Wikipedia

Immigration to Italy

Foreign residents as a percentage of the regional population, 2011

In 2021, Istat estimated that 5,171,894 foreign citizens lived in Italy, representing about 8.7% of the total population. These figures include naturalized foreign-born residents (about 1,620,000 foreigners acquired Italian citizenship from 1999 to 2020, of whom 130,000 did so in 2020[1]) as well as illegal immigrants, the so-called clandestini, whose numbers, difficult to determine, are thought to be at least 670,000.[2]

In 2021, around 6,260,000 people residing in Italy have an immigration background (around the 10.6% of the total Italian population).[3][4][5]

Starting from the early 1980s, until then a linguistically and culturally homogeneous society, Italy began to attract substantial flows of foreign immigrants.[6][7] After the fall of the Berlin Wall and, more recently, the 2004 and 2007 enlargements of the European Union, large waves of migration originated from the former socialist countries of Eastern Europe (especially Romania, Albania, Ukraine, Moldova and Poland). Another source of immigration is neighbouring North Africa (in particular, Morocco, Egypt and Tunisia), with soaring arrivals as a consequence of the Arab Spring. Furthermore, in recent years, growing migration fluxes from Asia-Pacific (notably China,[8] South Asia, and the Philippines) and Latin America have been recorded.

Since the expansion of the European Union, the most recent wave of migration has been from surrounding European states, particularly Eastern Europe, and increasingly Asia,[9] replacing North Africa as the major immigration area.[6]

Romanians made up the largest foreign community in the country (1,077,876; around 10% of them being ethnic Romani people[10]) followed by Albanians (433,130) and Moroccans (428,940).[11] The fourth largest, but the fastest growing, community of foreign residents in Italy was represented by the Chinese; as of 2021 there were 330,495 foreigners holding Chinese citizenship.[12][13] The majority of Chinese living in Italy are from the city of Wenzhou in the province of Zhejiang.[14] As of 2021, foreign citizens' origins were subdivided as follows: Europe (47,6%), Africa (22.25%), Asia (22.64%), The Americas (7.49%), and Oceania (0.04%).[15]

The distribution of foreigners is largely uneven in Italy: in 2020, 61.2% of foreign citizens lived in Northern Italy (in particular 36.1% in Northwestern Italy and 25.1% in Northeastern Italy), 24.2% in Central Italy, 10.8% in Southern Italy and 3.9% in Insular Italy.[16]

The children born in Italy to foreign mothers were 102,000 in 2012, 99,000 in 2013 and 97,000 in 2014.[17]

Statistics

edit
Immigrants by country of origin as of 2023. Italy is home to a large population of migrants from Eastern Europe and North Africa.
Senegalese workers at the Potato festival in Vimercate (Lombardy) in 2015
data analysis of foreign people who live in Italy since 2022
Foreign citizens in Italy - 2022

On foreigners only, for more information dealing with foreigners who have subsequently acquired Italian citizenship refer to Eurostat site.

