Karatepe (Turkish, 'Black Hill'; Hittite: Azatiwataya) is a late Hittite fortress and open-air museum in Osmaniye Province in southern Turkey lying at a distance of about 23 km from the district center of Kadirli. It is sited in the Taurus Mountains, on the right bank of the Ceyhan River. The site is contained within Karatepe-Aslantaş National Park.
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  Shown within Turkey | |
| Location | Osmaniye Province, Turkey |
|---|---|
| Coordinates | 37°17′45″N 36°15′14″E / 37.29572521°N 36.25394787°E |
| Type | Settlement |
| History | |
| Cultures | Hittite |
| Site notes | |
| Condition | In ruins |
History
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The place was an ancient city of Cilicia, which controlled a passage from eastern Anatolia to the north Syrian plain. It became an important Neo-Hittite center after the collapse of the Hittite Empire in the late 12th century BC. Relics found here include vast historic tablets, statues and ruins, even two monumental gates with reliefs on the sills depicting hunting and warring and a boat with oars; pillars of lions and sphinxes flank the gates.
Karatepe inscription
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The site's eighth-century BC bilingual inscription, in Phoenician and Hieroglyphic Luwian, reflects the activities of the kings of Adana from the "house of Mopsos", given in Hieroglyphic Luwian as mu-ka-sa- (often rendered as 'Moxos') and in Phoenician as Mopsos in the form mpš. It was composed in Phoenician and then translated to Hieroglyphic Luwian.[1] This inscription has served archaeologists as a Rosetta Stone for deciphering those glyphs.[2][3][4]
As we learn from the inscription, its author is Azatiwada (or Azatiwata), the ruler of the town. He was also its founder; the inscription commemorates the town's foundation. He acknowledged himself as a subordinate of Awariku, the king of Adanawa (Adana), which was the ancient kingdom of Quwe. Azatiwataya seems to have been one of the frontier towns of Adanawa.[5][6]
Another inscription of the same type, the Cinekoy inscription, was discovered more recently. It also mentions king Awariku, who may have been the same ruler, or part of the same dynasty.
Archaeology
editThe site was examined during the Oriental Institute of Chicago archaeological survey of the Amuq Valley in 1936.[7] Karatepe was excavated from 1947 to 1957 by a team led by Helmuth Theodor Bossert (1889–1961), revealing the ruins of the walled city of king Azatiwataš. [8][9] Restoration work was then carried on for many years, which included some further soundings. In the late 1990s, archaeological work, now led by Halet Çambel (1916–2014), was conducted on a palace at the site.[10]
Estimates for the dating of Azatiwataš rule have ranged from the early 8th century BC to the early 7th century BC.[4][11][12]
The artifacts are exhibited today in the Karatepe-Aslantaş Open-Air Museum, which is part of Karatepe-Aslantaş National Park.[13]
Namesake
editIn the 2004 exploration of Mars, "Karatepe" was the name given to a site designated for entering the Endurance Crater to investigate the layering of the bedrock.
Domuztepe (Aslantaş)
editThe archaeological site of Domuztepe (Aslantaş) is located on the eastern bank of Ceyhan river, across from Karatepe. It is the companion site of Domuztepe, and it was inhabited at the same time. It is dated to the ninth century BC. (Coordinates 37.291389, 36.256944)
This site is different from Domuztepe (Domuztepe Höyüğü (Kahramanmaraş)), the large mound of the Halaf period (fifth millennium BC) that is situated near Kahramanmaraş.[14] Kahramanmaras is also located on the Ceyhan river; it is about 70km upstream from Karatepe and Domuztepe.[15]
After the construction of Aslantaş Dam, the site was substantially flooded.
Unlike Karatepe, which was founded in the Iron Age period, Domuztepe (Aslantaş) has a long sequence of occupation beginning with the Neolithic period (8th Millennium BC). Domuztepe is located on a natural hill. It was partly excavated in the early 1980s, before the lower parts of the site became mostly submerged by the dam lake.[16] A fortified city of the Hittite empire period flourished there.
In 1947, Th. Bossert and B. Alkım reported finding a statue base with two bulls at the site. It carries a poorly preserved hieroglyphic Luwian inscription. The find is currently at the Karatepe Museum.
