Leonhard Kaiser (around 1480 – 16 August 1527; also spelled Lienhard, Lenhard, Kaysser, Kayser, Keizer, Käser) was a Lutheran theologian and reformer who was burned as a heretic.
Leonhard Kaiser | |
|---|---|
| Born | c. 1480 |
| Died | 16 August 1527 (age about 47) Schärding, Duchy of Bavaria (in modern Austria) |
| Cause of death | Execution by burning |
| Education | University of Leipzig |
| Occupation | Theologian |
Biography
editKaiser was born in Raab in the Bavarian Innviertel c. 1480[1]: 142 to a middle class family.[2] He studied theology at the University of Leipzig,[3] and earned a baccalaureate degree in 1501.[1]: 142 He was ordained as a priest in Passau and, among clerical services, became a vicar in Waizenkirchen.[1]: 142 [3] In 1524, he was accused of Lutheran heresy and jailed, until he revocated.[3][4]
Plagued by a bad conscience,[1] Kaiser moved to Wittenberg where Martin Luther taught and enrolled at the University of Wittenberg in 1525, becoming Luther's student and friend.[1]: 143 [3]
He returned to Raab, his home village, in 1527 to see his terminally ill father again.[1]: 143 [3][4] He extended his stay due to his own illness.[1]: 143 His Lutheran attitude was reported to Petrus Doerffel von Suben, pastor of Raab. Ernest of Bavaria, who administrated the Diocese of Passau, ordered his arrest at Feste Oberhaus.: 143 He was accused and interrogated by Johann Eck and made confessions of his faith in Luther's teachings of the sola fide principle, and communion in bread and wine, and his rejection of consecration of priests and last rites as sacraments, and of the authority of popes and councils. He said that he would revoke only when he was proven to be wrong by the Bible.[1]: 143 Kaiser wrote a testimony of his convictions titled Grace through Christ.[5]
While imprisoned, he received a letter of consolation from Luther, urging him, whether freed or not, to "recognize, bear, love and praise with a good heart the fatherly will of God in him." He received a similar supporting letter from Philip Melanchthon, but it was discovered much later.[1]: 143 Several influential rulers, such as John of Saxony and Kasimir of Brandenburg, interceded on his behalf.[1]: 143–144
In a public hearing in front of the Passau Cathedral,[4] on 18 July 1527,[3] Kaiser was declared guilty of heresy, his priesthood was revoked and he was sentenced to death.[3] He was executed by burning on 16 August 1527 in Schärding.[1]: 143–144 [3]
Legacy
edit
In December 1527 (dated 1528) Martin Luther published Von Er / Lenhard Keiser ynn Beyern umb des Evangelii willen verbrandt (For honour / Lenhard Keiser burned in Bavaria for the Gospel's sake). Luther based it on Kaiser's reports and his testimony, and also on a written eyewitness account of the trial in Passau and the execution in Schärding. He was greatly moved by the violent death of his student.[6] The work appeared in nine editions.[2] On the occasion of the 400th anniversary of Kaiser's death, a memorial stone was unveiled on the banks of the Inn outside the gates of Schärding. Its inscription reads: "Leonhard Kaiser, preacher and martyr of the Gospel of Christ; burned at the "Gries" near Schärding on August 16, 1527. Blessed are those who are persecuted for righteousness' sake, for theirs is the kingdom of heaven." (Matthew 5:10).[7]
Leonhard Kaiser's memorial day in the Protestant Calendar of Saints is 16 August.[4]
References
edit- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Fuchs, Martina (2024). "Ein evangelischer lieu de mémoire? / Der bayerisch-oberösterreichische Märtyrer Leonhard Kaiser in Historischer Belletristik" (PDF). Jahrbuch des Oberösterreichischen Musealvereines (in German). pp. 141–174.
- ^ a b Kolb, Robert (1996). "Kaiser, Leonhard". The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Reformation. Oxford University Press. p. 371. ISBN 978-0-19-506493-3.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Alfred Eckert (1974), "Käser, Leonhard", Neue Deutsche Biographie (in German), vol. 10, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, p. 733; (full text online)
- ^ a b c d "Leonhard Kaiser - Ökumenisches Heiligenlexikon". www.heiligenlexikon.de (in German). 2024.
- ^ Wilson, Sarah Hinlicky (2020). "Leonhard Kaiser's 1527 Confession 'Grace through Christ'". Lutheran Quarterly. 34 (4): 425–439. doi:10.1353/lut.2020.0069. Project MUSE 785001.
- ^ "Von Er Lenhard keiser ynn Beyern vmb des Euangelij willen verbrandt Eine selige geschicht | bavarikon". www.bavarikon.de.
- ^ "Leonhard-Kaiser Memorial". www.donauregion.at.
Further reading
edit- Adolf Brecher (1882), "Käser, Leonhard", Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (in German), vol. 15, Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 435–436
- Realenzyklopädie für protestantische Theologie und Kirche, vol. 9, p. 703
- Wolfdietrich von Kloeden (1992). "Kaiser, Leonhard". In Bautz, Friedrich Wilhelm (ed.). Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (BBKL) (in German). Vol. 3. Herzberg: Bautz. cols. 956–958. ISBN 3-88309-035-2.
- Roth, Friedrich: Leonhard Kaiser, ein Märtyrer aus dem Innviertel, in: Schriften des Vereins für Reformationsgeschichte, vol. 66, Halle 1900.
- Friedrich Leeb, Zoepfl, Friedrich: Leonhard Käser, ein Beitrag zur bayerischen Reformationsgeschichte, in: Reformationsgeschichtliche Studien und Texte, vol. 52, Münster 1928.