Total foreign resident population on 1 January[note 1]
Year Population
2002 1,341,209 (2.35%)[18]
2003 1,549,373 (2.70%)[18]
2004 1,990,159 (3.45%)[18]
2005 2,402,157 (4.14%)[18]
2006 2,670,514 (4.59%)[18]
2007 2,938,922 (5.03%)[18]
2008 3,432,651 (5.84%)[18]
2009 3,891,295 (6.58%)[18]
2010 4,235,059 (7.14%)[18]
2011 4,570,317 (7.70%)[18]
2012 4,052,081 (6.81%)[19]
2013 4,387,721 (7.28%)[20]
2014 4,922,085 (8.10%)[21]
2015 5,014,437 (8.25%)[4]
2016 5,026,153 (8.28%)[22]
2017 5,047,028 (8.33%)[23]
2018 5,144,440 (8.51%)[24]
2019 4,996,158 (8.35%)[25]
2020 5,039,637 (8.45%)[26]
2021 5,171,894 (8.73%)[27]
2022 5,030,716 (8.52%)[28]
2023 5,141,341 (8.71%)[29]
Foreign citizens (thus not including naturalized Italians and descendants) by country of origin [note 2][30]
Country 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022[31] 2023 [32] Regions with significant populations
 Romania 177,812 Increase248,849 Increase297,570 Increase342,200 Increase625,278 Increase796,477 Increase887,763 Increase968,576 Decrease834,465 Increase933,354 Increase 1,081,400 Increase1,118,776 Increase1,151,395 Increase1,168,552 Increase 1,190,091 Decrease 1,143,859 Increase1,145,718 Decrease 1,076,412 Increase 1,083,771 Decrease 1,081,836 Lazio
 Albania 270,383 Increase316,659 Increase348,813 Increase375,947 Increase401,949 Increase441,396 Increase466,684 Increase482,627 Decrease450,908 Increase464,962 Increase495,709 Decrease478,069 Decrease467,687 Decrease448,407 Decrease440,465 Decrease423,212 Decrease421,591 Increase 433,171 Decrease 419,987 Decrease 416,829 Lombardy
 Morocco 253,362 Increase294,945 Increase319,537 Increase343,228 Increase365,908 Increase 403,592 Increase 431,529 Increase 452,424 Decrease 408,667 Increase 426,791 Increase 454,773 Decrease 441,104 Decrease 437,485 Decrease 420,651 Decrease 416,531 Decrease 406,112 Increase414,249 Increase 428,947 Decrease 420,172 Decrease 415,088 Lombardy
 China 86,738 Increase111,712 Increase127,822 Increase144,885 Increase156,519 Increase170,265 Increase188,352 Increase209,934 Decrease197,064 Increase223,367 Increase 256,846 Increase 263,659 Increase 271,330 Increase 281,972 Increase 290,681 Decrease 283,430 Increase288,923 Increase 330,495 Decrease 300,216 Increase 307,038 Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol
 Ukraine 57,971 Increase93,441 Increase107,118 Increase120,070 Increase132,718 Increase153,998 Increase174,129 Increase200,730 Decrease180,121 Increase191,725 Increase 219,050 Increase 222,039 Increase 230,728 Increase 234,354 Increase 237,047 Decrease227,867 Increase228,560 Increase 235,953 Decrease 225,307 Increase 249,613 Campania
 Bangladesh 27,356 Increase35,785 Increase41,631 Increase49,575 Increase55,242 Increase65,529 Increase73,965 Increase82,451 Decrease 81,683 Increase 92,695 Increase 111,223 Increase 113,901 Increase 118,790 Increase 122,428 Increase 131,967 Decrease131,023 Increase138,895 Increase 158,020 Increase 159,003 Increase 174,058 Lombardy
 India 44,791 Increase54,288 Increase61,847 Increase69,504 Increase77,432 Increase91,855 Increase105,863 Increase121,036 Decrease118,409 Increase128,903 Increase 142,453 Increase 145,879 Increase 150,456 Increase 151,430 Increase 151,791 Decrease147,153 Increase 153,209 Increase 165,512 Decrease 162,492 Increase 167,333 Lombardy
 Philippines 72,372 Increase82,625 Increase89,668 Increase101,337 Increase105,675 Decrease113,686 Increase123,584 Increase134,154 Decrease129,188 Increase139,835 Increase 162,655 Increase 167,834 Decrease 165,900 Increase 166,459 Increase 167,859 Decrease158,049 Decrease157,665 Increase 165,443 Decrease 158,997 Decrease 158,926 Lombardy
 Egypt 40,583 Increase52,865 Increase58,879 Increase65,667 Increase69,572 Increase74,599 Increase82,064 Increase 90,365 Decrease 66,932 Increase 76,691 Increase 96,008 Increase 103,471 Increase 109,871 Increase 112,765 Increase 119,513 Increase 119,864 Increase128,095 Increase 139,569 Increase 140,322 Increase 147,797 Lombardy
 Pakistan 27,798 Increase35,509 Increase41,797 Increase46,085 Increase49,344 Increase55,371 Increase 64,859 Increase 75,720 Decrease 71,031 Increase 80,658 Increase 90,615 Decrease 90,336 Increase 101,784 Increase 108,204 Increase 114,198 Increase 116,631 Increase121,609 Increase 135,520 Decrease 134,182 Increase 144,129 Lombardy
 Nigeria 26,383 Increase31,647 Increase34,310 Increase37,733 Increase40,641 Increase44,544 Increase48,674 Increase53,613 Decrease48,220 Increase 56,476 Increase 66,833 Increase 70,775 Increase 77,264 Increase 88,533 Increase 106,069 Increase 114,096 Decrease113,049 Increase 119,089 Increase 119,435 Increase 123,646 Veneto
 Senegal 46,478 Increase53,941 Increase57,101 Increase59,857 Increase62,620 Increase67,510 Increase72,618 Increase 80,989 Decrease 73,702 Increase 80,325 Increase 90,863 Increase 93,352 Increase 98,176 Increase 101,207 Increase 105,937 Decrease 105,227 Increase106,198 Increase 111,092 Decrease 110,763 Increase 112,598 Lombardy
 Sri Lanka 39,231 Increase45,572 Increase50,528 Increase56,745 Increase61,064 Decrease68,738 Increase75,343 Increase81,094 Increase 71,573 Increase 79,530 Increase 95,007 Increase 100,368 Increase 102,316 Increase 104,908 Increase 107,967 Decrease 104,763 Increase107,598 Increase 112,018 Decrease 108,069 Increase 109,828 Veneto
