In probability theory, Isserlis' theorem or Wick's probability theorem is a formula that allows one to compute higher-order moments of the multivariate normal distribution in terms of its covariance matrix. It is named after Leon Isserlis.

This theorem is also particularly important in particle physics, where it is known as Wick's theorem after the work of Wick (1950).[1] Other applications include the analysis of portfolio returns,[2] quantum field theory[3] and generation of colored noise.[4]

Statement

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If   is a zero-mean multivariate normal random vector, then where the sum is over all the pairings of  , i.e. all distinct ways of partitioning   into pairs  , and the product is over the pairs contained in  .[5][6]

More generally, if   is a zero-mean complex-valued multivariate normal random vector, then the formula still holds.

The expression on the right-hand side is also known as the hafnian of the covariance matrix of  .

Odd case

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If   is odd, there does not exist any pairing of  . Under this hypothesis, Isserlis' theorem implies that  This also follows from the fact that   has the same distribution as  , which implies that  .

Even case

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In his original paper,[7] Leon Isserlis proves this theorem by mathematical induction, generalizing the formula for the   order moments,[8] which takes the appearance

 

If   is even, there exist   (see double factorial) pair partitions of  : this yields   terms in the sum. For example, for   order moments (i.e.   random variables) there are three terms. For  -order moments there are   terms, and for  -order moments there are   terms.

Example

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We can evaluate the characteristic function of gaussians by the Isserlis theorem: 

Proof

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Since both sides of the formula are multilinear in  , if we can prove the real case, we get the complex case for free.

Let   be the covariance matrix, so that we have the zero-mean multivariate normal random vector  . Since both sides of the formula are continuous with respect to  , it suffices to prove the case when   is invertible.

Using quadratic factorization  , we get

 

Differentiate under the integral sign with   to obtain

 .

That is, we need only find the coefficient of term   in the Taylor expansion of  .

If   is odd, this is zero. So let  , then we need only find the coefficient of term   in the polynomial  .

Expand the polynomial and count, we obtain the formula.  

Generalizations

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Gaussian integration by parts

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An equivalent formulation of the Wick's probability formula is the Gaussian integration by parts. If   is a zero-mean multivariate normal random vector, then

 This is a generalization of Stein's lemma.

The Wick's probability formula can be recovered by induction, considering the function   defined by  . Among other things, this formulation is important in Liouville conformal field theory to obtain conformal Ward identities, BPZ equations[9] and to prove the Fyodorov-Bouchaud formula.[10]

Non-Gaussian random variables

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For non-Gaussian random variables, the moment-cumulants formula[11] replaces the Wick's probability formula. If   is a vector of random variables, then  where the sum is over all the partitions of  , the product is over the blocks of   and   is the joint cumulant of  .

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Wick, G.C. (1950). "The evaluation of the collision matrix". Physical Review. 80 (2): 268–272. Bibcode:1950PhRv...80..268W. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.80.268.
  2. ^ Repetowicz, Przemysław; Richmond, Peter (2005). "Statistical inference of multivariate distribution parameters for non-Gaussian distributed time series" (PDF). Acta Physica Polonica B. 36 (9): 2785–2796. Bibcode:2005AcPPB..36.2785R.
  3. ^ Perez-Martin, S.; Robledo, L.M. (2007). "Generalized Wick's theorem for multiquasiparticle overlaps as a limit of Gaudin's theorem". Physical Review C. 76 (6): 064314. arXiv:0707.3365. Bibcode:2007PhRvC..76f4314P. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.76.064314. S2CID 119627477.
  4. ^ Bartosch, L. (2001). "Generation of colored noise". International Journal of Modern Physics C. 12 (6): 851–855. Bibcode:2001IJMPC..12..851B. doi:10.1142/S0129183101002012. S2CID 54500670.
  5. ^ Janson, Svante (June 1997). Gaussian Hilbert Spaces. Cambridge Core. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511526169. ISBN 9780521561280. Retrieved 2019-11-30.
  6. ^ Michalowicz, J.V.; Nichols, J.M.; Bucholtz, F.; Olson, C.C. (2009). "An Isserlis' theorem for mixed Gaussian variables: application to the auto-bispectral density". Journal of Statistical Physics. 136 (1): 89–102. Bibcode:2009JSP...136...89M. doi:10.1007/s10955-009-9768-3. S2CID 119702133.
  7. ^ Isserlis, L. (1918). "On a formula for the product-moment coefficient of any order of a normal frequency distribution in any number of variables". Biometrika. 12 (1–2): 134–139. doi:10.1093/biomet/12.1-2.134. JSTOR 2331932.
  8. ^ Isserlis, L. (1916). "On Certain Probable Errors and Correlation Coefficients of Multiple Frequency Distributions with Skew Regression". Biometrika. 11 (3): 185–190. doi:10.1093/biomet/11.3.185. JSTOR 2331846.
  9. ^ Kupiainen, Antti; Rhodes, Rémi; Vargas, Vincent (2019-11-01). "Local Conformal Structure of Liouville Quantum Gravity". Communications in Mathematical Physics. 371 (3): 1005–1069. arXiv:1512.01802. Bibcode:2019CMaPh.371.1005K. doi:10.1007/s00220-018-3260-3. ISSN 1432-0916. S2CID 55282482.
  10. ^ Remy, Guillaume (2020). "The Fyodorov–Bouchaud formula and Liouville conformal field theory". Duke Mathematical Journal. 169. arXiv:1710.06897. doi:10.1215/00127094-2019-0045. S2CID 54777103.
  11. ^ Leonov, V. P.; Shiryaev, A. N. (January 1959). "On a Method of Calculation of Semi-Invariants". Theory of Probability & Its Applications. 4 (3): 319–329. doi:10.1137/1104031.

Further reading

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  • Koopmans, Lambert G. (1974). The spectral analysis of time series. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.