In 1982, a Storm God stele was discovered at the site by Halet Çambel. Also several portal lions were found. The site is believed to be a little earlier than Karatepe.[17][18]
Some villas of Roman period have also been discovered. In 1958, this currently forested area was designated as a Historic National Park.[19]
See also
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References
edit- ^ Ilya Yakubovich (2015). "Phoenician and Luwian in Early Iron Age Cilicia". Anatolian Studies. 65: 35–53. doi:10.1017/s0066154615000010. S2CID 162771440.
- ^ Cyrus H. Gordon, Azitawadd's Phoenician Inscription, Journal of Near Eastern Studies, vol. 8, No. 2, pp. 108–115, 1949
- ^ R. D. Barnett, Karatepe, the Key to the Hittite Hieroglyphs, Anatolian Studies, vol. 3, pp. 53–95, 1953
- ^ a b J. D. Hawkins and A. Morpurgo Davies, On the Problems of Karatepe: The Hieroglyphic Text, Anatolian Studies, vol. 28, pp. 103–119, 1978
- ^ Yakubovich, 50
- ^ Trevor Bryce, The World of The Neo-Hittite Kingdoms: A Political and Military History. Oxford University Press, 2012 ISBN 0199218722
- ^ [1]Robert J. Braidwood, "Mounds in the Plain of Antioch: An Archeological Survey", Oriental Institute Publications 48, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1937
- ^ Halet Çambel, Karatepe: An Archeological Introduction to a Recently Discovered Hittite Site in Southern Anatolia, Oriens, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 147–162, 1948
- ^ Helmuth Theodor Bossert, Karatepe kazilari (birinci ön-rapor) Die Ausgrabungen auf dem Karatepe (erster Vorbericht), Türk Tarih Kurumu Basimevi, 1950
- ^ Halet Çambel and Asli Özyar, Karatepe-Aslantas, azatiwataya, die bildwerke, Verlag Philipp von Zabern, 2003, ISBN 3-8053-3085-5
- ^ Irene J. Winter, On the Problems of Karatepe: The Reliefs and Their Context, Anatolian Studies, vol. 29, pp. 115–151, 1979
- ^ David Ussishkin, The Date of the Neo-Hittite Enclosure in Karatepe, Anatolian Studies, vol. 19, pp. 121–137, 1969
- ^ "Karatepe-Aslantaş Milli Parkı". Doğa Koruma ve Milli Parklar genel Müdürlüğü. Archived from the original on 2018-02-01. Retrieved 2016-04-26.
- ^ Charles Burney 2004, Historical Dictionary of the Hittites. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 0810849364, 9780810849365
- ^ Location map showing Karatepe, Kahramanmaras, and other archaeological sites in the area, from Engin ÖZGEN, Barbara Helwing 2003, On the Shifting Border Between Mesopotamia and the West.
- ^ Karatepe-Aslantaş Archaeological Site. UNESCO World Heritage Centre - Tentative Lists
- ^ Çambel, H. Corpus of Hieroglyphic Luwian Inscriptions, Vol. 2: Karatepe-Aslantaş, Berlin. 1999: 1–11, 94–95 and plts. 122–25
- ^ Domuztepe hittitemonuments.com
- ^ Karatepe-Aslantaş Archaeological Site. UNESCO World Heritage Centre - Tentative Lists
Further reading
edit- Halet Cambel, Corpus of Hieroglyphic Luwian Inscriptions, Vol. 2: Karatepe-Aslantas (Undersuchungen Zur Indogermanischen Sprachund Kulturwissenschaft, Vol 6), Walter de Gruyter, 1998 3-11-014870-6
- Mirko Novák & Andreas Fuchs (2021). "Azatiwada, Awariku from the House of Mopsos, and Assyria. On the Dating of Karatepe in Cilicia". In Annick Payne; Šárka Velhartická; Jorrit Wintjes (eds.). Beyond all Boundaries. Anatolia in the 1st Millennium B.C. Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis. Vol. 295. Leuven: Peeters Publishers. pp. 397–466. doi:10.48350/170532.
- Cyrus H. Gordon, Phoenician Inscriptions from Karatepe, The Jewish Quarterly Review, New Series, vol. 39, no. 1, pp. 41–50, 1948
- Julian. Obermann, New Discoveries at Karatepe. A Complete Text of the Phoenician Royal Inscription from Cilicia, Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences, Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences, vol. 38, 1948
- Benno Landsberger, Sam'al, Studien zur Entdeckung der Ruinenstaette Karatepe, Druckerei der Türkischen Historischen Gesellschaft, 1948
External links
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- Alan Humm, Translation of Phoenician text into English: http://jewishchristianlit.com/Texts/ANEhist/karatepe.html