 Moldova 24,645 Increase37,971 Increase47,632 Increase55,803 Increase68,591 Increase89,424 Increase105,600 Increase130,948 Increase132,175 Increase139,734 Increase 149,434 Decrease 143,442 Decrease 142,266 Decrease 135,661 Decrease 131,814 Decrease 122,762 Decrease118,516 Increase 122,667 Decrease 114,914 Decrease 109,804 Emilia Romagna
 Tunisia 68,630 Increase78,230 Increase83,564 Increase88,932 Increase93,601 Increase100,112 Increase103,678 Increase106,291 Decrease82,997 Increase88,291 Increase97,317 Decrease93,795 Increase95,645 Decrease94,064 Decrease93,795 Decrease90,615 Increase93,350 Increase 97,407 Increase 99,002 Increase 102,422 Lazio
 Peru 43,009 Increase53,378 Increase59,269 Increase66,506 Increase70,755 Increase77,629 Increase87,747 Increase98,603 Decrease93,841 Increase99,173 Increase109,851 Decrease108,465 Decrease98,176 Increase99,110 Decrease97,379 Decrease91,859 Decrease91,662 Increase 96,546 Decrease 94,131 Increase 98,733 Lazio
 Poland 40,314 Increase50,974 Increase60,823 Increase72,457 Increase90,218 Increase99,389 Increase106,608 Increase109,018 Decrease84,749 Increase88,839 Increase97,566 Decrease96,285 Increase97,986 Decrease97,062 Decrease95,727 Decrease88,803 Decrease86,743 Decrease 77,779 Decrease 74,981 Decrease 74,387 Lazio
 Ecuador 33,506 Increase53,220 Increase61,953 Increase68,880 Increase73,235 Increase80,070 Increase85,940 Increase91,625 Decrease80,333 Increase82,791 Increase91,861 Decrease90,680 Decrease87,427 Decrease83,120 Decrease80,377 Decrease74,661 Decrease72,644 Decrease 72,193 Decrease 66,590 Decrease 63,211 Lombardy
 Brazil 22,533 Increase25,823 Increase30,375 Increase34,342 Increase37,848 Increase41,476 Increase44,067 Increase46,690 Decrease37,567 Increase39,157 Increase43,202 Decrease41,972 Increase43,783 Increase45,410 Increase48,022 Increase49,445 Increase51,790 Decrease 50,666 Decrease 47,318 Increase 51,125 Lombardy
 North Macedonia 51,208 Increase58,460 Increase63,245 Increase74,162 Increase78,090 Increase89,066 Increase92,847 Decrease89,900 Decrease73,972 Increase76,608 Increase78,424 Decrease72,175 Increase73,512 Decrease67,969 Decrease65,347 Decrease60,581 Decrease55,816 Decrease55,771 Decrease53,443 Decrease51,090 Tuscany
 Bulgaria 11,467 Increase15,374 Increase17,746 Increase19,924 Increase33,477 Increase40,880 Increase46,026 Increase51,134 Decrease42,000 Increase47,872 Increase54,932 Increase55,759 Increase58,001 Increase58,620 Increase59,254 Decrease56,593 Increase56,645 Decrease 50,355 Decrease 49,205 Increase 49,518 Lombardy
 Ghana 29,252 Increase32,754 Increase34,499 Increase36,540 Increase38,400 Increase42,327 Increase44,353 Increase46,890 Decrease44,364 Increase48,575 Increase51,602 Decrease49,961 Decrease48,637 Decrease48,138 Increase49,940 Decrease49,797 Decrease49,543 Increase 50,778 Decrease 48,280 Decrease 47,335 Emilia Romagna
 Russia 14,311 Increase17,188 Increase18,689 Increase20,459 Increase21,523 Increase23,201 Increase25,786 Increase30,504 Decrease28,604 Increase30,948 Increase34,483 Increase34,702 Increase35,791 Increase36,361 Increase37,384 Decrease36,512 Increase37,424 Increase 39,746 Decrease 36,982 Increase 39,705 Lombardy
 Kosovo 7,625 Increase16,234 Increase22,778 Increase40,475 Increase43,751 Increase46,248 Decrease42,550 Increase43,091 Decrease41,344 Decrease40,371 Decrease39,630 Decrease38,645 Increase38,860 Decrease37,064 Decrease36,372
 Germany 34,664 Increase35,559 Increase36,834 Increase38,135 Increase40,163 Increase41,476 Increase42,302 Increase42,531 Decrease34,936 Increase35,576 Increase38,136 Decrease31,776 Increase36,661 Decrease36,660 Increase36,806 Decrease35,442 Decrease35,316 Decrease 35,091 Decrease 32,984 Increase 34,003 Lombardy
 Serbia 57,826 Decrease53,875 Decrease52,954 Decrease43,022 Increase43,816 Increase46,958 Decrease41,708 Increase42,264 Decrease39,937 Decrease39,690 Decrease35,578 Decrease33,322 Decrease32,898 Decrease 31,342 Decrease 30,835 Lombardy
 France 26,428 Increase26,951 Increase28,021 Increase29,205 Increase30,803 Increase32,079 Increase32,956 Increase33,400 Decrease23,985 Increase25,016 Increase29,078 Decrease27,436 Increase28,634 Increase29,281 Increase29,991 Decrease29,008 Increase29,721 Increase 31,354 Decrease 28,735 Increase 29,942 Lombardy
 Dominican Republic 13,904 Increase15,286 Increase16,725 Increase17,892 Increase18,591 Increase20,583 Increase22,920 Increase24,529 Decrease23,020 Increase25,405 Increase28,623 Decrease28,277 Decrease28,202 Decrease28,002 Increase28,451 Decrease28,208 Increase29,111 Increase 30,255 Decrease 28,812 Increase 29,571 Lombardy
 Georgia 447 Increase569 Increase675 Increase811 Increase1,012 Increase1,482 Increase2,734 Increase6,520 Increase7,083 Increase9,123 Increase12,124 Increase13,688 Increase14,045 Increase14,603 Increase15,203 Decrease15,021 Increase15,667 Increase18,272 Increase22,907 Increase29,222 Tuscany
 Ivory Coast 11,435 Increase13,228 Increase14,378 Increase15,637 Increase17,132 Increase19,408 Increase21,222 Increase22,665 Decrease20,878 Increase23,563 Increase25,953 Decrease25,174 Decrease25,056 Increase26,159 Increase30,271 Increase31,001 Decrease30,038 Decrease 29,673 Decrease 28,385 Increase 28,559 Lombardy
 Spain 14,019 Increase14,837 Increase15,503 Increase16,292 Increase17,354 Increase18,258 Increase19,094 Increase19,887 Decrease15,129 Increase17,021 Increase20,682 Increase21,001 Increase22,593 Increase23,828 Increase24,870 Increase24,936 Increase25,954 Increase 32,637 Decrease 26,417 Increase 27,854 Lombardy
