 3 | August 16 | 1888 | 110 | Miami Beach |
| Unnamed | 3 | October 9 | 1894 | 105 | Panama City |
| Unnamed | 3 | September 29 | 1896 | 110 | Cedar Key |
| Unnamed | 3 | October 18 | 1906 | 105 | Marathon |
| Unnamed | 3 | October 11 | 1909 | 100 | Marathon |
| Unnamed | 3 | September 29 | 1917 | 100 | Fort Walton Beach |
| Florida Keys | 4 | September 10 | 1919 | 130 | Dry Tortugas |
| Tarpon Springs | 3 | October 25 | 1921 | 100 | Tarpon Springs |
| Great Miami | 4 | September 18–20 | 1926 | 125 | Perrine |
| Okeechobee | 4 | September 17 | 1928 | 125 | Palm Beach |
| Unnamed | 3 | September 4 | 1933 | 110 | Jupiter |
| Labor Day | 5 | September 3 | 1935 | 160 | Craig Key |
| Unnamed | 3 | October 18 | 1944 | 105 | Dry Tortugas |
| Unnamed | 4 | September 15 | 1945 | 115 | North Key Largo |
| Unnamed | 4 | September 17 | 1947 | 115 | Fort Lauderdale |
| Unnamed | 4 | September 21–22 | 1948 | 115 | East of Chokoloskee |
| Unnamed | 4 | August 26 | 1949 | 115 | Lake Worth |
| Easy | 3 | September 5 | 1950 | 105 | East of Cedar Key |
| King | 4 | October 18 | 1950 | 115 | Miami |
| Donna | 4 | September 10 | 1960 | 125 | Conch Key |
| Betsy | 3 | September 8 | 1965 | 100 | Tavernier |
| Alma | 3 | June 8 | 1966 | 100 | Dry Tortugas* |
| Eloise | 3 | September 23 | 1975 | 110 | East of Destin |
| Elena | 3 | September 2 | 1985 | 100 | Gulfport, Mississippi* |
| Andrew | 5 | August 24 | 1992 | 145 | North of Homestead |
| Opal | 3 | October 4 | 1995 | 100 | Pensacola Beach |
| Charley | 4 | August 13 | 2004 | 130 | Cayo Costa |
| Ivan | 3 | September 16 | 2004 | 105 | West of Gulf Shores, Alabama* |
| Jeanne | 3 | September 26 | 2004 | 105 | Hutchinson Island |
| Dennis | 3 | July 10 | 2005 | 105 | Santa Rosa Island |
| Wilma | 3 | October 24 | 2005 | 105 | Cape Romano |
| Irma | 4 | September 10 | 2017 | 115 | Cudjoe Key |
| Michael | 5 | October 10 | 2018 | 140 | West of Mexico Beach |
| Ian | 4 | September 28 | 2022 | 130 | Cayo Costa |
| Idalia | 3 | August 30 | 2023 | 100 | Keaton Beach |
| Helene | 4 | September 27 | 2024 | 120 | Perry |
| Milton | 3 | October 9 | 2024 | 105 | Siesta Key |
| References: HURDAT, HRD[5][10] | |||||
| † Highest Saffir–Simpson scale category experienced on land in the state. | |||||
| * Storm brought winds of major hurricane intensity to part of the state, while not making landfall. | |||||
Strongest and most intense
edit| Strongest landfalling tropical cyclones in the U.S. state of Florida† as of 2024 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rank | Hurricane | Season | Wind speed | ||
| mph | km/h | ||||
| 1 | "Labor Day" | 1935 | 185 | 295 | |
| 2 | Andrew | 1992 | 165 | 270 | |
| 3 | Michael | 2018 | 160 | 260 | |
| 4 | "Florida Keys" | 1919 | 150 | 240 | |
| Charley | 2004 | ||||
| Ian | 2022 | ||||
| 7 | "Miami" | 1926 | 145 | 230 | |
| "Okeechobee" | 1928 | ||||
| Donna | 1960 | ||||
| 10 | Helene | 2024 | 140 | 220 | |
| Source: HURDAT,[5] Hurricane Research Division,[10] NHC[14] | |||||
| †Strength refers to maximum sustained wind speed upon striking land. | |||||
| Most intense landfalling tropical cyclones in the U.S. state of Florida† as of 2024 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rank | System | Season | Barometric pressure | ||
| 1 | "Labor Day" | 1935 | 892 mbar (hPa) | ||
| 2 | Michael | 2018 | 919 mbar (hPa) | ||
| 3 | Andrew | 1992 | 922 mbar (hPa) | ||
| 4 | "Florida Keys" | 1919 | 927 mbar (hPa) | ||
| 5 | "Okeechobee" | 1928 | 929 mbar (hPa) | ||
| 6 | "Great Miami" | 1926 | 930 mbar (hPa) | ||
| Donna | 1960 | ||||
| 8 | Irma | 2017 | 931 mbar (hPa) | ||
| 9 | Helene | 2024 | 938 mbar (hPa) | ||
| 10 | "Florida" | 1948 | 940 mbar (hPa) | ||
