Kenneth Bonner Wolfe (12 August 1898 – 20 September 1971) was a lieutenant general in the United States Air Force who was responsible for the development and early operations of the Boeing B-29 Superfortress bomber. A graduate of the University of California, he enlisted in the Army in 1918. During World War II he commanded the XX Bomber Command in the China-Burma-India Theater, and later the Fifth Air Force on Okinawa.
Kenneth B. Wolfe | |
|---|---|
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| Born | 12 August 1896 Denver, Colorado, United States |
| Died | 20 September 1971 (aged 75) Solana Beach, California, United States |
| Buried | |
| Allegiance |  United States |
| Service | |
| Years of service |
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| Rank |  Lieutenant General |
| Commands | |
| Battles / wars | |
| Awards | |
Early life
editKenneth Bonner Wolfe was born in Denver, Colorado, on 12 August 1898.[1] He attended high school in Portland, Oregon and San Diego, California.[2]
World War I
editOn 12 January 1918, he enlisted in the Aviation Section of the Signal Corps. He received ground and flying training from the School of Military Aviation at the University of California in Berkeley, California, and at Park Field, Tennessee, and was commissioned as a temporary second lieutenant in the United States Army Air Service on 6 July 1918. Wolfe served briefly as flight instructor at Park Field before moving on to Souther Field, Georgia, as a flight instructor there. He returned to Park Field in January 1919, then went to Carlstrom Field, Florida in March. In July he became the officer in charge of flight training at Southern Field.[1][2]
Between the wars
editWolfe received a regular commission as a second lieutenant on 1 July 1920, and was promoted to first lieutenant the same day. He was the chief engineer officer at the Air Intermediate Depot in Americus, Georgia from January 1920 to November 1922. He then served as a flying instructor at Brooks Field, Texas. In May 1926 he went to Clark Field in the Philippine Islands as a plans and operations officer. He returned to the United States in August 1928 and, he was the engineering officer at Langley Field, Virginia until July 1930.[1][2]
In 1930 and 1931, Wolfe attended the Air Corps Engineering School at Wright Field, Ohio,remaining there afterwards as the deputy chief, and later chief, of the Inspection Branch.He furthered his military education the Air Corps Tactical School at Maxwell Field, Alabama from August 1935 to June 1936, and then at the Command and General Staff School at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, from which he graduated in 1937. He was the Air Corps representative at the Douglas Aircraft Company in El Segundo, California, from June 1937 to March 1939, after which he returned to Wright Field as assistant chief, of the production engineering section. He became its chief in February 1940.[1][2]
World War II
editDuring World War II, Wolfe became responsible for the development of the Boeing B-29 Superfortress bomber. The B-29 made its first flight on 21 September 1942, but the project was set back when one of the three prototypes crashed on 18 February 1943, killing over thirty people, including test pilot Edmund T. Allen.[3][4] At the time, the B-29 was the most expensive aircraft in the world, costing US$1.5 million (equivalent to $21 million in 2023) apiece.[5]
In April 1943, the chief of the United States Army Air Forces (USAAF), General Henry H. Arnold, created a B-29 Special Project with Wolfe as chief. His role was soon expanded to not just development of the bomber, but organizing, training and equipping B-29 units for combat. Wolfe was also tasked with preparing operational plans for the bombing of Japan from bases in China, the only region under Allied control within B-29 range of Japan. He activated the 58th Bombardment Wing at Salina, Kansas, in June 1943, and became its commanding general. It was expected that 150 B-29s would be available by early 1944. To get around the lack of B-29s, Wolfe trained his men on Martin B-26 Marauder and Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress bombers. To direct his training program, Wolfe obtained Brigadier General LaVerne G. Saunders, who had commanded the 11th Bombardment Group in the Guadalcanal campaign.[6]
The XX Bomber Command was activated on 27 November 1943, with Wolfe in command.[7][8] In addition to the 58th Bombardment Wing with 112 B-29s, the XX Bomber Command also included aviation engineers to build the airfields and service units to maintain the B-29, making the wing self-sufficient commanding over 20,000 men.[9] Wolfe arrived in New Delhi in India with the advance echelon of his staff on 13 January 1944.[10] On 7 June, the XX Bomber Command struck Japan for the first time, bombing the steelworks at Yawata.[11] Arnold pressed for more raids on Japan, but Wolfe was hamstrung by the logistical difficulties of operating from the bases in China. While it seemed like Wolfe, with his engineering background and thorough knowledge of the B-29, had been an excellent choice for getting the B-29 into service, Arnold felt he lacked the attributes required to lead it in combat. He was replaced by Brigadier General Curtis E. LeMay.[12]
Wolfe was recalled to the United States. He returned to Wright Field as the head of the Materiel Command,[2][13] with his primary tasks being to expedite improvements to the B-29 and increase its rate of production.[12] In September 1944 the Materiel Command and Air Service Command were merged to become the Air Technical Service Command, and Wolfe became its chief of engineering and procurement. In April 1945 he moved to Washington, D.C., for temporary duty at USAAF headquarters.[2]
Post war