 United Kingdom 20,972 Increase22,318 Increase23,324 Increase24,673 Increase26,448 Decrease28,174 Increase29,184 Increase29,560 Decrease22,839 Increase23,744 Increase26,377 Decrease25,523 Increase26,634 Increase27,208 Increase28,168 Decrease27,857 Increase29,654 Increase 30,325 Decrease 28,355 Decrease 27,758 Lombardy
 Cuba 10,149 Increase11,363 Increase12,927 Increase14,073 Increase14,581 Increase15,883 Increase16,878 Increase17,947 Decrease16,350 Increase17,538 Increase19,316 Increase19,560 Increase20,662 Increase20,986 Increase21,418 Decrease21,417 Increase22,311 Increase22,958 Decrease21,499 Increase23,531 Lombardy
 El Salvador 4,240 Increase5,085 Increase5,509 Increase5,895 Increase6,144 Increase6,552 Increase7,213 Increase8,739 Increase9,235 Increase10,443 Increase11,809 Increase12,973 Increase13,007 Increase13,492 Increase14,626 Increase15,437 Increase16,270 Increase20,038 Increase20,608 Increase22,693 Lombardy
 Gambia 541 Increase628 Increase650 Increase676 Increase748 Increase825 Increase912 Increase1,033 Decrease941 Increase1,244 Increase1,630 Increase3,271 Increase8,016 Increase13,780 Increase19,567 Increase22,075 Decrease21,336 Increase22,213 Decrease21,826 Increase22,637 Sicily
 Mali 547 Increase642 Increase702 Increase735 Increase832 Increase992 Increase1,090 Increase1,263 Decrease1,252 Increase2,946 Increase4,470 Increase6,098 Increase10,369 Increase14,768 Increase19,134 Increase20,078 Decrease19,350 Increase20,015 Decrease20,008 Increase21,032 Campania
 Colombia 13,989 Increase15,843 Increase16,810 Increase17,640 Increase17,890 Increase18,615 Increase19,573 Increase20,571 Decrease17,086 Increase17,880 Increase19,661 Decrease18,956 Decrease18,777 Decrease17,968 Decrease17,956 Decrease17,539 Increase18,053 Increase19,848 Decrease19,025 Increase20,856 Lombardy
 Bosnia and Herzegovina 20,152 Increase22,436 Increase24,142 Increase26,298 Increase27,356 Increase30,124 Increase31,341 Increase31,972 Decrease28,015 Increase28,996 Increase29,831 Decrease28,120 Decrease27,199 Decrease25,791 Decrease25,034 Decrease22,944 Decrease21,911 Decrease21,442 Decrease21,234 Decrease20,454 Veneto
 Turkey 9,130 Increase11,077 Increase12,359 Increase13,532 Increase14,562 Increase16,225 Increase17,651 Increase19,068 Decrease16,354 Increase17,711 Increase19,951 Decrease19,450 Decrease19,388 Decrease19,217 Increase19,509 Decrease18,780 Increase19,168 Increase20,999 Decrease18,930 Increase20,080 Lombardy
 Algeria 15,493 Increase18,736 Increase20,202 Increase21,519 Increase22,672 Increase24,387 Increase25,449 Increase25,935 Decrease20,725 Increase21,801 Increase23,095 Decrease21,899 Decrease21,765 Decrease20,437 Decrease19,823 Decrease18,507 Decrease18,468 Increase18,538 Decrease17,998 Increase18,095 Campania
 Afghanistan 172 Increase198 Increase312 Increase442 Increase1,063 Increase2,198 Increase3,372 Increase3,811 Decrease3,512 Increase4,813 Increase6,635 Increase7,330 Increase8,574 Increase11,224 Increase11,738 Decrease10,600 Increase11,121 Increase12,199 Increase13,547 Increase16,872 Lazio
 Iran 6,405 Increase6,550 Increase6,566 Increase6,850 Increase6,913 Increase6,983 Increase7,106 Increase7,444 Decrease5,962 Increase7,273 Increase8,995 Increase9,540 Increase10,304 Increase10,794 Increase11,565 Increase11,837 Increase12,866 Increase14,255 Decrease14,009 Increase16,490 Lombardy
 United States of America 14,132 Increase14,155 Increase14,433 Increase14,904 Increase15,036 Increase15,324 Increase15,708 Decrease15,620 Decrease12,184 Increase13,165 Increase14,963 Decrease14,145 Increase14,512 Increase14,649 Increase15,004 Decrease14,966 Increase15,393 Increase18,837 Decrease14,496 Increase15,582 Lazio
 Croatia 19,890 Increase20,712 Increase21,232 Increase21,360 Decrease21,308 Increase21,511 Decrease21,261 Decrease21,079 Decrease16,708 Increase17,051 Increase17,999 Decrease17,375 Increase18,052 Decrease17,698 Decrease17,573 Decrease16,591 Decrease16,285 Increase17,362 Decrease15,754 Decrease15,514 Lombardy
 Cameroon 3,682 Increase4,672 Increase5,529 Increase6,249 Increase6,940 Increase7,994 Increase9,175 Increase10,324 Decrease8,830 Increase10,071 Increase11,880 Increase12,298 Increase12,738 Increase13,308 Increase14,529 Increase15,170 Increase15,329 Increase15,581 Decrease15,013 Increase15,443 Emilia Romagna
 Argentina 13,174 Increase13,720 Increase13,907 Decrease13,422 Decrease12,492 Decrease11,842 Decrease11,338 Decrease11,239 Decrease7,896 Increase8,025 Increase8,642 Decrease8,179 Increase8,270 Decrease8,009 Increase8,023 Increase8,169 Increase9,117 Decrease9,091 Increase10,522 Increase14,662 Lombardy
 Burkina Faso 5,545 Increase7,012 Increase7,949 Increase8,543 Increase8,960 Increase10,493 Increase11,784 Increase13,051 Decrease12,752 Increase14,007 Increase15,301 Decrease14,797 Decrease14,657 Decrease14,306 Increase14,435 Decrease14,051 Decrease13,979 Increase14,236 Decrease14,167 Increase14,204 Lombardy
 Venezuela 4,245 Increase4,579 Increase4,913 Increase5,114 Increase5,219 Increase5,339 Increase5,580 Increase5,808 Decrease4,787 Increase5,138 Increase5,506 Increase5,594 Increase5,849 Increase6,327 Increase7,347 Increase8,981 Increase10,316 Increase12,135 Decrease12,033 Increase13,548 Lombardy
 Bolivia 2,508 Increase3,637 Increase4,127 Increase4,800 Increase6,043 Increase6,796 Increase8,855 Increase12,268 Decrease11,774 Increase12,357 Increase13,919 Increase14,384 Decrease14,243 Decrease14,076 Decrease13,955 Decrease13,277 Decrease13,141 Increase13,271 Decrease12,924 Increase12,930 Lombardy
