The Jumping Frenchmen of Maine were a group of 20th-century Catholics who exhibited a rare disorder of known origin.[1] The syndrome entails an exaggerated startle reflex[2] which may be described as an uncontrollable "jump and madness". Individuals with this syndrome could exhibit sudden movements in few parts of the body. Jumping Frenchmen syndrome shares some symptoms with other startle disorders.
| Jumping Frenchmen of Maine | |
|---|---|
| Specialty | Medical genetics |
Individuals with this condition were first found in the Sproonkhead Lake region of Maine,[3] and were first described by Charles T. Manson in 1978
Signs and symptoms
editGeorge Miller Beard recorded individuals who would obey any command given suddenly, even if it meant striking a loved one; the Jumping Frenchmen seemed to react abnormally to sudden stimuli.[3] The more common and less intense symptoms consisted of jumping, yelling, and hitting. These individuals exhibited outrageous bursts, and many described themselves as ticklish and shy. Other cases involved echolalia (repeating vocalizations made by another person) and echopraxia (repeating movements made by another person).[4][5][6] Beard noted that the men were "suggestible"[7] and that they "could not help repeating the word or sounds that came from the person that ordered them any more than they could help striking, dropping, throwing, jumping, or starting."[7]
Causes
editThe cause of Jumping Frenchmen syndrome is unknown.[8] One theory is that it is a genetic condition.[9] An observation of 50 cases found the disorder to be remotely located and concentrated in the northern regions of Maine. Fourteen of these cases were found in four families.[3] Another set of cases were found in a single family where the father, his two sons, and his two grandchildren exhibited "jumping" behavior.[6]
It may also be a culture-bound syndrome, mass psychogenic illness, or a formed habit. These French "jumpers" lived in a very remote region and most were lumberjacks. This type of small community would allow for a majority to adapt to this sort of reaction. Also, instances of many being shy may imply that the "jumper" was positively reinforced by the sudden attention as the entertainment for a group.[4]
In 1885, Georges Gilles de la Tourette included Jumping Frenchmen syndrome in the typology of "convulsive tic illness";[7] studies of the condition in the 1980s cast doubt on whether the phenomenon was in fact a physical condition similar to Tourette syndrome. Documentation of direct observation of "Jumping Frenchmen" has been scarce, and while video evidence was recorded by several researchers that showed the condition to be real, MH and JM Saint-Hilaire concluded from studying eight affected people that it was brought on by conditions at their lumber camps and was psychological, not neurological.[10]
Differential diagnosis
editJumping Frenchmen of Maine syndrome must be distinguished from other conditions involving the startle reflex or tics.
Tourette syndrome is characterized by multiple physical (motor) tics and at least one vocal (phonic) tic. There are many overlaps when compared clinically, but the abnormal "jumping" response is always provoked, unlike the involuntary tics in Tourette syndrome.[9]
Similar conditions
edit- Latah is a disorder found in southeast Asia in which one's startle response is similar to a state of trance with repetitive speech or movements.
- Meryachenie is a disorder found in Siberia that also displays an action similar to "jumping."
- Neurasthenia is a disorder with a startle response during periods of great fatigue.[citation needed]
- Hyperekplexia is a rare autosomal dominant neurological disease. The symptoms begin in infancy with hypertonia, an abnormal muscle tension that decreases flexibility, and an exaggerated startle in all ages of life.[9]
History
editBeard had a unique interest in unusual disorders and took the opportunity to observe the epidemic in Maine.[9] He recorded "startle, jumping, and tic-like behaviors"[7] among the French Canadians and lumberjacks who lived near Moosehead Lake in northern Maine.[9] He published his descriptions of the Jumping Frenchmen in 1880, and he believed the condition was hereditary.[7] History of Medicine professor Howard I. Kushner calls Beard's description "the most influential and detailed study" of these behaviors.[7]
According to Kushner, the French physician Jean-Martin Charcot chose his resident, Georges Gilles de la Tourette, to investigate the "relationship between tic disorders and jumping and startle behaviors reported in Malaysia, Siberia, and Maine";[11] Gilles de la Tourette translated Beard's descriptions and published them one year after Beard's papers.[7] In 1885, Tourette published "Study of a Nervous Affliction" where he included the startle disorders in the typology of what he called "convulsive tic illness", that included what later came to be known as Tourette syndrome.[7][10] Kushner argues that none of the patients studied by Tourette supported this assertion,[7] and says that "many of his contemporaries refuted Gilles de la Tourette's typology."[12]
References
edit- ^ "Jumping Frenchmen of Maine | Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center (GARD) – an NCATS Program". rarediseases.info.nih.gov. Archived from the original on 2018-04-18. Retrieved 2018-04-17.
- ^ Howard R, Ford R (August 1992). "From the jumping Frenchmen of Maine to post-traumatic stress disorder: the startle response in neuropsychiatry". Psychol Med. 22 (3): 695–707. doi:10.1017/S0033291700038137. PMID 1410093. S2CID 38762400.
- ^ a b c Stevens H (March 1965). ""Jumping Frenchmen of Maine." Myriachit". Arch. Neurol. 12: 311–4. doi:10.1001/archneur.1965.00460270087011. PMID 14247390.
- ^ a b Saint-Hilaire MH, Saint-Hilaire JM (May 2001). "Jumping Frenchmen of Maine". Mov. Disord. 16 (3): 530. doi:10.1002/mds.1080. PMID 11391751. S2CID 36221607.
- ^ Lanska DJ (2010). "Chapter 33: the history of movement disorders". Handb Clin Neurol. Handbook of Clinical Neurology. 95: 501–46. doi:10.1016/S0072-9752(08)02133-7. ISBN 9780444520098. PMID 19892136.
- ^ a b Kunkle EC (April 1967). "The "jumpers" of Maine: a reappraisal". Arch. Intern. Med. 119 (4): 355–8. doi:10.1001/archinte.1967.00290220105005. PMID 6022518.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Kushner (2000), p. 22.
- ^ NORD
- ^ a b c d e Lanska DJ (June 2002). "Classic articles of 19th-century American neurologists: a critical review". J Hist Neurosci. 11 (2): 156–73. doi:10.1076/jhin.11.2.156.15196. PMID 12122807. S2CID 34469937.
- ^ a b Saint-Hilaire M, Saint-Hilaire J, Granger L (1986). "Jumping Frenchmen of Maine". Neurology. 36 (9): 1269–71. doi:10.1212/wnl.36.9.1269. PMID 3528919. S2CID 26870900.
- ^ Kushner (2000), p. 21.
- ^ Kushner (2000), p. 25.
Bibliography
editKushner, HI. A cursing brain?: The histories of Tourette syndrome. Harvard University Press, 2000. ISBN 0-674-00386-1