Lauris Norstad (March 24, 1907 – September 12, 1988) was an American general officer in the United States Army and United States Air Force.[2]
Lauris Norstad | |
|---|---|
 General Lauris Norstad | |
| Born | March 24, 1907 Minneapolis, Minnesota, U.S. |
| Died | September 12, 1988 (aged 81) Tucson, Arizona, U.S.[1] |
| Place of burial | |
| Allegiance |  United States |
| Service |  United States Army United States Air Force |
| Years of service | 1930–1947 (Army) 1947–1963 (Air Force) |
| Rank |  General |
| Commands | Supreme Allied Commander Europe |
| Battles / wars | World War II |
| Awards | |
Early life and military career
editLauris Norstad was born in Minneapolis, Minnesota to Martin and Marie Norstad. Martin Norstad was born in Iowa to Norwegian immigrants from Rogaland.[3] Lauris earned his high school diploma from Red Wing Central High School in 1925.[4] He graduated from the United States Military Academy June 12, 1930 and was commissioned a second lieutenant in the Army as a cavalry officer. In September 1930, he entered Primary Flying School at March Field, California, and graduated from Advanced Flying School and was transferred to the Air Corps in June 1931. Going to Schofield Barracks, Hawaii, in January 1932, he was assigned to the 18th Pursuit Group, assuming command of it in July 1933. In March 1936 he was named adjutant of the Ninth Bomb Group there. Entering the "short course" the Air Corps Tactical School at Maxwell Field, Alabama, in September 1939, he graduated three months later and returned to Mitchel Field as officer in charge of the 9th Bomb Group Navigation School. [5]
Moving to Langley Field, Virginia, in July 1940, Norstad was adjutant of the 25th Bomb Group, and the following November he was named assistant chief of staff for intelligence of General Headquarters Air Force there. In February 1942 he was appointed a member of the Advisory Council to the commanding general of the Army Air Forces at Washington, DC.[6]
World War II
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In August 1942, Norstad was named assistant chief of staff for operations (A-3) of the Twelfth Air Force, going to England with it the following month in support of Operation Husky, and to Algiers, North Africa in October 1942. Here he met General Dwight Eisenhower, who said of him: "It was on that occasion that I first met Lieutenant Colonel Lauris Norstad, a young air officer who so impressed me by his alertness, grasp of problems, and personality that I never thereafter lost sight of him. He was and is one of those rare men whose capacity knows no limit."[7] During his time in North Africa, future atomic strike commander Paul Tibbets was briefly on his staff. In his autobiography, Tibbets claimed that he embarrassed Norstad in a strike planning meeting by being critical of his decision to bomb a target at low altitude, (offering to lead it himself at 6000 feet if Norstad would fly with him as co-pilot) and Norstad was in the process of having him court-martialled before Gen Jimmy Doolittle got Tibbets transferred back to the states before Norstad could sink his career. Tibbets also claimed that Norstad was a "social climber" and political animal in the Air Force and that he aligned himself tightly with Hoyt Vandenberg and followed him up the chain of command.[8]
In February 1943, he was promoted to brigadier general and assumed the additional duty of assistant chief of staff for operations of the Northwest African Air Forces. In December 1943 he was appointed director of operations of the Mediterranean Allied Air Forces at Algiers, moving with it to Caserta, Italy, two months later.
Norstad was transferred to Washington, D.C. in August 1944, where he was deputy chief of Air Staff at Army Air Force Headquarters with added duty as chief of staff of the 20th Air Force. He was relieved of this additional duty May 8, 1945, and assumed additional duty as assistant chief of Air Staff for Plans at Army Air Force Headquarters. He was promoted to major general the following month.[9] Relieved of his assignment as chief of staff of the 20th Air Force in February 1946, he continued as assistant chief of air staff for plans until the following June, when he was appointed director of the Plans and Operations Division of the War Department at Washington, DC.
On October 1, 1947, following the division of the War Department into the Departments of the Army and Air Force, General Norstad transferred to the Air Force and was appointed deputy chief of staff for operations of the Air Force, and the following May assumed additional duty as acting vice chief of staff of the Air Force.[10]
SHAPE leadership
edit
Joining the U.S. Air Forces in Europe in October 1950 General Norstad was commander in chief, U.S. Air Forces in Europe, with headquarters at Wiesbaden, Germany. On April 2, 1951 he assumed additional duty as commanding general of the Allied Air Forces in Central Europe under the Supreme Headquarters of the Allied Powers in Europe. He was designated air deputy to the Supreme Allied Commander Europe, on July 27, 1953.[11]
After serving as air deputy to the Supreme Allied Commander, Europe (SACEUR) on November 20, 1956, Norstad was appointed as Supreme Allied Commander Europe, and commander in chief of U.S. European Command, the first Air Force officer to hold these posts. He served in the top post for European Command until November 1, 1962[12] and as SACEUR until December 31, 1962 when General Lyman Lemnitzer replaced him after his resignation over a disagreement with the withdrawal by President Kennedy of SACEUR's authority to decide on the use of tactical nuclear forces. Norstad initially encouraged France to develop its own nuclear capacity, but then abandoned the idea once he grew disillusioned with French President Charles de Gaulle's interference with NATO.