 Guinea 1,259 Increase1,604 Increase1,813 Increase2,014 Increase2,268 Increase2,679 Increase2,991 Increase3,360 Decrease3,297 Increase3,896 Increase4,371 Increase4,425 Increase4,928 Increase6,897 Increase11,240 Increase12,728 Decrease12,213 Increase12,255 Decrease11,796 Increase11,880 Lombardy
 Somalia 5,963 Increase6,094 Increase6,249 Increase6,414 Decrease6,237 Increase6,663 Increase7,728 Increase8,112 Decrease4,586 Increase5,235 Increase6,878 Increase7,677 Increase7,903 Increase8,228 Increase9,102 Decrease8,626 Decrease8,515 Decrease7,629 Increase8,370 Increase9,349 Lazio
 Belarus 2,095 Increase2,791 Increase3,258 Increase3,767 Increase4,265 Increase5,062 Increase5,952 Increase6,975 Decrease6,654 Increase7,446 Increase8,177 Increase8,195 Increase8,529 Increase8,636 Increase8,885 Decrease8,704 Increase8,808 Increase9,269 Decrease8,811 Increase9,248 Lombardy
 Netherlands 6,787 Increase6,989 Increase7,356 Increase7,752 Increase8,165 Increase8,521 Increase8,651 Increase8,695 Decrease7,163 Increase7,378 Increase7,856 Decrease7,616 Increase8,106 Increase8,243 Increase8,344 Decrease8,184 Increase8,283 Increase10,092 Decrease8,367 Increase8,820 Lombardy
 Eritrea 4,900 Increase5,634 Increase7,090 Increase8,972 Increase11,386 Increase11,911 Increase12,967 Increase13,368 Decrease8,074 Increase8,752 Increase11,187 Decrease10,570 Decrease9,597 Decrease9,394 Decrease9,343 Decrease8,141 Decrease8,035 Decrease6,912 Decrease6,575 Decrease6,404
Rest of Europe 118,159 119,870 128,299 132,310 143,602 80,381 86,342 87,261 69,066 74,661 81,868 73,734 63,622 62,334 66,817 81,254 84,149
Rest of North Africa and Western/Central Asia 15,540 16,719 17,543 18,565 19,366 20,449 21,572 22,786 16,812 18,976 22,772 22,756 44,526 47,513 31,296 34,572
Rest of South Asia 266 329 426 466 514 608 701 860 787 928 1,189 1,258 1,516 1,630 1,729 1,816
Rest of East and South-East Asia 15,354 16,703 17,501 18,666 19,358 20,367 21,382 22,218 17,067 18,842 22,267 20,939 22,895 19,877 22,777 23,840
Rest of Sub-Saharan Africa 34,102 37,591 41,013 45,630 48,563 51,619 54,091 55,272 43,548 48,293 54,281 52,842 52,591 54,501 59,385 51,002 52,056
Rest of Americas 13,066 13,954 14,713 15,492 15,716 16,567 17,324 18,746 14,517 16,023 18,317 17,643 18,406 20,796 20,103 21,785
Europe 904,490 (1.57%) 1,111,199 (1.92%) 1,249,605 (2.15%) 1,380,974 (2.36%) 1,771,308 (3.01%) 2,067,868 (3.50%) 2,251,635 (3.80%) 2,422,399 (4.08%) 2,134,986 (3.59%) 2,298,498 (3.82%) 2,564,208 (4.22%) 2,546,281 (4.19%) 2,601,313 2,588,451 (4.28%) 2,600,748 (4.31%) 2,609,690 (4.33%) 2,378,907 (4.03%) 2,397,731 (4.06%)
North Africa and Western/Central Asia 409,762 (0.71%) 479,691 (0.83%) 519,325 (0.89%) 559,104 (0.96%) 593,606 (1.01%) 647,829 (1.10%) 691,783 (1.17%) 730,833 (1.23%) 625,532 (1.05%) 666,657 (1.11%) 735,035 (1.21%) 725,703 (1.19%) 741,090 729,064 (1.21%) 735,681 (1.22%) 764,636 (1.30%) 783,766 (1.33%)
South Asia 139,614 (0.24%) 171,681 (0.30%) 196,541 (0.34%) 222,817 (0.38%) 244,659 (0.42%) 284,299 (0.48%) 324,103 (0.55%) 364,972 (0.61%) 346,995 (0.58%) 387,527 (0.64%) 447,122 (0.74%) 459,072 (0.76%) 474,736 488,486 (0.81%) 507,553 (0.84%) 579,022 (0.98%) 614,036 (1.04%)
East and South-East Asia 174,464 (0.30%) 211,040 (0.36%) 234,991 (0.40%) 264,888 (0.45%) 281,552 (0.48%) 304,318 (0.51%) 333,318 (0.56%) 366,306 (0.62%) 343,319 (0.58%) 382,044 (0.63%) 441,768 (0.73%) 452,432 (0.74%) 459,572 471,326 (0.78%) 478,417 (0.79%) 481,990 (0.82%) 489,804 (0.83%)
Sub-Saharan Africa 170,267 (0.30%) 195,447 (0.34%) 211,283 (0.36%) 229,000 (0.39%) 244,727 (0.42%) 266,965 (0.45%) 287,605 (0.49%) 309,940 (0.52%) 270,444 (0.45%) 303,383 (0.50%) 345,249 (0.57%) 351,240 (0.58%) 369,567 397,309 (0.66%) 444,058 (0.74%) 455,620 (0.77%) 465,143 (0.79%)
Americas 188,455 (0.33%) 230,043 (0.40%) 255,661 (0.44%) 278,960 (0.48%) 293,550 (0.50%) 316,676 (0.54%) 343,143 (0.58%) 372,385 (0.63%) 328,590 (0.55%) 347,095 (0.58%) 385,670 (0.63%) 380,828 (0.63%) 376,556 369,555 (0.61%) 373,354 (0.62%) 368,061 (0.62%) 388,227 (0.66%)
Oceania 2,562 (<0.01%) 2,460 (<0.01%) 2,486 (<0.01%) 2,536 (<0.01%) 2,527 (<0.01%) 2,547 (<0.01%) 2,618 (<0.01%) 2,642 (<0.01%) 1,821 (<0.01%) 1,921 (<0.01%) 2,220 (<0.01%) 2,015 (<0.01%) 2,104 (<0.01%) 2,122 (<0,01%) 2,170 (<0.01%) 2,120 (<0.01%) 2,213 (<0.01%) 2,256 (<0.01%) 1,859 (<0.01%) 1,991 (<0.01%)
Total foreigners 1,990,159 (3.45%) 2,402,157 (4.14%) 2,670,514 (4.59%) 2,938,922 (5.03%) 3,432,651 (5.84%) 3,891,295 (6.58%) 4,235,059 (7.14%) 4,570,317 (7.70%) 4,052,081 (6.81%) 4,387,721 (7.28%) 4,922,085 (8.10%) 5,014,437 (8.25%) 5,026,153 (8.28%) 5,047,028 (8.33%) 5,144,440 (8.51%) 4,996,158 (8.35%) 5,039,637 (8.45%) 5,171,894 (8.73%) 5,030,716 (8.52%) 5,141,341 (8.71%)
Italians 55,694,841 (96.55%) 55,566,843 (95.86%) 55,473,486 (95.41%) 55,499,078 (94.97%) 55,394,349 (94.16%) 55,203,705 (93.42%) 55,041,941 (92.86%) 54,808,683 (92.30%) 55,487,919 (93.19%) 55,846,279 (92.72%) 55,866,915 (91.90%) 55,781,563 (91.75%) 55,639,847 (91.72%) 55,531,972 (91.67%) 55,339,560 (91.50%) 54,820,515 (91.65%) 54,601,851 (91.55%) 54,064,319 (91.27%) 53,999,417 (91.48%) 53,855,860 (91.26%)
Italy 57,685,000 57,969,000 58,144,000 58,438,000 58,827,000 59,095,000 59,277,000 59,379,000 59,540,000 60,234,000 60,789,000 60,796,000 60,666,000 60,579,000 60,484,000 59,816,673 59,641,488 59,236,213 59,030,133 58,997,201
  • Turkey has been counted as an Asian country
  • Sudan and Mauritania have been counted in Sub-Saharan Africa
  • Afghanistan has been counted in South Asia