editIn August 1945, Wolfe became the chief of staff of the Fifth Air Force, which was based on the island of Okinawa. He became its commander in October, and oversaw its move to Nagoya, where it participated in the occupation of Japan. He returned to the United States in January 1948, and became the director of procurement and industrial mobilization planning at Air Materiel Command headquarters at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base.[2][14] His final assignment, in September 1949, was as deputy chief of staff for materiel at United States Air Force headquarters in Washington, D.C.[15] He retired from the Air Force on 30 June 1951 with the rank of lieutenant general.[2][5][16]
Later life
editAfter his retirement from the Air Force, Wolfe became president of the Oerlikon Tool and Arms Corporation of America. In 1956 he joined the Garrett Corporation in Los Angeles as a vice president. He was elected senior vice president and a director in 1963. He retired in 1966 but continued to serve as a consultant.[5]
Wolfe died at his home in Solana Beach, California, on 20 September 1971, and was buried in Arlington National Cemetery. He was survived by his wife, Margaret, and daughter, Beverly.[5][17] His papers are held by the Air Force Historical Research Agency.[18]
Dates of rank
edit| Insignia | Rank | Component | Date | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Private first class | Aviation Section, Signal Corps | 12 January 1918 | [1] | |
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Second lieutenant | United States Army Air Service (National Army | 6 July 1918 | [1] |
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Second lieutenant | United States Army Air Service | 1 July 1920 | [1] |
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First lieutenant | United States Army Air Service | 1 July 1920 | [1] |
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Captain | United States Army Air Corps | 1 December 1933 | [1] |
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Major (temporary) | United States Army Air Corps | 2 March 1935 | [1] |
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Captain (reverted) | United States Army Air Corps | 21 August 1935 | [1] |
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Major (temporary) | United States Army Air Corps | 26 August 1936 | [1] |
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Major | United States Army Air Corps | 1 July 1940 | [1] |
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Lieutenant Colonel (temporary) | United States Army Air Corps | 15 March 1941 | [1] |
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Lieutenant Colonel | Army of the United States | 15 September 1941 | [1] |
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Colonel (temporary) | Army of the United States | 5 January 1942 | [1] |
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Brigadier general | Army of the United States | 1 March 1942 | [1] |
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Lieutenant Colonel | United States Army Air Corps | 4 November 1942 | [1] |
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Major general | Army of the United States | 8 November 1944 | [1] |
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Brigadier general | United States Air Force | 28 February 1947 | [1] |
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Major general | United States Air Force | 19 February 1948 | [1] |
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Lieutenant general (temporary) | United States Air Force | 16 September 1949 | [1] |
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Lieutenant general | Retired | 30 June 1951 | [1] |
Notes
edit- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w Fogerty 1953, p. 149.
- ^ a b c d e f g h "Lieutenant General Kenneth Bonner Wolfe > Air Force > Biography Display". United States Air Force. Retrieved 30 May 2022.
- ^ Dorpat, Paul (6 March 2010). "1943 Superfortress crash shocked Seattle". Seattle Times. Retrieved 2 June 2022.
- ^ Craven & Cate 1953, p. 6.
- ^ a b c d "Gen. K. B. Wolfe, B -29'S Developer". The New York Times. 22 September 1971. p. 50. Retrieved 30 May 2022.
- ^ Craven & Cate 1953, pp. 19–20, 53–56.
- ^ Maurer 1983, pp. 452–453.
- ^ Craven & Cate 1953, p. 41.
- ^ Craven & Cate 1953, p. 55.
- ^ Craven & Cate 1953, p. 45.
- ^ Craven & Cate 1953, pp. 99–102.
- ^ a b Craven & Cate 1953, pp. 103–104.
- ^ "Knudsen the Head of Air Forces Unit". The New York Times. 17 July 1944. p. 25. Retrieved 1 June 2022.
- ^ "Changes in Japan Air Command". The New York Times. UPI. 10 January 1948. p. 5. Retrieved 1 June 2022.
- ^ "3 Generals Confirmed". The New York Times. 16 September 1949. p. 28. Retrieved 1 June 2022.
- ^ Fogerty 1953, p. 150.
- ^ "Burial Detail – Wolfe, Kenneth B." Arlington National Cemetery. Retrieved 1 June 2022.
- ^ Morse et al. 1990, p. 156.
References
edit- Craven, W. F.; Cate, J. L., eds. (1953). The Pacific: Matterhorn to Nagasaki (PDF). Vol. V. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Retrieved 7 February 2021.
- Fogerty, Dr Robert O. (1953). Biographical Data on Air Force General Officers (PDF). Vol. II. Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama: Air University. OCLC 166883913. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 June 2012. Retrieved 20 October 2006.
- Maurer, Maurer (1983). Air Force Combat Units of World War II. Washington, D.C.: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 978-0-912799-02-5. OCLC 9644436.
- Morse, Richard E.; Gamma, Lynn O.; Romesburg, Laura N.; McDaniel, Garry L. (1990). Personal Papers in the United States Air Force Historical Research Center (Fifth ed.). Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama: United States Air Force Historical Research Center. Retrieved 1 June 2022.