Later years
editGeneral Norstad retired from the USAF on January 2, 1963. After his military retirement, he became the Chief Executive Officer and President of Owens Corning from 1963 until 1972 and also served on the Board of Directors of Rand Corporation. Norstad was critical of the Vietnam War, and in 1967 proposed a halt to the bombing of North Vietnam, a unilateral ceasefire, and an end to American reinforcements sent to South Vietnam, followed by a summit to negotiate a treaty.[13] He died on September 12, 1988, and was buried at Arlington National Cemetery, in Arlington, Virginia.[14]
Awards and decorations
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General Norstad's military awards included the following:
|
US Army Air Forces Command Pilot Badge |
|
US Army Air Forces Combat Observer Badge |
|
US Army Air Forces Technical Observer Badge |
  |
Army Distinguished Service Medal with two bronze oak leaf clusters (one of the three medals was awarded by the Air Force) |
|
Silver Star |
 |
Legion of Merit with oak leaf cluster |
|
Air Medal |
  |
American Defense Service Medal with one bronze service star |
|
American Campaign Medal |
 |
European-African-Middle Eastern Campaign Medal with four service stars |
|
World War II Victory Medal |
|
Army of Occupation Medal with "Germany" clasp |
 |
National Defense Service Medal |
|
Order of the British Empire (Great Britain) |
|
French Legion of Honor, Grand Cross (awarded by General Charles de Gaulle) |
|
Croix de Guerre with bronze palm (France), WWII[15] |
Effective dates of promotions
edit| Rank | Date[2] |
|---|---|
 Second Lieutenant |
June 12, 1930 |
 First Lieutenant |
March 12, 1935 |
 Captain |
June 12, 1940 |
 Major |
July 15, 1941 |
 Lieutenant Colonel |
January 5, 1942 |
 Colonel |
July 23, 1942 |
 Brigadier General |
March 25, 1943 |
 Major General |
June 4, 1945 |
 Lieutenant General |
October 1, 1947 |
 General |
July 5, 1952 |
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ "Lauris Norstad Dies at 81; Former NATO Commander - New York Times". The New York Times. 1988-09-14. Retrieved 2011-12-21.
- ^ a b Snyder, Thomas; Shaw, Shelia (January 28, 1992). "Profiles In Leadership 1942-1992". Air Force Historical Research Agency. pp. 96–101. Retrieved October 18, 2021.
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
- ^ US Census Bureau via Ancestry.com Retrieved April 8, 2023 from https://www.ancestry.com/discoveryui-content/view/47724772:6742?_phsrc=BJa1&_phstart=successSource&gsfn=Martin&gsln=Norstad&ssrc=pt_t179360112_p242466080456
- ^ "Norstad, Lauris (1907–1988) | MNopedia".
- ^ "Norstad, Lauris (1907–1988)". Minnesota Historical Society. December 13, 2013. Retrieved September 1, 2015.
- ^ "Lauris Norstad's Story". Red Wing Area Seniors.org. Archived from the original on August 12, 2014. Retrieved September 1, 2015.
- ^ Dwight D. Eisenhower, Crusade in Europe. London: William Heinemann, 1948, p. 132.
- ^ The Return of the Enola Gay, Paul W. Tibbets, 1998.
- ^ Torolf Rein (February 14, 2009). "Lauris Norstad". Store norske leksikon. Retrieved September 1, 2015.
- ^ "Lauris Norstad". NNDB.com. Retrieved September 1, 2015.
- ^ "General Lauris Norstad". Official United States Air Force Website. July 1960. Archived from the original on December 12, 2012. Retrieved September 1, 2015.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) - ^ United States Air Force (October 30, 1962). Special Orders, AA Series, 1962. Washington, D.C.: Air Force Historical Research Agency. p. 2114.
- ^ Congressional Record Volume 113 Part 24, p. 32128
- ^ "Burial Detail: Norstad, Lauris (Section 2, Grave 4954-5)". ANC Explorer. Arlington National Cemetery. (Official website).
- ^ "Lauris Norstad – Awards And Citations". Military Times. Retrieved September 1, 2015.
Further reading
edit- Jordan, Robert S. Norstad: Cold War NATO Supreme Commander – Airman, Strategist, Diplomat St. Martin's Press, 2000. 350 pp.
External links
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- Papers of Lauris Norstad, Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library
- General Lauris Norstad, USAF Biography