Prison population

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According to the Ministry of Justice, the Italian prison population in 2019 counted 60,769 and of those 32.7% were foreigners. The largest groups came from Morocco (3,651), Albania (2,402), Romania (2,386), Tunisia (2,020), Nigeria (1,665).

Amongst national origins counting more than 5,000 individuals at national level, Algeria, followed by Gambia and Tunisia, had the biggest proportion of detainees (with, respectively, 25.8, 23.7 and 20.7 inmates per 1,000 residents). On the other hand, Japan, Thailand and the Philippines had the lowest proportion of inmates per 1,000 residents (respectively, 0.13, and 0.50 for both Thailand and the Philippines).[33][34]

Public opinion

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See also: Opposition to immigration in Europe

In 2018, a poll by Pew Research found that a majority (71%) wanted fewer immigrants to be allowed into the country, 18% wanted to keep the current level and 5% wanted to increase immigration.[35]

A 2019 poll by Yougov showed that 53% thought authorities should not accept more refugees from conflict areas, 25% were in favour of more refugees and 19% were undecided.[36]

According to poll published by Corriere della Sera in 2019, one of two respondents (51%) approved closing Italy's ports to further boat migrants arriving via the Mediterranean, while 19% welcomed further boat migrants.[37]

In 2021, 77% of Italians thought the current immigrant influx was too high, as underlined by a poll published by La Repubblica and carried out by YouGov.[38]

Mediterranean Sea crossings crisis

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Asylum seekers arrive in Sicily, 2015. The Arab Spring and the Syrian War created factors that led to a migrant crisis that saw hundred of thousands of boat-dwellers seeking refuge in Italy and other Mediterranean countries.

Due to the peninsula geographical position and close proximity to the North Africa coast, the crossing of the Mediterranean Sea has historically been the most used route for undocumented migrants. This route has become gradually more prominent, as flow through other routes to the EU gradually faded and political turmoil in Libya caused a general weakening of borders and coastal control, opening opportunities to people smuggling organisations.

The principal destination for sea crossings boats and rafts are the southernmost Italian territories, the Pelagie Islands. These islands are 113 km from Tunisia, 167 from Libya and 207 from Sicily.

The close distance between these islands and the African mainland has caused people smuggling organisations to employ boats and rafts otherwise hardly seaworthy, generally vastly filled above their capacity. Official reports list boats filled up to 2 or 3 times nominal capacity, including the use of rubber dinghies. This has led to several accidents at sea, as in 2007, the 2009, the 2011, the 2013, 2015.[39] These accidents have become harder to document between 2014 and 2017, as people smuggling organisations changed their tactics: instead of aiming for a full crossing of the sea towards Lampedusa, their boats aimed just to exit Libyan territorial waters and then trigger rescue operation from passing mercantile vessels, seek and rescue organisations, Italian and Maltese coastguards and militaries. As per the United Nations Convention of the Sea, of which Italy is a subscriber, people rescued at sea have to be transported to the closest safe harbor: as Libya continues to be in political turmoil this means they are transported to Italy.