| Source: HURDAT,[5] Hurricane Research Division[10] | |||||
| †Intensity refers to central barometric pressure upon striking land. | |||||
Monthly statistics
edit| Month | Number of major hurricanes |
|---|---|
| June | |
| July | |
| August | |
| September | |
| October |
Deadliest storms
edit| Name | Year | Number of deaths
|
|---|---|---|
| "Okeechobee" | 1928 | 2,500+ |
| Unnamed | 1781 | 2,000 |
| Unnamed | 1622 | 1,090 |
| Unnamed | 1553 | 700 |
| Unnamed | 1553 | <700 |
| Unnamed | 1559 | 500 |
| Unnamed | 1559 | ~500 |
| Unnamed | 1683 | 496 |
| "Labor Day" | 1935 | 409 |
| "Miami" | 1926 | 372 |
| Unnamed | 1563 | 284 |
| "Florida Keys" | 1906 | 240 |
| Ian | 2022 | 150 |
See also
edit
References
edit- ^ "After Great Hurricane of 1896". World Digital Library. Archived from the original on 26 January 2013. Retrieved 19 January 2013.
- ^ National Hurricane Center (2006). "Tropical Cyclone Climatology". Archived from the original on 2007-12-13. Retrieved 2007-10-02.
- ^ Richard Gray (1933). "Florida Hurricanes" (PDF). U.S. Weather Bureau. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2008-02-16. Retrieved 2007-10-02.
- ^ a b Michael Chenoweth and Cary J. Mock (2013). "Hurricane "Amanda": Rediscovery of a Forgotten U.S. Civil War Florida Hurricane". Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 94 (11): 1735–42. Bibcode:2013BAMS...94.1735C. doi:10.1175/BAMS-D-12-00171.1. S2CID 123011306.
- ^ a b c d e f g h "Atlantic hurricane best track (HURDAT version 2)" (Database). United States National Hurricane Center. April 5, 2023. Retrieved November 24, 2024.
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
- ^ a b Edward N. Rappaport; Jose Fernandez-Partagas & Jack Beven (1997). "The Deadliest Atlantic Tropical Cyclones, 1492-1996: Cyclones that may have caused 25+ deaths". NOAA. Archived from the original on 2006-06-28. Retrieved 2007-01-02.
- ^ a b Edward N. Rappaport & Jose Fernandez-Partagas (1995). "Notes to the Appendices for the Deadliest Atlantic Tropical Cyclones, 1492-1996". National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on 2007-07-11. Retrieved 2007-02-02.
- ^ a b c Eric S. Blake; Edward N. Rappaport; Christopher W. Landsea (April 2007). "THE DEADLIEST, COSTLIEST, AND MOST INTENSE UNITED STATES TROPICAL CYCLONES FROM 1851 TO 2006 (AND OTHER FREQUENTLY REQUESTED HURRICANE FACTS)" (PDF). p. 26. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2023-12-17. Retrieved 2007-04-11.
- ^ Weather Underground. "Hurricane and Tropical Cyclones" (web). Archived from the original on 2015-05-27. Retrieved 2015-05-27.
- ^ a b c d e f g Landsea, Chris; Anderson, Craig; Bredemeyer, William; et al. (January 2022). Continental United States Hurricanes (Detailed Description). Re-Analysis Project (Report). Miami, Florida: Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, Hurricane Research Division. Retrieved November 24, 2024.
- ^ a b Jarrell, Jerry D.; et al. (1992). "Hurricane Experience Levels of Coastal County Populations from Texas to Maine" (PDF). NOAA. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2008-10-12. Retrieved 2008-11-22.
- ^ Landsea, Christopher W.; et al. (2007). "A Reanalysis of the 1911–20 Atlantic Hurricane Database" (PDF). Journal of Climate. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-05-14. Retrieved 2008-11-22.
- ^ Atlantic Hurricane Research Division. "Re-Analysis Project". Archived from the original on 2012-07-16. Retrieved 2008-11-22.
- ^ John L. Beven II; Robbie Berg; Andrew Hagen (April 19, 2019). Hurricane Michael (PDF) (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved April 19, 2019.
Further reading
edit- Barnes, Jay (2007). Florida's Hurricane History. Chapel Hill Press. ISBN 978-0-8078-3068-0.