Once in Italy, the EU Dublin Regulation requires migrants to apply for legal residence, protection or asylum permits in the first EU country they cross into, effectively barring them from legally crossing internal EU borders until their case has been processed and positively concluded. As the vast majority of migrant people landing in Italy targets destinations in Central and Northern European States, there is a tendency to avoid filing permits applications in Italy and rather try a northwards land journey.[40]

Refugees and migrants arriving in Italy by sea, 1997–2021[41]

As a reaction to the gradual increase in migration flows through the Mediterranean Sea, Italian governments stepped up cooperation with Tunisian and Libyan authorities to halt activities of people smuggling organisation on land, as well as to allow boats rescued from the Italian Military in international waters to be towed back to the port where they left from. This policy, enacted in 2004 and 2005, sparked controversies related in particular to the compatibility with Italian and EU laws, as numerous reports documented acts of violence from Libyan authorities on migrant people. The policy was openly criticised by the EU Parliament.[42]

In 2008, Berlusconi's government in Italy and Gaddafi's government in Libya signed a treaty including cooperation between the two countries in stopping unlawful migration from Libya to Italy; this led to a policy of forcibly returning to Libya boat migrants intercepted by the Italian coast guard at sea.[43] The cooperation collapsed following the outbreak of the Libyan civil war in 2011. In 2012 the European Court of Human Rights ruled that Italy had violated the European Convention on Human Rights by returning migrants to Libya, as it exposed the migrants to the risk of being subjected to ill-treatment in Libya and violated the prohibition of collective expulsions.,[44] thus effectively ending the policy.

Rescued male migrants are brought to southern Italian ports, 28 June 2015

In 2009, as the flow of migrants picked up again, the overcrowded conditions at the Pelagie Islands' temporary immigrant reception centre came under criticism by the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). The unit, which was originally built for a maximum capacity of 850 people, was reported to be housing nearly 2,000 boat people. A significant number of people were sleeping outdoors under plastic sheeting.[45] A fire started as an inmate riot destroyed a large portion of the holding facility on 19 February 2009.

In 2011, as Arab Spring rebellions in Tunisia and Libya disrupted government control over borders and coasts, by May 2011, more than 35,000 immigrants had arrived on the island of Lampedusa from Tunisia and Libya.[46] By the end of August, 48,000 had arrived.[47] As migration and asylum policies are exclusive responsibilities of each member State, the increased migration pressure at the EU Southern border sparked tensions between EU States on how to differentiate between people migrating due to economic reasons, which in principle are regarded as unlawful immigrants and thus are forced to leave or deported, and people fleeing violence or persecution for religious, sexual orientation, political reasons, who can be granted asylum rights.[48] As the Libyan authoritarian governments struggled to keep control of the country, it allowed an increase in northbound migrant flows as a tactic to pressure Italy and the EU not to militarily intervene in the country, as Gaddafi feared his regime would be overthrown.[47]

Some Italian towns and cities disobeyed instructions from the national government to house migrants.[49] The Mafia Capitale investigation revealed that the Italian Mafia profited from the migrant crisis and exploited refugees.[50][51] The murder of Ashley Ann Olsen in her Italian apartment by an illegal immigrant from Senegal rapidly acquired political significance in the context of the European migrant crisis. The police chief of Florence addressed safety concerns and "assur[ed] the public that Florence remained safe" in the wake of the Olsen murder.[52]

Eritrean migrants in Messina, October 2015

Since 2014, thousands of migrants have tried every month to cross the Central Mediterranean to Italy, risking their lives on unsafe boats including fishing trawlers.[53] Many of them were fleeing poverty-stricken homelands or war-torn countries and sought economic opportunity within the EU.[54][55] Italy, and, in particular, its southern island of Lampedusa, received enormous numbers of Africans and Middle-Easterners transported by smugglers and NGOs operating along the ungoverned coast of the failed state of Libya.[54][56]

There were 153,842 Mediterranean sea arrivals to Italy in 2015, 9 percent less than the previous year; most of the refugees and migrants came from Eritrea, Nigeria, and Somalia, whereas the number of Syrian refugees sharply decreased, as most of them took the Eastern Mediterranean route from Turkey to Greece.[57]

The first three months of 2016 saw an increase in the number of migrants rescued at sea being brought to southern Italian ports.[58][59][60] In April 2016, nearly 6,000 mostly sub-Saharan African migrants landed in Italy in four days.[61] In June 2016, over 10,000 migrants were rescued in four days.[62] In 2016, 181,100 migrants arrived in Italy by sea.[63]

In April 2017, more than 8,000 migrants were rescued near Libya and brought to Italy in three days.[64] From January to November 2017, approximately 114,600 migrants arrived in Italy by sea.[65] Approximately 5,000 African migrants were rescued in waters off the coast of Libya between 18 and 20 May 2017.[66]

Since 2013, Italy took in over 700,000 migrants,[67] mainly from sub-Saharan Africa.[68]

In September 2023, Boats, carrying roughly 7,000 migrants—more than the total population of Lampedusa—arrived on the island within the span of 24 hours.[69][70][71]

In 2023, 155,754 migrants arrived in Italy, up from 103,846 in 2022.[72][73][74]

Controversies regarding NGOs

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After 2015, as an increased use of unseaworthy vessels by people smuggling organisations caused a marked increase in accidents at sea involving loss of lives, several European NGOs have started seek and rescue operations in close coordination with Italian Navy and coast guard units. These operations often happen close to Libyan territorial waters at the same time in order not to unlawfully enter Libyan jurisdictions and yet ensure migrants' safety. As per UNCLOS, rescued people are brought to the closer safe harbor, which is in most cases on Italian shore. This effectively means NGOs vessels are covering most of the distance between Libyan and Italian coast. Right-wing Italian newspapers and activists picked on that to make various claims, among which that NGOs active in migrants' assistance and rescue at sea would reap financial profits from their collaboration with the Italian authorities,[75] or that some NGOs are part of unlawful people smuggling operations in coordination with operatives on Libyan coast, and funded by international criminal groups and financial institutions interested in developing political turmoil in Italy.[76] The Italian Parliament investigated these claims and has found them to be unsubstantiated, with no further actions.[77] Regardless of this, right-wing newspapers have continued campaigning against Italian and foreign NGOs.

This map shows the journey of Aquarius Dignitus in June 2018, which was refused to dock in Malta and Italy before being granted access by the recently installed left-wing government in Spain.[78]

In August 2017 the ship "Iuventa" operated by the German NGO "Jugend Rettet" (youth to the rescue) was impounded on the island of Lampedusa on the order of an Italian prosecutor on suspicion of facilitating illegal immigration. Jugend Rettet is one of the six out of nine NGOs which refused to sign a new code of conduct by the Italian government covering migrant rescues in the Mediterranean. The prosecutor alleged that there were "contacts, meetings and understandings" between the boat's crew and the smugglers. No crew members from the "Iuventa" had been charged and the prosecutor admitted that their motive was likely humanitarian.[79] (Five out of eight refused to sign the new code of conduct, according to a Guardian article, the others refusing to sign being MSF, the Germany groups Sea-Watch, Sea-Eye and Jugend Rettet, and France's SOS Mediterranée '[all of whom] abstained'. 'MSF, SOS Mediterranée and Jugend Rettet... called for clarification of the rules' while MOAS and Spanish group Proactiva Open Arms agreed to the conditions, and Save the Children 'backed the measures'.)[80]

The Conte I Cabinet, influenced by hard-line Interior Minister Matteo Salvini, refused to let migrant ships dock in its waters. On 10 June 2018, Salvini announced the closure of Italian ports, stating that "Everyone in Europe is doing their own business, now Italy is also raising its head. Let's stop the business of illegal immigration."[81] The vessel Aquarius, which is operated jointly by Médecins Sans Frontières and SOS Méditerranée and carried more than 600 migrants, was refused a port of disembarkation by the Italian authorities despite having been told to rescue the migrants by the same co-ordination centre. The Italian authority told the vessel to ask Malta to provide a disembarkation port, but Malta has also refused.[82] On the following day, the new Spanish Prime Minister Pedro Sánchez accepted the disputed migrant ship.[83] On 12 June 2019, the Sea Watch 3 ship picked up 53 migrants in the Mediterranean off the Libyan coast. Sea Watch 3 rejected an offer to dock at Tripoli, which is considered unsafe by humanitarian organizations, and headed toward Lampedusa. According to a report by the Süddeutsche Zeitung and NGOs this was the nearest safe harbor per maritime law. On 14 June, Italy closed its ports to migrant rescue ships. Salvini refused to allow the ship to dock until other European nations had agreed to take the migrants. Ten of the migrants, including children, pregnant women, and those who were ill, were allowed to disembark. On 29 June, without authorization, ship's captain Carola Rackete decided to dock. The motivation for this was that according to her the passengers were exhausted. Rackete was arrested by the Italian authorities after docking. Matteo Salvini accused Rackete of trying to sink an Italian patrol boat that was attempting to intercept her, calling the incident an act of war and demanding the Netherlands government intervention. However, on 2 July, Rackete was released from house arrest after a court ruling that she had broken no laws and acted to protect passengers' safety.[84]

In August 2019, Salvini announced a motion of no confidence against Prime Minister Conte, after growing tensions within the majority.[85] Salvini's alleged gambit failed, as Conte successfully negotiated the formation of a new cabinet with centre-left Democratic Party, which completely changed the immigration policy of the previous government,[86] returning to receive NGO ships in Italian ports.[87]

Italian naval mission to Libyan waters

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On 2 August 2017, Italy's parliament authorized a limited naval mission to Libyan waters aimed at supporting the country's coastguard in the fight against illegal migration. Italy sent two patrol boats at the request of the UN-backed government in Tripoli and insisted it had no intention of violating Libyan sovereignty. However, General Khalifa Haftar, who controls most of eastern Libya, threatened to use his own forces to repel the Italians.[79][88]

Comparison with other European Union countries 2023

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According to Eurostat 59.9 million people lived in the European Union in 2023 who were born outside their resident country. This corresponds to 13.35% of the total EU population. Of these, 31.4 million (9.44%) were born outside the EU and 17.5 million (3.91%) were born in another EU member state.[89][90]

Country Total population (1000) Total Foreign-born (1000) % Born in other EU state (1000) % Born in a non EU state (1000) %
EU 27 448,754 59,902 13.3 17,538 3.9 31,368 6.3
Germany 84,359 16,476 19.5 6,274 7.4 10,202 12.1
France 68,173 8,942 13.1 1,989 2.9 6,953 10.2
Spain 48,085 8,204 17.1 1,580 3.3 6,624 13.8
Italy 58,997 6,417 10.9 1,563 2.6 4,854 8.2
Netherlands 17,811 2,777 15.6 748 4.2 2,029 11.4
Greece 10,414 1,173 11.3 235 2.2 938 9.0
Sweden 10,522 2,144 20.4 548 5.2 1,596 15.2
Austria 9,105 1,963 21.6 863 9.5 1,100 12.1
Belgium 11,743 2,247 19.1 938 8.0 1,309 11.1
Portugal 10,467 1,684 16.1 378 3.6 1,306 12.5
Denmark 5,933 804 13.6 263 4.4 541 9.1
Finland 5,564 461 8.3 131 2.4 330 5.9
Poland 36,754 933 2.5 231 0.6 702 1.9
Czech Republic 10,828 764 7.1 139 1.3 625 5.8
Hungary 9,600 644 6.7 342 3.6 302 3.1
Romania 19,055 530 2.8 202 1.1 328 1.7
Slovakia 5,429 213 3.9 156 2.9 57 1.0
Bulgaria 6,448 169 2.6 58 0.9 111 1.7
Ireland 5,271 1,150 21.8 348 6.6 802 15.2

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ The figures for 2002–2011 have been revised downwards as a result of the 15th General Census of Italy which offered more precise data. The figures since 2012 are calculated adding to the foreign population enumerated by the census the foreign population inflows and outflows recorded in all Italian municipalities during each calendar year.
  2. ^ Since 2013, the European Union foreign nationals are no longer counted in the immigration statistics. This includes the Romanians, the largest minority group in Italy.

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Further reading

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  • Cusumano, Eugenio, and Kristof Gombeer. "In deep waters: The legal, humanitarian and political implications of closing Italian ports to migrant rescuers." Mediterranean Politics 25.2 (2020): 245–253. online
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